Compounds > bupropion
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bupropion

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Description

Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID444
CHEMBL ID894
CHEBI ID3219
SCHEMBL ID38777
MeSH IDM0025361

Synonyms (137)

Synonym
AC-197
BSPBIO_002247
bdbm50048392
HMS3393G10
AB00053756-19
BRD-A05186015-003-05-7
DIVK1C_007050
NCI60_002714
elontril
1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]propan-1-one
CHEBI:3219 ,
34911-55-2
SPECTRUM_001663
amfebutamona [inn-spanish]
(+-)-bupropion
hsdb 6988
brn 2101062
bupropion [inn:ban]
amfebutamonum [inn-latin]
amfebutamon
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-, (+-)-
BPBIO1_000042
PRESTWICK2_000249
D07591
bupropion (inn)
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-
PRESTWICK3_000249
LOPAC0_000166
SPECTRUM5_001406
BSPBIO_000038
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-,(+-)-
alpha-(tert-butylamino)-m-chloropropiophenone
amfebutamonum
(+-)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-propanone
bupropion (usan)
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1, 1-dimethylethyl)amino]-
2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-one
2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chloropropiophenone
propiophenone, 2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chloro-
MLS001424015
smr000472526
AB00053756
amfebutamone hcl
34841-39-9
bupropion
C06860
DB01156
amfebutamone
KBIO2_002143
KBIOGR_001168
KBIO3_001467
KBIO2_007279
KBIOSS_002143
KBIO1_001994
KBIO2_004711
PRESTWICK1_000249
SPECTRUM3_000644
SPBIO_001817
SPECTRUM2_001659
SPECPLUS_000954
SPBIO_002257
SPECTRUM4_000614
PRESTWICK0_000249
NCGC00089751-02
HMS2089G14
HMS2051G10
NCGC00015122-06
bupropion extended release
nsc-758686
bupropion slow release
CHEMBL894 ,
L000725
CCG-204261
HMS2232P04
AKOS015961770
CCG-100858
NCGC00015122-03
NCGC00015122-04
NCGC00015122-07
(+-)-2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chlorpropiophenon
(+-)-2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chloropropiophenone
amfebutamona
unii-01zg3tpx31
nsc 758686
01zg3tpx31 ,
NCGC00015122-09
STL373006
gtpl7135
HMS3369P11
bupropion [vandf]
(+/-)-2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chloropropiophenone
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-(+/-)-
bupropion [mart.]
bupropion [inn]
bupropion [mi]
bupropion [who-dd]
bupropion component of contrave
AB00053756-16
AM807634
NC00108
BBL029065
SCHEMBL38777
2-tert-butylamino-1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-one
AB00053756-18
budeprion (salt/mix)
zyban (salt/mix)
(.+/-.)-bupropion
2-(tert-butylamino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-propanone #
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-, (.+/-.)-
(.+/-.)-2-(tert-butylamino)-3'-chloropropiophenone
.alpha.-(tert-butylamino)-m-chloropropiophenone
wellbutrin (salt/mix)
1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-propanone
AB00053756_21
AB00053756_20
DTXSID7022706 ,
MRF-0000143
SBI-0050154.P003
NCGC00015122-14
BCP24193
Q834280
BRD-A05186015-003-09-9
SDCCGSBI-0050154.P004
NCGC00015122-20
AMY32517
1-propanone, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-
bupropion (r)-isomer
EN300-1707781
amfebutamonum (inn-latin)
bupropione
bupropionum
bupropion (mart.)
n06ax12
dtxcid002706
m-chloro-alpha-(tert-butylamino)propiophenone
amfebutamona (inn-spanish)
amfebutamonum (latin)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Bupropion is an antidepressant medication with expanding indications including smoking cessation, weight loss, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and amphetamine dependence. The drug has overlapping stimulus effects with nicotine as demonstrated in drug discrimination studies.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant and the recommended CYP2B6 probe drug. "( Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
Chang, J; Choiniere, JR; Isoherranen, N; Nelson, WL; Sager, JE; Stephenson-Famy, A, 2016)		2.11
"Bupropion is an antidepressant and smoking cessation medication with the potential to cause seizures."( Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
Dinh, J; Harbeson, S; Morgan, AJ; Pelletier, R; Raccor, B; Shi, Y; Totah, RA; Uttamsingh, V; Yusuff, N, 2022)		1.75
"Bupropion is an antidepressant medication with expanding indications including smoking cessation, weight loss, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and amphetamine dependence. "( The Timing of Clinical Effects of Bupropion Misuse Via Insufflation Reported to a Regional Poison Center.
McCabe, DJ; McGillis, E; Willenbring, BA, 2022)		2.44
"Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant that plays an essential role in treating mental disorders. "( Bupropion Use Disorder by Chewing.
Alnıak, İ; Ulusoy, S, )		3.02
"Bupropion is a non-nicotine medication for smoking cessation that has overlapping stimulus effects with nicotine as demonstrated in drug discrimination studies. "( Understanding the stimulus effects of nicotine and bupropion in a drug-drug discriminated goal-tracking task.
Barrett, ST; Bevins, RA; Finkner, AP; Huynh, YW; Moran, AE; Selleck, C; Thompson, A, 2022)		2.42
"Bupropion is an antidepressant with unique mechanisms of action leading to a narrow therapeutic window. "( Disposition, outcomes, and lengths of stay due to bupropion overdose at a tertiary care center with a medical toxicology service.
McCabe, DJ; Radke, JB; Wilson, BZ, 2022)		2.42
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant often used in the treatment of depression, tobacco cessation, seasonal affective disorder, and off label for ADHD. "( Treatment of status epilepticus and prolonged QT after massive intentional bupropion overdose with lidocaine.
Robinson, S, 2022)		2.39
"Bupropion is a novel treatment whose efficacy and safety in the treatment of fatigue are unknown."( Cancer and Non-cancer Fatigue Treated With Bupropion: A Systematic Review.
Correa-Morales, JE; Cuellar-Valencia, L; Giraldo-Moreno, S; Iriarte-Aristizábal, MF; Mantilla-Manosalva, N; Quintero-Muñoz, E; Rodríguez-Campos, LF, 2023)		1.89
"Bupropion may prove to be an effective and safe intervention for fatigue in cancer and non-cancer conditions. "( Cancer and Non-cancer Fatigue Treated With Bupropion: A Systematic Review.
Correa-Morales, JE; Cuellar-Valencia, L; Giraldo-Moreno, S; Iriarte-Aristizábal, MF; Mantilla-Manosalva, N; Quintero-Muñoz, E; Rodríguez-Campos, LF, 2023)		2.62
"Bupropion (BUP) is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor frequently used in prisons. "( Bupropion XL unapproved use in the prisons: Two cases focused on the bupropion pharmacology.
Oravecz, R; Stuhec, M, 2022)		3.61
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid with effects on dopamine and norepinephrine that may have some utility in reducing sign-tracking."( Effects of bupropion on sign- and goal-tracking in male Sprague Dawley rats.
Holden, JM, 2023)		2.02
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid; its use is associated with wide intersubject variability in efficacy and safety. "( Characterization of the Stereoselective Disposition of Bupropion and Its Metabolites in Rat Plasma and Brain.
Bach, C; Bhattacharya, CS; Masters, AR; Sinn, AL; Stratford, RE; Trowbridge, MA, 2023)		2.6
"Bupropion is a structurally and biochemically unique antidepressant that inhibits the neuronal uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. "( Bupropion: Does Its Efficacy Outweigh Potential Morbidity and Lethality?
Al-Namnakani, B; Zell-Kanter, M, 2023)		3.8
"Bupropion is an antidepressant that acts by selective reuptake inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine."( Impact of the antidepressant Bupropion on the Dynamic Energy Budget of Daphnia magna.
Asimakopoulos, AG; Chaabani, S; Einum, S; Jaspers, VLB; Muller, E; Zhang, J, 2023)		1.92
"Bupropion is a medication commonly used to treat depression and help people quit smoking. "( Quantitation of Bupropion in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Bryksin, J; Li, X; Plotkina, N, 2024)		3.23
"Bupropion is a selective norepinephrine and dopamine reuptakeinhibitor. "( [Manic Shift Due to the Use of Bupropion in Bipolar Depression:Two Case Reports].
Görgülü, Y; Kahyacı Kılıç, E; Köse Çınar, R; Sönmez, MB, 2019)		2.24
"Bupropion is a noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitor which is used as an antidepressant drug. "( Spectrofluorimetric method for determination of bupropion in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Barazandeh Tehrani, M; Rahmatpoor, S; Souri, E, 2019)		2.21
"Bupropion is a unique class of antidepressant. "( Pediatric Bupropion Ingestions in Adolescents vs. Younger Children-a Tale of Two Populations.
Gosen, J; Levine, M; Offerman, S; Thomas, SH, 2020)		2.4
"Bupropion overdose is a commonly encountered presentation in the emergency department (ED). "( Bupropion Overdose Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Vasopressor Support and Lipid Emulsion Therapy.
Fung, C; Herrman, NWC; Kalisieski, MJ, 2020)		3.44
"Bupropion is a commonly used antidepressant, and overdose can lead to both neurologic and cardiovascular toxicity, including agitation, seizure, tachycardia, QT and QRS prolongation, and rhythm disturbances."( Pediatric Toxidrome Simulation Curriculum: Bupropion Overdose.
Burns, R; Hartford, E; Keilman, A; Reid, J; Stone, K; Thomas, A; Uspal, N, 2019)		2.22
"Bupropion is a pharmacologic agent approved by the U.S. "( New-Onset Seizure in Patient Medicated With Bupropion for Smoking Cessation: A Case Report.
Lovett, S; Rech, MA; Saffaei, D, 2020)		2.26
"Bupropion is a norepinephrine and a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and has been implicated as a potential treatment for POTS."( Bupropion in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a single-center experience.
Al-Sarie, M; Ammari, Z; Grubb, B; Nesheiwat, Z; Ruzieh, M; Vyas, R, 2020)		2.72
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that facilitates weight loss. "( Promising Swellable Floating Bupropion Tablets: Formulation, in vitro/in vivo Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Human Volunteers.
Abdel Hamid, MM; El-Nabarawi, MA; Jasti, BR; Shoman, NA; Teaima, M, 2020)		2.29
"Bupropion is an antidepressant with less possibility to give rise to emotional blunting as side effect, and it also acts on improving negative self-recognition in a depressive state. "( Bupropion increases cerebral activation in auditory affective processing: A randomized controlled fMRI study.
Hama, T; Ikeda, Y; Kawara, T; Koeda, M; Okubo, Y; Suzuki, H; Tateno, A, 2021)		3.51
"Bupropion is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder and smoking cessation. "( Acute dystonia following epileptic seizure after bupropion intoxication.
Çim, EFA; Kamış, GZ; Kurhan, F, 2021)		2.32
"Bupropion is an antidepressant medication with expanding indications including smoking cessation, weight loss, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and amphetamine dependence. "( Clinical effects of intravenous bupropion misuse reported to a regional poison center.
McCabe, DJ; McGillis, E; Willenbring, BA, 2021)		2.35
"Bupropion (BUP) is a chiral antidepressant and smoking cessation aide with benefits and side effects correlated with parent and active metabolite concentrations. "( Pregnancy Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion or Its Metabolites.
Czuba, LC; Fay, EE; Isoherranen, N; Sager, JE; Shum, S; Stephenson-Famy, A, 2021)		2.29
"Bupropion is an aminoketone antidepressant. "( Factors associated with seizure development after bupropion overdose: a review of the toxicology investigators consortium.
Hendrickson, RG; Lin, AL; Murray, BP; Prather, CT; Rianprakaisang, TN, 2021)		2.32
"Bupropion is a commonly prescribed antidepressant that is often used to treat seasonal affective disorders as well."( Revisiting bupropion anti-inflammatory action: involvement of the TLR2/TLR4 and JAK2/STAT3.
Hemmatpur, A; Karimollah, A; Vahid, T, 2021)		1.73
"Bupropion is a dopaminergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor and is not reported to cause emotional blunting."( Bupropion Administration Increases Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Dorso-Medial Prefrontal Cortex.
Dean, Z; McCabe, C; Rzepa, E, 2017)		2.62
"Bupropion is an antidepressant that is also used as a non-nicotine method to aid in smoking cessation. "( Rapid bupropion-induced hepatotoxicity: a case report and review of the literature.
Anandabaskaran, S; Ho, V, 2018)		2.4
"Bupropion hydroxylation is a bioactivation and metabolic pathway, and the standard clinical CYP2B6 probe. "( Common Polymorphisms of CYP2B6 Influence Stereoselective Bupropion Disposition.
Crafford, A; Kharasch, ED, 2019)		2.2
"Bupropion is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor which can potentially improve erectile function among male patients on methadone (MMT)."( Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion as Treatment for Methadone-Emergent Sexual Dysfunction in Men.
Loh, HS; Ng, CG; Ong, TA; Sulaiman, AH; Yee, A, 2018)		1.44
"Bupropion is a well-known antidepressant that has anti-oxidant mechanisms."( Molybdenum bupropion combined neurotoxicity in rats.
El Morsi, E; Firgany, AEL; Ghorab, D; Hazem, NM; Helaly, AM; Mokhtar, N, 2018)		1.59
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid associated with wide intersubject variability. "( Comparison of In Vitro Stereoselective Metabolism of Bupropion in Human, Monkey, Rat, and Mouse Liver Microsomes.
Bhattacharya, C; Kirby, D; Stratford, RE; Van Stipdonk, M, 2019)		2.21
"Bupropion (BPP) is an antidepressant that acts via inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake."( Exposure to dilute concentrations of bupropion affects zebrafish early life stages.
Andrade, TS; Camargo, NS; Domingues, I; Franco, MB; Grisolia, CK; Lopes da Silva, M; Machado Ferraz, IB; Oliveira, R; Sousa-Moura, D, 2019)		1.51
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant of the aminoketone group, structurally related to cathinone, associated with a wide interindividual variability. "( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects.
Costa, R; Dinis-Oliveira, RJ; Oliveira, NG, 2019)		2.23
"Bupropion is a cathinone-derivative with a dual dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting mechanism, which is approved for the treatment of depression and smoking cessation."( A case of treating cathinone dependence and comorbid depression using bupropion.
Lev-Ran, S, )		1.09
"Bupropion is an antidepressant commonly prescribed as a smoking cessation aid. "( Intravenous bupropion: a previously undocumented method of abuse of a commonly prescribed antidepressant agent.
Araki, KF; Baribeau, D, )		1.95
"Bupropion is a norepinephrine dopamine-reuptake inhibitor that has been found to be effective in the treatment of nicotine dependence. "( Bupropion precipitating acute psychosis: a case report.
Kongasseri, S; Munoli, RN; Praharaj, SK; Sharma, PS, )		3.02
"Bupropion is an antidepressant known to inhibit TNF-alpha production."( Bupropion reduces the inflammatory response and intestinal injury due to ischemia-reperfusion.
Alarcón-Galván, G; Cámara-Lemarroy, CR; Cordero-Pérez, P; Fernández-Garza, NE; Guzmán-de la Garza, FJ; Ibarra-Hernández, JM; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE, )		2.3
"Bupropion is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved for the treatment of depression and smoking cessation. "( Serum concentrations of hydroxybupropion for dose optimization of depressed patients treated with bupropion.
Brünen, S; Hiemke, C; Laib, AK; Pfeifer, P; Vincent, P, 2014)		2.13
"Bupropion is a relatively new and popular medication for depression, with seizures as its major side effect. "( Charcoal hemoperfusion in bupropion overdose.
Akdemir, HU; Calışkan, F; Duran, L; Güngörer, B; Katı, C; Ocak, M, 2014)		2.15
"Bupropion is a drug uniquely used both to treat depression and as an aid to smoking cessation. "( First-trimester exposure to bupropion and risk of cardiac malformations.
Kerr, S; Louik, C; Mitchell, AA, 2014)		2.14
"Bupropion is an effective and well-tolerated second-generation antidepressant generally assumed to be without abuse potential. "( Intravenous administration and abuse of bupropion: a case report and a review of the literature.
Koller, G; Oppek, K; Pogarell, O; Zwergal, A, )		1.84
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that increases long-term quit rates of tobacco smokers. "( Interoceptive conditioning with nicotine using extinction and re-extinction to assess stimulus similarity with bupropion.
Bevins, RA; Charntikov, S; deWit, NR, 2014)		2.06
"Bupropion is a dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor used as smoking cessation and antidepressant drug with a lower incidence of male sexual dysfunction. "( Bupropion treatment increases epididymal contractility and impairs sperm quality with no effects on the epididymal sperm transit time of male rats.
Cavariani, MM; de Almeida Kiguti, LR; de Araújo Leite, GA; De Grava Kempinas, W; de Lima Rosa, J; Pupo, AS; Silva, PV, 2015)		3.3
"Bupropion HCl is an atypical antidepressant drug with rapid and high first-pass metabolism. "( In vitro/in vivo evaluation of agar nanospheres for pulmonary delivery of bupropion HCl.
Fathi, M; Jaleh, H; Minaiyan, M; Varshosaz, J; Zaki, MR, 2016)		2.11
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant drug. "( Preparation, Optimization, and Screening of the Effect of Processing Variables on Agar Nanospheres Loaded with Bupropion HCl by a D-Optimal Design.
Banoozadeh, J; Minaiyan, M; Varshosaz, J; Zaki, MR, 2015)		2.07
"Bupropion is a monocyclic antidepressant in the aminoketone class, structurally related to amphetamines. "( Bupropion Overdose Presenting as Status Epilepticus in an Infant.
Morgan, R; Patterson, AL; Rivas-Coppola, MS; Wheless, JW, 2015)		3.3
"Bupropion is an antidepressant agent usually reserved as an augmentation strategy for treatment-resistant depression."( Hyponatraemia and confusion in a 70-year-old female when bupropion was added to dothiepin and escitalopram.
Balasubramanian, T; Ferraro, A; Wiggins, A, 2015)		1.38
"Bupropion is a commonly prescribed antidepressant which acts on norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmission. "( Bupropion abuse resulting in hypomania in a geriatric amphetamine user: A case report.
Rostas, A; Wolf, U, 2015)		3.3
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that is known to aid smoking cessation, although little experimental evidence exists about its actions on active avoidance learning tasks. "( Differential effects of bupropion on acquisition and performance of an active avoidance task in male mice.
Carrasco, MC; Gómez, MC; Redolat, R, 2016)		2.18
"Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant and smoking cessation aid in addition to being one of two US Food and Drug Administration-recommended probe substrates for evaluation of cytochrome P450 2B6 activity. "( Stereoselective Glucuronidation of Bupropion Metabolites In Vitro and In Vivo.
Desta, Z; Gufford, BT; Jones, DR; Lu, JB; Metzger, IF, 2016)		2.15
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) approved for the treatment of depression and smoking cessation. "( Bupropion Hydrochloride.
Asafu-Adjaye, E; Berendt, RT; Ciavarella, AB; Ellison, CD; Faustino, PJ; Khan, MA; Khan, SR, 2016)		3.32
"Bupropion is a dopaminergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor and has been suggested to have more therapeutic effects on reward-related deficits."( Enhanced neural response to anticipation, effort and consummation of reward and aversion during bupropion treatment.
Dean, Z; Giannopoulos, P; Horndasch, S; McCabe, C, 2016)		1.37
"Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant, smoking cessation aid, and weight-loss therapy. "( Stereoselective Metabolism of Bupropion to OH-bupropion, Threohydrobupropion, Erythrohydrobupropion, and 4'-OH-bupropion in vitro.
Isoherranen, N; Price, LS; Sager, JE, 2016)		2.17
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is structurally similar to amphetamines. "( Atypical Findings in Massive Bupropion Overdose: A Case Report and Discussion of Psychopharmacologic Issues.
Jimenez, XF; Kolawole, T; Zhu, Y, 2016)		2.17
"Bupropion is a widely used antidepressant and smoking cessation aid and a strong inhibitor of CYP2D6 in vivo. "( In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of the complex drug-drug interaction of bupropion and its metabolites with CYP2D6; simultaneous reversible inhibition and CYP2D6 downregulation.
Chang, J; Isoherranen, N; Nath, A; Price, LS; Sager, JE; Stephenson-Famy, A; Tripathy, S, 2017)		2.13
"Bupropion is a widely prescribed antidepressant/smoke cessation drug. "( Mechanistic Approach for Toxic Effects of Bupropion in Primary Rat Hepatocytes.
Ahmadian, E; Babaei, H; Eftekhari, A; Eghbal, MA; Mohajjel Nayebi, A, 2017)		2.16
"Bupropion is presumed to be a dopamine-noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor and is an effective antidepressant. "( Spotlight on bupropion in major depressive disorder.
Curran, MP; Dhillon, S; Yang, LP, 2008)		2.16
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor which may be an effective treatment for cocaine dependence due to its ability to reverse deficits in dopaminergic functioning that occur in chronic cocaine users. "( Bupropion hydrochloride versus placebo, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy, for the treatment of cocaine abuse/dependence.
Bholat, MA; Heinzerling, KG; Kao, UH; Ling, W; Rotheram-Fuller, E; Shoptaw, S; Wang, PC, 2008)		3.23
"Bupropion is an effective anti-smoking agent in humans, but the behavioral mechanisms mediating this effect are unclear. "( Chronic bupropion differentially alters the reinforcing, reward-enhancing and conditioned motivational properties of nicotine in rats.
Balfour, DJ; Markou, A; Paterson, NE, 2008)		2.22
"Bupropion is a promising candidate medication for methamphetamine use disorder. "( Bupropion attenuates methamphetamine self-administration in adult male rats.
Bevins, RA; Grant, KM; Murray, JE; Reichel, CM, 2009)		3.24
"Bupropion is an antidepressant, which in Denmark is only used as an aid for smoking cessation. "( [Acute psychosis following bupropion overdosage].
Braendholt, V; Hansen, MB; Rasmussen, KB, 2008)		2.09
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug also used as a smoking cessation aid, which inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine re-uptake. "( Two acute psychotic episodes after administration of bupropion: a case of involuntary rechallenge.
Baratta, A; Javelot, H; Javelot, T; Messaoudi, M; Nonnenmacher, C; Weiner, L; Westphal, JF, 2009)		2.05
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug which may alleviate some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, although its effects on anxiety are not clear."( Effects of co-administration of bupropion and nicotine or D-amphetamine on the elevated plus maze test in mice.
Biala, G; Kruk, M, 2009)		1.36
"Bupropion is a first-line pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, no clinical trials have been conducted in a general population of hospitalized smokers."( Sustained-release bupropion for hospital-based smoking cessation: a randomized trial.
Carmody, TP; Duncan, C; Huggins, J; Simon, JA; Solkowitz, S, 2009)		2.13
"Bupropion is an efficacious non-nicotine medication for smoking cessation; however, its cessation-mediating mechanism is unclear. "( The impact of chronic bupropion on plasma cotinine and on the subjective effects of ad lib smoking: a randomized controlled trial in unmotivated smokers.
Busto, U; Farvolden, P; Hussain, S; Selby, P; Zack, M; Zawertailo, L, 2010)		2.12
"Bupropion SR is an effective aid for smoking cessation in clinical practice. "( Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in actual clinical practice.
Dima, E; Fransis, K; Gratziou, C; Katsani, G; Nikoloutsou, I; Roussos, C; Rovina, N, 2009)		1.8
"Bupropion is an effective medication in treating addiction and is widely used as an aid to smoking cessation. "( Acute effect of the anti-addiction drug bupropion on extracellular dopamine concentrations in the human striatum: an [11C]raclopride PET study.
Ahmad, R; Egerton, A; Grasby, PM; Hirani, E; Howes, OD; Lappin, JM; Mehta, MA; Reeves, SJ; Shotbolt, JP; Stokes, PR, 2010)		2.07
"Bupropion is an effective treatment for male SD induced by SSRIs. "( The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study.
Safarinejad, MR, 2010)		2.09
"Bupropion is a specific inhibitor of neuronal noradrenaline reuptake and a weak inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, which shows some promise in the treatment of neuropathic pain."( Bupropion for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Moradimehr, A; Shah, TH, 2010)		2.52
"Bupropion is a newer generation antidepressant that is commonly used for treatment of depression and for smoking cessation. "( Seizures induced by recreational abuse of bupropion tablets via nasal insufflation.
Kim, D; Steinhart, B, 2010)		2.07
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that also has utility as a smoking cessation aid. "( Effects of hydroxymetabolites of bupropion on nicotine dependence behavior in mice.
Blough, BE; Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Grabus, SD; King, LS; Lukas, RJ; Navarro, HA; Vann, RE; Warner, JA; Wiley, JL, 2010)		2.08
"Bupropion is an antidepressant used successfully for smoking cessation in non-pregnant patients."( Role of transporter-mediated efflux in the placental biodisposition of bupropion and its metabolite, OH-bupropion.
Abdelrahman, DR; Ahmed, MS; Hankins, GD; Hemauer, SJ; Nanovskaya, TN; Patrikeeva, SL; Wang, X, 2010)		1.32
"Bupropion is a very popular medication prescribed to millions of patients globally for depression (Wellbutrin, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC) as well as an aid in smoking cessation (Zyban, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC). "( A case of bupropion-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome with acute psoriatic exacerbation.
Chon, SY; Riddel, C; Surovik, J, 2010)		2.21
"Bupropion is a commonly prescribed, monocyclic antidepressant often used as an aid for smoking cessation. "( Frequency of false positive amphetamine screens due to bupropion using the Syva EMIT II immunoassay.
Casey, ER; Mullins, ME; Scott, MG; Tang, S, 2011)		2.06
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is currently used as a smoking cessation aid. "( Bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
Jang, EH; Kang, JH; Park, CS, 2011)		3.25
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is biotransformed in humans to its major active metabolite hydroxybupropion by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6). "( Drug interaction study between bupropion and ticlopidine in male CF-1 mice.
Hassan, HE; Moeller, BM; Molnari, JC; Myers, AL, 2011)		2.1
"Bupropion is an I(Kr) blocker."( QRS widening and QT prolongation under bupropion: a unique cardiac electrophysiological profile.
Caillier, B; Castonguay, A; Daleau, P; De Koninck, Y; Drolet, B; Hreiche, R; Ménard-Desrosiers, V; Patoine, D; Pilote, S; Simard, C; Turgeon, J; Vigneault, P, 2012)		1.37
"Bupropion is a substituted phenyl-ethylamine that is extensively utilized for the treatment of major depressive disorder and for smoking cessation. "( Bupropion-induced psychosis: folklore or a fact? A systematic review of the literature.
Detweiler, JG; Detweiler, MB; Kim, KY; Kodela, S; Kumar, S, )		3.02
"Bupropion is a second-generation antidepressant, with a mechanism of action different from most antidepressants, in that it is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor."( The efficacy and tolerability of bupropion in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Moreira, R, 2011)		1.37
"Bupropion is a second-generation antidepressant drug that inhibits reuptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, and has no direct serotonergic effects, a unique property among antidepressants."( Bupropion in the treatment of major depressive disorder in real-life practice.
Marques da Silva, MA; Sennfelt, DA; Tavares, AP, 2011)		2.53
"Bupropion is a first-line pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, no clinical trials have been conducted in a Chinese population."( Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in a Chinese sample: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.
Gao, JY; Jiang, ZN; Sheng, LX; Tang, YL; Tong, XY; Xu, GZ; Yao, CH, 2013)		2.17
"Bupropion is an antidepressive medication used for smoking cessation and also has been previously studied for the treatment of sexual dysfunction."( Bupropion for control of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, crossover, pilot phase II trial.
Del Giglio, A; Fonseca, F; Nuñez, GR; Pinczowski, H; Schindler, F; Tateyama, L; Zanellato, R, 2013)		2.55
"Bupropion is an anti-depressant drug also indicated for smoking cessation. "( A case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bupropion.
Altintas, ND; Dilek, I; Izdes, S; Suher, M; Yucel, S, 2013)		2.07
"Bupropion is an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. "( Bupropion exposures: clinical manifestations and medical outcome.
Belson, MG; Kelley, TR, 2002)		3.2
"Bupropion hydrochloride is an effective drug for people who want stop smoking, and its use has recently increased in many countries. "( Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome after bupropion treatment for smoking cessation.
Fianchi, L; Leone, G; Mele, L; Pagano, L; Voso, MT, 2003)		2
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and the only non-nicotine-based therapy approved for smoking cessation. "( Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat.
Bruijnzeel, AW; Cryan, JF; Markou, A; Skjei, KL, 2003)		3.2
"Bupropion is a weak inhibitor of noradrenaline (NE) and dopamine (DA) reuptake and has no direct action on serotonin (5-HT) neuronal elements. "( Neurochemical and psychotropic effects of bupropion in healthy male subjects.
Blier, P; Boucher, N; Debonnel, G; Gobbi, G; Slater, S, 2003)		2.03
"Bupropion is a selective re-uptake inhibitor of dopamine and noradrenalin which prevents or reduces cravings and other features of nicotine withdrawal."( Review of bupropion for smoking cessation.
Richmond, R; Zwar, N, 2003)		1.44
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant drug that is the only nonnicotine-based prescription medicine approved for smoking cessation by the Food and Drug Administration. "( Characterization of the effects of bupropion on the reinforcing properties of nicotine and food in rats.
Bruijnzeel, AW; Markou, A, 2003)		2.04
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a monocyclic antidepressant which is used in a slow-release formulation as a smoking cessation aid. "( Zyban-- is there a cause for concern?
Tracey, JA, 2002)		1.76
"Bupropion is a weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and individual genetic variation in the dopamine D2 receptor has been associated with nicotine dependence in case-control studies."( Does the DRD2-Taq1 A polymorphism influence treatment response to bupropion hydrochloride for reduction of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome?
Britt, DM; Burkholder, GJ; David, SP; Day, A; Griffiths, SE; Hutchison, K; Johnstone, E; Murphy, M; Niaura, R; Papandonatos, GD; Shadel, WG; Stumpff, J; Walton, RT, 2003)		1.28
"Bupropion is an antidepressant that has recently seen increased usage in smoking cessation. "( Intentional bupropion overdoses.
Keyes, DC; Shepherd, G; Velez, LI, 2004)		2.15
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that is being used to help in giving up smoking. "( Bupropion effects on aggressiveness and anxiety in OF1 male mice.
Carrasco, MC; Gómez, MC; Redolat, R; Vicens, P, 2005)		3.21
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that also has usefulness as a smoking-cessation aid. "( Enantioselective effects of hydroxy metabolites of bupropion on behavior and on function of monoamine transporters and nicotinic receptors.
Blough, BE; Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Eaton, JB; Lukas, RJ; Martin, BR; Mirza, S; Navarro, HA, 2004)		2.02
"Bupropion is an increasingly prescribed agent to aid in smoking cessation. "( Severe sinus bradycardia after initiation of bupropion therapy: a probable drug-drug interaction with metoprolol.
Greene, JL; McCollum, DL; McGuire, DK, 2004)		2.03
"Bupropion SR is an effective smoking cessation aid for women. "( Are there gender differences in smoking cessation, with and without bupropion? Pooled- and meta-analyses of clinical trials of Bupropion SR.
Scharf, D; Shiffman, S, 2004)		2
"Bupropion seems to be an effective and well-tolerated pharmacologic adjunct to psychosocial and behavioral treatment programs for some adolescent nicotine-dependent patients. "( Bupropion may support psychosocial treatment of nicotine-dependent adolescents: preliminary results.
Huber, M; Niederhofer, H, 2004)		3.21
"Bupropion is an antidepressant that is structurally related to amphetamines and enhances dopamine neurotransmission through inhibiting neuronal dopamine re-uptake. "( Acute psychosis following sustained release bupropion overdose.
Chang, CC; Shiah, IS; Wang, TS; Yeh, CB, 2005)		2.03
"Bupropion is an antidepressant shown to be efficacious for smoking cessation. "( Effect of bupropion on depression symptoms in a smoking cessation clinical trial.
Audrain-McGovern, J; Collins, BN; Epstein, LH; Hawk, L; Lerman, C; Niaura, R; Pinto, A; Wileyto, P, 2004)		2.17
"Bupropion is an effective treatment for smoking cessation in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand."( Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand.
Beasley, R; Holt, S; Ryder-Lewis, S; Timu-Parata, C; Weatherall, M, 2005)		2.15
"Bupropion is a commonly used generic antidepressant in clinical use for over a decade, and early evidence indicates it lowers TNF levels."( Anti-apoptosis function of TNF-alpha in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: lessons from Crohn's disease and the therapeutic potential of bupropion to lower TNF-alpha.
Altschuler, EL; Kast, RE, )		1.06
"Bupropion is an effective smoking cessation therapy but its use in the UK has been limited by concerns that it may increase the risk of sudden death."( Bupropion and the risk of sudden death: a self-controlled case-series analysis using The Health Improvement Network.
Britton, J; Farrington, P; Godfrey, C; Hubbard, R; Lewis, S; Smeeth, L; Smith, C; West, J, 2005)		3.21
"Bupropion is a weak inhibitor of dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake, and has also been shown to antagonise nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function."( How does bupropion work as a smoking cessation aid?
Shoaib, M; Warner, C, 2005)		1.47
"Bupropion SR treatment is an efficacious aid to smoking cessation in patients with COPD. "( Efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline for smoking cessation among people at risk for or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Huibers, MJ; Knipschild, PG; van Schayck, CP; Wagena, EJ; Wouters, EF, 2005)		2.15
"Bupropion is an effective therapy for smoking cessation and is recommended as first-line treatment in both US and UK guidelines."( Bupropion: risks and benefits.
Ross, S; Williams, D, 2005)		2.49
"Bupropion is an antidepressant with stimulant properties, which inhibits the reuptake of dopamine (DA) and norepinepherine, and is purported to enhance DA neurotransmission. "( Bupropion reduces methamphetamine-induced subjective effects and cue-induced craving.
Chiang, N; De La Garza, R; Elkashef, A; Fong, T; Kahn, R; Li, SH; Newton, TF; Roache, JD; Wallace, CL, 2006)		3.22
"Bupropion is a non-nicotinic drug used in smoking cessation therapy. "( Hemodynamic effects of bupropion in anesthetized dogs.
Chaud, MV; do Prado, JF; Martins, LC; Moreno, H; Paganelli, MO; Sabha, M; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2006)		2.09
"Bupropion is an antidepressant drug which may alleviate some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, although its effects on anxiety are not clear."( Effects of co-administration of bupropion and nicotinic agonists on the elevated plus-maze test in mice.
Carrasco, MC; Redolat, R; Vicens, P; Vidal, J, 2006)		1.34
"Bupropion is a cost-effective therapy in smoking cessation programs. "( The cost utility of bupropion in smoking cessation health programs: simulation model results for Sweden.
Bolin, K; Lindgren, B; Willers, S, 2006)		2.1
"Bupropion is a non-tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits dopamine uptake, whose contraindications are: epilepsy, eating disorders, uncontrolled hypertension, recent alcohol abstinence and current therapy with MAO inhibitors."( Methods for smoking cessation and treatment of nicotine dependence.
Balbani, AP; Montovani, JC, )		0.85
"Bupropion is an antidepressant that has been reported to increase libido."( An open-label, fixed-dose study of bupropion effect on sexual function scores in women treated for breast cancer.
Alban, L; Athanazio, R; Bastos, C; Braghiroli, MI; Cardeal Mendes, CM; del Giglio, A; Dias de Moraes, E; Mathias, C; Moore, HC; Nuñez, G; Pondé de Sena, E, 2006)		1.33
"Bupropion is an antidepressive drug whose main mechanism of action seems to be the inhibition of noradrenaline and dopamine recapture. "( Bupropion in atopic dermatitis.
Franco, MA; González, E; Sanguino, RM, 2006)		3.22
"Bupropion is a cytochrome p450 2D6 inhibitor and care must be taken when coprescribing with drugs cleared by this enzyme and when coprescribing with drugs that lower seizure threshold."( Bupropion.
Wilkes, S, 2006)		2.5
"Bupropion is a norepinephrine and dopamine uptake inhibitor that has been available for several years for the treatment of depression and aiding smokers to quit. "( Bupropion for weight reduction.
Gadde, KM; Xiong, GL, 2007)		3.23
"Bupropion is an atypical anti-depressant that is approved for smoking cessation. "( Comparison of the effects of bupropion and nicotine on locomotor activation and dopamine release in vivo.
Heal, D; Redfern, P; Rowley, H; Sidhpura, N; Wonnacott, S, 2007)		2.07
"Bupropion (BUP) is a dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor that causes mild weight loss in obese adults. "( Catecholamine reuptake inhibition causes weight loss by increasing locomotor activity and thermogenesis.
Billes, SK; Cowley, MA, 2008)		1.79
"Bupropion is a broad-spectrum non-competitive nicotinic receptor antagonist."( Bupropion inhibits the cellular effects of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area.
Chang, B; Fagen, ZM; Mansvelder, HD; McGehee, DS; Mitchum, R, 2007)		2.5
"Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant, chemically unrelated to classical agents such as tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other contemporary antidepressants."( Fatigue as a core symptom in major depressive disorder: overview and the role of bupropion.
Han, C; Lee, C; Lim, HK; Masand, PS; Pae, CU; Patkar, AA; Steffens, DC, 2007)		1.29
"Bupropion is presumed to be a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is an effective antidepressant. "( Bupropion: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder.
Curran, MP; Dhillon, S; Yang, LP, 2008)		3.23
"Bupropion is an antidepressant thought to work through effects on norepinephrine and dopamine. "( Bupropion extended-release for depressive disorders.
Jefferson, JW, 2008)		3.23
"Bupropion is an effective abstinence aid for cessation of smoking and possibly other drug use as well. "( Bupropion improves attention but does not affect impulsive behavior in healthy young adults.
Acheson, A; de Wit, H, 2008)		3.23
"Bupropion is an effective antidepressant with a good side-effect profile; it is a useful alternative for patients unresponsive to or intolerant of therapeutic doses of TCAs."( Review of bupropion.
Bryant, SG; Guernsey, BG; Ingrim, NB, )		1.26
"Bupropion appears to be an effective broad-spectrum antidepressant with an excellent side effect profile."( Review of placebo-controlled trials with bupropion.
Zung, WW, 1983)		1.25
"Bupropion is a novel, structurally unique (single ring) compound, radically different from tricyclic antidepressants in its pharmacologic profile. "( Long-term efficacy and safety of bupropion.
Othmer, E; Othmer, SC; Stern, WC; Van Wyck Fleet, J, 1983)		1.99
"Bupropion was found to be a weak to moderate inducer of drug metabolism."( Metabolism and kinetics of bupropion.
Schroeder, DH, 1983)		1.28
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a new antidepressant that differs clinically and pharmacologically from the tricyclic antidepressants and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. "( Evaluation of bupropion hydrochloride: the first of a new class of atypical antidepressants.
Othmer, SC; Preskorn, SH, )		1.93
"Bupropion is an antidepressant, thought to be an indirect dopaminergic agonist. "( Bupropion in Parkinson's disease.
Goetz, CG; Klawans, HL; Tanner, CM, 1984)		3.15
"Bupropion is a trimethylated monocyclic phenylaminoketone that is an effective antidepressant in humans. "( Bupropion hydrochloride.
Becker, RE; Dufresne, RL; Weber, SS, 1984)		3.15
"Bupropion is an antidepressant with minimal sexual side effects."( Treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction with bupropion: a case report.
Labbate, LA; Pollack, MH, 1994)		1.26
"Bupropion is a "second generation" antidepressant agent structurally related to the phenethylamines. "( Three fatal drug overdoses involving bupropion.
Fligner, CL; Friel, PN; Logan, BK, )		1.85
"Bupropion is a unique monocyclic antidepressant that has been known to cause seizures in high therapeutic doses and in acute overdoses. "( Fatal bupropion overdose.
Gualtieri, J; Harris, CR; Stark, G, 1997)		2.22
"Bupropion is an antidepressant agent that is also effective as an aid to quit cigarette smoking. "( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites in cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers.
Ascher, JA; Dunn, JA; Giargiari, TD; Hsyu, PH; Johnston, JA; Singh, A, 1997)		2.06
"Bupropion is a novel, non-tricyclic antidepressant with a primary pharmacological action of monoamine uptake inhibition. "( Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion in rats.
Katz, JL; Terry, P, 1997)		1.98
"Bupropion is an effective and well tolerated smoking cessation intervention. "( Bupropion: a review of its use in the management of smoking cessation.
Holm, KJ; Spencer, CM, 2000)		3.19
"Bupropion is an antidepressant with fewer reported adverse sexual effects."( Effects of bupropion sustained-release on sexual functioning and nocturnal erections in healthy men.
Arana, GW; Brodrick, PS; Labbate, LA; Lydiard, RB; Nelson, RP, 2001)		1.42
"Bupropion is a new aid in smoking cessation. "( [Risk of convulsions due to the use of bupropion as an aid for smoking cessation].
Kwan, AL; Lekkerkerker, JF; Meiners, AP; van Grootheest, AC, 2001)		2.02
"Bupropion is a relatively new monocyclic antidepressant whose mechanism of action remains unknown. "( Bupropion overdose in an adolescent.
Ayers, S; Tobias, JD, 2001)		3.2
"Bupropion SRis a well-tolerated and effective aid to smoking cessation in people with mild to moderate COPD."( Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.
Anderson, P; Bailey, W; Buist, S; Dozier, G; Gonzales, D; Jamerson, B; Kanner, R; Nides, M; Patel, MK; Tashkin, D, 2001)		1.75
"Bupropion SR is an effective medication for retreatment of smokers who have used bupropion SR previously."( Bupropion SR as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers treated previously with bupropion: a randomized placebo-controlled study.
Buaron, K; Ferry, LH; Gonzales, DH; Herrero, LA; Jamerson, BD; Krishen, A; Kustra, RP; Metz, A; Nides, MA; Segall, N; Sweeney, A, 2001)		3.2
"Bupropion is a monocyclic antidepressant structurally related to amphetamine. "( Bupropion (Zyban) toxicity.
Ali, I; Casey, PB; Cassidy, N; Tracey, JA, 2002)		3.2
"Bupropion is a relatively new and popular medication with seizures as its major side effect. "( Bupropion seizure proportion among new-onset generalized seizures and drug related seizures presenting to an emergency department.
Avasarala, J; Pesola, GR, 2002)		3.2
"Bupropion SR is a useful oral and non-nicotine form of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. "( Bupropion sustained release. A therapeutic review of Zyban.
Richmond, R; Zwar, N, 2002)		3.2
"Bupropion is a weakly potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is marketed both as an antidepressant and as an anti-smoking aid. "( Nicotine and bupropion share a similar discriminative stimulus effect.
Glennon, RA; Young, R, 2002)		2.13
"Bupropion is a novel atypical antidepressant that inhibits dopamine (DA) uptake. "( Effects of chronic bupropion on interstitial concentrations of dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum.
Damsma, G; Fibiger, HC; Nomikos, GG; Wenkstern, D, 1992)		2.05
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a phenylaminoketone antidepressant whose clinical pharmacology is poorly understood. "( Organic mental disorders associated with bupropion in three patients.
Ames, D; Szuba, MP; Wirshing, WC, 1992)		1.99
"Bupropion is a relatively dopamine-specific antidepressant approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1989. "( Pharmacokinetics of second generation antidepressants: bupropion.
Goodnick, PJ, 1991)		1.97
"Bupropion is a new antidepressant medicine that is chemically distinct from previous agents. "( Bupropion: overview and prescribing guidelines in depression.
James, WA; Lippmann, S, 1991)		3.17
"Bupropion is a novel antidepressant, distinct from tricyclic antidepressants both neurochemically and behaviorally. "( Antidepressant profile of bupropion and three metabolites in mice.
Colin, JN; Lacomblez, L; Martin, P; Massol, J; Puech, AJ, 1990)		2.02
"Bupropion hydrochloride is a new monocyclic antidepressant. "( Disposition of bupropion in healthy volunteers and subjects with alcoholic liver disease.
DeVane, CL; Kolts, BE; Lai, AA; Laizure, SC; Miller, RL; Ryerson, EG; Stewart, JT, 1990)		2.07
"Bupropion is a novel new antidepressant without the undesirable anticholinergic, cardiotoxic, sedative, or sexual side effects of other available antidepressants. "( A case of bupropion-induced seizure.
Fishman, SM; Sheehan, DV; Welch, JB, 1986)		2.12
"Bupropion is a new antidepressant of the aminoketone class which is structurally unrelated to the tricyclics and which is relatively free of cardiac side effects in healthy depressed patients."( Cardiovascular effects of imipramine and bupropion in depressed patients with congestive heart failure.
Bigger, JT; Giardina, EG; Glassman, AH; Johnson, LL; Roose, SP; Walsh, BT, 1987)		1.26
"Bupropion (BUP) is a new, monocyclic, second-generation antidepressant with efficacy comparable with that of the tricyclics but possessing a more favorable side-effect profile. "( Stability of bupropion and its major metabolites in human plasma.
DeVane, CL; Laizure, SC, 1985)		2.08

Effects

Bupropion has an apparently different mechanism of action than TCAs and represents a possible treatment for the TCA nonresponder. The molecule exerts its effects by modulating the reward-pleasure mesolimbic dopaminergic system and regulates the elevating mood dimension of the noradrenergic neurotransmitters.

Bupropion (Zyban) has recently been launched in the UK as an aid to smoking cessation. It has a unique mechanism of action: inhibition of the presynaptic reuptake of dopamine in addition to noradrenergic activity. The risk exists for serious adverse effects such as seizures.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bupropion, an NDRI has a novel effect on ADHD as the molecule exerts its effects by modulating the reward-pleasure mesolimbic dopaminergic system and at the same time regulates the elevating mood dimension of the noradrenergic neurotransmission."( The Novelty of Bupropion As a Dopaminergic Antidepressant for the Treatment of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
Adam, RL; Das, S; Deang, KT; Hatta, MH; Hatta, NH; Sidi, H; Wee, KW; Zakaria, H, 2019)		1.59
"Bupropion (BUP) has a potential to be an effective pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy. "( The Role of Placental Carbonyl Reducing Enzymes in Biotransformation of Bupropion and 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Ahmed, MS; Fokina, VM; Hankins, GDV; Nanovskaya, T; Oncken, C; Patrikeeva, SL, 2017)		2.13
"Bupropion has a comparable safety and efficacy profile with methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD."( Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: randomized double-blind study.
Akhondzadeh, S; Ashrafi, M; Jafarinia, M; Khajavi, D; Modabbernia, A; Mohammadi, MR; Tabrizi, M; Yadegari, N, 2012)		3.26
"Bupropion has a good adverse events profile, but the risk exists for serious adverse effects such as seizures."( Bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: guidelines for balancing risks and benefits.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2003)		2.48
"Bupropion SR has an excellent adverse effect profile, although a risk exists for serious adverse effects such as seizures."( Bupropion sustained release for treatment of tobacco dependence.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2003)		2.48
"Bupropion has an antidepressant effect through blocking the dopamine transporter. "( [Change of dopamine transporter activity (DAT) during the action of bupropion (in depression)].
Argyelán, M; Janka, Z; Kanyó, B; Pávics, L; Szabó, Z, 2004)		2
"Bupropion has a greater effect on the neuronal reuptake of dopamine than of other biogenic amines."( Evaluation of bupropion hydrochloride: the first of a new class of atypical antidepressants.
Othmer, SC; Preskorn, SH, )		1.21
"Bupropion has an apparently different mechanism of action than TCAs and represents a possible treatment for the TCA nonresponder."( Bupropion in tricyclic antidepressant nonresponders with unipolar major depressive disorder.
Apter, J; Ascher, J; Cunningham, L; Feighner, J; Ferguson, J; Ionescu-Pioggia, M; Johnston, JA; Merideth, C; Samara, B, 1994)		2.45
"Bupropion has a unique mechanism of action: inhibition of the presynaptic reuptake of dopamine in addition to noradrenergic activity."( [Successful treatment of depression in a Parkinson disease patient with bupropion].
Leentjens, AF; Verhey, FR; Vreeling, FW, 2000)		1.26
"Bupropion has three active circulating metabolites, OH-bupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion, but together with bupropion these metabolites and their conjugates in urine represent only 23% of the dose, and the majority of the elimination pathways of bupropion result in uncharacterized metabolites."( Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
Chang, J; Choiniere, JR; Isoherranen, N; Nelson, WL; Sager, JE; Stephenson-Famy, A, 2016)		1.39
"Bupropion has not been associated with an increase in adverse events in smoking cessation trials."( Bupropion for smoking cessation in adolescents.
Goldman, RD; Yan, T, 2021)		2.79
"Bupropion has been widely utilized as an anti-depressant."( Anti-inflammatory activity of bupropion through immunomodulation of the macrophages.
Ayaz, F; Yetkin, D; Yılmaz, İA, 2023)		1.92
"Bupropion, an NDRI has a novel effect on ADHD as the molecule exerts its effects by modulating the reward-pleasure mesolimbic dopaminergic system and at the same time regulates the elevating mood dimension of the noradrenergic neurotransmission."( The Novelty of Bupropion As a Dopaminergic Antidepressant for the Treatment of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
Adam, RL; Das, S; Deang, KT; Hatta, MH; Hatta, NH; Sidi, H; Wee, KW; Zakaria, H, 2019)		1.59
"Bupropion (BUP) has a potential to be an effective pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy. "( The Role of Placental Carbonyl Reducing Enzymes in Biotransformation of Bupropion and 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Ahmed, MS; Fokina, VM; Hankins, GDV; Nanovskaya, T; Oncken, C; Patrikeeva, SL, 2017)		2.13
"Bupropion has previously generally been discontinued 1 week prior DAT imaging, which meets the recommended, albeit arbitrary, time interval of 5 plasma clearance half-lives before the scan. "( Bupropion Causes Misdiagnosis in Brain Dopamine Transporter Imaging for Parkinsonism.
Honkanen, EA; Joutsa, J; Kaasinen, V; Kemppainen, N; Noponen, T; Seppänen, M, )		3.02
"Bupropion has been associated with suicide risk, but whether this is causal is unclear."( Antidepressants for smoking cessation.
Cahill, K; Hartmann-Boyce, J; Hughes, JR; Lancaster, T; Stead, LF, 2014)		1.12
"Bupropion has been found to be a useful pharmaceutical agent in furthering smoking abstinence. "( Rate-dependent effects of bupropion on nicotine self-administration and food-maintained responding in rats.
Dworkin, SI; Stairs, DJ, 2008)		2.09
"Bupropion has greater efficacy as monotherapy."( Bupropion and naltrexone: a review of their use individually and in combination for the treatment of obesity.
Chau, DL; Nguyen, L; Nguyen, Q; Plodkowski, RA; St Jeor, S; Sundaram, U, 2009)		2.52
"Bupropion has been used in the treatment of patients with substance dependence based on its weak inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. "( Bupropion sustained release treatment decreases craving for video games and cue-induced brain activity in patients with Internet video game addiction.
Han, DH; Hwang, JW; Renshaw, PF, 2010)		3.25
"Bupropion has been tested in over 40 controlled clinical trials and has been associated with higher rates of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events than NRTs."( Adverse effects and tolerability of medications for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2010)		1.08
"Bupropion hydrochloride has proven efficacy as a smoking cessation aid, but data regarding its safety and efficacy in ACS patients are limited."( Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Chasid, M; Elitzur, Y; Lev, I; Lotan, C; Ouzan, E; Planer, D; Pugatsch, T; Rom, M; Sharon, N, 2011)		2.53
"Bupropion has been evaluated as a potential treatment for MDD and substance dependence."( Bupropion in the treatment of problematic online game play in patients with major depressive disorder.
Han, DH; Renshaw, PF, 2012)		2.54
"Bupropion has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of MDD, measured by Hamilton depression rating scale total and clinical global impressions severity and improvement scores, the proportion of responders, the proportion of patients in remission of disease, the prevention of relapse and beneficial effect on a range of health-related quality of life measures."( The efficacy and tolerability of bupropion in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Moreira, R, 2011)		1.37
"Bupropion has a comparable safety and efficacy profile with methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD."( Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: randomized double-blind study.
Akhondzadeh, S; Ashrafi, M; Jafarinia, M; Khajavi, D; Modabbernia, A; Mohammadi, MR; Tabrizi, M; Yadegari, N, 2012)		3.26
"Bupropion SR has also been found to be a useful treatment of tobacco dependence in various special populations of smokers who often experience difficulty in overcoming tobacco addiction."( Use of sustained-release bupropion in specific patient populations for smoking cessation.
Tonstad, S, 2002)		1.34
"Bupropion has been shown to be effective in increasing abstinence rates among smokers but has not been studied in ST users."( Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine dependence in spit tobacco users: a pilot study.
Cox, LS; Croghan, IT; Dale, LC; Ebbert, JO; Hurt, RD; Rasmussen, DF; Schroeder, DR; Trautman, JA, 2002)		2.48
"Bupropion has a good adverse events profile, but the risk exists for serious adverse effects such as seizures."( Bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: guidelines for balancing risks and benefits.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2003)		2.48
"Bupropion has CNS stimulant properties; the common side effects are dry mouth and sleep disturbance."( Bupropion SR for smoking cessation.
West, R, 2003)		2.48
"Bupropion SR has an excellent adverse effect profile, although a risk exists for serious adverse effects such as seizures."( Bupropion sustained release for treatment of tobacco dependence.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2003)		2.48
"Bupropion SR has been shown to be effective for the treatment of nicotine dependence in adults. "( Bupropion SR in adolescents with comorbid ADHD and nicotine dependence: a pilot study.
Brady, KT; Upadhyaya, HP; Wang, W, 2004)		3.21
"Bupropion SR (Zyban) has been shown in randomized controlled trials to be an efficacious pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, recent reports have raised serious concerns about the breadth of its applicability without complications or contraindications."( Suitability of bupropion SR for nicotine-dependent smokers: problems in a practice setting.
Antonuccio, DO; Gifford, EV; Hayes, SC; Kohlenberg, BS; Piasecki, MP, )		1.93
"Bupropion has an antidepressant effect through blocking the dopamine transporter. "( [Change of dopamine transporter activity (DAT) during the action of bupropion (in depression)].
Argyelán, M; Janka, Z; Kanyó, B; Pávics, L; Szabó, Z, 2004)		2
"Bupropion has been shown to be a cost-effective therapy for smoking cessation."( Bupropion: risks and benefits.
Ross, S; Williams, D, 2005)		2.49
"Bupropion has been shown to have a favorable effect on sexual dysfunction. "( Effect of bupropion on sexual dysfunction.
Fader, JS; Ginzburg, R; Wong, Y, 2005)		2.17
"Bupropion has been used to treat psychic depression and as a therapy for smoking cessation, the latter mainly in association with nicotine. "( Hemodynamic effects of a combination of bupropion and nicotine in anesthetized dogs.
Chaud, MV; do Prado, JF; Ferreira-Melo, SE; Hyslop, S; Martins, LC; Moreno, H; Paganelli, MO; Sabha, M; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2006)		2.04
"Bupropion has been shown to attenuate the expression of nicotine withdrawal symptoms in both animal models and human subjects."( Review of the pharmacology and clinical profile of bupropion, an antidepressant and tobacco use cessation agent.
Bardo, MT; Dwoskin, LP; King-Pospisil, KA; Rauhut, AS, )		1.1
"Bupropion SR has demonstrated potential efficacy for ST users in pilot studies."( Bupropion SR for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use.
Croghan, IT; Dale, LC; Ebbert, JO; Glover, ED; Hurt, RD; Schroeder, DR; Severson, HH, 2007)		2.5
"Bupropion usage has fallen by 72% since a peak in the year of first listing on the PBS, while the utilisation of NRTs appears to have increased, despite the price differential in favour of bupropion."( Australian smokers' use of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies and their relation to reimbursement, Australia 2001-05.
Doran, CM; Hall, WD; Lutsenko, H, 2008)		1.36
"Bupropion has proven efficacy for smoking cessation in a number of clinical trials, helping approximately one in five smokers to stop smoking."( The use of bupropion SR in cigarette smoking cessation.
Wilkes, S, 2008)		1.46
"Bupropion has biphasic elimination with a redistribution half-life of about one hour and an elimination half-life of 11-14 hours."( Review of bupropion.
Bryant, SG; Guernsey, BG; Ingrim, NB, )		1.26
"Bupropion has demonstrated antidepressant effects and a spectrum of activity that holds promise for a difficult subgroup: the older depressed patient with retardation and cognitive disturbance."( A multicenter evaluation of bupropion versus placebo in hospitalized depressed patients.
Brodie, HK; Fabre, LF; Garver, D; Zung, WW, 1983)		1.28
"Bupropion has a greater effect on the neuronal reuptake of dopamine than of other biogenic amines."( Evaluation of bupropion hydrochloride: the first of a new class of atypical antidepressants.
Othmer, SC; Preskorn, SH, )		1.21
"Bupropion (BW 323U66) has been considered a dopaminergic antidepressant based on its ability to inhibit the uptake of dopamine (DA) somewhat more selectively than it inhibits uptake of norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5-HT). "( Evidence that the acute behavioral and electrophysiological effects of bupropion (Wellbutrin) are mediated by a noradrenergic mechanism.
Cooper, BR; Cox, RF; Ferris, RM; Norton, R; Shea, V; Wang, CM, 1994)		1.96
"Bupropion has an apparently different mechanism of action than TCAs and represents a possible treatment for the TCA nonresponder."( Bupropion in tricyclic antidepressant nonresponders with unipolar major depressive disorder.
Apter, J; Ascher, J; Cunningham, L; Feighner, J; Ferguson, J; Ionescu-Pioggia, M; Johnston, JA; Merideth, C; Samara, B, 1994)		2.45
"Bupropion has been previously shown to be particularly beneficial in bipolar and atypical depression. "( Bupropion slow-release response in depression: diagnosis and biochemistry.
Bowden, CL; DeVane, CL; Dominguez, RA; Goodnick, PJ, 1998)		3.19
"Bupropion has demonstrated efficacy for smoking cessation. "( The effect of bupropion on nicotine craving and withdrawal.
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J; Elash, CA; Evoniuk, G; Gnys, M; Gwaltney, CJ; Johnston, JA; Khayrallah, M; Paty, JA; Shiffman, S, 2000)		2.11
"Bupropion has a unique mechanism of action: inhibition of the presynaptic reuptake of dopamine in addition to noradrenergic activity."( [Successful treatment of depression in a Parkinson disease patient with bupropion].
Leentjens, AF; Verhey, FR; Vreeling, FW, 2000)		1.26
"Bupropion (Zyban) has recently been launched in the UK as an aid to smoking cessation. "( Bupropion overdose: a potential problem with the new 'miracle' anti-smoking drug.
Bhattacharjee, C; Gillespie, M; Smith, M; Todd, F, 2001)		3.2

Actions

Bupropion may cause seizures and conduction delays similar to tricyclic antidepressants in the overdose setting by an unknown mechanism. The bupropion-induced increase in vesicular DA uptake was prevented by pretreatment with eticlopride.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bupropion toxicity can cause cardiogenic shock, ventricular dysrhythmias, and death. "( Clinical and electrocardiographic factors associated with adverse cardiovascular events in bupropion exposures.
Burns, MM; Feng, C; Monuteaux, M; Simpson, M; Troger, A; Whitledge, JD, 2023)		2.57
"Bupropion is known to cause hypersensitivity reactions."( Pityriasis rosea-like drug eruption due to bupropion: a case report.
Boran, Ç; Örs, I; Polat, M; Uzun, Ö, 2014)		1.39
"Bupropion may cause unusual behaviors such as delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, or confusion."( Seizure due to multiple drugs intoxication: a case report.
Babayigit, M; Gulec, H; Horasanli, E; Kurtay, A; Sahap, M; Tutal, Z; Ulus, F, )		0.85
"Bupropion may cause seizures and conduction delays similar to tricyclic antidepressants in the overdose setting by an unknown mechanism."( Bupropion-associated QRS prolongation unresponsive to sodium bicarbonate therapy.
Aks, SE; Wills, BK; Zell-Kanter, M, )		2.3
"Bupropion poisoning may produce life-threatening clinical effects, and IFE may be considered in cases of severe haemodynamic instability."( Life-threatening bupropion ingestion: is there a role for intravenous fat emulsion?
Amdo, TD; Chowdhury, F; Feng, Q; Hoffman, RS; Livshits, Z; Nelson, LS, 2011)		1.43
"Bupropion's ability to increase dopamine in the frontal cortex was suspected to have been involved in this patient's stuttering."( A case of bupropion-induced stuttering.
Fetterolf, F; Marceau, M, )		1.26
"Bupropion may increase abstinence rates in ST users and appears to attenuate weight gain during ST abstinence."( Bupropion for the treatment of nicotine dependence in spit tobacco users: a pilot study.
Cox, LS; Croghan, IT; Dale, LC; Ebbert, JO; Hurt, RD; Rasmussen, DF; Schroeder, DR; Trautman, JA, 2002)		2.48
"Bupropion can lower seizure threshold. "( [Bupropion-induced epileptic seizures].
Baldy-Moulinier, M; Crespel, A; Gélisse, P; Kuate, C, 2004)		2.68
"The bupropion-induced increase in vesicular DA uptake was prevented by pretreatment with eticlopride, a DA D2 receptor antagonist, but not by SCH23390, a DA D1 receptor antagonist."( Bupropion increases striatal vesicular monoamine transport.
Birdsall, E; Carroll, FI; Fleckenstein, AE; Gibb, JW; Hanson, GR; Hanson, JE; Johnson-Davis, KL; Rau, KS; Wilkins, DG, 2005)		2.25
"Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase, exerts no effect on serotonin uptake, and minimally alters the reuptake of norepinephrine at presynaptic sites."( Review of bupropion.
Bryant, SG; Guernsey, BG; Ingrim, NB, )		1.26

Treatment

Bupropion pretreatment attenuated KA-induced neuronal cell death and microglia activation in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. The treatment was successful in all patients, resulting in remission of symptoms.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bupropion is a novel treatment whose efficacy and safety in the treatment of fatigue are unknown."( Cancer and Non-cancer Fatigue Treated With Bupropion: A Systematic Review.
Correa-Morales, JE; Cuellar-Valencia, L; Giraldo-Moreno, S; Iriarte-Aristizábal, MF; Mantilla-Manosalva, N; Quintero-Muñoz, E; Rodríguez-Campos, LF, 2023)		1.89
"Bupropion pretreatment attenuated KA-induced neuronal cell death and microglia activation in the CA3 region of the hippocampus."( Bupropion attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal cell death in rat hippocampus.
Lin, KC; Wang, CC; Wang, SJ, 2013)		2.55
"Bupropion pretreatment reduced intestinal."( Bupropion reduces the inflammatory response and intestinal injury due to ischemia-reperfusion.
Alarcón-Galván, G; Cámara-Lemarroy, CR; Cordero-Pérez, P; Fernández-Garza, NE; Guzmán-de la Garza, FJ; Ibarra-Hernández, JM; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE, )		2.3
"Bupropion-treated remitters also showed greater improvement (mean change from baseline) in sleepiness (p<0.05) and fatigue scores (p<0.01) at endpoint: benefits were evident from week 2 for sleepiness (p<0.01) and week 4 for fatigue (p<0.01)."( Resolution of sleepiness and fatigue: a comparison of bupropion and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in subjects with major depressive disorder achieving remission at doses approved in the European Union.
Cooper, JA; Papakostas, GI; Tucker, VL, 2014)		1.37
"Bupropion-agomelatine cotreatment was well tolerated and laboratory adverse effect parameters were not altered."( Combination of agomelatine and bupropion for treatment-resistant depression: results from a chart review study including a matched control group.
Bleich, S; Correll, C; Eberlein, CK; Frieling, H; Kahl, KG; Pul, R; Sühs, KW, 2015)		1.42
"Bupropion pretreatment increased the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC24) of R-MDMA (9% and 25%, respectively) and S-MDMA (16% and 38%, respectively)."( Impact of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function on the Chiral Blood Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Phase I and II Metabolites in Humans.
Kraemer, T; Liechti, ME; Rickli, A; Schmid, Y; Schmidhauser, C; Steuer, AE; Tingelhoff, EH, 2016)		1.16
"Bupropion is used for treatment of depression during pregnancy. "( Bupropion therapy during pregnancy: the drug and its major metabolites in umbilical cord plasma and amniotic fluid.
Ahmed, MS; Clark, SM; Fokina, VM; Hankins, GD; Nanovskaya, TN; Oncken, C; West, H, 2016)		3.32
"Bupropion may be a treatment option for patients who have RLS and are unable to tolerate dopamine agonists."( Bupropion as a possible treatment option for restless legs syndrome.
Erdos, J; LaPlante, R; Lee, JJ; Wagoner, B; Wilkosz, MF, 2009)		3.24
"Bupropion treatment plus repeated ACTH treatment significantly increased the extracellular dopamine concentration."( Effects of bupropion on the forced swim test and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in ACTH-treated rats.
Asanuma, M; Gomita, Y; Kawasaki, H; Kitagawa, K; Kitamura, Y; Shinomiya, K; Yagi, T, 2010)		1.47
"Bupropion hydrochloride treatment reduces cue-induced craving in cigarette smokers; however, the mechanism by which bupropion exerts this effect has not yet been described."( Effect of bupropion treatment on brain activation induced by cigarette-related cues in smokers.
Bramen, J; Brody, AL; Cohen, MS; Costello, MR; Culbertson, CS; Gan, JJ; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Olmstead, RE; Shulenberger, S, 2011)		1.49
"Bupropion-treated participants reported less craving and exhibited reduced activation in the left ventral striatum, right medial orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex from before to after treatment when actively resisting craving compared with placebo-treated participants. "( Effect of bupropion treatment on brain activation induced by cigarette-related cues in smokers.
Bramen, J; Brody, AL; Cohen, MS; Costello, MR; Culbertson, CS; Gan, JJ; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Olmstead, RE; Shulenberger, S, 2011)		2.21
"Bupropion treatment was successful in all patients, resulting in remission of symptoms and the patients returning to their normal lives."( Bupropion in the treatment of major depressive disorder in real-life practice.
Marques da Silva, MA; Sennfelt, DA; Tavares, AP, 2011)		2.53
"Bupropion treatment can diminish the rewarding (dependence-producing) effects of nicotine and also the cognitive effects that are related to addiction."( Memory-related effects of cholinergic receptor ligands in mice as measured by the elevated plus maze test.
Biała, G; Kruk, M; Tendera, K, 2011)		1.09
"Bupropion pre-treatment had no statistically significant effect on the innate immune response to LPS or on LPS-induced behavioral changes, suggesting that 1-week pre-treatment with bupropion does not inhibit LPS-induced fatigue and anhedonia, contrary to what was found previously with citalopram."( Bupropion pre-treatment of endotoxin-induced depressive symptoms.
DellaGioia, N; Devine, L; Hannestad, J; Pittman, B, 2013)		2.55
"Bupropion SR treatment is effective in the prevention of relapse to smoking in those patients who have successfully quit, and re-treatment is effective in smokers who recommence smoking after a previous course of bupropion SR."( Clinical efficacy of bupropion in the management of smoking cessation.
Jorenby, D, 2002)		1.35
"Bupropion treatment occupies less than 22% of DAT sites. "( Bupropion occupancy of the dopamine transporter is low during clinical treatment.
Christensen, BK; Goulding, VS; Houle, S; Hussey, D; Meyer, JH; Wilson, AA, 2002)		3.2
"Bupropion pre-treatment failed to exert a "nicotine-like" action and also failed to attenuate the orderly dose-related discrimination function of nicotine (0.05-0.4 mg/kg SC) in rats."( Investigating the actions of bupropion on dependence-related effects of nicotine in rats.
Shafait, S; Shoaib, M; Sidhpura, N, 2003)		1.33
"Bupropion treated individuals exhibited greater total peripheral resistance (TPR) increases than either the paroxetine or control groups, and greater plasma norepinephrine (NE) increases to mental stressors than the paroxetine group."( Bupropion and paroxetine differentially influence cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to stress in depressed patients.
Allen, MT; Girdler, SS; Golding, M; Light, KC; Straneva-Meuse, PA, 2004)		2.49
"Bupropion-treated smokers had smaller cigarette cue-induced increases in craving scores on the Urge to Smoke (UTS) Scale and less activation of perigenual/ventral ACC metabolism from the neutral to the cigarette cue scan than untreated smokers."( Attenuation of cue-induced cigarette craving and anterior cingulate cortex activation in bupropion-treated smokers: a preliminary study.
Brody, AL; Jarvik, ME; Lee, G; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Sadeghi, M; Saxena, S; Smith, E, 2004)		1.27
"Bupropion treatment reduced the probability of relapse during the treatment phase (hazard ratio, or HR=.421, p< or =.000) but not during the follow-up phase (end of treatment to 6 months, HR=.896, p< or=.67)."( Do small lapses predict relapse to smoking behavior under bupropion treatment?
Audrain-McGovern, J; Brown, R; Epstein, L; Hawk, L; Lerman, C; Niaura, R; Patterson, F; Wileyto, P, 2004)		1.29
"Bupropion treatment was well tolerated, with bupropion- and placebo-treated groups reporting similar rates of adverse events. "( Safety of intravenous methamphetamine administration during treatment with bupropion.
Chiang, N; De La Garza, R; Elkashef, A; Fong, T; Kahn, R; Li, SH; Newton, TF; Roache, JD; Wallace, CL, 2005)		2
"Bupropion SR treatment is an efficacious aid to smoking cessation in patients with COPD. "( Efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline for smoking cessation among people at risk for or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Huibers, MJ; Knipschild, PG; van Schayck, CP; Wagena, EJ; Wouters, EF, 2005)		2.15
"Bupropion treatment in this general practice helped 22% of motivated people to quit and remain stopped smoking at one year. "( Pragmatic, observational study of bupropion treatment for smoking cessation in general practice.
Evans, A; Gibson, J; Henderson, M; Wilkes, S, 2005)		2.05
"Bupropion treatment was associated with reduced ratings of 'any drug effect' (p<0.02), and 'high' (p<0.02) following methamphetamine administration."( Bupropion reduces methamphetamine-induced subjective effects and cue-induced craving.
Chiang, N; De La Garza, R; Elkashef, A; Fong, T; Kahn, R; Li, SH; Newton, TF; Roache, JD; Wallace, CL, 2006)		2.5
"Bupropion SR in the treatment of PTSD had no significant effect in the current sample. "( A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.
Becker, ME; Beckham, JC; Bukenya, DS; Dennis, MF; Hertzberg, MA; Moore, SD, 2007)		2.07
"Bupropion treatment had no significant effect, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on subjects' socio-sexual motivation."( The effect of acute bupropion on sexual motivation and behavior in the female rat.
López, HH; Ragen, B; Wurzel, G, )		1.18
"Bupropion treatment was associated with significant improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms in asthma patients. "( Bupropion in the treatment of outpatients with asthma and major depressive disorder.
Brown, ES; Khan, DA; Rush, AJ; Vornik, LA, 2007)		3.23
"Bupropion pretreatment decreased nicotine self-administration but enhanced cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking."( Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats: effect of bupropion, persistence over repeated tests, and its dependence on training dose.
Caggiula, AR; Donny, EC; Liu, X; Palmatier, MI; Sved, AF, 2008)		1.3
"Bupropion pretreatment decreased the number of methamphetamine infusions and sucrose deliveries earned on an FR1 and FR3."( Bupropion differentially impacts acquisition of methamphetamine self-administration and sucrose-maintained behavior.
Bevins, RA; Linkugel, JD; Reichel, CM, 2008)		2.51
"Bupropion SR treatment and counseling were fully crossed in this factorial design so that the efficacy of each treatment and the combination could be estimated, relative to a placebo medication and assessment control condition."( A randomized controlled clinical trial of bupropion SR and individual smoking cessation counseling.
Baker, TB; Fiore, MC; Jorenby, DE; Lawrence, DL; McCarthy, DE; Piasecki, TM; Shiffman, S, 2008)		1.33
"Bupropion treatment was also associated with significantly reduced cigarette smoking, by almost five cigarettes per day (p=0.0002)."( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence.
De La Garza, R; Heinzerling, KG; Ling, W; Newton, T; Rotheram-Fuller, E; Shoptaw, S; Steward, T; Swanson, AN; Wang, J, 2008)		1.33
"Bupropion treatment was rarely accompanied by reports of appetite change and had no statistically significant effect on caloric intake when compared to placebo."( Effects of bupropion on body weight.
Cato, AE; Harto-Truax, N; Miller, LL; Sato, TL; Stern, WC, 1983)		1.38
"Bupropion-treated patients had small but statistically significant increases in supine diastolic blood pressure of 5.6 mm Hg on day 7 and 7.5 mm Hg on day 28."( The cardiovascular effects of bupropion and nortriptyline in depressed outpatients.
Batey, SR; Holloman, LC; Johnston, JA; Kiev, A; Masco, HL; Wenger, TL, 1994)		1.3
"Bupropion treatment resulted in an improvement in depression on all outcome measures."( Bupropion in tricyclic antidepressant nonresponders with unipolar major depressive disorder.
Apter, J; Ascher, J; Cunningham, L; Feighner, J; Ferguson, J; Ionescu-Pioggia, M; Johnston, JA; Merideth, C; Samara, B, 1994)		2.45
"Bupropion-treated patients reported significant increases in libido, level of arousal, intensity of orgasm, and duration of orgasm beyond levels experienced premorbidly. "( Comparative sexual side effects of bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline.
DePalma, RL; Katholi, CR; Modell, JD; Modell, JG, 1997)		2.02
"Bupropion SR treatment was associated with a reduction in measures of PLMD and an improvement in depression."( Bupropion SR reduces periodic limb movements associated with arousals from sleep in depressed patients with periodic limb movement disorder.
Berman, S; Fasiczka, A; Nofzinger, EA; Thase, ME, 2000)		3.19
"Bupropion treatment was associated with a significant change in ADHD symptoms at the week-6 endpoint (42% reduction), which exceeded the effects of placebo (24% reduction)."( A controlled clinical trial of bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults.
Biederman, J; Comeau, S; Doyle, R; Girard, K; Monuteaux, MC; Parekh, A; Polisner, D; Prince, J; Solhkhah, R; Spencer, TJ; Wilens, TE, 2001)		1.32
"Bupropion SR as a treatment for depression also alleviates sexual dysfunction due to SSRI treatment. "( Substitution of an SSRI with bupropion sustained release following SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.
Abouesh, AI; Clayton, AH; McGarvey, EL; Pinkerton, RC, 2001)		2.04
"Bupropion SR treatment did not suppress electrophysiologic measures of REM sleep, nor did it alter an indirect measure of global metabolism during either waking or REM sleep."( Effects of bupropion SR on anterior paralimbic function during waking and REM sleep in depression: preliminary findings using.
Berman, S; Fasiczka, A; Meltzer, CC; Miewald, JM; Nofzinger, EA; Price, JC; Sembrat, RC; Thase, ME; Wood, A, 2001)		1.42
"Bupropion treatment was associated with significantly greater reduction in smoking, as measured by self-report verified by expired-air carbon monoxide (6/9 subjects, 66%), than placebo (1/9 subjects, 11%) during the 3-month active treatment period and the 3-month follow-up period."( A pilot trial of bupropion added to cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in schizophrenia.
Cather, C; Evins, AE; Goff, DC; Mays, VK; Rigotti, NA; Tisdale, T, 2001)		1.37
"Treatment with bupropion blocked the effect of nicotine on decision making in female rats, as they showed results close to their baseline levels."( Sex differences in nicotine-induced impulsivity and its reversal with bupropion in rats.
Íbias, J; Nazarian, A, 2020)		1.13
"Only treatment with bupropion seems to have a medium-range effect size, but this is less than that of stimulant medications."( Antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.
Bekkering, GE; Tuinier, S; Verbeeck, W, 2009)		0.67
"Treatment with bupropion SR among abstinent alcoholic smokers did not delay relapse or result in improved long-term smoking abstinence."( A randomized, controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for preventing tobacco relapse in recovering alcoholics.
Croghan, IT; Decker, PA; Hays, JT; Hurt, RD; Offord, KP; Patten, CA, 2009)		0.98
"Treatment with bupropion is associated with improved ability to resist cue-induced craving and a reduction in cue-induced activation of limbic and prefrontal brain regions, while a reduction in craving, regardless of treatment type, is associated with reduced activation in prefrontal brain regions."( Effect of bupropion treatment on brain activation induced by cigarette-related cues in smokers.
Bramen, J; Brody, AL; Cohen, MS; Costello, MR; Culbertson, CS; Gan, JJ; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Olmstead, RE; Shulenberger, S, 2011)		1.12
"Treatment with bupropion SR was not associated with an increase in clinical events or change in blood pressure or body mass index, but dizziness was more common compared with placebo (14% vs 1.4%; P = .005)."( Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Chasid, M; Elitzur, Y; Lev, I; Lotan, C; Ouzan, E; Planer, D; Pugatsch, T; Rom, M; Sharon, N, 2011)		2.15
"Pretreatment with bupropion slightly (approximately 15%) reduced responding for food under the FR5 TO20 s schedule."( Characterization of the effects of bupropion on the reinforcing properties of nicotine and food in rats.
Bruijnzeel, AW; Markou, A, 2003)		0.92
"The treatment with Bupropion SR (300 mg/d) lasted 7 weeks, with initial run-in of 150 mg/d for the first three days; motivational counselling was provided during 4 clinical visits within the study duration of 26 weeks."( [Bupropion SR for weaning from smoking in relapsed smokers: results of an open multicentre trial in Germany].
Bergmann, L; Herschel, M; Warncke, W, 2004)		1.55
"Treatment with bupropion lasted for 8 wk."( Effect of treatment with bupropion on EEG sleep: relationship to antidepressant response.
Gertsik, L; Lin, KM; Ott, GE; Poland, RE; Rao, U, 2004)		0.97
"Treatment with bupropion SR resulted in a clinically and statistically significant mean reduction of 1 to 2 points in the primary outcome measure, the CGI Severity score, in both the intent to treat (ITT; t=4.36, df=19, p<0.001) and completer samples (t=3.89, df=13, p<0.002)."( Bupropion sustained release for panic disorder.
Ballenger, J; Emmanuel, N; Farach, FJ; Kinrys, G; Korbly, NB; Pollack, MH; Simon, NM; Worthington, JJ, 2003)		2.1
"Treatment with bupropion XL was associated with improvements in HAM-D and Clinical Global Impressions scale ratings (p < .05). "( Effect of bupropion extended release on negative emotion processing in major depressive disorder: a pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
Aiello, M; Beyer, J; Diaz, MT; Doraiswamy, PM; Gersing, K; McCarthy, G; Mukundan, S; Robertson, B; Wang, L, 2007)		1.1
"Pretreatment with bupropion, 100 mg by mouth three times a day for 9 days, had no effect on baseline supine blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) and did not modify the hypotensive, bradycardic, and sedative actions of clonidine."( Bupropion does not antagonize cardiovascular actions of clonidine in normal subjects and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Cloutier, G; Cubeddu, LX; Grippo, R; Gross, K; Harden, TK; Knowlton, G; Lerea, L; Shakarjian, M; Stat, M; Tanner, L, 1984)		2.03

Toxicity

Bubpropion XL is likely therapeutically equivalent to bupropion SR when treating smoking among cancer patients, and produces similar side effects. No clinicall did not reveal a difference between bu Propion XL and SR formulations in terms of effectiveness or adverse event profiles.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Since tricyclic antidepressants and lithium are the most commonly used psychotropic drugs in the treatment of depression, their side effects and adverse reactions are discussed specifically as these relate to the elderly."( Antidepressant drug therapy in the elderly: enhancing safety and compliance.
Halaris, A, )		0.13
" No clinically significant bupropion-related changes in blood pressure, pulse rates, respiration rate, body temperature, or laboratory parameters were recorded; only 41 patients were discontinued due to intolerance to adverse experiences."( Private practice evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bupropion in depressed outpatients.
Harto-Truax, N; Kirksey, DF, 1983)		0.81
"A strategy for identifying and classifying adverse events and for assessing their relationship to therapy and frequency of occurrence is presented."( Methodologic approach to adverse events applied to bupropion clinical trials.
Cato, AE; Cook, L; Heatherington, D; Starbuck, R, 1983)		0.52
" Assessments of safety included vital signs, electrocardiogram, clinical laboratory tests, and adverse experiences."( Comparative efficacy and safety of bupropion and placebo in the treatment of depression.
Brodie, HK; Fabre, L; Garver, D; McLendon, D; Zung, WW, 1983)		0.54
" The side effect profile of each drug was clinically different from one another with a notable absence of anticholinergic side effects characteristic of the bupropion group."( A comparison of the safety and efficacy of bupropion HCL and amitriptyline hcl in depressed outpatients.
Campos, PE; Miles, JE; Misri, S; Remick, RA; Van Wyck Fleet, J, 1982)		0.72
"Antidepressant-induced adverse sexual effects are becoming more frequently reported by patients who require pharmacotherapy."( Sexual side effects of antidepressants: a review.
Assalian, P; Margolese, HC, 1996)		0.29
" Overall, 27% of the SSRI-treated patients had no adverse sexual side effects; in contrast, 86% of patients treated with bupropion had no adverse sexual effects, and 77% of bupropion-treated patients reported at least one aspect of heightened sexual functioning."( Comparative sexual side effects of bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline.
DePalma, RL; Katholi, CR; Modell, JD; Modell, JG, 1997)		0.78
"SSRI-induced adverse sexual effects appear to be the rule rather than the exception and may be substantially underreported unless patients are specifically asked about the effects of these medications on various aspects of sexual function."( Comparative sexual side effects of bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline.
DePalma, RL; Katholi, CR; Modell, JD; Modell, JG, 1997)		0.57
" Safety was monitored by regular assessment of vital signs and adverse events as well as by pretreatment and posttreatment physical and clinical laboratory examinations."( A multicenter evaluation of the efficacy and safety of 150 and 300 mg/d sustained-release bupropion tablets versus placebo in depressed outpatients.
Ascher, JA; Batey, SR; Cunningham, LA; Johnston, JA; Reimherr, FW, )		0.35
" The mechanism of action of antidepressants allows prediction of both adverse effects and therapeutic effects."( Selecting an antidepressant by using mechanism of action to enhance efficacy and avoid side effects.
Stahl, SM, 1998)		0.3
" Safety assessments included monitoring adverse events, patient discontinuation rates, changes in weight, vital signs, and clinical laboratory test results."( Safety profile of sustained-release bupropion in depression: results of three clinical trials.
Ascher, JA; Batey, SR; Johnston, JA; Settle, EC; Stahl, SM, 1999)		0.58
" For the evaluation of safety, patients were classified into two categories for each adverse event evaluated, corresponding to whether the patient ever experienced the adverse event during the course of the study or never experienced the event, regardless of whether the event was treatment-emergent."( Relationship between drug exposure and the efficacy and safety of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation.
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Glover, ED; Grasela, TH; Johnston, JA; Sachs, DP, 2001)		0.55
" From the reports of suspected adverse reactions received by the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation, it appears that more than half the cases concerned patients at risk of developing smoking-related diseases."( [Uneasiness about the safety of bupropion as an aid to smoking cessation unjustified ].
Chavannes, NH; de Graaf, L; van Grootheest, AC; van Schayck, CP; Wagena, EJ, 2001)		0.59
" This study evaluates a clinician-administered scale, the Toronto Side Effect Scale (TSES), in a natural practice clinic."( Antidepressant side effects in depression patients treated in a naturalistic setting: a study of bupropion, moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.
Bagby, RM; Kennedy, SH; Vanderkooy, JD, 2002)		0.53
" A measure of side-effect intensity distinguished paroxetine from the other antidepressants on a measure of sexual dysfunction."( Antidepressant side effects in depression patients treated in a naturalistic setting: a study of bupropion, moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.
Bagby, RM; Kennedy, SH; Vanderkooy, JD, 2002)		0.53
"These results confirm the clinical utility of the TSES as a simple, clinician-administered antidepressant side-effect scale."( Antidepressant side effects in depression patients treated in a naturalistic setting: a study of bupropion, moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.
Bagby, RM; Kennedy, SH; Vanderkooy, JD, 2002)		0.53
" The potential toxic effects should be considered when prescribing it as a smoking cessation aid."( Bupropion (Zyban) toxicity.
Ali, I; Casey, PB; Cassidy, N; Tracey, JA, 2002)		1.76
" Adverse events associated with the use of bupropion SR at the recommended dosage of 150mg twice daily in clinical trials most commonly included insomnia, headache, dry mouth, nausea and anxiety; insomnia and anxiety are also recognised as symptoms of nicotine withdrawal."( Tolerability and safety of sustained-release bupropion in the management of smoking cessation.
Aubin, HJ, 2002)		0.84
"Despite the superior side effect profile of the newer antidepressants over the tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, all newer antidepressants are associated with a wide array of side effects."( The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists.
Dording, CM; Fava, M; Gordon, J; Kornbluh, R; Mischoulon, D; Nierenberg, AA; Petersen, TJ; Rosenbaum, JE, 2002)		0.31
" They have apparently safe cardiac safety profiles in both therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses."( Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose.
Biswas, AK; Mayes, KL; Morris-Kukoski, CL; Zabrocki, LA, 2003)		0.56
" The most common adverse event in clinical trials or clinical practice is insomnia, which can also be a symptom of nicotine withdrawal."( Efficacy and safety of bupropion SR for smoking cessation: data from clinical trials and five years of postmarketing experience.
Ferry, L; Johnston, JA, 2003)		0.63
" They have apparently safe cardiac safety profiles in both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, but recently the Federal Drug Administration has issued a caution regarding ziprasidone use in combination with other drugs that are known to prolong the QTc interval."( Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose.
Biswas, AK; Mayes, KL; Morris-Kukoski, CL; Zabrocki, LA, 2003)		0.56
" Studies to test the efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation and depression suggest it is safe to use in cardiac disease patients despite recent case reports of adverse events associated with bupropion use."( Safety issues in pharmacotherapy for smoking in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Fu, SS; Joseph, AM, )		0.41
" A range of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported via the spontaneous reporting system following its use in smoking cessation."( Evaluation of the safety of bupropion (Zyban) for smoking cessation from experience gained in general practice use in England in 2000.
Boshier, A; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2003)		0.61
"This study describes the safety profile of bupropion (Zyban) as used in the community; a small number of adverse events were reported that were not included on the SmPC."( Evaluation of the safety of bupropion (Zyban) for smoking cessation from experience gained in general practice use in England in 2000.
Boshier, A; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2003)		0.88
"In contrast with the Parkinson's-like effects associated with the mitochondrial neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and the neuroleptic agent haloperidol, there exist no reports on adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects with the structurally related N-substituted-4-arylpiperidin-4-ol derivative and antidiarrheal agent loperamide."( Identification of an N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-like metabolite of the antidiarrheal agent loperamide in human liver microsomes: underlying reason(s) for the lack of neurotoxicity despite the bioactivation event.
Kalgutkar, AS; Nguyen, HT, 2004)		0.32
" This review focuses on the tolerability, occurrence of adverse events, precautions required to prevent severe adverse events, and essential pharmacological interaction in the treatment of ADHD symptoms by non-stimulants."( The safety of non-stimulant agents for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Banaschewski, T; Heise, CA; Himpel, S; Rothenberger, A, 2005)		0.33
" We investigated the possible existence of adverse effects as well as the severity of each adverse effect and its influence on the treatment course."( Adverse effects of pharmacological therapy for nicotine addiction in smokers following a smoking cessation program.
Barrueco, M; Jiménez-Ruiz, C; Otero, MJ; Palomo, L; Riesco, JA; Romero, P; Torrecilla, M, 2005)		0.33
"Bupropion treatment was well tolerated, with bupropion- and placebo-treated groups reporting similar rates of adverse events."( Safety of intravenous methamphetamine administration during treatment with bupropion.
Chiang, N; De La Garza, R; Elkashef, A; Fong, T; Kahn, R; Li, SH; Newton, TF; Roache, JD; Wallace, CL, 2005)		2
"To determine the frequency of adverse effects, clinical outcomes, and possible dose-response relationships associated with inadvertent extra doses of bupropion."( Adverse effects associated with extra doses of bupropion.
Shepherd, G, 2005)		0.78
" Other prominent adverse effects were agitation (39 patients [8."( Adverse effects associated with extra doses of bupropion.
Shepherd, G, 2005)		0.59
" Extra doses of bupropion appear to increase the risk of adverse effects."( Adverse effects associated with extra doses of bupropion.
Shepherd, G, 2005)		0.93
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" In all 3 studies, varenicline was safe and well tolerated, with overall treatment discontinuation rates similar to that of placebo."( Smoking cessation efficacy and safety of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist.
Tonstad, S, )		0.13
" Although each of the medications used for tobacco dependence treatment has been rigorously tested for efficacy and safety, broader experience in clinical trials and in observational population-based studies suggests that adverse events associated with these medications are relatively common."( Adverse effects and tolerability of medications for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence.
Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT, 2010)		0.36
" Treatment of the cells with a toxic concentration of bupropion (100μg/mL) induced the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor alpha (EIF-2α), c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) within 1h, which later declined to baseline levels."( Bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
Jang, EH; Kang, JH; Park, CS, 2011)		2.06
" A few minor adverse effects and serious adverse effects were reported in several studies."( Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation among pregnant smokers: a meta-analysis.
Ju, W; Jung, HS; Kim, H; Myung, SK; Oh, SW; Park, CH; Seo, H, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate whether varenicline use was associated with increased risk of psychiatric adverse events, compared with bupropion, another drug used for smoking cessation."( Use of varenicline versus bupropion and risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Hviid, A; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H, 2013)		0.9
"Using Cox regression, we estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of any psychiatric adverse event (emergency department visit or in-patient admission with a psychiatric diagnosis) within 30 days following treatment initiation."( Use of varenicline versus bupropion and risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Hviid, A; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H, 2013)		0.69
"18%) psychiatric adverse events among 59 790 varenicline users (rate 22 events per 1000 person-years), compared with 46 (0."( Use of varenicline versus bupropion and risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Hviid, A; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H, 2013)		0.69
"In Denmark, the risk of psychiatric adverse events diagnosed during an emergency department visit or in-patient admission was not significantly higher with varenicline use compared with bupropion."( Use of varenicline versus bupropion and risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Hviid, A; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H, 2013)		0.88
" The authors also analyzed a large DOD data set to compare acute (30-day and 60-day) rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events in patients receiving varenicline or nicotine replacement therapy (N=35,800) and to assess reports of anxiety, mood, and psychotic symptoms and disorders, other mental disorders, and suicide attempt."( Varenicline, smoking cessation, and neuropsychiatric adverse events.
Gibbons, RD; Mann, JJ, 2013)		0.39
"This analysis revealed no evidence that varenicline is associated with adverse neuropsychiatric events."( Varenicline, smoking cessation, and neuropsychiatric adverse events.
Gibbons, RD; Mann, JJ, 2013)		0.39
" Each drug, besides its therapeutic effect, creates the risk of adverse reactions which number and severity is not always accepted by the patient."( [Safety of nicotine addiction treatment].
Cieślewicz, A; Jabłecka, A; Korzeniowska, K, 2013)		0.39
" Although the weight loss produced by phentermine/topiramate is superior to naltrexone/bupropion, the safety profile of naltrexone/bupropion has less severe adverse effects."( Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity.
Bello, NT; Verpeut, JL, 2014)		0.9
" However, in the existing studies PHEN/TPM ER had a superior weight loss profile to lorcaserin but the incidence of adverse effects was lower with lorcaserin."( Tolerability and safety of the new anti-obesity medications.
Aldhoon-Hainerová, I; Hainer, V, 2014)		0.4
" Thus, if following the appropriate guidelines according to package labels, the practitioner can feel safe in prescribing these medications."( Safety and tolerability of medications approved for chronic weight management.
Fujioka, K, 2015)		0.42
" Serious adverse effects, which were very rare, included suicidal thoughts and seizures."( The efficacy and safety of the naltrexone/bupropion combination for the treatment of obesity: an update.
Christou, GA; Kiortsis, DN, )		0.4
" To assess the cardiac adverse effects of nicotine replacement therapy, we conducted a review of the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology."( Cardiac adverse effects of nicotine replacement therapy.
, 2015)		0.42
"The FDA addressed interchangeability problems with generic modified-release alternatives of bupropion and methylphenidate including lack of bioequivalence, reduced efficacy, and increased incidence of adverse events."( Interchangeability, Safety and Efficacy of Modified-Release Drug Formulations in the USA: The Case of Opioid and Other Nervous System Drugs.
Hansen, R; Rodriguez-Monguio, R; Seoane-Vazquez, E, 2016)		0.65
" The primary endpoint was the incidence of a composite measure of moderate and severe neuropsychiatric adverse events."( Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Ascher, J; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; St Aubin, L; West, R, 2016)		0.68
" In the non-psychiatric cohort, 13 (1·3%) of 990 participants reported moderate and severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the varenicline group, 22 (2·2%) of 989 in the bupropion group, 25 (2·5%) of 1006 in the nicotine patch group, and 24 (2·4%) of 999 in the placebo group."( Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Ascher, J; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; St Aubin, L; West, R, 2016)		0.88
"The study did not show a significant increase in neuropsychiatric adverse events attributable to varenicline or bupropion relative to nicotine patch or placebo."( Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Ascher, J; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; St Aubin, L; West, R, 2016)		0.89
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
"Overall, both treatments significantly improved depressive symptoms without causing serious adverse events."( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole Versus Bupropion Augmentation in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Unresponsive to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Randomized, Prospective, Open-Label Study.
Cheon, EJ; Koo, BH; Lee, JH; Lee, KH; Lee, SJ; Park, YW; Sung, HM, 2017)		0.7
" Aripiprazole and bupropion may offer effective and safe augmentation strategies in patients with MDD who are unresponsive to SSRIs."( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole Versus Bupropion Augmentation in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Unresponsive to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Randomized, Prospective, Open-Label Study.
Cheon, EJ; Koo, BH; Lee, JH; Lee, KH; Lee, SJ; Park, YW; Sung, HM, 2017)		1.03
"We aimed to share our experience in a smoking cessation clinic during Ramadan by analyzing the efficacy and adverse effects of once-daily dosing of bupropion or varenicline in a fasting group compared with conventional dosing in a non-fasting group."( The Adverse Effects and Treatment Results of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy During Fasting/Non-Fasting State.
Bagci, BA; Bahadir, A; Chousein, EGU; Hattatoglu, DG; Iliaz, S; Ortakoylu, MG; Tanriverdi, E; Tural Onur, S; Uysal, MA; Yurt, S, 2017)		0.65
" At the first follow-up visit, adverse effects seen with the treatment were recorded."( The Adverse Effects and Treatment Results of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy During Fasting/Non-Fasting State.
Bagci, BA; Bahadir, A; Chousein, EGU; Hattatoglu, DG; Iliaz, S; Ortakoylu, MG; Tanriverdi, E; Tural Onur, S; Uysal, MA; Yurt, S, 2017)		0.46
"Although our sample size was small, we found no difference in the rates of adverse effects or smoking cessation using a single daily oral dose of bupropion or varenicline between a fasting group and a non-fasting group that received conventional dosing."( The Adverse Effects and Treatment Results of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy During Fasting/Non-Fasting State.
Bagci, BA; Bahadir, A; Chousein, EGU; Hattatoglu, DG; Iliaz, S; Ortakoylu, MG; Tanriverdi, E; Tural Onur, S; Uysal, MA; Yurt, S, 2017)		0.66
"Retrospective adjudication of clinical trial data will not increase the identification of adverse events."( Cardiovascular adverse events in the drug-development program of bupropion for smoking cessation: A systematic retrospective adjudication effort.
Ascher, J; Hasselblad, V; Huang, M; Kittle, J; Kolls, BJ; Krishen, A; Lopes, RD; Mahaffey, KW; Marquess, ML; McGuire, DK; Roe, MT; Russell, SD; Wilson, MD, 2017)		0.69
"We performed a comprehensive retrospective analysis of adverse events in 19 previously completed controlled US clinical trials of bupropion marketed for the treatment of smoking cessation, yielding 9479 subjects (5290 bupropion, 2927 placebo, 1018 active control [ACT], and 244 treated concurrently with bupropion and ACT)."( Cardiovascular adverse events in the drug-development program of bupropion for smoking cessation: A systematic retrospective adjudication effort.
Ascher, J; Hasselblad, V; Huang, M; Kittle, J; Kolls, BJ; Krishen, A; Lopes, RD; Mahaffey, KW; Marquess, ML; McGuire, DK; Roe, MT; Russell, SD; Wilson, MD, 2017)		0.9
"We conclude that hepatotoxicity is a rare adverse effect of bupropion use, but physicians should be aware of the possibility of this potentially serious clinical picture of drug-induced hepatotoxicity with varied clinical presentation and prognosis."( Rapid bupropion-induced hepatotoxicity: a case report and review of the literature.
Anandabaskaran, S; Ho, V, 2018)		1.2
"A double-blind, randomized, triple-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled trial (Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study [EAGLES]) and its nontreatment extension trial was conducted at 140 multinational centers."( Cardiovascular Safety of Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Patch in Smokers: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Hays, JT; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Pipe, A; St Aubin, L; Tonstad, S; West, R, 2018)		0.75
"The primary end point was the time to development of a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE: cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) during treatment; secondary end points were the occurrence of MACE and other pertinent cardiovascular events (MACE+: MACE or new-onset or worsening peripheral vascular disease requiring intervention, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina)."( Cardiovascular Safety of Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Patch in Smokers: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Hays, JT; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Pipe, A; St Aubin, L; Tonstad, S; West, R, 2018)		0.75
"No evidence that the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies increased the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse events during or after treatment was observed."( Cardiovascular Safety of Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Patch in Smokers: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Hays, JT; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Pipe, A; St Aubin, L; Tonstad, S; West, R, 2018)		0.75
" The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of combined bupropion and molybdenum in a toxic animal model."( Molybdenum bupropion combined neurotoxicity in rats.
El Morsi, E; Firgany, AEL; Ghorab, D; Hazem, NM; Helaly, AM; Mokhtar, N, 2018)		1.11
" Central nervous system-active medications have the potential to affect mood; therefore, post hoc analysis of clinical trial data was conducted to evaluate psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) and effects on mood of NB therapy versus placebo."( Psychiatric adverse events and effects on mood with prolonged-release naltrexone/bupropion combination therapy: a pooled analysis.
Acevedo, LM; Apovian, CM; Dunayevich, E; Greenway, FL; McElroy, SL; Pi-Sunyer, X, 2019)		0.74
"We performed secondary analyses of safety and efficacy outcomes by psychiatric diagnosis in EAGLES (Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study), a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo- and active (NRT)-controlled trial of varenicline and bupropion with 12-week follow-up, in a subset population, n = 4092, with a primary psychotic (n = 390), anxiety (n = 792), or mood (n = 2910) disorder."( Neuropsychiatric Safety and Efficacy of Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Patch in Smokers With Psychotic, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders in the EAGLES Trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; Maravic, MC; McRae, T; Russ, C; St Aubin, L; West, R, )		0.56
"Pre-treatment factors that increase smokers' risk of experiencing neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs) when quitting smoking are unknown."( Predictors of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Smoking Cessation Medications in the Randomized Controlled EAGLES Trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Gaffney, M; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; St Aubin, L; West, R, 2019)		0.51
"Reducing adverse events from pharmacologic treatment is an important goal of precision medicine and identifying genetic predictors of adverse events is a step toward this goal."( Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 Region of Chromosome 15 Predict Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Smoking Cessation Trial.
Baker, TB; Bierut, LJ; Chen, LS; Culverhouse, RC; Ma, Y; Piper, ME; Saccone, NL, 2020)		0.56
"Gastrointestinal adverse events were experienced by 31."( Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 Region of Chromosome 15 Predict Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Smoking Cessation Trial.
Baker, TB; Bierut, LJ; Chen, LS; Culverhouse, RC; Ma, Y; Piper, ME; Saccone, NL, 2020)		0.56
"Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 region of chromosome 15 are associated with gastrointestinal adverse events in smoking cessation."( Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 Region of Chromosome 15 Predict Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Smoking Cessation Trial.
Baker, TB; Bierut, LJ; Chen, LS; Culverhouse, RC; Ma, Y; Piper, ME; Saccone, NL, 2020)		0.56
" suggest that associations of variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 region of chromosome 15 with gastrointestinal adverse events while taking medications for smoking cessation reflect biology."( Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 Region of Chromosome 15 Predict Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Smoking Cessation Trial.
Baker, TB; Bierut, LJ; Chen, LS; Culverhouse, RC; Ma, Y; Piper, ME; Saccone, NL, 2020)		0.56
" Primary outcomes were occurrence of moderate to severe neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs) and Weeks 9-12 biochemically-confirmed continuous abstinence (CA) rates."( Safety and efficacy of first-line smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in bipolar disorders: Subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial.
Anthenelli, RM; Aubin, LS; Ayers, CR; Evins, AE; Heffner, JL; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; West, R, 2019)		0.51
" Adverse events were reported by 313 patients (bupropion XL, n = 157; escitalopram, n = 156); the most common on-treatment adverse event in both groups was nausea (10."( Efficacy and safety of bupropion hydrochloride extended-release versus escitalopram oxalate in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder: Results from a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.
Hu, J; Li, H; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tan, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhao, Q; Zhong, J, 2019)		1.08
" Although bupropion HCl's safety and tolerability have been demonstrated through several clinical trials, there are still a number of adverse effects that have been reported in the literature."( Bupropion Hydrochloride Sustained Release and Diurnal Enuresis: A Previously Unreported Adverse Effect.
Catalano, G; Nirmalani-Gandhy, A; Patel, RA; Schwitalla, TA, )		1.98
"7%), toxic psychosis (20."( Single-Agent Bupropion Exposures: Clinical Characteristics and an Atypical Cause of Serotonin Toxicity.
Alsukaiti, WS; Calello, DP; Carpenter, J; Dunkley, C; Kazzi, Z; Kiernan, EA; Moran, TP; Murray, B; Rianprakaisang, T, 2020)		0.93
"Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation are widely prescribed, despite substantial concerns being raised regarding the potential increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) and neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with these treatments."( Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in non-depressed adults: a retrospective cohort study.
Bassett, K; Carney, G; Dormuth, CR; Maclure, M; Taylor, S, 2020)		0.56
"This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) among smokers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in post hoc analyses of Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study data."( Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacotherapeutic Smoking Cessation Aids in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Subgroup Analysis of EAGLES.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Heffner, JL; Lawrence, D; Maravic, MC; McRae, T; Russ, C; West, R, 2021)		0.86
" Outcomes included abstinence rates during treatment and follow-up, number needed to treat (NNT) for abstinence, incidence of neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs), and temporal relationship between NPSAEs and abstinence status."( Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacotherapeutic Smoking Cessation Aids in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Subgroup Analysis of EAGLES.
Anthenelli, RM; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Heffner, JL; Lawrence, D; Maravic, MC; McRae, T; Russ, C; West, R, 2021)		0.62
" However, they are costly and may have adverse effects in some individuals."( Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand?
Lee, SY; Tak, YJ, 2021)		0.62
" Neonatal providers should be aware of maternal medications and prepare for possible adverse effects, particularly from common psychotropic exposures."( Why the Maternal Medication List Matters: Neonatal Toxicity From Combined Serotonergic Exposures.
Brajcich, MR; Marks, J; Messer, RD; Murphy, ME; Palau, MA, 2021)		0.62
" Data for the number of participants reporting at least one adverse event was also extracted, if available."( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation in healthy adults: A network meta-analysis.
Jena, M; Maiti, R; Mishra, A; Mishra, BR, 2021)		0.62
" We sought to identify correlates of psychiatric comorbidity (CM; 2 diagnoses) and multimorbidity (MM; 3+ diagnoses) among smokers attempting to quit and to evaluate whether these conditions predicted neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs), treatment adherence, or cessation efficacy (CE)."( Psychiatric Comorbidity and Multimorbidity in the EAGLES Trial: Descriptive Correlates and Associations With Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events, Treatment Adherence, and Smoking Cessation.
Anthenelli, RM; Correa, JB; Doran, N; Dubrava, S; Gaznick, N; Lawrence, D; McKenna, BS; Saccone, PA, 2021)		0.62
" The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between these treatments and the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE)."( Cardiovascular safety of naltrexone and bupropion therapy: Systematic review and meta-analyses.
Aguilar-Salinas, C; Benchimol, A; Bonilha, I; Carvalho, LSF; Cercato, C; Geloneze, B; Hohl, A; Luchiari, B; Moura, F; Nadruz, W; Sposito, AC, 2021)		0.89
"05, the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) did not find enough evidence to reject the hypothesis of no difference in neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs) attributable to varenicline, bupropion, or nicotine patch compared with placebo."( Estimation of risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events from varenicline, bupropion and nicotine patch versus placebo: secondary analysis of results from the EAGLES trial using Bayes factors.
Anthenelli, RM; Aubin, LS; Beard, E; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Jackson, SE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; West, R, 2021)		1.04
"Secondary analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study trial using Bayes factors provides moderate to strong evidence that use of varenicline, bupropion or nicotine patches for smoking cessation does not increase the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events relative to use of placebo in smokers without a history of psychiatric disorder."( Estimation of risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events from varenicline, bupropion and nicotine patch versus placebo: secondary analysis of results from the EAGLES trial using Bayes factors.
Anthenelli, RM; Aubin, LS; Beard, E; Benowitz, NL; Evins, AE; Jackson, SE; Krishen, A; Lawrence, D; McRae, T; Russ, C; West, R, 2021)		1.05
"To evaluate the real-world association between varenicline and neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) in general and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) population with and without psychiatric disorders compared with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to strengthen the knowledge of varenicline safety."( Neuropsychiatric safety of varenicline in the general and COPD population with and without psychiatric disorders: a retrospective cohort study in a real-world setting.
Boezen, HM; Bos, JH; Hak, E; Schuiling-Veninga, CCM; van Boven, JFM; Wang, Y; Wilffert, B, 2021)		0.62
" No serious adverse events/deaths were reported."( Napabucasin Drug-Drug Interaction Potential, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Dosing in Healthy Adult Volunteers.
Brantley, SJ; Dai, X; Goulet, MT; Hard, ML; Hitron, M; Karol, MD; McLaughlin, CF, 2021)		0.62
"To compare the incidence, severity, and clinical course of frequently reported adverse events (AEs) after treatment with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies."( Frequently Reported Adverse Events With Smoking Cessation Medications: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial.
Dutro, MP; Ebbert, J; Fisher, M; Hays, JT; Jimenez-Ruiz, C; Li, J, 2021)		0.62
" Previous cost-effectiveness analyses have not fully accounted for adverse effects nor compared all cessation aids."( Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Smoking Cessation Interventions in the United Kingdom Accounting for Major Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events.
Caldwell, DM; Dalili, MN; Keeney, E; López-López, JA; Munafò, MR; Phillippo, DM; Stevenson, M; Thomas, KH; Welton, NJ, 2021)		0.62
" Relative efficacy in terms of abstinence and major adverse neuropsychiatric events was informed by a systematic review and network meta-analysis."( Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Smoking Cessation Interventions in the United Kingdom Accounting for Major Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events.
Caldwell, DM; Dalili, MN; Keeney, E; López-López, JA; Munafò, MR; Phillippo, DM; Stevenson, M; Thomas, KH; Welton, NJ, 2021)		0.62
" Primary outcomes were sustained tobacco abstinence and serious adverse events (SAEs)."( Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Caldwell, DM; Dalili, MN; Keeney, E; López-López, JA; Munafò, MR; Phillippo, DM; Stevenson, M; Thomas, KH; Welton, NJ, 2022)		0.72
" There does not appear to be strong evidence of associations between most tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and adverse events; however, the data are limited and there is a need for improved reporting of safety data."( Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Caldwell, DM; Dalili, MN; Keeney, E; López-López, JA; Munafò, MR; Phillippo, DM; Stevenson, M; Thomas, KH; Welton, NJ, 2022)		0.72
"To compare the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among individuals initiating varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches, or bupropion."( Comparison of Cardiovascular Safety for Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapies in a Population-Based Cohort in Australia.
Choi, SKY; Chow, CK; Filion, KB; Havard, A; Pearson, SA; Tran, DT, 2021)		0.82
" In a naturalistic open-label study, we compared the effectiveness and the adverse event profiles of XL and SR in treating cancer patients for smoking."( Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.
Beneventi, D; Blalock, JA; Chaftari, P; Cinciripini, PM; Cui, Y; Gonzalez, R; Karam-Hage, M; Kypriotakis, G; Robinson, JD; Tayar, J, 2022)		2.16
" We also analyzed the adverse event profile differences between the medications."( Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.
Beneventi, D; Blalock, JA; Chaftari, P; Cinciripini, PM; Cui, Y; Gonzalez, R; Karam-Hage, M; Kypriotakis, G; Robinson, JD; Tayar, J, 2022)		2.16
" Further, there were no significant differences in spontaneously reported adverse events between XL and SR."( Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.
Beneventi, D; Blalock, JA; Chaftari, P; Cinciripini, PM; Cui, Y; Gonzalez, R; Karam-Hage, M; Kypriotakis, G; Robinson, JD; Tayar, J, 2022)		2.16
"Our data did not reveal a difference between bupropion XL and SR formulations in terms of effectiveness or adverse event profiles among cancer patients prescribed bupropion alone or in combination with NRTs to quit smoking."( Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.
Beneventi, D; Blalock, JA; Chaftari, P; Cinciripini, PM; Cui, Y; Gonzalez, R; Karam-Hage, M; Kypriotakis, G; Robinson, JD; Tayar, J, 2022)		2.42
"In this first published direct comparison of their effectiveness and adverse event profiles, we found that bupropion XL is likely therapeutically equivalent to bupropion SR when treating smoking among cancer patients, and produces similar side effects."( Bupropion XL and SR have similar effectiveness and adverse event profiles when used to treat smoking among patients at a comprehensive cancer center.
Beneventi, D; Blalock, JA; Chaftari, P; Cinciripini, PM; Cui, Y; Gonzalez, R; Karam-Hage, M; Kypriotakis, G; Robinson, JD; Tayar, J, 2022)		2.38
" However, the abstinence rate, the incidence of adverse events and withdrawal symptoms, have not been widely studied locally."( Abstinence Rate, Adverse Events and Withdrawal Symptoms after Varenicline Use and Predicting Factors of Smoking Abstinence: A Multicentre Single-State Study in Malaysia.
Chang, CT; Choo, SJ; Harun, SN; Latif, MFA; Sanusi, NA; Tangiisuran, B, 2022)		0.72
"Research on risk factors for neuropsychiatric adverse events (NAEs) in smoking cessation with pharmacotherapy is scarce."( Bayesian regularization to predict neuropsychiatric adverse events in smoking cessation with pharmacotherapy.
Cinciripini, P; Green, C; Hwang, LY; Lerman, C; Pedroza, C; Rajan, SS; Suchting, R; Truong, VTT; Tyndale, RF, 2023)		0.91
" The treatment was well-tolerated, with some transient adverse events reported."( Dextromethorphan-Bupropion for the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials.
Akbar, D; Cao, B; Ceban, F; Ho, R; Kwan, ATH; McIntyre, RS; Rhee, TG; Rosenblat, JD; Subramaniapillai, M; Teopiz, KM, 2023)		1.25

Pharmacokinetics

pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion and 4-hydroxybupropion were unaffected by woohwangcheongsimwon suspension. These changes were not associated with differences in bu Propion's ability to promote smoking cessation in smokers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of bupropion and its major basic metabolites, BW 306U and BW A494U, were determined following the ip administration of 40 mg/kg bupropion to these animals."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and metabolites in plasma and brain of rats, mice, and guinea pigs.
Cooper, TB; Perumal, AS; Smith, TM; Suckow, RF, )		0.74
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were by noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its major basic metabolites in normal subjects after a single dose.
DeVane, CL; Dommisse, CS; Lai, AA; Laizure, SC; Stewart, JT, 1985)		0.59
"A study was performed to determine whether there is a pharmacokinetic interaction between alcohol and the novel antidepressant bupropion."( Alcohol and bupropion pharmacokinetics in healthy male volunteers.
Bye, A; Jeal, S; Peck, AW; Posner, J; Whiteman, P, 1984)		0.85
" The pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was best described by an open two-compartment model after either route of drug administration."( Radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetic profile of bupropion in the dog.
Butz, RF; Findlay, JW; Mehta, NB; Phillips, AP; Schroeder, DH; Welch, RM, 1981)		0.52
" By comparison of AUC, Cmax and tmax values, the pharmacokinetics of bupropion were found to be linear across the 50-200 mg dose range in both sexes."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion, a novel antidepressant agent, following oral administration to healthy subjects.
Blum, MR; Butz, RF; Findlay, JW; Hinton, ML; Schroeder, DH; Smith, PG; Van Wyck Fleet, J, 1981)		0.82
" There are substantial pharmacokinetic differences among the five major classes."( Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants: why and how they are relevant to treatment.
Preskorn, SH, 1993)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for bupropion, and three major metabolites (hydroxybupropion and the aminoalcohol isomers, threohydrobupropion and erythrohydrobupropion, expressed as a composite total)."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites in cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers.
Ascher, JA; Dunn, JA; Giargiari, TD; Hsyu, PH; Johnston, JA; Singh, A, 1997)		0.88
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in this population may predispose patients to experience an increased number of adverse events."( Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly.
DeVane, CL; Pollock, BG, 1999)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of LTG were not significantly different between treatments."( Effects of steady-state bupropion on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in healthy subjects.
Chen, C; Odishaw, J, 2000)		0.61
" Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effects of smoking and gender on pharmacokinetic parameters."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of bupropion in adolescents: effects of smoking status and gender.
Berkel, HJ; Bocchini, JA; Manno, JE; Parish, RC; Simar, MR; Stewart, JJ; Syed, A; Wilson, JT, 2001)		0.59
" Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies reveal that bupropion SR is metabolised by multiple pathways with no single pathway predominating."( Pharmacokinetic optimisation of sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation.
Ascher, J; Bentley, B; Durcan, M; Johnston, AJ; Leadbetter, R; Patel, DK; Schmith, VD, 2002)		0.82
" The Cmax of sustained-release tablet (ST) was significantly lower than that of the RT and the Tmax was significantly longer than that of the RT (P<0."( HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release bupropion tablets in dogs.
Li, F; Qiao, M; Yuan, B; Zhang, D, 2003)		0.56
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by non-parametric methods and by population pharmacokinetic modelling."( Bupropion and 4-OH-bupropion pharmacokinetics in relation to genetic polymorphisms in CYP2B6.
Brockmöller, J; Kirchheiner, J; Klein, C; Meineke, I; Mürdter, TE; Roots, I; Sasse, J; Zanger, UM, 2003)		1.76
" Potential pharmacokinetic advantages of these formulations include lower peak plasma drug concentrations and smaller fluctuations between peak and trough plasma drug concentrations, which might influence the tolerability of these medications."( Immediate-release versus controlled-release formulations: pharmacokinetics of newer antidepressants in relation to nausea.
DeVane, CL, 2003)		0.32
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken by non-linear regression using MWPharm."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites in haemodialysis patients who smoke. A single dose study.
Almond, MK; Dhillon, S; Worrall, SP, 2004)		0.65
"To examine the steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of bupropion sustained release (SR) and their potential developmental differences in youths."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of bupropion SR in juvenile patients.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Gilchrist, R; Nuss, S; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2005)		0.85
" Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by noncompartmental and compartmental analyses for bupropion and metabolites, respectively."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of bupropion SR in juvenile patients.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Gilchrist, R; Nuss, S; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2005)		0.83
"3 hours) were significantly shorter, and areas under the concentration curve ratios of metabolites to bupropion were 19% to 80% higher."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of bupropion SR in juvenile patients.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Gilchrist, R; Nuss, S; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2005)		0.83
" A pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using both traditional compartmental modeling and a population pharmacokinetic approach."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.56
" It increased the plasma AUC and elimination half-life (T1/2e) of desmethyl-SERT 12."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.56
"These results suggest that pharmacokinetic interactions exist among these three psychoactive drugs involving inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes and/or P-gp and other drug transporters present in the BBB."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.56
" Understanding the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and formulations of bupropion can help optimize clinical use."( Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations.
Jefferson, JW; Muir, KT; Pradko, JF, 2005)		2
"A drug-drug interaction study was conducted to determine whether ritonavir (200 mg; 4 doses over 2 days) alters the pharmacokinetic disposition of bupropion (75 mg; once) coadministered to 7 healthy volunteers in a placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study."( Ritonavir has minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion administered to human volunteers.
Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Hesse, LM; von Moltke, LL, 2006)		0.76
" Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by noncompartmental analysis for bupropion and exponential analyses for metabolites."( Steady-state clinical pharmacokinetics of bupropion extended-release in youths.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Melhem, I; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2006)		0.83
"021) and its mean time to Cmax longer (p = ."( Steady-state clinical pharmacokinetics of bupropion extended-release in youths.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Melhem, I; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2006)		0.6
" The active metabolite hydroxybupropion probably has key pharmacodynamic effects, given its higher and more sustained levels relative to the other metabolites or to bupropion."( Steady-state clinical pharmacokinetics of bupropion extended-release in youths.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Melhem, I; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2006)		0.89
" Serial blood samples were obtained over 72 h after each bupropion dose, and used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion and its CYP2B6-catalysed metabolite, hydroxybupropion."( Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy volunteers.
Chen, H; Hu, DL; Ji, W; Lei, HP; Lin, J; Liu, LJ; Tan, ZR; Zhou, HH, 2009)		0.84
"Ginkgo biloba extract administration for 14 days does not significantly alter the basic pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion in healthy volunteers."( Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy volunteers.
Chen, H; Hu, DL; Ji, W; Lei, HP; Lin, J; Liu, LJ; Tan, ZR; Zhou, HH, 2009)		0.8
" The purpose of this article is to describe the study design and discuss strategies used to recruit and retain African-American smokers in a pharmacokinetic study."( Design, recruitment, and retention of African-American smokers in a pharmacokinetic study.
Ahluwalia, JS; Bronars, CA; Cox, LS; Faseru, B; Mayo, MS; Okuyemi, KS; Opole, I; Reed, GA, 2010)		0.36
" Of the 81 who attended the first visit, 48 individuals were enrolled in the pharmacokinetic study, and a total of 40 individuals completed the study (83% retention rate)."( Design, recruitment, and retention of African-American smokers in a pharmacokinetic study.
Ahluwalia, JS; Bronars, CA; Cox, LS; Faseru, B; Mayo, MS; Okuyemi, KS; Opole, I; Reed, GA, 2010)		0.36
"Although recruitment of African-American smokers into a non-treatment, pharmacokinetic study poses challenges, retention is feasible."( Design, recruitment, and retention of African-American smokers in a pharmacokinetic study.
Ahluwalia, JS; Bronars, CA; Cox, LS; Faseru, B; Mayo, MS; Okuyemi, KS; Opole, I; Reed, GA, 2010)		0.36
" No change in the time to peak concentration (t(max)) and the blood elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of bupropion was observed between the control and St."( Effect of St. John's wort supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy male Chinese volunteers.
Chen, Y; Dai, LL; Fan, L; Lei, HP; Li, HH; Xie, HT; Yu, XY; Zhou, HH, 2010)		0.81
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion and 4-hydroxybupropion were unaffected by woohwangcheongsimwon suspension."( Effects of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxybupropion, in healthy subjects.
Bae, SK; Kim, H; Kim, HS; Liu, KH; Park, SJ; Shim, EJ; Shin, JG; Shon, JH, 2010)		0.87
" Putatively the co-administration of bupropion and sertraline could lead to a significant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction."( Effects of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its major metabolite, hydroxybupropion, in mice.
Hassan, HE; Molnari, JC; Myers, AL, 2012)		0.91
" The developed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies after single intragastric administration of bupropion 15 mg kg(-1) to rats."( Determination of bupropion and its main metabolite in rat plasma by LC-MS and its application to pharmacokinetics.
Hu, L; Ma, J; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xu, R; Zhang, X, 2011)		0.92
" This study examined the effects of menthol on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of bupropion and its principal metabolites, hydroxybupropion, threohydrobupropion, and erythrohydrobupropion among Black smokers."( Effects of menthol on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion among Black smokers.
Ahluwalia, JS; Benowitz, NL; Bronars, CA; Cox, LS; Faseru, B; Mayo, MS; Okuyemi, KS; Opole, I; Reed, GA; Whembolua, GL, 2012)		0.86
" No differences were found by menthol smoking status in the Cmax and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of bupropion and its metabolites in the smoking or nonsmoking phases."( Effects of menthol on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion among Black smokers.
Ahluwalia, JS; Benowitz, NL; Bronars, CA; Cox, LS; Faseru, B; Mayo, MS; Okuyemi, KS; Opole, I; Reed, GA; Whembolua, GL, 2012)		0.84
" Clinical studies in healthy subjects were performed to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) and co-administered agents, including fluconazole (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A inhibitor), ketoconazole (CYP3A and P-glycoprotein inhibitor), rifampicin (CYP inducer), bupropion (CYP2D6 inhibitor and CYP2B6 substrate), ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel (CYP3A substrates) and omeprazole (CYP2C19 substrate and inhibitor)."( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant.
Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)		0.56
", area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC] and maximum plasma concentration [C max]) was used to assess pharmacokinetic interactions."( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant.
Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)		0.39
" The clinical relevance of these findings was evaluated through physiologically based pharmacokinetic model simulations."( Investigational small-molecule drug selectively suppresses constitutive CYP2B6 activity at the gene transcription level: physiologically based pharmacokinetic model assessment of clinical drug interaction risk.
Ke, AB; Mohutsky, MA; Rehmel, JL; Zamek-Gliszczynski, MJ, 2014)		0.4
" The purpose of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic of four probe drugs in adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy rat."( Pharmacokinetic of four probe drugs in adriamycin-induced nephropathy rat.
Chen, WH; Chen, ZB; Hu, LF; Li, D; Lin, FY; Yu, XG; Zhi, AY, 2014)		0.4
" These pharmacokinetic changes were not associated with differences in bupropion's ability to promote smoking cessation in smokers, but may influence the side effects and toxicity associated with bupropion."( Gene variants in CYP2C19 are associated with altered in vivo bupropion pharmacokinetics but not bupropion-assisted smoking cessation outcomes.
Ahluwalia, JS; Benowitz, NL; Cox, LS; Tyndale, RF; Zhou, Q; Zhu, AZ, 2014)		0.88
" Bupropion reduced the Cmax and AUC24 of the CYP2D6-dependently formed metabolite stereoisomers of DHMA 3-sulfate, DHMA 4-sulfate, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA sulfate and HMMA glucuronide) by approximately 40%."( Impact of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function on the Chiral Blood Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Phase I and II Metabolites in Humans.
Kraemer, T; Liechti, ME; Rickli, A; Schmid, Y; Schmidhauser, C; Steuer, AE; Tingelhoff, EH, 2016)		1.34
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of bupropion and its metabolites were performed using normalization and pharmacological/convulsive weighting methods on exposure."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of bupropion hydrobromide and metabolites in healthy adolescent and adult subjects.
Crean, CS; Oh, DA, 2015)		0.99
" The PK parameters of nebivolol and its active metabolite were analyzed by noncompartmental modeling, while the pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters (blood pressure and heart rate) were assessed at rest."( Assessment of a Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Nebivolol and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers.
Bocsan, C; Briciu, C; Buzoianu, A; Gheldiu, AM; Muntean, D; Neag, M; Popa, A; Tomuta, I; Vlase, L, 2016)		0.66
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol were analyzed by the noncompartmental method."( The Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study between Carvedilol and Bupropion in Rats.
Abrudan, MB; Gheldiu, AM; Muntean, DM; Neag, MA; Vlase, L, 2017)		0.7
" Recently, the chirality of bupropion has received significant attention in the delineation of stereoselective pharmacokinetic (PK) and disposition data."( Chirality and neuropsychiatric drugs: an update on stereoselective disposition and clinical pharmacokinetics of bupropion.
Dash, RP; Rais, R; Srinivas, NR, 2018)		0.99
" The concentration-time curve (AUC(0→96)), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and terminal half-life (t1/2) values of BUP in CYP2B6*1/*4 were lower than those of CYP2B6*1/*1."( Effects of Genetic Polymorphisms of CYP2B6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion and Hydroxybupropion in Healthy Chinese Subjects.
Dang, H; Ma, H; Ma, Y; Wei, S; Yang, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2018)		0.71
"  Amenamevir increased peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of montelukast by about 22% (ratio 121."( Amenamevir: Studies of Potential CYP2C8- and CYP2B6-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions With Montelukast and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers.
Adeloye, T; Dennison, J; Endo, T; Johnston, A; Puri, A; Warrington, S, 2018)		0.69
" An extensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic review of bupropion was performed, also focusing on chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, clinical and forensic aspects of this drug without a limiting period."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects.
Costa, R; Dinis-Oliveira, RJ; Oliveira, NG, 2019)		1.03
" Paired t tests were used to compare pharmacokinetic parameters during pregnancy and postpartum."( Pregnancy Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion or Its Metabolites.
Czuba, LC; Fay, EE; Isoherranen, N; Sager, JE; Shum, S; Stephenson-Famy, A, 2021)		0.85
" A generalizable semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model with six gut segments and liver, connected to a two-compartment model of systemic disposition for bupropion hydrochloride oral dosage forms was developed."( A Bayesian population physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption modeling approach to support generic drug development: application to bupropion hydrochloride oral dosage forms.
Bois, FY; Chiu, WA; Hsieh, NH; Klein, M; Ni, Z; Reisfeld, B; Sun, W; Tsakalozou, E; Yoon, M, 2021)		1.02
" In this study, we developed a mechanistic lactation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach incorporating BCRP mediated transport kinetics to simulate the concentration-time profiles of five BCRP drug substrates (acyclovir, bupropion, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin) in nursing women's plasma and milk."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations of breast cancer resistance protein substrates in milk.
Fang, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, P, 2022)		0.9

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bupropion, administered alone or combined with nicotine, is presently used to treat nicotine dependence. The biotransformation rates of bupropion administered either separately or in combined with tolbutamide were compared.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Monitering of BUP and its metabolites may ultimately prove useful in guiding clinicians dosing decisions, especially when mood stabilizers are combined with other psychotropic drugs in refractory bipolar patients."( Bupropion and anticonvulsant drug interactions.
Lamparella, V; Masand, PS; Popli, AP; Tanquary, J, 1995)		1.73
" Recently, selegiline's package insert was revised to reflect the potential risk of adverse effects when it is used in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants."( Retrospective study of selegiline-antidepressant drug interactions and a review of the literature.
Alexander, B; Ritter, JL, 1997)		0.3
" This descriptive study, enrolling 86 patients who volunteered for a smoking cessation program, assesses the use of 300 mg of bupropion over a 4-week period combined with 12 weeks of nicotine patch application at doses that were lowered every 4 weeks."( [Bupropion combined with nicotine patches in smoking cessation].
Coll, F; Lores, L; Rebasa, P; Sampablo Lauro, I, )		1.25
" However it has important drug-drug interactions related to the cytochrome P450 system."( Severe sinus bradycardia after initiation of bupropion therapy: a probable drug-drug interaction with metoprolol.
Greene, JL; McCollum, DL; McGuire, DK, 2004)		0.58
"Accumulating evidence indicates that modulation of the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is responsible for many drug-drug interactions."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.56
"The potential interaction of risperidone (RISP), which is metabolized by 2D6 and transported across the blood brain barrier (BBB) by P-gp, was studied in combination with bupropion (BUP) and also with sertraline (SERT)."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Gibson, BB; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Zhu, HJ, 2006)		0.75
"A 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of BUP (300 mg/day) in combination with TNP (21 mg/24h) for 58 outpatient smokers with schizophrenia was conducted."( A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion combined with nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia.
Allen, TM; Creeden, CL; Dudas, MM; Feingold, A; George, TP; Jatlow, PI; Potenza, MN; Sacco, KA; Vessicchio, JC; Weinberger, AH, 2008)		0.63
"Bupropion, administered alone or combined with nicotine, is presently used to treat nicotine dependence."( Effects of bupropion, alone or coadministered with nicotine, on social behavior in mice.
Carrasco, C; Gómez, C; Redolat, R, 2008)		2.18
"There are documented clinical drug-drug interactions between bupropion and the CYP2D6-metabolized drug desipramine resulting in marked (5-fold) increases in desipramine exposure."( An in vitro mechanistic study to elucidate the desipramine/bupropion clinical drug-drug interaction.
Generaux, GT; McConn, DJ; Muir, KT; Reese, MJ; St John-Williams, L; Wurm, RM, 2008)		0.83
" We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial comparing outpatient treatment with bupropion (N = 37) and placebo (N = 33) in combination with standard cognitive behavioral therapy."( Bupropion hydrochloride versus placebo, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy, for the treatment of cocaine abuse/dependence.
Bholat, MA; Heinzerling, KG; Kao, UH; Ling, W; Rotheram-Fuller, E; Shoptaw, S; Wang, PC, 2008)		2
"The potential of metabolites to contribute to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is not well defined."( Are circulating metabolites important in drug-drug interactions?: Quantitative analysis of risk prediction and inhibitory potency.
Fujioka, Y; Hachad, H; Isoherranen, N; Levy, RH; Yeung, CK, 2011)		0.37
"To present an economic model and cost-effectiveness estimates of switching to bupropion compared to combination with bupropion after failure of an SSRI for major depressive disorder (MDD)."( Developing thai economic model to study cost-effectiveness of switching to bupropion compared to combination with bupropion after the failure of an SSRI for major depressive disorder.
Leelahanaj, T, 2010)		0.82
" This finding suggests a potential significant drug-drug interaction between these two drugs."( Ritonavir inhibits the two main prasugrel bioactivation pathways in vitro: a potential drug-drug interaction in HIV patients.
Ancrenaz, V; Bosilkovska, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J, 2011)		0.37
"As part of a larger clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study aimed at in vitro to in vivo prediction of HIV protease inhibitor metabolic and transporter-based DDIs, we measured the inductive (staggered administration) and inductive plus inhibitory (simultaneously administered) effect of multiple dose ritonavir (RTV), nelfinavir (NFV), or rifampin (RIF) on the pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein probe, digoxin (DIG), when administered simultaneously or staggered with the protease inhibitors or RIF."( Complex drug interactions of the HIV protease inhibitors 3: effect of simultaneous or staggered dosing of digoxin and ritonavir, nelfinavir, rifampin, or bupropion.
Collier, AC; Kharasch, ED; Kirby, BJ; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Whittington, D, 2012)		0.58
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)		0.38
" The biotransformation rates of bupropion administered either separately or in combined with tolbutamide were compared in this new study."( Assessment of CYP2B6 activity in rats: a cocktail study with bupropion alone and in combined with tolbutamide.
Du, X; Hu, L; Wang, Z; Xu, RA; Zhang, X; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.91
"The identification and quantification of potential drug-drug interactions is important for avoiding or minimizing the interaction-induced adverse events associated with specific drug combinations."( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving vortioxetine (Lu AA21004), a multimodal antidepressant.
Buchbjerg, JK; Chen, G; Højer, AM; Lee, R; Serenko, M; Zhao, Z, 2013)		0.39
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the metabolism dependent inhibition of CYP2B6 catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and to predict the drug-drug interaction potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as perpetrators of drug interaction."( Evaluation of metabolism dependent inhibition of CYP2B6 mediated bupropion hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by monoamine oxidase inhibitors and prediction of potential as perpetrators of drug interaction.
Bhyrapuneni, G; Manoharan, A; Mohammed, AR; Nirogi, R; Palacharla, RC; Ponnamaneni, RK, 2015)		0.87
" To further validate this cocktail, in this study, we have verified whether probe drugs contained in the latter cause mutual drug-drug interactions."( Evaluation of Mutual Drug-Drug Interaction within Geneva Cocktail for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping using Innovative Dried Blood Sampling Method.
Bosilkovska, M; Daali, Y; Déglon, J; Desmeules, J; Samer, C; Thomas, A; Walder, B, 2016)		0.43
" However, bupropion and its metabolites are only weak inhibitors of CYP2D6 in vitro, and the magnitude of the in vivo drug-drug interactions (DDI) caused by bupropion cannot be explained by the in vitro data even when CYP2D6 inhibition by the metabolites is accounted for."( In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of the complex drug-drug interaction of bupropion and its metabolites with CYP2D6; simultaneous reversible inhibition and CYP2D6 downregulation.
Chang, J; Isoherranen, N; Nath, A; Price, LS; Sager, JE; Stephenson-Famy, A; Tripathy, S, 2017)		1.09
"A three-period digoxin-bupropion drug-drug interaction study was performed in cynomolgus monkeys to assess the effect of bupropion and its metabolites on digoxin disposition."( Evaluation of a Potential Clinical Significant Drug-Drug Interaction between Digoxin and Bupropion in Cynomolgus Monkeys.
Chen, X; He, J; Hong, K; Jin, J; Lai, W; Li, S; Shen, Y; Xia, C; Xing, H; Xiong, A; Xu, Z; Yan, X; Yu, Y, 2018)		1.01
" Here, we assessed the effectiveness of the dopamine/norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor, bupropion (BUP), alone and in combination with naltrexone (NAL), to reduce binge-like and chronic ethanol (EtOH) intake in mice."( Bupropion, Alone and in Combination with Naltrexone, Blunts Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking and Intake Following Chronic Intermittent Access to Ethanol in Male C57BL/6J Mice.
Garbutt, JC; Kampov-Polevoy, AB; Luhn, KL; Navarro, M; Thiele, TE, 2019)		2.18
"BUP, alone and in combination with NAL, may represent a novel approach to treating binge EtOH intake."( Bupropion, Alone and in Combination with Naltrexone, Blunts Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking and Intake Following Chronic Intermittent Access to Ethanol in Male C57BL/6J Mice.
Garbutt, JC; Kampov-Polevoy, AB; Luhn, KL; Navarro, M; Thiele, TE, 2019)		1.96
"We are the first to study a drug-drug discrimination using the DGT task."( Understanding the stimulus effects of nicotine and bupropion in a drug-drug discriminated goal-tracking task.
Barrett, ST; Bevins, RA; Finkner, AP; Huynh, YW; Moran, AE; Selleck, C; Thompson, A, 2022)		0.97

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The relative bioavailability of the ST was (99."( HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release bupropion tablets in dogs.
Li, F; Qiao, M; Yuan, B; Zhang, D, 2003)		0.56
" The absolute bioavailability of the drug was 86."( In vitro/in vivo evaluation of agar nanospheres for pulmonary delivery of bupropion HCl.
Fathi, M; Jaleh, H; Minaiyan, M; Varshosaz, J; Zaki, MR, 2016)		0.67
" The data indicates that the relative bioavailability of the ER formulations was 72."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Bupropion in Three Different Formulations with Different Release Kinetics in Healthy Human Volunteers.
Babiskin, A; Connarn, JN; Ellingrod, V; Feng, MR; Flowers, S; Harrington, G; Kamali, M; Kelly, M; Luo, R; McInnis, M; Moncion, I; Sun, D; Ward, KM; Zhang, X, 2017)		0.72
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

This is a retrospective analysis limited in part by unavailable variables (seizure threshold, nature of EEG and motor seizure monitoring, type of ECT device, dosing and formulation of bupropion, and duration of the current depressive illness)

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Dosing was initiated at 225 mg/day and increased to 450 mg/day as tolerated."( A 102-center prospective study of seizure in association with bupropion.
Ascher, JA; Davidson, J; Feighner, JP; Johnston, JA; Khayrallah, MA; Lineberry, CG; Stark, P, 1991)		0.52
" In people without an increased ictal risk factor, and when dosage is maintained at 450 mg/day or less in a divided schedule, the seizure rate is comparable to that of other antidepressant drugs."( Bupropion: overview and prescribing guidelines in depression.
James, WA; Lippmann, S, 1991)		1.72
" Alternatively, a curvilinear dose-response relationship may exist for bupropion metabolites."( Bupropion in depression. II. The role of metabolites in clinical outcome.
De Vane, CL; Golden, RN; Laizure, SC; Potter, WZ; Rudorfer, MV; Sherer, MA, 1988)		1.95
" The maximal effect of bupropion was observed at the dosage of 30 mg/kg."( [Bupropion activation of memory trace retrieval in amnesia and forgetting].
Dubrovina, NI; Il'iuchenok, RIu; Vinnitskiĭ, IM, )		1.35
"The chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of bupropion hydrochloride, an aminoketone antidepressant, are reviewed."( Review of bupropion.
Bryant, SG; Guernsey, BG; Ingrim, NB, )		0.75
"A placebo-controlled double-blind study was conducted to test the antidepressant effects of bupropion at dosage levels of 300 or 450 mg/day."( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bupropion in depression.
Halaris, AE; Reno, RM; Stern, WC; Van Wyck Fleet, J, 1983)		0.75
" Patients were then transferred to an ascending dosage regimen of bupropion."( Use of bupropion in patients who exhibit orthostatic hypotension on tricyclic antidepressants.
Farid, FF; Singh, BN; Stern, WC; Tsai, SY; Wenger, TL, 1983)		0.96
" Peak plasma bupropion levels after oral dosing were highly variable, ranging from 12."( Radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetic profile of bupropion in the dog.
Butz, RF; Findlay, JW; Mehta, NB; Phillips, AP; Schroeder, DH; Welch, RM, 1981)		0.89
" Administration of U50,488H (3 mg/kg), in conjunction with several doses of cocaine, did not shift the cocaine dose-response curve."( Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat: lack of interaction with opioids.
Broadbent, J; Dworkin, SI; Gaspard, TM, )		0.13
" Only trace amounts of 306U73 were detected after bupropion dosing for the Porsolt test."( Evidence that the acute behavioral and electrophysiological effects of bupropion (Wellbutrin) are mediated by a noradrenergic mechanism.
Cooper, BR; Cox, RF; Ferris, RM; Norton, R; Shea, V; Wang, CM, 1994)		0.77
" Dosing ranged from 225 to 450 mg/day for bupropion and 150 to 400 mg/day for trazodone."( Comparison of bupropion and trazodone for the treatment of major depression.
Billow, AA; Branconnier, RJ; Johnston, JA; Lineberry, CG; Samara, B; Weisler, RH, 1994)		0.91
" Monitering of BUP and its metabolites may ultimately prove useful in guiding clinicians dosing decisions, especially when mood stabilizers are combined with other psychotropic drugs in refractory bipolar patients."( Bupropion and anticonvulsant drug interactions.
Lamparella, V; Masand, PS; Popli, AP; Tanquary, J, 1995)		1.73
"With conservative dosing and close monitoring, combinations of SRIs with bupropion in this uncontrolled clinical series appeared to be safe and often more effective than monotherapy."( Combining serotonin reuptake inhibitors and bupropion in partial responders to antidepressant monotherapy.
Baldessarini, RJ; Bodkin, JA; Gardner, DM; Lasser, RA; Wines, JD, 1997)		0.79
" The absence of pharmacokinetic differences indicates that dosage adjustments are not necessary when bupropion is prescribed to male and female cigarette smokers."( Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites in cigarette smokers versus nonsmokers.
Ascher, JA; Dunn, JA; Giargiari, TD; Hsyu, PH; Johnston, JA; Singh, A, 1997)		0.84
" In substitution tests, dose-response curves were obtained for several monoamine uptake inhibitors."( Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion in rats.
Katz, JL; Terry, P, 1997)		0.53
"A sustained-release formulation of bupropion (bupropion SR), developed with an improved pharmacokinetic profile to permit less frequent dosing than the immediate-release form, has not been evaluated in active comparator trials."( Double-blind comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline in depressed outpatients.
Ascher, JA; Hughes, AR; Johnston, JA; Kavoussi, RJ; Segraves, RT, 1997)		0.87
" The experts' antidepressant dose and dosing schedule recommendations are equivalent for unipolar and bipolar depression, but the experts recommend a faster discontinuation of antidepressants during the maintenance phase in bipolar patients--probably to reduce the risk of rapid cycling."( The Expert Consensus Guidelines for treating depression in bipolar disorder.
Carpenter, D; Docherty, JP; Donovan, SL; Frances, AJ; Kahn, DA, 1998)		0.3
"NRT can be delivered through a number of different nicotine-containing dosage forms (e."( Smoking cessation: Part 2--Pharmacologic approaches.
Jack, HM; Popovich, NG; Wongwiwatthananukit, S, )		0.13
" We found that bupropion SR 150 mg administered either once or twice daily was more effective than placebo in treating depression and that once-daily dosing appears to be at least as effective as twice-daily dosing."( A multicenter evaluation of the efficacy and safety of 150 and 300 mg/d sustained-release bupropion tablets versus placebo in depressed outpatients.
Ascher, JA; Batey, SR; Cunningham, LA; Johnston, JA; Reimherr, FW, )		0.71
" Since psychostimulant treatment often requires frequent dosing and may be associated with unacceptable side effects and risks, other classes of medication have been studied as possible treatment alternatives."( Psychopharmacology of ADHD: children and adolescents.
Dogin, JW; Findling, RL, 1998)		0.3
"A significant dose-response effect of bupropion for smoking cessation was found."( Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism.
Croghan, IT; Glover, ED; Hayford, KE; Hurt, RD; Offord, KP; Patten, CA; Rummans, TA; Sachs, DP; Schroeder, DR, 1999)		0.95
" Recommended initial doses are lower for the elderly for all antidepressants, although optimal doses may not differ from those for younger patients once dosing is individualized."( Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly.
DeVane, CL; Pollock, BG, 1999)		0.3
" The different nicotine replacement products approximately double the long-term success rate with a dose-response effect, but with an equal efficacy of the different administration forms, so there is no long-term effect of a combination of two products, and they have only mild side-effects."( Smoking cessation: nicotine replacement, gums and patches.
Tønnesen, P, 1999)		0.3
" Bupropion therapy was initiated and the dosage was titrated to 600 mg/d."( Mania with bupropion: a dose-related phenomenon?
Goren, JL; Levin, GM, 2000)		1.61
" Due to a lack of response, the bupropion dosage was titrated to a maximum of 600 mg/d."( Mania with bupropion: a dose-related phenomenon?
Goren, JL; Levin, GM, 2000)		0.98
" Prospective studies utilizing flexible dosing of modern antidepressants and, if necessary, sequential trials of dissimilar medications are needed to confirm these findings."( Treatment of men with major depression: a comparison of sequential cohorts treated with either cognitive-behavioral therapy or newer generation antidepressants.
Berman, SR; Fasiczka, AL; Frank, E; Friedman, ES; Nofzinger, EA; Reynolds, CF; Thase, ME, 2000)		0.31
"A 12-week, open label flexible dosing study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of bupropion-SR in the treatment of generalized social phobia."( Bupropion-SR in treatment of social phobia.
Ballenger, JC; Book, SW; Brawman-Mintzer, O; Emmanuel, NP; Johnson, MR; Lorberbaum, JP; Lydiard, RB; Morton, WA, 2000)		1.97
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial."( Bupropion for smoking cessation : predictors of successful outcome.
Croghan, IT; Dale, LC; Glover, ED; Hurt, RD; Offord, KP; Sachs, DP; Schroeder, DR, 2001)		1.75
" The average final dosage was 364 mg/day."( Bupropion sustained-release for the treatment of dysthymic disorder: an open-label study.
Batchelder, S; Fedak, M; Hellerstein, DJ; Kreditor, D, 2001)		1.75
" We sought to examine the efficacy and dosing patterns of bupropion in a naturalistic cohort of elderly subjects with major depression (MD)."( Bupropion SR in the naturalistic treatment of elderly patients with major depression.
Doraiswamy, PM; McQuoid, DR; Steffens, DC, 2001)		2
" Various dosage forms of nicotine replacement therapy increase smoking quit rates relative to placebo, but they generally do not result in 1-year quit rates of over 20%."( Effect of nonnicotine pharmacotherapy on smoking behavior.
Golding, M; Hatsukami, DK; Jamerson, BD; Kotlyar, M, 2001)		0.31
" The dosage was increased to 150 mg SR twice a day and eventually augmented with buspirone 15 mg 3 times a day."( Bupropion-induced acute dystonia.
Detweiler, MB; Harpold, GJ, 2002)		1.76
" The symptoms receded when the bupropion dose was returned to 150 mg SR once a day, suggesting a dose-response relationship."( Bupropion-induced acute dystonia.
Detweiler, MB; Harpold, GJ, 2002)		2.04
" Adverse events associated with the use of bupropion SR at the recommended dosage of 150mg twice daily in clinical trials most commonly included insomnia, headache, dry mouth, nausea and anxiety; insomnia and anxiety are also recognised as symptoms of nicotine withdrawal."( Tolerability and safety of sustained-release bupropion in the management of smoking cessation.
Aubin, HJ, 2002)		0.84
" These include the currently available dosage forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, nasal spray, and inhaler) and bupropion."( Managing nicotine addiction.
Hatsukami, DK; Kotlyar, M, 2002)		0.52
" Patients who lost <5% of baseline weight at week 12 had bupropion SR dosage or placebo increased to 400 mg/d in a blinded fashion."( Bupropion SR vs. placebo for weight loss in obese patients with depressive symptoms.
Allison, DB; Brewer, ER; Buaron, KS; Gadde, KM; Haight, B; Jain, AK; Jamerson, BD; Kaplan, RA; Leadbetter, RA; Metz, A; Richard, N; Wadden, TA, 2002)		2
"Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical efficacy, adverse effects and dosage of bupropion hydrochloride (BP), an aminoketone antidepressant used in smoking cessation, are reviewed."( Bupropion: pharmacological and clinical profile in smoking cessation.
Haustein, KO, 2003)		1.98
"Fourteen North Central Cancer Treatment Group sites recruited generally healthy adult smokers from the general population for nicotine patch therapy and based the patch dosage on smoking rates."( Nicotine patch therapy based on smoking rate followed by bupropion for prevention of relapse to smoking.
Addo, F; Croghan, IT; Hurt, RD; Kardinal, CG; Knost, JA; Krook, JE; Loprinzi, CL; Michalak, JC; Morton, RF; Novotny, PJ; Porter, PA; Schaefer, PL; Sloan, JA; Stella, PJ; Tirona, MT, 2003)		0.56
" The pharmacological profile, dosage and administration, contraindications, as well as the clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability data of bupropion are discussed."( Treatment of nicotine dependence with bupropion SR: review of its efficacy, safety and pharmacological profile.
Keaney, F; Martinez-Raga, J; Perez-Galvez, B; Strang, J; Sutherland, G, 2003)		0.79
"Bupropion produced a biphasic dose-response pattern at both nicotine infusion doses, increasing infusions at low bupropion doses and decreasing infusions at high bupropion doses."( Effect of bupropion on nicotine self-administration in rats.
Bardo, MT; Dwoskin, LP; Neugebauer, N; Rauhut, AS, 2003)		2.16
" However, POMS scores revealed that bupropion at a dosage of 150 mg/day increased composedness, agreeability, and energy, whereas 300 mg/day improved only attention."( Neurochemical and psychotropic effects of bupropion in healthy male subjects.
Blier, P; Boucher, N; Debonnel, G; Gobbi, G; Slater, S, 2003)		0.86
" This study employed positron emission tomography (PET) to assess the extent and duration of DAT receptor occupancy by bupropion and its metabolites under conditions of steady-state oral dosing with bupropion sustained-release (SR) in healthy volunteers."( In vivo activity of bupropion at the human dopamine transporter as measured by positron emission tomography.
Ascher, J; Bergström, M; Långstrom, B; Learned-Coughlin, SM; Savitcheva, I; Schmith, VD, 2003)		0.85
"Bupropion and its metabolites induced a low occupancy of the striatal DAT over 24 hours under conditions of steady-state oral dosing with therapeutic doses of bupropion SR."( In vivo activity of bupropion at the human dopamine transporter as measured by positron emission tomography.
Ascher, J; Bergström, M; Långstrom, B; Learned-Coughlin, SM; Savitcheva, I; Schmith, VD, 2003)		2.09
" and maintained at this dosage for 6 weeks."( Bupropion SR in adolescents with comorbid ADHD and nicotine dependence: a pilot study.
Brady, KT; Upadhyaya, HP; Wang, W, 2004)		1.77
"This study included 875 women and 649 men recruited from a large health-care system and randomized to one of four combinations of treatment [two dosage levels of bupropion SR (Zyban, 150 mg and 300 mg) were crossed with two counseling programs of lower and higher intensity to create a four-cell design]."( Heterogeneity in 12-month outcome among female and male smokers.
Curry, SJ; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, T; Swan, GE, 2004)		0.52
"To determine the differential cost effectiveness of 2 dosing regimens of bupropion sustained release (SR) in combination with behavioral interventions of minimal intensity (tailored mailings [TM]) or moderate intensity (proactive telephone calls [PTC]) for smoking cessation in an actual practice setting."( Cost-effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective.
Curry, SJ; Decker, DL; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, TA; Patterson, R; Swan, GE; Zbikowski, SM, 2004)		0.81
" Sufficient medication for 8 weeks of dosing was provided to patients."( Cost-effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective.
Curry, SJ; Decker, DL; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, TA; Patterson, R; Swan, GE; Zbikowski, SM, 2004)		0.58
" The dosage was increased again, to 350 mg/day when depressive symptoms recurred."( Bupropion for treatment of interferon-induced depression.
Ghandour, E; Malek-Ahmadi, P, )		1.57
" Methylphenidate and amphetamine-based stimulants are now available in longer-acting, once-daily and shorter-acting divided dosing schedules."( Pharmacological management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Reeves, G; Schweitzer, J, 2004)		0.32
", benefits minus costs) of sustained-release (SR) bupropion for smoking cessation from an employer's perspective has previously been evaluated in clinical trials including frequent, in-person behavioral counseling and manufacturer recommended dosing but not in actual practice settings and lower dosing."( Return on investment of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation in a health care setting: an employer's perspective.
Curry, SJ; Decker, D; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, TA; Patterson, R; Swan, GE; Zbikowski, SM, )		0.64
"The objective of this research was to determine the return on investment (ROI) and internal rate of return (IRR) from an employer's perspective of two dosing schedules of bupropion SR in combination with behavioral interventions of minimal intensity (tailored mailings, TM) or moderate intensity (proactive telephone calls, PTC) in an actual practice setting."( Return on investment of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation in a health care setting: an employer's perspective.
Curry, SJ; Decker, D; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, TA; Patterson, R; Swan, GE; Zbikowski, SM, )		0.58
" Sufficient medications for 8 weeks of dosing were provided to patients."( Return on investment of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation in a health care setting: an employer's perspective.
Curry, SJ; Decker, D; Jack, LM; Javitz, HS; McAfee, TA; Patterson, R; Swan, GE; Zbikowski, SM, )		0.38
"A 29-year old had been admitted to our institution with acute onset of schizophreniform psychosis after 5-day administration of sustained-release bupropion hydrochloride, which had been prescribed for nicotine withdrawal in a daily dosage of 300 mg."( [Acute psychosis after administration of bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban)].
Livak, V; Neumann, M; Paul, HW, 2004)		0.79
"Twelve patients with OCD according to DSM-IV criteria were included in an open trial with bupropion, maximum dosage 300 mg per day, during 8 weeks."( Bupropion for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label, fixed-dose study.
Denys, D; Vulink, NC; Westenberg, HG, 2005)		1.99
" Median final dosage of bupropion SR was 262."( Bupropion SR for the treatment of postpartum depression: a pilot study.
Cohen, LS; Nonacs, RM; Pearson, K; Poitras, JR; Soares, CN; Viguera, AC, 2005)		2.08
" A "no-feedback" group was not informed about the MEMS bottles, and did not receive further instruction or feedback beyond the standard dosing instructions."( Medication compliance during a smoking cessation clinical trial: a brief intervention using MEMS feedback.
Mooney, ME; Rothfleisch, J; Sayre, SL; Schmitz, JM; Stotts, AL, 2005)		0.33
" Patterns of bupropion dosing were also assessed."( Conversion from sustained-release to immediate-release bupropion: patient tolerability and economic impact.
Cahill, GM; Lott, RS; Mayo, JL, 2005)		0.95
"To determine the frequency of adverse effects, clinical outcomes, and possible dose-response relationships associated with inadvertent extra doses of bupropion."( Adverse effects associated with extra doses of bupropion.
Shepherd, G, 2005)		0.78
" There is a dose-response relationship between the number and duration of sessions and quit rate."( Essential communication skills in individual smoking cessation.
Tønnesen, P, 2004)		0.32
" However, specific dosing is unclear."( Effect of bupropion on sexual dysfunction.
Fader, JS; Ginzburg, R; Wong, Y, 2005)		0.73
"A reduction in dosing frequency is favored by Wellbutrin SR users and likely to improve their adherence to treatment."( An assessment of patient preference and adherence to treatment with Wellbutrin SR: a web-based survey.
Bennett, L; Edin, HM; Fehnel, SE; Granger, AL; Hogue, SL, 2006)		0.33
" Bupropion is dosed without regard to food."( Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations.
Jefferson, JW; Muir, KT; Pradko, JF, 2005)		2.68
" These findings indicate that short-term ritonavir dosing has only minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion in healthy volunteers."( Ritonavir has minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion administered to human volunteers.
Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Hesse, LM; von Moltke, LL, 2006)		0.76
"Once-daily dosing is justified in youths prescribed bupropion XL."( Steady-state clinical pharmacokinetics of bupropion extended-release in youths.
Axelson, DA; Birmaher, B; Brent, DA; Daviss, WB; Melhem, I; Perel, JM; Rudolph, GR, 2006)		0.85
" This study was conducted to assess the impact of dosing frequency (once daily with bupropion XL vs twice daily with bupropion SR) on adherence to bupropion therapy in a nationally representative prescription database in the United States."( Better patient persistence with once-daily bupropion compared with twice-daily bupropion.
Hogue, S; Stang, P; Young, S, )		0.62
" Because the principal metabolites of bupropion possess similar pharmacological activity to the parent compound, dosage recommendations for patients with renal impairment cannot be given."( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its metabolites.
Koivuviita, N; Laine, K; Lundgren, S; Metsärinne, K; Miettunen, J; Pelkonen, O; Rane, A; Reponen, P; Tolonen, A; Turpeinen, M, 2007)		0.86
" Nondepressed, healthy subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition PG were randomly assigned to placebo or flexibly dosed bupropion in a 12-week double-blind trial."( Bupropion in the treatment of pathological gambling: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study.
Allen, J; Argo, T; Arndt, S; Black, DW; Coryell, WH; Forbush, KT; Perry, P; Shaw, MC, 2007)		1.98
"The main aim of this study was to examine the impact of dosing regimens on patients' persistence to bupropion."( Once-daily bupropion associated with improved patient adherence compared with twice-daily bupropion in treatment of depression.
Hogue, SL; McLaughlin, T; Stang, PE, )		0.74
" Depending on the intended indication and dosing regimen, PPL can delay or stop development of a compound in the drug discovery process."( Evaluation of a published in silico model and construction of a novel Bayesian model for predicting phospholipidosis inducing potential.
Gehlhaar, D; Greene, N; Johnson, TO; Pelletier, DJ; Tilloy-Ellul, A, )		0.13
"In this study, the impact of dosing frequency [once daily with bupropion extended-release (XL) versus twice daily with bupropion sustained-release (SR)] on medication persistence was assessed over a 9-month period in a large cohort of patients with depression in a managed-care setting."( Persistence with once-daily versus twice-daily bupropion for the treatment of depression in a large managed-care population.
Hogue, SL; Park, D; Rigney, U; Stang, P; Suppapanaya, N, )		0.63
" The assay was applied to a subject dosed with racemic bupropion."( Stereoselective analysis of bupropion and hydroxybupropion in human plasma and urine by LC/MS/MS.
Coles, R; Kharasch, ED, 2007)		0.88
" This study was carried out in order to determine percutaneous absorption of a transdermal codrug of naltrexol, 6-beta-naltrexol-hydroxybupropion codrug (CB-NTXOL-BUPOH), in hairless guinea pigs as well as to evaluate the safety of 6-beta-naltrexol for development as a transdermal dosage form."( In vivo evaluation of a transdermal codrug of 6-beta-naltrexol linked to hydroxybupropion in hairless guinea pigs.
Crooks, PA; Hamad, MO; Hammell, DC; Kiptoo, PK; Paudel, KS; Stinchcomb, AL, 2008)		0.78
" At the end of the fourth week of treatment, a dosage increase to bupropion XR 300 mg/day or venlafaxine XR 150 mg/day was allowed if, in the opinion of the investigator, response was inadequate."( Eight-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of bupropion XR and venlafaxine XR.
Chrzanowski, W; Gee, M; Hewett, K; Krishen, A; Leary, MO; Milanova, V; Millen, L; Modell, J; Savela, A; Schmitz, M, 2009)		0.8
" Mean dosage of those with tachycardia was 24 mg/kg."( Unintentional ingestion of bupropion in children.
Baker, SD; Beuhler, M; Bosse, GM; Gray, T; Spiller, HA, 2010)		0.66
" This article reviews NRT, bupropion, and varenicline pharmacokinetics and dosing literature for patients with CKD."( Smoking cessation therapy considerations for patients with chronic kidney disease.
Manley, HJ; Stack, NM, )		0.43
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of nicotine self-administration (NSA) to pharmacological agents related to the smoking cessation medication bupropion and to nicotine dosing mimicking nicotine replacement on fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement."( Medication-related pharmacological manipulations of nicotine self-administration in the rat maintained on fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Adamson, KL; Coen, KM; Corrigall, WA, 2009)		0.55
" The effect of nicotine replacement was examined on the PR schedule by chronic dosing with osmotic minipumps."( Medication-related pharmacological manipulations of nicotine self-administration in the rat maintained on fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Adamson, KL; Coen, KM; Corrigall, WA, 2009)		0.35
" Chronic nicotine dosing reduced self-administration."( Medication-related pharmacological manipulations of nicotine self-administration in the rat maintained on fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Adamson, KL; Coen, KM; Corrigall, WA, 2009)		0.35
"Flexibly dosed triple-combination pharmacotherapy for up to 6 months was more effective than standard-duration nicotine patch therapy for outpatient smokers with medical illnesses."( Triple-combination pharmacotherapy for medically ill smokers: a randomized trial.
Bover, MT; Carson, JL; Foulds, J; Greenhaus, S; Hoover, DR; Schmelzer, AC; Steinberg, MB, 2009)		0.35
" When managing a patient with nonpsychotic depression and inadequate response to the maximum dose of a single antidepressant, the physician should first identify factors that may contribute to the poor response, such as suboptimal dosage resulting from nonadherence, inadequate duration of therapy, and comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions."( Clinical inquiries. What's best when a patient doesn't respond to the maximum dose of an antidepressant?
Lo, V; Maggio, L, 2010)		0.36
"Modified-release products are complex dosage forms designed to release drug in a controlled manner to achieve desired efficacy and safety."( Challenges and opportunities in establishing scientific and regulatory standards for assuring therapeutic equivalence of modified-release products: workshop summary report.
Abrahamsson, B; Caro, J; Chen, ML; Conner, D; Davit, B; Fackler, P; Farrell, C; Ganes, D; Gupta, S; Katz, R; Mehta, M; Midha, KK; Nambiar, P; Preskorn, SH; Rocci, ML; Sanderink, G; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S; Temple, R; Thombre, AG; Wang, Y; Winkle, H; Yu, L, 2010)		0.36
" Dosage adjustment of bupropion may be needed when administered with ritonavir."( Dose-related reduction in bupropion plasma concentrations by ritonavir.
Ascher, J; Brittain, C; Iavarone, L; McConn, DJ; Muir, KT; Park, J; Sutherland, SM; Vousden, M, 2010)		0.98
" Dosage adjustment of bupropion is unnecessary in patients concomitantly administered the highest recommended daily dose of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension."( Effects of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxybupropion, in healthy subjects.
Bae, SK; Kim, H; Kim, HS; Liu, KH; Park, SJ; Shim, EJ; Shin, JG; Shon, JH, 2010)		0.91
" As a result, temporary co-administration with woohwangcheongsimwon suspension does not seem to require a dosage adjustment of bupropion."( Effects of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxybupropion, in healthy subjects.
Bae, SK; Kim, H; Kim, HS; Liu, KH; Park, SJ; Shim, EJ; Shin, JG; Shon, JH, 2010)		0.8
" Bupropion-SR in a daily dosage of 150 mg seemed to be of limited benefit in lifelong DE."( Primary lifelong delayed ejaculation: characteristics and response to bupropion.
Abdel-Hamid, IA; Saleh, el-S, 2011)		1.51
" Premature discontinuation and insufficient dosing have been offered as possible explanations."( Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation from stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC Four-Country Survey.
Balmford, J; Borland, R; Cummings, KM; Hammond, D, 2011)		0.37
" In addition, these subjects received one dosage of 150 mg bupropion (Wellbutrin XL/Elontril) 4 hours before each TMS session."( Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus treatment: no enhancement by the dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor bupropion.
Burger, J; Frank, E; Hajak, G; Kleinjung, T; Landgrebe, M; Langguth, B; Steffens, T; Strutz, J; Vielsmeier, V, 2011)		0.82
" Case reports, open-label studies, crossover studies, and studies using nonstandard dosing of bupropion SR were excluded."( Bupropion sustained release added to group support for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a new randomized trial and a meta-analysis.
Ball, MP; Buchanan, RW; Buchholz, AS; Evins, AE; Gold, JM; McMahon, RP; Weiner, E, 2012)		2.04
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" Patients with titration (defined as antidepressant initiation at doses equal or lesser than American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines with a dosage increase in the first 60 days of treatment) were compared to patients with no titration."( The association between antidepressant dosage titration and medication adherence among patients with depression.
Farley, JF; Gaynes, BN; Wu, CH, 2012)		0.38
" Because this drug is taken in different doses it is important to know if there is a dose-response relationship with regard to exercise at high ambient temperature."( A dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor improves performance in the heat, but only at the maximum therapeutic dose.
Cordery, P; Debaste, E; Decoster, S; Maughan, R; Meeusen, R; Roelands, B; Watson, P, 2012)		0.38
" Whether co-administration with SF require a dosage adjustment of bupropion needs further exploration."( The effects of sodium ferulate on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite in healthy men.
Fan, L; Gao, LC; Huang, X; Tan, ZR; Zhou, HH, 2012)		0.86
"Two hundred forty-five outpatients aged 18-65 having non-psychotic, non-bipolar major depression were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with bupropion or escitalopram or the combination dosed to a maximum of bupropion 450 mg/d and/or escitalopram 40 mg/d for 12 weeks."( Combination antidepressant therapy for major depressive disorder: speed and probability of remission.
Amat, J; Bergeron, R; Blier, P; Blondeau, C; Chen, Y; Deliyannides, DA; Hellerstein, D; Laberge, L; McGrath, PJ; Norris, S; O'Shea, D; Pilowsky, DJ; Stewart, JW; Tessier, P; Withers, A, 2014)		0.6
" However, therapeutic efficacy and treatment success is often variable, requiring changes in dosing regimens or drug selection."( The development and validation of a turbulent flow-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous quantification of citalopram, sertraline, bupropion and hydroxybupropion in serum.
Clarke, W; Jannetto, PJ; Johnson-Davis, KL; Langman, LJ; Marzinke, MA; Moskowitz, J; Petrides, AK, 2014)		0.6
" Major findings included that methadone programs presented more regulatory barriers for providers, difficulty with dose verification due to impaired communication, and an over reliance on emergency room dosing leading to unsafe or suboptimal dosing."( Effects of regulation on methadone and buprenorphine provision in the wake of Hurricane Sandy.
Duncan, L; Hansen, H; McClure, B; Mendoza, S; Rotrosen, J, 2014)		0.4
" Sustained release dosage form of this drug is suggested for reducing its side effects which are mainly seizures."( In vitro/in vivo evaluation of agar nanospheres for pulmonary delivery of bupropion HCl.
Fathi, M; Jaleh, H; Minaiyan, M; Varshosaz, J; Zaki, MR, 2016)		0.67
" We calculated the ratio of the mean doses for each study and weighted it by the total sample size to find the weighted mean ratio for each drug, which was then used to define the drug׳s dosage equivalent to fluoxetine 40mg/d."( Dose equivalents of antidepressants: Evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials.
Barbui, C; Cipriani, A; Furukawa, TA; Hayasaka, Y; Leucht, S; Magni, LR; Ogawa, Y; Purgato, M; Takeshima, N, 2015)		0.42
" In the primary analysis, fluoxetine 40mg/day was equivalent to paroxetine dosage of 34."( Dose equivalents of antidepressants: Evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials.
Barbui, C; Cipriani, A; Furukawa, TA; Hayasaka, Y; Leucht, S; Magni, LR; Ogawa, Y; Purgato, M; Takeshima, N, 2015)		0.42
" Fluctuating in its serum levels following oral administration of immediate release dosage forms leads to occasional seizure."( Preparation, Optimization, and Screening of the Effect of Processing Variables on Agar Nanospheres Loaded with Bupropion HCl by a D-Optimal Design.
Banoozadeh, J; Minaiyan, M; Varshosaz, J; Zaki, MR, 2015)		0.63
" The allocation to either high- and low-dose antidepressants was not randomized and the dose was guided by a case-by-case decision, which hampers to draw a firm conclusion on dose-response issues and renders the findings as preliminary."( Antidepressant dose and treatment response in bipolar depression: Reanalysis of the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) data.
Mimura, M; Mizushima, J; Nio, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, M; Uchida, H, 2015)		0.42
" The present study investigated the role of adherence on treatment outcomes in a bupropion dose-response study among adolescent smokers trying to quit smoking."( Adolescent Smoking Cessation With Bupropion: The Role of Adherence.
Floden, LL; Grana, RA; Leischow, SJ; Matthews, E; Muramoto, ML, 2016)		0.94
" Human subjects were dosed with a single oral dose of 75 mg of an immediate release bupropion HCl tablet."( Identification of non-reported bupropion metabolites in human plasma.
Babiskin, A; Connarn, JN; Ellingrod, VL; Harrington, G; Kamali, M; Kelly, M; Luo, R; McInnis, M; Sun, D; Windak, J; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.94
"We aimed to share our experience in a smoking cessation clinic during Ramadan by analyzing the efficacy and adverse effects of once-daily dosing of bupropion or varenicline in a fasting group compared with conventional dosing in a non-fasting group."( The Adverse Effects and Treatment Results of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy During Fasting/Non-Fasting State.
Bagci, BA; Bahadir, A; Chousein, EGU; Hattatoglu, DG; Iliaz, S; Ortakoylu, MG; Tanriverdi, E; Tural Onur, S; Uysal, MA; Yurt, S, 2017)		0.65
" We recorded demographic characteristics of the patients, fasting state, drugs taken for smoking cessation, and the dosage of the medication."( The Adverse Effects and Treatment Results of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy During Fasting/Non-Fasting State.
Bagci, BA; Bahadir, A; Chousein, EGU; Hattatoglu, DG; Iliaz, S; Ortakoylu, MG; Tanriverdi, E; Tural Onur, S; Uysal, MA; Yurt, S, 2017)		0.46
"This is a retrospective analysis limited in part by unavailable variables (seizure threshold, nature of EEG and motor seizure monitoring, type of ECT device, dosing and formulation of bupropion, and duration of the current depressive illness)."( Concurrent Electroconvulsive Therapy and Bupropion Treatment.
Geske, JR; Leung, JG; Murphy, LL; Palmer, BA; Takala, CR, 2017)		0.91
"Case 1 describes the interaction of cocaine abuse sensitization in a patient who developed psychosis with a lower dosage of bupropion."( Cocaine Abuse, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Preexisting Brain Lesions as Risk Factors for Bupropion-Associated Psychosis.
Barman, R; Detweiler, MB; Kumar, S; Pagadala, B, 2017)		0.88
" Hence, the successful development of future TRIs for depression will demand strong translational evidence, an optimal dosing regimen, and better tolerability."( Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges.
Subbaiah, MAM, 2018)		0.48
" All studies evaluated a long-acting version of bupropion, with the dosage ranging from 150 mg up to 450 mg daily."( Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.
Bekkering, GE; Kramers, C; Van den Noortgate, W; Verbeeck, W, 2017)		2.15
" Following a completed dose-response curve, responding for methamphetamine self-administration was extinguished and the effects of N-acetylcysteine or bupropion on methamphetamine-triggered reinstatement was evaluated in separate experiments."( The effect of N-acetylcysteine or bupropion on methamphetamine self-administration and methamphetamine-triggered reinstatement of female rats.
Bevins, RA; Charntikov, S; Pittenger, ST; Pudiak, CM, 2018)		0.96
"To assess the risk of headache associated with commonly prescribed antidepressant medications and to examine the impact of medication class, pharmacodynamics and dosage on risk of headache."( Meta-analysis: Second generation antidepressants and headache.
Bloch, MH; Olten, B; Telang, S; Walton, C, 2018)		0.48
"The small number of studies that examined side effects within fixed-dose trials may have limited the power to examine the association between medication dosing and risk of headache."( Meta-analysis: Second generation antidepressants and headache.
Bloch, MH; Olten, B; Telang, S; Walton, C, 2018)		0.48
" Case Discussion: "Ghost tablets," the insoluble remnant of some extended-release dosage forms, have been previously reported to appear in patients' stool in the course of therapeutic dosing."( "Ghost tablet" husks excreted in feces in large bupropion XL overdose.
Nanagas, K; Overberg, A; Purpura, A, 2019)		0.77
"5 mg/kg together with an infusion or oral dosing of digoxin, respectively."( Evaluation of a Potential Clinical Significant Drug-Drug Interaction between Digoxin and Bupropion in Cynomolgus Monkeys.
Chen, X; He, J; Hong, K; Jin, J; Lai, W; Li, S; Shen, Y; Xia, C; Xing, H; Xiong, A; Xu, Z; Yan, X; Yu, Y, 2018)		0.7
"The effect of multiple dosing with bupropion on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin is more pronounced."( Evaluation of a Potential Clinical Significant Drug-Drug Interaction between Digoxin and Bupropion in Cynomolgus Monkeys.
Chen, X; He, J; Hong, K; Jin, J; Lai, W; Li, S; Shen, Y; Xia, C; Xing, H; Xiong, A; Xu, Z; Yan, X; Yu, Y, 2018)		0.98
" We examine the feasibility, utility, and acceptability of using smartphones to capture dosing videos from the perspectives of participants and staff."( Medication Adherence Monitoring Using Smartphone Video Dosing in an Open-label Pilot Study of Monthly Naltrexone Plus Once-daily Bupropion for Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Feasibility and Acceptability.
Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Mooney, L; Perrochet, B; Sparenborg, S; Walker, R, )		0.34
" BRP was dispensed once weekly for dosing on nonclinic days."( Medication Adherence Monitoring Using Smartphone Video Dosing in an Open-label Pilot Study of Monthly Naltrexone Plus Once-daily Bupropion for Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Feasibility and Acceptability.
Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Mooney, L; Perrochet, B; Sparenborg, S; Walker, R, )		0.34
"6% of dispensed doses were confirmed via dosing video and in-person observations."( Medication Adherence Monitoring Using Smartphone Video Dosing in an Open-label Pilot Study of Monthly Naltrexone Plus Once-daily Bupropion for Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Feasibility and Acceptability.
Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Mooney, L; Perrochet, B; Sparenborg, S; Walker, R, )		0.34
"The use of smartphones for video-based oral medication dosing in this study provided a feasible and acceptable mechanism to encourage, monitor, and confirm medication adherence."( Medication Adherence Monitoring Using Smartphone Video Dosing in an Open-label Pilot Study of Monthly Naltrexone Plus Once-daily Bupropion for Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Feasibility and Acceptability.
Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Mooney, L; Perrochet, B; Sparenborg, S; Walker, R, )		0.34
" Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Augmentation and Switching Treatments for Improving Depression Outcomes (VAST-D) study, a multisite, randomized, single-blind trial of 1,522 Veterans Health Administration patients who did not have an adequate response to at least one course of antidepressant treatment meeting minimal standards for dosage and duration."( General Predictors and Moderators of Depression Remission: A VAST-D Report.
Chen, P; Davis, L; Hicks, P; Johnson, GR; Mohamed, S; Tal, I; Thase, M; Vertrees, J; Zhao, Y; Zisook, S, 2019)		0.51
" We also investigated the effects of dosing time on the pharmacological activity of several antidepressants acting on serotonergic, noradrenergic, and/or dopaminergic neurons."( Antidepressants with different mechanisms of action show different chronopharmacological profiles in the tail suspension test in mice.
Ishibashi, T; Iwadate, R; Kawai, H; Kawashima, Y; Kudo, N; Mitsumoto, A, 2019)		0.51
" Most of the previous methods reported for determination of bupropion in pharmaceutical dosage forms are somehow dangerous to health and environment because of using organic solvents."( Spectrofluorimetric method for determination of bupropion in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Barazandeh Tehrani, M; Rahmatpoor, S; Souri, E, 2019)		1.01
"The present method is applicable for determination of bupropion in pharmaceutical dosage forms for routine quality control analysis."( Spectrofluorimetric method for determination of bupropion in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Barazandeh Tehrani, M; Rahmatpoor, S; Souri, E, 2019)		1.02
" The effective dosage of bupropion increased responding for cocaine alone, nicotine alone, and for saline injections and significantly increased measures of daily activity."( Effects of chronic treatment with bupropion on self-administration of nicotine + cocaine mixtures in nonhuman primates.
Barkin, CE; Blough, BE; Carroll, FI; de Moura, FB; Kohut, SJ; Mello, NK, 2020)		1.14
" Furthermore, we found that the dosage of the OAT was significantly associated with the NMR level."( Pregnant Smokers Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy Have an Elevated Nicotine Metabolite Ratio: A Replication Study.
Hand, D; Kranzler, HR; Lynch, KG; Oncken, C; Schnoll, R; Tyndale, RF; Washio, Y; Zindel, LR, 2020)		0.56
" Sonidegib 800 mg QD oral dosing began on Cycle 1 Day 1 of a 28-day cycle after the run-in period in both cohorts."( The effect of sonidegib (LDE225) on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and warfarin in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Amaravadi, RK; Britten, CD; Chung, V; Gutierrez, M; Lee, JJ; Lewis, LD; LoRusso, P; Ness, DB; O'Rourke, MA; Olszanski, AJ; Perez, R; Pooler, DB; Ravichandran, S; Sarantopoulos, J; Shapiro, GI; Squittieri, N; Vaishampayan, U, 2021)		0.86
"Sonidegib dosed orally at 800 mg QD (higher than the Food and Drug Administration-approved dose) did not impact the PK or pharmacodynamics of warfarin (CYP2C9 probe substrate) or the PK of bupropion (CYP2B6 probe substrate)."( The effect of sonidegib (LDE225) on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and warfarin in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Amaravadi, RK; Britten, CD; Chung, V; Gutierrez, M; Lee, JJ; Lewis, LD; LoRusso, P; Ness, DB; O'Rourke, MA; Olszanski, AJ; Perez, R; Pooler, DB; Ravichandran, S; Sarantopoulos, J; Shapiro, GI; Squittieri, N; Vaishampayan, U, 2021)		1.05
" It is a highly water-soluble drug that needs multiple dosing, so it is considered a potential candidate for oral controlled-release dosage form."( Promising Swellable Floating Bupropion Tablets: Formulation, in vitro/in vivo Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Human Volunteers.
Abdel Hamid, MM; El-Nabarawi, MA; Jasti, BR; Shoman, NA; Teaima, M, 2020)		0.85
" An optimized dose-response curve is then presented, introducing (±) amphetamine hydrochloride (0."( A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Dye Displacement Assay for the Rapid Visual Detection of Amphetamine in Urine.
Arreguin-Campos, R; Caldara, M; Cleij, TJ; Diliën, H; Eersels, K; Heidt, B; Jimenez-Monroy, KL; Lowdon, JW; Rogosic, R; van Grinsven, B, 2020)		0.56
"Pregnant women (n = 8) taking BUP chronically were enrolled, and steady-state plasma samples and dosing interval urine samples were collected during pregnancy and postpartum."( Pregnancy Has No Clinically Significant Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion or Its Metabolites.
Czuba, LC; Fay, EE; Isoherranen, N; Sager, JE; Shum, S; Stephenson-Famy, A, 2021)		0.85
" This finding is of clinical relevance when adjusting dosing of CYP2D6 substrates during comedication with BUP."( Dose-Dependent Inhibition of CYP2D6 by Bupropion in Patients With Depression.
Arnestad, M; Haslemo, T; Hole, K; Molden, E, )		0.4
"We propose a Bayesian population modeling and virtual bioequivalence assessment approach to establishing dissolution specifications for oral dosage forms."( A Bayesian population physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption modeling approach to support generic drug development: application to bupropion hydrochloride oral dosage forms.
Bois, FY; Chiu, WA; Hsieh, NH; Klein, M; Ni, Z; Reisfeld, B; Sun, W; Tsakalozou, E; Yoon, M, 2021)		0.82
" The findings of this study suggest opportunities to further study precision dosing strategies for bupropion therapy based on CYP2B6 genotype."( Association of CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms with bupropion and hydroxybupropion exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bishop, JR; Eum, S; Lee, AM; Sayre, F; Stingl, JC, 2022)		1.19
" It has a narrow therapeutic window with maximal daily dosing being 450 mg daily."( Treatment of status epilepticus and prolonged QT after massive intentional bupropion overdose with lidocaine.
Robinson, S, 2022)		0.95
" Small and mostly insignificant differences in average daily metoprolol dosage were found between patients treated with the various antidepressants."( Co-prescription of metoprolol and CYP2D6-inhibiting antidepressants before and after implementation of an optimized drug interaction database in Norway.
Gedde-Dahl, A; Molden, E; Spigset, O, 2022)		0.72
" They were given bupropion extended release and though varied with dosing and time to resolution, they recovered dramatically."( Can bupropion treat COVID-19-induced brain fog? A case series.
Reinfeld, S, 2023)		1.81
" These PBPK models are useful to predict the PK profiles of those five drugs in the milk for different dosing regimens."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict drug concentrations of breast cancer resistance protein substrates in milk.
Fang, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, P, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
antidepressantAntidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
secondary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
monochlorobenzenesAny member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.
aromatic ketoneA ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (28)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.16230.100020.879379.4328AID588453
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.68580.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.54810.35487.935539.8107AID624146
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.63590.02245.944922.3872AID488982
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.251215.843239.8107AID504327
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency0.75690.060110.745337.9330AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1449628
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.26930.00794.71367.9000AID459717; AID491181; AID610460
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.26930.00795.85207.9000AID459717; AID491181; AID610460
Integrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.80000.00011.40828.0000AID610456
Acetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.26930.00795.85207.9000AID459717; AID491181; AID610460
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)228.00000.10002.50004.9000AID1802994
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)6.46870.00110.539010.0000AID1179335; AID241632; AID459715; AID491179; AID610455; AID610456
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)228.00004.90004.90004.9000AID1802994
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)228.00000.30003.25807.3000AID1802994
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)228.00004.72004.81004.9000AID1802994
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.20030.00081.541620.0000AID1397327; AID1439845; AID1463521; AID147723; AID1632943; AID1917463; AID444522; AID459712; AID491170; AID610458
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki6.97000.00031.465610.0000AID444519
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.37150.00030.37088.1600AID65638
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)4.27710.00181.67796.5000AID1179334; AID241633; AID459714; AID459716; AID491177; AID491180; AID610454; AID610456
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)61.77500.00010.86458.7096AID204073; AID459713; AID491171; AID610459
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.00000.00000.70488.1930AID444518
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.36700.00181.31326.5000AID1179334; AID241632; AID241633; AID459714; AID491177; AID610456
Cytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.99830.00002.398310.0000AID625247
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)228.00004.90004.90004.9000AID1802994
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)28.95000.00204.15279.9000AID1179336; AID241410
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)9.00390.00110.491110.0000AID1179335; AID459715; AID459716; AID491179; AID491180; AID610454; AID610455
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.08480.00071.841946.0000AID1179337; AID1397328; AID1439846; AID1463522; AID1632942; AID1917464; AID420092; AID444520; AID459711; AID491169; AID610457; AID625256; AID64365
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.71110.00021.11158.0280AID420091; AID444517; AID625256
Acetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.26930.00795.85207.9000AID459717; AID491181; AID610460
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)Concentration11.00000.78005.390010.0000AID244295
Cytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)Km94.70000.45000.45000.4500AID1917469
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)Concentration14.00000.56001.62003.1000AID244297
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)Concentration12.00000.56003.128010.0000AID244295; AID244297
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (204)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction developmentAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle contractionAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle cell cellular homeostasisAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle tissue growthAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movementAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular processAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell-substrate junction assemblyIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion moleculesIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
leukocyte cell-cell adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell-matrix adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
integrin-mediated signaling pathwayIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
memoryIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
CD40 signaling pathwayIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathwayIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell-substrate adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion mediated by integrinIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrinIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
heterotypic cell-cell adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing, spreading of epidermal cellsIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
endodermal cell differentiationIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesisIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of anoikisIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane organizationAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotineAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system processAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle cell developmentAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
visual perceptionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of soundNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
learningNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
memoryNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
associative learningNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
visual learningNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
vestibulocochlear nerve developmentNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
optic nerve morphogenesisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
lateral geniculate nucleus developmentNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
social behaviorNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleepNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendrite morphogenesisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system processNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse assemblyNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission involved in micturitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
cellular ketone metabolic processCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
liver developmentUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin conjugationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
acute-phase responseUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
animal organ regenerationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to starvationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavone metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
biphenyl catabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin conjugationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neurotransmitter secretionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission involved in micturitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of serotonin secretionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstrictionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycleSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
enteric nervous system developmentSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
brain morphogenesisSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acidSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of thalamus sizeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmissionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendrite morphogenesisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission involved in micturitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
memoryNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
short-term memoryNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
sensory processingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic processNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine organizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite arborizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of amyloid-beta formationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic processNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-betaNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of amyloid fibril formationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CoA-transferase activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
action potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repairNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotineNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system processNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
lactationSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle contractionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle tissue growthAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movementAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular processAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (79)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activityIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 16-beta-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme inhibitor activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation channel activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
actin filament bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
UDP-glycosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
calcium channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
toxic substance bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel regulator activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activityAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (55)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionAcetylcholine receptor subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionAcetylcholine receptor subunit gammaHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
ruffle membraneIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
ruffleIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
integrin alpha5-beta1 complexIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
alphav-beta3 integrin-vitronectin complexIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
integrin complexIntegrin alpha-5Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionAcetylcholine receptor subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raftNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2B6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cytochrome complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
specific granule membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
tertiary granule membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densityNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raftNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raftNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
synapseNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
flotillin complexSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complexAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholine receptor subunit deltaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (390)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID520202AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometr2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID459722Intrinsic activity at alpha-1-beta-1-gamma-delta nAChR receptor expressed in human TE671/RD cells assessed as 86Rb+ efflux at 5 to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520180Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID610454Antagonist activity against human alpha4beta4 nAChR in SHEP1 cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine induced 86Rb+ efflux2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID1212887Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID459714Antagonist activity at alpha3beta4 nAChR receptor in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine-induced 86Rb+ efflux by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520206Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spe2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520122Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spec2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520132AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-t2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630973Plasma concentration in human assessed as erythro-4'-OH-bupropion at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1220559Fraction unbound in cynomolgus monkey brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID520308Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID196022In vitro inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) uptake in synaptosomal preparation of rat brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
(2S,3S,5R)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-morpholinol: a novel antidepressant agent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID520182AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID520216Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatograph2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID395325Lipophilicity, log P by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID1388097In vivo receptor occupancy at DAT in iv dosed human measured up to 15 mins by PET analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-22, Volume: 61, Issue:6
Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges.
AID520190Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520321AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520208Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1220555Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID520185Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID491193Smoke cessation activity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced antinociception administered 15 mins before nicotine challenge measured after 5 mins of nicotine infusion by hotplate assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID444673Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 25 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 45 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1215128Ratio, ratio of fraction unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM dosed as discrete compounds after 5 hrs by TRANSIL assay to fraction unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM using four compound cocktai2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID520207Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liqu2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1179334Non-competitive antagonist activity at alpha3beta4 nAChR (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Recent developments in novel antidepressants targeting α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID459729Effect on body temperature in ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced hypothermic response2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520317Elimination half life in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630961Drug metabolism in human plasma assessed as 4'-OH-bupropion formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID520322Cmax in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630972Plasma concentration in human assessed as threo-4'-OH-bupropion at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID520125Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass s2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1212880Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1212906Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*6 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID91481Binding constant against human serum albumin (HSA)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-06, Volume: 44, Issue:25
Cheminformatic models to predict binding affinities to human serum albumin.
AID610472Inhibition of nicotine-induced antinociception activity in ICR mouse assessed as latency to remove tail administered subcutaneously 15 mins prior to nicotine challenge and measured after 5 mins of 2.5 mg/kg nicotine challenge by tail-flick test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID520305Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520304Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tande2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520221AUC in healthy human plasma at 100 mg, po bid for 2 weeks2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID444797Effect on behavioural activity in po dosed rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response pretreated with cocaine by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1212902Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*1 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520209Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630971Plasma concentration in human assessed as 4'-OH-bupropion at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID520186Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1222793Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5
Which metabolites circulate?
AID1212888Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID520201Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520133Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass s2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1212920Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520323Cmax in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days, measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID610500Inhibition of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in ICR mouse assessed as activity count and time spent in chamberdministered subcutaneously 15 mins prior to 0.5 mg/kg nicotine challenge up to 4 days using photosensors2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID520213Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-pe2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444666Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 5 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 90 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520128Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1463522Inhibition of re-uptake of [3H]-DA at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Triple reuptake inhibitors: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of benzylpiperidine-tetrazoles.
AID444525Antidepressant activity in ip dosed mouse assessed as time to reach peak stimulation of locomotor activity2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID64365Inhibition of dopamine (DA) reuptake using cloned human dopamine transporter was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy.
AID444530Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 10 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID444528Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 2.5 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID444523Antidepressant activity in ip dosed mouse assessed as stimulation of locomotor activity2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1212923Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID459711Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID540235Phospholipidosis-negative literature compound
AID610474Inhibition of nicotine-induced hypolocomotion in ICR mouse assessed as number of photocell interruption dministered subcutaneously 15 mins prior to nicotine challenge and measured after 5 mins of 1.5 mg/kg nicotine challenge2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID604022Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID1212905Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*1 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520187Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID520127Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID520196Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spe2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID520204AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spect2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID244295Inhibitory concentration against Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta22005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: structural revelations, target identifications, and therapeutic inspirations.
AID520184Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID699540Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1212889Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1630987Drug metabolism in plasma of human subjects assessed as metabolite M6 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID459716Antagonist activity at human alpha4beta4 nAChR receptor expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine-induced 86Rb+ efflux by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID520129Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1209582Unbound volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat brain slices at 100 nM after 5 hrs2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID444518Displacement of [125I]RTI55 from cloned human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID491172Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human NET expressed in HEK293 cells to IC50 for human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID1630976Drug recovery in human urine assessed as conjugated drug level administered orally measured over steady state dosing interval2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID444531Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 25 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520181Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1179335Non-competitive antagonist activity at alpha4beta2 nAChR (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Recent developments in novel antidepressants targeting α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID444668Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 5 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 360 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520303Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1636357Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID195890In vitro inhibition of dopamine (DA) uptake in synaptosomal preparation of rat brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
(2S,3S,5R)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-morpholinol: a novel antidepressant agent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake.
AID196023In vitro inhibition of serotonin uptake in synaptosomal preparation of rat brain1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
(2S,3S,5R)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-morpholinol: a novel antidepressant agent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1630952Drug recovery in human urine administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID459713Inhibition of [3H]serotonin uptake at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID112984Compound was tested for the inhibition of tetrabenazine-induced sedation in mice, after peroral administration1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
(2S,3S,5R)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-morpholinol: a novel antidepressant agent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake.
AID610459Inhibition of human SERTexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]5HT reuptake after 10 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID610475Antipyretic activity against nicotine-induced hypothermia in ICR mouse assessed as change in rectal temperature dministered subcutaneously 15 mins prior to nicotine challenge and measured after 30 mins of 2.5 mg/kg nicotine challenge2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID520126Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance li2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630957Drug excretion in human urine assessed as polar metabolites formation administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1220556Fraction unbound in CD-1 mouse brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID1212904Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1630963Drug excretion in human urine assessed as 4'-OH-bupropion formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID444520Inhibition of [3H]dopamine reuptake at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520121Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID491170Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine reuptake at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells after 90 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID610457Inhibition of human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]DA reuptake after 10 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID444517Displacement of [125I]RTI55 from cloned human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1212922Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID520124AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-t2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1215121Fraction unbound in Wistar rat brain homogenate at 5 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID520193AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chrom2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID781329pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by other workers2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID1179337Inhibition of DAT (unknown origin) assessed as transporter-mediated dopamine reuptake2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Recent developments in novel antidepressants targeting α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID1917473Drug metabolism assessed as CYP2B6 (unknown origin)-mediated metabolite formation by measuring intrinsic clearance2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID459715Antagonist activity at human alpha4beta2 nAChR receptor expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine-induced 86Rb+ efflux by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID1439846Inhibition of [3H]-5-dopamine reuptake in human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells by microbeta liquid scintillation counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and in vitro activity of 1,4-disubstituted piperazines and piperidines as triple reuptake inhibitors.
AID1630956Drug excretion in human urine assessed as m-chlorohippuric acid administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID459717Antagonist activity at alpha-1-beta-1-gamma-delta nAChR receptor expressed in human TE671/RD cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine-induced 86Rb+ efflux by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID420092Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake at human dopamine transporter expressed in mouse N2A cells by scintillation counting2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
A novel photoaffinity ligand for the dopamine transporter based on pyrovalerone.
AID610460Antagonist activity against human muscle-type alpha1beta1gammadelta nAChR in TE671/RD cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine induced 86Rb+ efflux2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID1409109Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells at 1 uM after 15 to 20 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and systematic evaluation of 4-arylpiperazine- and 4-benzylpiperidine napthyl ethers as inhibitors of monoamine neurotransmitters reuptake.
AID444519Displacement of [125I]RTI55 from cloned human NET expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID459726Antinociceptive activity in ICR mouse D'Amour and Smith model of pain assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced response by tail-flick test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520188AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444529Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 5 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1209583Unbound drug partitioning coefficient, Kp of the compound assessed as ratio of unbound concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat brain to unbound concentration in plasma2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID520302Apparent renal clearance in human at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520179Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520312Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatog2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630988Drug metabolism in plasma of human subjects assessed as metabolite M7 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID444680Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 50 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 360 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1463521Inhibition of re-uptake of [3H]-NE at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Triple reuptake inhibitors: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of benzylpiperidine-tetrazoles.
AID444670Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 90 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID604026Unbound CSF to plasma concentration ratio in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID491179Antagonist activity at alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor in human SH-EP1 cells assessed as inhibition varbamylcholine-induced radiolabeled Rb+ influx at by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID539469Solubility of the compound in PBS at pH 7.42010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1630959Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-dependant metabolite formation at 10 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of NADPH measured after 20 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1212891Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID444669Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 45 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID491195Smoke cessation activity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced increase in locomotor activity administered 15 mins before nicotine challenge measured after 5 mins of nicotine infusion2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID520310Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatog2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520189AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444521Inhibition of [3H]serotonin reuptake at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID610458Inhibition of human NET expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]NE reuptake after 10 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID1917466Binding affinity to recombinant CYP2B6 (unknown origin) assessed as spectral dissociation constant-22022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID1630986Drug metabolism in plasma of human subjects assessed as metabolite M4 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1212907Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID241410Inhibitory concentration against Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 72005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: structural revelations, target identifications, and therapeutic inspirations.
AID444665Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 5 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 45 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1212924Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520324Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID459725Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human alpha-1-beta-1-gamma-delta nAChR receptor to IC50 human alpha3beta4 nAChR receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520316Elimination half life in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630965Drug metabolism in human urine assessed as metabolite M2 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis-MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1215122Percentage unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID604025Unbound CSF to plasma concentration ratio in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1220554Fraction unbound in Wistar Han rat brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID444674Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 25 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 90 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1630975Drug recovery in human urine assessed as free drug level administered orally measured over steady state dosing interval2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444676Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 25 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 360 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID108530Antagonistic activity of nicotine-induced analgesia in mice was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy.
AID1632943Inhibition of [3H]-5-norepinephrine reuptake in human NET expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Exploration of substituted arylpiperazine-tetrazoles as promising dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors.
AID1439845Inhibition of [3H]-5-norepinephrine reuptake in human NET expressed in HEK293 cells by microbeta liquid scintillation counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and in vitro activity of 1,4-disubstituted piperazines and piperidines as triple reuptake inhibitors.
AID1630985Drug metabolism in acid deconjugated urine of human subjects assessed as metabolite M7 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID520307Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID491171Inhibition of [3H]serotonin reuptake at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells after 90 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1630983Drug metabolism in acid deconjugated urine of human subjects assessed as metabolite M4 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID610455Antagonist activity against human alpha4beta2 nAChR in SHEP1 cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine induced 86Rb+ efflux2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID1397327Inhibition of human NET expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]-NE uptake by micro beta scintillation counting analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-07, Volume: 26, Issue:14
Design, synthesis and docking study of 4-arylpiperazine carboxamides as monoamine neurotransmitters reuptake inhibitors.
AID444667Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 5 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 180 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID699541Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1212892Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520220AUC in healthy human plasma at 400 mg, po bid for 2 weeks2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID781330pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by potentiometric titration2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID520301Apparent renal clearance in human at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID459712Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID588208Literature-mined public compounds from Lowe et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2010Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-04, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Predicting phospholipidosis using machine learning.
AID1917470Drug metabolism assessed as CYP2B6 (unknown origin)-mediated metabolite formation by measuring Kcat2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID459723Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human alpha4beta2 nAChR receptor to IC50 human alpha3beta4 nAChR receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520210Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID459724Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human alpha4beta4 nAChR receptor to IC50 human alpha3beta4 nAChR receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID147723Inhibition of Norepinephrine (NA) reuptake using cloned human transporter was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy.
AID520199Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520215Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by h2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1917469Drug metabolism assessed as CYP2B6 (unknown origin)-mediated metabolite formation by measuring km2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID1397328Inhibition of human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]-DA uptake by micro beta scintillation counting analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-07, Volume: 26, Issue:14
Design, synthesis and docking study of 4-arylpiperazine carboxamides as monoamine neurotransmitters reuptake inhibitors.
AID1630953Drug recovery in human urine assessed as OH-bupropion administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID520183AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444526Antidepressant activity in ip dosed mouse assessed as duration of locomotor activity2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID459719Intrinsic activity at alpha3beta4 nAChR receptor in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as 86Rb+ efflux at 5 to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID604020Unbound drug concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID1179336Non-competitive antagonist activity at alpha7 nAChR (unknown origin)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Recent developments in novel antidepressants targeting α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID520217Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-pe2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID699539Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID520178Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630984Drug metabolism in acid deconjugated urine of human subjects assessed as metabolite M6 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID520218Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromat2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID459728Effect on behavioral activity in ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced locomotory response by locomotor assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID520212Ratio of AUC (0 to 72) for (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatograph2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444677Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 50 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 45 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID567091Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID241632Inhibitory concentration against Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3-beta22005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: structural revelations, target identifications, and therapeutic inspirations.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID108531Antagonistic activity of nicotine-induced hypothermia in mice was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy.
AID1212903Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*6 genotype assessed as CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1220558Fraction unbound in Beagle dog brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID204073Inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding at serotonin transporter was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy.
AID520318Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1209593Dissociation constant, pKa of the acidic compound by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID520191Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID604023Ratio of total drug level in brain to plasma in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID520219Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by h2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID404304Effect on human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport in Sf9 cells inverted membrane vesicles relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Prediction and identification of drug interactions with the human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2).
AID1212910Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype assessed as intrinsic clearance for CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID491285Toxicity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed occurrence of convulsion2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID491194Smoke cessation activity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced antinociception administered 15 mins before nicotine challenge measured after 5 mins of nicotine infusion by tail-flick assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID520130Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spec2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID604021Unbound volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat brain measured per gram of brain tissue administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr b2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID1222646Retention time of the compound by HPLC-MS analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Comparison of in vitro metabolism of ticlopidine by human cytochrome P450 2B6 and rabbit cytochrome P450 2B4.
AID491181Antagonist activity at alpha-1-beta-1-gamma-delta nicotinic receptor in human TE671 cells assessed as inhibition varbamylcholine-induced radiolabeled Rb+ influx at by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID491180Antagonist activity at alpha4beta4 nicotinic receptor in human SH-EP1 cells assessed as inhibition varbamylcholine-induced radiolabeled Rb+ influx at by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID610456Antagonist activity against human ganglionic alpha3beta4alpha5beta2 nAChR in SHSY5Y cells assessed as inhibition of carbamylcholine induced 86Rb+ efflux2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID395328Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID241633Inhibitory concentration against Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3-beta42005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: structural revelations, target identifications, and therapeutic inspirations.
AID1630974Drug recovery in human urine assessed as free and conjugated drug level administered orally measured over steady state dosing interval2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID444679Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 50 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 180 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520197Elimination half life in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liqu2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1917463Inhibition of norepinephrine transporter (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID65638Binding affinity to dopamine transporter (DAT) using [3H]WIN-35428 as a radioligand2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
2D QSAR modeling and preliminary database searching for dopamine transporter inhibitors using genetic algorithm variable selection of Molconn Z descriptors.
AID444527Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 1 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID459721Intrinsic activity at human alpha4beta4 nAChR receptor expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as 86Rb+ efflux at 5 to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID1220560Fraction unbound in human occipital cortex at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID1222644Inhibition of human CYP2B6 assessed as inactivation rate constant at 100 uM for 2 mins by HPLC-MS analysis in presence of NADPH2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Comparison of in vitro metabolism of ticlopidine by human cytochrome P450 2B6 and rabbit cytochrome P450 2B4.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID420093Ratio of IC50 for [3H]dopamine uptake at human dopamine transporter expressed in mouse N2A cells to Ki for displacement of [3H]WIN-35428 from human dopamine transporter expressed in mouse N2A cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
A novel photoaffinity ligand for the dopamine transporter based on pyrovalerone.
AID520311Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as (S,S)-Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1636440Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID491284Toxicity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed occurrence of sedation2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID520306Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tande2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1212909Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*6 genotype assessed as intrinsic clearance for CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520198Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID604024Unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID1630958Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-dependant 4'-OH-bupropion formation at 10 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of NADPH measured after 20 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID491196Smoke cessation activity in sc dosed ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced hypothermia administered 15 mins before nicotine challenge measured after 30 mins of nicotine infusion2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID459720Intrinsic activity at human alpha4beta2 nAChR receptor expressed in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as 86Rb+ efflux at 5 to 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID444678Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 50 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 90 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID19006Calculated membrane partition coefficient (Kmemb)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 47, Issue:7
Surface activity profiling of drugs applied to the prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability.
AID520200Cmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID491177Antagonist activity at alpha3beta4 nicotinic receptor in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition varbamylcholine-induced radiolabeled Rb+ influx at by liquid scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID520205AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520203AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chrom2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520194AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spect2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520309Apparent renal clearance in human assessed as (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days using 0-48 hrs urine sample by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520177Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance li2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID520320Apparent clearance with respect to oral bioavailability in human at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1209581Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain homogenates at 5 uM by equilibrium dialysis analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID444672Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 360 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1630977Drug metabolism assessed as recombinant CYP2C19 (unknown origin)-mediated 4'-OH-bupropion formation at 1 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of NADPH measured after 20 mins by LC-MS/MS method2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1409108Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells at 10 uM after 15 to 20 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:20
Design, synthesis, and systematic evaluation of 4-arylpiperazine- and 4-benzylpiperidine napthyl ethers as inhibitors of monoamine neurotransmitters reuptake.
AID1632942Inhibition of [3H]-5-dopamine reuptake in human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells by liquid scintillation counting method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Exploration of substituted arylpiperazine-tetrazoles as promising dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520325Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as Tmax in healthy human plasma assessed as (S,S)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs 2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1220557Fraction unbound in Hartley guinea pig brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID610473Inhibition of nicotine-induced antinociception activity in ICR mouse assessed as paw licking and jumping latency dministered subcutaneously 15 mins prior to nicotine challenge and measured after 5 mins of 2.5 mg/kg nicotine challenge by hot plate test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor efficacy and pharmacological properties of 3-(substituted phenyl)-2β-substituted tropanes.
AID244297Ki or IC50 concentration against Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta42005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 48, Issue:15
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: structural revelations, target identifications, and therapeutic inspirations.
AID1630966Drug metabolism in acid deconjugated urine of human subjects assessed as metabolite M3 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID444675Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 25 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 180 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID459727Antinociceptive activity in ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of nicotine-induced response by hotplate test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
AID1212921Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.1 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per pmol of P450 after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in absence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID178877Compound was tested for the inhibition of tetrabenazine-induced sedation in rat, after peroral administration; failed to produce a 50%antagonism1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
(2S,3S,5R)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2-morpholinol: a novel antidepressant agent and selective inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1212890Drug metabolism in microsomes expressing CYP2B6.6 (unknown origin) assessed as enzyme-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation after 15 mins by HPLC/UV system in presence of Cyt b5 coexpression2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID520123AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as R-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID444522Inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine reuptake at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520214Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for (R,R)-Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromat2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID311932Inhibition of ASM in human H4 cells assessed as residual activity at 10 uM2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Identification of new functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase using a structure-property-activity relation model.
AID444524Antidepressant activity in ip dosed mouse assessed as stimulation of locomotor activity relative to cocaine2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1917465Binding affinity to recombinant CYP2B6 (unknown origin) assessed as spectral dissociation constant-12022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1917464Inhibition of dopamine transporter (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of dopamine reuptake2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76Selective deuteration of bupropion slows epimerization and reduces metabolism.
AID444532Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 50 mg/kg, ip pretreated with cocaine for 15 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID520195AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1215126Ratio of fraction unbound in Wistar rat brain homogenate at 5 uM after 5 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method to fraction unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID1630954Drug recovery in human urine assessed as erythrohydrobupropion administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID1630955Drug recovery in human urine assessed as threohydrobupropion administered as single oral dosage2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444671Effect on behavioural activity in rat assessed as cocaine-induced lever response at 10 mg/kg, po pretreated with cocaine for 180 mins by drug-discrimination studies2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID420091Displacement of [3H]WIN-35428 from human dopamine transporter expressed in mouse N2A cells by scintillation counting2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
A novel photoaffinity ligand for the dopamine transporter based on pyrovalerone.
AID520131AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma assessed as S-bupropion at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID491169Inhibition of [3H]dopamine reuptake at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells after 90 mins by scintillation counting2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation.
AID520319AUC (0 to infinity) in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1222645Inhibition of rabbit CYP2B4 assessed as inactivation rate constant at 100 uM for 2 mins by HPLC-MS analysis in presence of NADPH2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Comparison of in vitro metabolism of ticlopidine by human cytochrome P450 2B6 and rabbit cytochrome P450 2B4.
AID520192AUC (0 to 72) in healthy human plasma assessed as (R,R)-hydroxybupropion level at 150 mg, po co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 2 days measured after 48 hrs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometr2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1630964Drug metabolism in human plasma assessed as metabolite M2 formation at 300 mg/day by LC/MS/MS analysis2016ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 7, Issue:8
Identification and Structural Characterization of Three New Metabolites of Bupropion in Humans.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1212908Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes harboring CYP2B6*1/*1 genotype assessed as intrinsic clearance for CYP2B6 variant-mediated 4-hydroxybupropion metabolite formation measured per mg protein after 15 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Effects of the CYP2B6*6 allele on catalytic properties and inhibition of CYP2B6 in vitro: implication for the mechanism of reduced efavirenz metabolism and other CYP2B6 substrates in vivo.
AID1215125Percentage unbound in solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles at 5 uM using four compound cocktail after 5 hrs by TRANSIL assay2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Brain tissue binding of drugs: evaluation and validation of solid supported porcine brain membrane vesicles (TRANSIL) as a novel high-throughput method.
AID520211Ratio of AUC (0 to infinity) for Hydroxybupropion to AUC (0 to 72) for compound in healthy human plasma at 150 mg, co-treated with ritonavir 200 mg tid for 1 day, 300 mg bid for next 6 days, 400 mg bid upto 17 day of study measured after 48 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1802994UDP-glucuronosyltransferase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2010.518965: \\The inhibition study of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with cytochrome P450 selective substrates and inhibitors.\\2011Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:3
The inhibition study of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with cytochrome P450 selective substrates and inhibitors.
AID1346971Human NET (Monoamine transporter subfamily)2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11
A novel photoaffinity ligand for the dopamine transporter based on pyrovalerone.
AID1346963Human DAT (Monoamine transporter subfamily)2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-12, Volume: 52, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bupropion analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (3,150)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990164 (5.21)18.7374
1990's270 (8.57)18.2507
2000's1248 (39.62)29.6817
2010's1172 (37.21)24.3611
2020's296 (9.40)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 138.46

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index138.46 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.33 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.04 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index262.91 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (138.46)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials755 (22.26%)5.53%
Reviews681 (20.08%)6.00%
Case Studies440 (12.97%)4.05%
Observational16 (0.47%)0.25%
Other1,500 (44.22%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (345)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Disease Management for Smokers in Rural Primary Care [NCT00440115]Phase 3750 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Double-Blind Treatment of Outpatients With Dysthymic Disorder With Wellbutrin XL [NCT00225251]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
Individualizing Pharmacotherapy: A Novel Optimization Strategy to Increase Smoking Cessation in the African American Community [NCT03897439]Phase 3392 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-01Completed
Smoking Interventions for Hospital Patients: A Comparative Effectiveness Trial [NCT01177176]397 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Maintaining Nonsmoking: Older Smokers [NCT00086385]Phase 3403 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-09-30Completed
Trial Evaluating Effectiveness of Contrave (Naltrexone HCl / Bupropion HCl) for Weight Maintenance in Adults With BMI ≥ 27 Kg/m2, After 6 Month Intensive Behavior Modification Program: Contrave Obesity Trials (COR) Weight Maintenance Study [NCT04589130]Phase 489 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of Contrave (Naltrexone HCl and Bupropion HCl) in Patients Who Have Weight Recidivism Following Bariatric Surgery: Contrave Obesity Trials (COR) Weight Regain Study [NCT04587843]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Active, not recruiting
Bupropion for the Prevention of Postpartum Smoking Relapse [NCT04098874]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Recruiting
Effect of Bupropion Treatment on Brain Activation Induced by Cigarette-Related Cues in Smokers [NCT03920319]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-01Completed
Phase 1 Study of Interactions Between Oral Naltrexone and Bupropion and Intravenous Methamphetamine in Methamphetamine Experienced Volunteers [NCT01359930]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
EEG Signal Processing as a Predictor of Antidepressant Response [NCT01369290]150 participants (Anticipated)Observational2009-10-31Recruiting
Single Dose Crossover Comparative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion Hydrochloride Modified Release Tablet 300mg In Healthy Adult Subjects / Fasting State [NCT05160090]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-18Completed
A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Eszopiclone for the Treatment of Bupropion- and Abstinence-Related Insomnia During Smoking Cessation [NCT00511134]Phase 44 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Study has been terminated due low recruitment of participant population.)
Mobile Health Intervention to Help Low-Income Smokers Quit Smoking and Increase Physical Activity [NCT02873754]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Completed
[NCT02391688]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Promoting Enhanced Pharmacotherapy Choice Through Immunomarkers Evaluation in Depression [NCT03993457]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-23Terminated(stopped due to terminated during COVID due to inability to see participants in person.)
An Open-Label Study to Assess the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of AXS-05 in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04039022]Phase 3876 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-08Completed
Bupropion and Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT00621517]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
[NCT02173886]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Integrated Smoking Cessation Treatment for Low Income Community Corrections [NCT01257490]689 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, International, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Flexibly-dosed Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus a New Standard-of-care Oral Antidepressant or Placebo Nasal Spray Plus a New S [NCT03852160]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-01Withdrawn(stopped due to New design was developed to better fit company strategy, a new study has replaced 5413541TRD3011 study)
An Open-Label, Multi-Center, Phase II Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of 323U66 SR in Patients With Depression [NCT00135512]Phase 2234 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-01Completed
Stress Response and Smoking Cessation in Depressed Youth [NCT00129272]Phase 2172 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Phenotype Predictors of Cognitive Outcomes in Geriatric Depression [NCT05273996]Phase 475 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-28Recruiting
A Phase 1 Open-label Study to Assess the Effect of BMS-986419 on the Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Probe Substrates (Caffeine, Bupropion, Flurbiprofen, Omeprazole, Midazolam, and Fexofenadine) in Healthy Participants [NCT05932277]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-06-29Completed
Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Bupropion for Cancer Related Fatigue [NCT03996265]Phase 3422 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-28Recruiting
Effect of Naltrexone and Bupropion Combination on Weight Loss and Smoking Cessation in Obese, Cigarette-smoking Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT02736474]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
Multi-dimensional Diagnosis,Individualized Therapy,and Management Technique for Major Depressive Disorder:Based on Clinical and Pathological Characteristics [NCT03219008]Phase 4800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-01Recruiting
Cocktail Phenotypic Approach to Explore Antidepressant Pharmacokinetic Variability: a Pilot Study [NCT02438072]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Recruiting
A Prediction Study of Multiple Indexes of the Effect of Different Mechanisms of Antidepressants Treatment on Depression [NCT03623711]Early Phase 1200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-01Recruiting
Dichotic Listening as a Predictor of Medication Response in Depression [NCT00404755]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
PRJ2215: Assessment of Buproprion Misuse/Abuse 2004-2011 [NCT02039960]1 participants (Actual)Observational2013-11-30Completed
PARQuit Smoking Cessation Intervention for Adults With Serious Mental Illness [NCT03950427]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-08Recruiting
High Dose Bupropion Treatment for Smoking Cessation - Pilot Study [NCT03326128]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-01Terminated(stopped due to Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was difficult to recruit eligible participants.)
Effects of Bupropion in Depression [NCT02104128]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on CYP450s Activities; Intersubject Variability in Drug Metabolism. [NCT02291666]Phase 473 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Cognitive-Behavioral and Pharmacologic Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder and Obesity [NCT03946111]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-07Recruiting
An Open-Label Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) in Overweight or Obese Subjects With Major Depression [NCT00624858]Phase 225 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Randomized Open-label Parallel-group Trial is to Analyze the Efficacy and the Efficiency of the Social-Local-Mobile (So-Lo-Mo) Intervention Applied to the Smoking Cessation Process. [NCT03553173]240 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-24Completed
SMART Trial to Predict Anhedonia Response to Antidepressant Treatment [NCT05537584]Phase 4183 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-30Recruiting
Evaluating the Real-world Effectiveness of Varenicline and Bupropion for Long-term Smoking Cessation [NCT02146911]968 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-01Completed
Zyban as an Effective Smoking Cessation Aid for Patients Following an Acute Coronary Syndrome: The ZESCA Trial [NCT00689611]Phase 3392 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Comparing Smoking Treatment Programs for Lighter Smokers [NCT00086411]Phase 2260 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Mood Stabilizer Plus Antidepressant Versus Mood Stabilizer Plus Placebo in the Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar Disorder [NCT00958633]Phase 3178 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of the Melanocortin Activator Bupropion in Treating Binge Drinking [NCT03169244]Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-04Completed
Phase IV Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Naltrexone Hydrochloride Extended Release (ER) and Bupropion Hydrochloride ER Combination (Contrave®/Mysimba®) on the Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events [NCT06098079]Phase 48,400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
Drugs in Breast Milk [NCT05543122]304 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-03-09Recruiting
Efficacy and Mechanisms of Naltrexone+Bupropion for Binge Eating Disorder [NCT03539900]Phase 2/Phase 389 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-17Completed
Effectiveness of Varenicline vs. Varenicline Plus Bupropion or Placebo for Smoking Cessation [NCT00943618]Phase 3641 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-17Completed
Bupropion and Specific Cardiovascular Malformations [NCT01165255]7,005 participants (Actual)Observational2010-06-30Completed
Smoking Cessation in Patients With Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck Undergoing Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy [NCT02582008]Early Phase 19 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual)
A Preliminary Study of Sustained-Release Bupropion for Smoking Cessation in Bipolar Affective Disorder [NCT00593099]Phase 1/Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Smoking Cessation in Patients With COPD (SMOCC) in General Practice [NCT00628225]Phase 4667 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-03-31Completed
Connect to Quit: Coordinated Care for Smoking Cessation Among Low Income Veterans [NCT01299896]633 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Pilot Trial of Bupropion Versus Placebo for Methamphetamine Abuse in Adolescents [NCT00994448]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
An Innovative Approach to Maximizing the Impact of Efficacious Pharmacotherapies on Smoking Cessation Attempts. [NCT01023659]Phase 4893 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Single Dose Two -Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion Sustained Release Tablets in Fasted, Normal, Healthy Men. [NCT00865111]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Single Dose Two -Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion XL Tablets Formulation in Fasted, Normal, Healthy Subjects. [NCT00863941]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
STRIDE-1: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AXS-05 Administered Orally to Subjects With Treatment Resistant Major Depressive Disorder [NCT02741791]Phase 3312 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
An Open-Label Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR) in Combination With Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) in Overweight and Obese, Nicotine-Dependent Subjects [NCT00563563]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Optimization of Smoking Cessation Strategies Concurrent With Treatment of Tobacco Related Malignancies [NCT02048917]Phase 193 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-22Completed
[NCT02085967]Phase 1106 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Assessing Changes in the Brain Melanocortin System and Sensory Processing in Response to Alcohol to Advance Our Understanding of the Pathophysiology and Psychopharmacology of Binge Drinking [NCT02842073]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-01Completed
The Effect of Multiple Doses of Cenobamate (YKP3089) on the Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Cytochrome P450 Substrates (Midazolam, Warfarin, Omeprazole and Bupropion) Administered Orally in an Open-label, One-sequence Study in Healthy Subjects [NCT03234699]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-22Completed
Metabolism-informed Care for Smoking Cessation [NCT03227679]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-18Completed
An Open-label, Two-period Fixed Sequence Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of BI 1358894 on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04899674]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-30Completed
A Phase IIB, Multi-Center, Dose-Parallel, Randomized, Double-Blind, Monotherapy and Placebo-Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study of Zonisamide SR Plus Bupropion SR Combination Therapy in Subjects With Obesity [NCT00709371]Phase 2729 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
RCT of Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging Biomarkers: Predicting Progression Towards Dementia in Patients With Treatment-resistant Late-life Depression (OPTIMUM-Neuro RCT) [NCT05531591]Phase 4600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Active, not recruiting
Association of Genetic Variations and Weight Loss Response to Naltrexone/Bupropion [NCT05919797]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-08Recruiting
Investigation of Genetic Predictors of the Response to SSRI Treatment [NCT03927950]Phase 4135 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Assessing the Efficacy of Left Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as an Adjunctive Treatment to Mood Stabilizers for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression [NCT01583023]Phase 445 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-04-30Not yet recruiting
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Sequential Design Study to Evaluate the Potential Effect of Multiple Oral Doses of Extended-Release Combination of Naltrexone and Bupropion on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Metformin in Healthy Subjects [NCT02745912]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
Acute Efficacy of Bupropion, Sertraline, and Venlafaxine as Adjuvant Treatment to Mood Stabilizers in Bipolar Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study [NCT00001483]Phase 275 participants Interventional1995-06-30Completed
Combinations of Pharmacologic Smoking Cessation Treatments [NCT00018187]Phase 10 participants Interventional1998-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Trial on the Efficacy of Varenicline and Bupropion in Combination and Alone, for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder [NCT04167306]Phase 2380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-04Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Naltrexone HCl/Bupropion HCl Extended Release Versus Placebo for Treatment of Weight Regain in Patients Post Bariatric Surgery [NCT02616315]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Withdrawn
Effect of Smoking Cessation on Clinical and Microbiological Outcomes of the Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy [NCT02744417]63 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Moxifloxacin Positive-Controlled (Open-Label), Cross-Over Study to Evaluate the Potential Effect of Naltrexone and Bupropion Extended-Release Combination on Cardiac Repolarization in Healthy Subjects [NCT02735603]Phase 184 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
Use of Mysimba in Patients With Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery [NCT04902625]Phase 4116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-21Recruiting
Effect of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Gonadal Steroid Hormones [NCT00611975]Phase 483 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Combining Antidepressants to Hasten Remission From Depression [NCT00519428]Phase 4245 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Relapse Prevention in Stimulant Use Disorder [NCT04553263]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-06-11Withdrawn(stopped due to Study never initiated)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone 32 mg Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion 360 mg Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00474630]Phase 3505 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Pharmacogenetics, Emotional Reactivity and Smoking [NCT00507728]Phase 2/Phase 3646 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-08Completed
A Study of Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Non Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01048983]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to No accrual.)
Behavioral and Pharmacologic Treatment of Binge Eating and Obesity [NCT03045341]Phase 2/Phase 3136 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-27Completed
NRT & Bupropion Mechanisms of Effectiveness in Smokers: Phase IV Trial [NCT01048944]Phase 4197 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Completed
A Phase I, Double Blind, Randomized, Two-Way Cross Over, Single- Centre Study in Healthy CYP2D6 Extensive Metabolizers and Poor Metabolizers to Investigate the Potential of AZD3480 to Inhibit Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C19, 3A4, 2C8, 2B6 and UGT1A1 Activity [NCT00692510]Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR) 32 mg and Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) 360 mg Combination Therapy in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Changes in Overweight or Obese Subjects [NCT00711477]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Combination Therapy With Varenicline and Bupropion for Smoking Cessation [NCT00935818]Phase 2/Phase 3506 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Single Dose Two -Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion XL Tablets Formulation in Normal, Healthy Man Following a Standard Meal [NCT00865462]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Evaluation of a Tailored Smoking Cessation Treatment Algorithm Based on Initial Treatment Response and Genotype [NCT00894166]Phase 3606 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Phase 4 Study of Development of Pharmacogenomic Method to Predict Antidepressant Responsiveness [NCT00817011]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-04-30Recruiting
Nicotine Patch Pre-treatment for Smoking Cessation in PTSD [NCT00625131]Early Phase 187 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion HCI 300 mg Extended-Release Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00861939]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Bupropion in the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00572234]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Single Dose Two -Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion Extended-Released Tablets Formulation in Normal, Healthy Man Following a Standard Meal [NCT00865371]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion HCI 150 mg Sustained-Release Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00864981]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
To Demonstrate the Relative Bioavailability of Bupropion HCI 100 mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions. [NCT00883155]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-10-31Completed
Adapting Marital Therapy in Older Adults With Depression [NCT00612807]Phase 1/Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Phase II Double Blind Dose Finding Trial of Bupropion Versus Placebo for Sexual Desire in Women With Breast or Gynecologic Cancer [NCT03180294]Phase 2230 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-31Completed
Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Cost-free Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation for High-risk Smokers With Cerebrovascular Disease [NCT00962988]Phase 4194 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Combined Pharmaco/Behavior Therapy in Adolescent Smokers [NCT00330187]Phase 2134 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
A Study to Investigate the Effect of Antidepressants on the Treatment for Korean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Patients [NCT00926835]Phase 4692 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Terminated(stopped due to due to patient recruitment difficulties)
Flexibly-Dosed Combination Pharmacotherapy Versus Standard-Dosed Nicotine Patch Alone for Smokers With Medical Illness [NCT00770666]Phase 4127 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of SR Bupropion for Adolescent Smoking Cessation [NCT00819078]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-01-31Not yet recruiting
Optimizing Outcomes of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults [NCT02960763]Phase 4742 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-24Completed
Tobacco Dependence: Treatment and Outcomes; Pharmacotherapies: Effectiveness in Primary Care [NCT00296647]Phase 41,346 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Single Dose Two -Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Bupropion Extended-Released Tablets Formulation in Fasted, Normal, Healthy Subjects. [NCT00865410]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Pharmacologic Relapse Prevention for Alcoholic Smokers [NCT00000457]Phase 2195 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-06-30Completed
A Single Arm, Open and Fixed Sequence Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic Effects of Apatinib Mesylate on CYP2C8 Substrate Repaglinide or CYP2B6 Substrate in Advanced Solid Tumor Subjects [NCT04457180]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-16Completed
Open-Label Study of Bupropion SR for Major Depression and Depression NOS in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar and Bipolar Spectrum Disorder [NCT00181896]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated due to lack of recruitment)
Zonisamide/Bupropion Effects on Switching to Electronic Cigarettes [NCT04388319]Phase 326 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-27Completed
A Multiple-Dose, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Comparative Bioavailability Study of Two Formulations of Bupropion Hydrochloride 300 mg Extended Release Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01046214]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment issues)
Clinical Evaluation of 323U66 SR in Patients With Depression - Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Comparative Study in Patients With Depression Who Did Not Respond Sufficiently to Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors [NCT00296517]Phase 3325 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-19Completed
Drug Abuse, Depression and Responses to HIV Counseling [NCT00285584]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion SR and Placebo in Subjects With Obesity Participating in a Behavior Modification Program [NCT00456521]Phase 3793 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Pilot Study Comparing Counseling With and Without Sustained-Release Bupropion [NCT01875172]Phase 2135 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Prospective Crossover Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of the Treatment With Bupropion in Patients With Apathy in Huntington's Disease [NCT01914965]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Study on the Model of Smoking Cessation Intervention and Service Ability Improvement in General Hospital [NCT01935505]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2008-10-31Enrolling by invitation
PISCES I: Precision Implemented Smoking Cessation Evaluation Study [NCT04604509]Phase 42,010 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-04Recruiting
[NCT01739192]Early Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
A Comparison of Medication Augmentation and Problem Solving Therapy [NCT01942187]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants enrolled.)
A Pilot Study of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Bupropion Extended Release (Wellbutrin XL) for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Women With Breast Cancer [NCT00234195]Phase 425 participants Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Single-center, Open-label, Fixed-sequence Phase I Drug-drug Interaction Clinical Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics of SHR3680 With Repaglinide (CYP2C8 Substrates) and Bupropion (CYP2B6 Substrates) in Prostate Cancer Patients [NCT04664725]Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-01Recruiting
Transdermal Nicotine and Bupropion-SR in Schizophrenics (Study 2) [NCT00218231]Phase 248 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Behavioral Smoking Cessation Treatment for People Living With HIV/AIDS [NCT01965405]165 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Active, not recruiting
An 8 Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Comparison of the Efficacy of Extended Release Bupropion Hydrochloride and Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Outpatients With Major Depressive Disorder With Lethargic Symptoms [NCT00064467]Phase 3268 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Use of Technological Advances to Prevent Smoking Relapse Among Smokers With PTSD [NCT01990079]15 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
CPT-SMART for Treatment of PTSD and Cigarette Smoking [NCT03978442]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-07Recruiting
A Comparison of Bupropion SR and Placebo for Smoking Cessation [NCT00176449]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-04-30Completed
Effects of Bupropion Versus Escitalopram on Reward Circuitry and Motivational Deficits in Patients With Major Depression and Increased Inflammation and Anhedonia [NCT04352101]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-23Completed
Bupropion and Weight Control for Smoking Cessation [NCT00006170]Phase 4349 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-09-30Completed
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Drugs for the Treatment of Obesity [NCT04575194]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-08Recruiting
The Effects of Craving and Abstinence From Cigarettes on Brain Metabolism in Smokers. [NCT00267813]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies [NCT02893371]1,037,352 participants (Actual)Observational2016-09-30Completed
Paroxetine Versus Bupropion for Suicide Ideators or Attempters With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00429169]Phase 4101 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis showed differential treatment effects.)
An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Intranasal Esketamine and Its Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of Orally-Administered Midazolam and Bupropion in Healthy Subjects [NCT02568176]Phase 171 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects [NCT00567255]Phase 31,496 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind 4-Week Study to Evaluate the Impact of AXS-05 on Smoking Behavior [NCT03471767]Phase 258 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-25Completed
Efficacy of Genetic Markers in Choosing Pharmacological Treatment for Smoking Cessation With Bupropion and Varenicline and Its Implications for Combining Drugs: Randomized Control Study. [NCT03362099]Phase 4361 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-01Completed
An Open-label, Fixed Sequence Study to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Single and Repeated Dose of Extended-release Bupropion Hydrochloride (Bupropion XL) Tablets 150 mg and 300 mg Once Daily in Chinese Healthy Volunteers [NCT02698553]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-23Completed
Does Sleep Quality Change After Switch From Wellbutrin SR to Wellbutrin XL in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder? [NCT00616915]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, 6-sequence, 3-period, Crossover Drug Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Wellbutrin SR and GSK189075 When Co-administered or Administered Alone in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT00625859]Phase 127 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-16Completed
Comparison of Depression Interventions After Acute Coronary Syndrome (CODIACS) [NCT01032018]Phase 1/Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Varenicline and Smoking Cessation in Schizophrenia [NCT01111149]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
An ObEsity-centric Approach With and Without Anti-obesity Medications ComPared to the Usual-care ApprOach to Management of Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in an Employer Setting: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04531176]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Active, not recruiting
Treatment of Geriatric Bipolar Mood Disorders: A Pilot Study [NCT00177567]Phase 460 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
Maintaining Abstinence in Chronic Cigarette Smokers [NCT00087880]Phase 2407 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
Risperidone vs. Bupropion ER Augmentation of SSRIs in Treatment-Resistant Depression [NCT00179244]Phase 330 participants Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Combination of Lamotrigine and Bupropion to Treat Meniere's Disease [NCT05420350]Phase 234 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-16Recruiting
An Open-Label Study to Assess the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of AXS-05 in Subjects With Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT04634669]Phase 2186 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-23Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Two Doses of Naltrexone Sustained Release (SR)/Bupropion Sustained Release (SR) and Placebo in Obese Subjects [NCT00532779]Phase 31,742 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Personalized Response Indicators of SSRI Effectiveness in Major Depression [NCT00917059]Phase 4172 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
An Open-Label Study to Assess the Long-term Safety and Efficacy of AXS-05 in Subjects With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type [NCT04947553]Phase 3260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-17Enrolling by invitation
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Two-Part, Fixed-Sequence, Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Voxelotor on the Pharmacokinetics of Selected CYP and Transporter Probe Substrates in Healthy Participants [NCT05981365]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-04-17Completed
A Phase 1-b Non-blinded Study of Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Lorexys in Premenopausal Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder [NCT01857596]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Comparison of Aripiprazole Augmentation vs Switching to Different Class of Antidepressants for Patients With MDD Who Are Partially/Minimally Responsive to Current Antidepressants:Randomized, Rater-blinded, Prospective Study [NCT01488266]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-11-30Active, not recruiting
Human Laboratory Study of Varenicline and Bupropion for Nicotine Dependence [NCT00749658]Phase 2/Phase 3121 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse [NCT00000276]Phase 10 participants Interventional1994-09-30Terminated
Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy (ART) for Homeless Veteran Smokers [NCT02245308]Phase 4133 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-01Completed
A Dose Parallel, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Multiple Regimens of the Combination of Zonisamide CR Plus Bupropion SR in the Treatment of Subjects With Uncomplicated Obesity [NCT00339014]Phase 2611 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing a Medication, i.e., Sustained-Release Bupropion (Zyban®) With an Ultrashort (1 1/2 d) Manual-Based Psychotherapeutic Intervention, Psychodynamic Model Training® [NCT00484692]Phase 4779 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Optimizing Treatment for Schizophrenic Smokers [NCT00124683]Phase 259 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-09-30Completed
Marijuana Pharmacotherapies: Controlled Clinical Trials With Nefazodone and Bupropion [NCT00249509]Phase 2132 participants Interventional2000-09-30Completed
An Open-Label, 8-week Trial of Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended Release (Wellbutrin XL®) In Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) With Atypical Features. [NCT01477931]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Maintenance Treatment for Prevention of Smoking Relapse [NCT00063323]Phase 3589 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-08-31Completed
A Multi-center, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Bupropion XL in Females With Orgasmic Disorder [NCT00248209]Phase 2/Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00069251]Phase 2150 participants Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Framing Messages for Smoking Cessation With Buproprion [NCT00104598]252 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-09-30Completed
Treatment Prediction in Adolescent and Adult Depression [NCT00106197]Phase 4130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-06-30Active, not recruiting
Non-Nicotine Agents for Smoking Cessation [NCT00108537]Phase 30 participants Interventional2003-10-31Completed
Contingency Management to Enhance Smoking Cessation for Cancer Survivors: A Proof of Concept Trial [NCT00079469]0 participants Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Feasibility of the Enhanced Tobacco Intervention Protocol (ETIP) to Reduce Smoking and Potentially Alter the Tumor Microenvironment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT04694846]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-19Active, not recruiting
A Multi-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible Dose Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Extended-release Bupropion Hydrochloride (150mg-300mg Once Daily) in Elderly Subjects With Major Depress [NCT00093288]Phase 3364 participants Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Bupropion Versus Bupropion + Naltrexone for Smoking Cessation [NCT00419731]Phase 2/Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Recruiting
Assessment of and Treatment Applied to Food Addiction to Encourage Self-Management of Obesity in a Rural Healthy Behaviors Clinic [NCT03431831]Phase 483 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
[NCT00344695]Phase 30 participants InterventionalCompleted
Add-on to Cognitive, ERP and EEG Asymmetry in Affective Disorders (#6559R) [Formerly #5723] [NCT03278938]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-29Withdrawn(stopped due to PI Retired and no data was collected)
Wellbutrin XL Effects on SSRIs Induced Changes in the Reactivity of the Frontal Cortex and Limbic System to Emotional Stimuli: An fMRI Study [NCT00456820]Phase 415 participants Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A Multi-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Quetiapine Fumarate Sustained Release (Seroquel SRTM) in Combination With an Antidepressant in the Treatment of Patients With Major [NCT00351910]Phase 3494 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Bupropion for ADHD in Adolescents With Substance Use Disorder [NCT00936299]Phase 4105 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Bupropion for Smoking Cessation in Postpartum Women [NCT00119210]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-03-31Terminated(stopped due to We were unable to recruit sufficient numbers of patients and decided that the study protocol was not feasible to implement)
1. The Pharmacogenetic Study of Interaction Among Antipsychotics, Readiness to Change, and Pharmacological Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Schizophrenic Patients 2. Stages of Change and Outcomes of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Chronic Schizoph [NCT00495352]Phase 4360 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Impact of Smoking Cessation on Sleep [NCT00132821]Phase 459 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Pharmacotherapy-assisted Extinction (Pharmacoextinction): A Novel Approach to the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence in Humans [NCT00133757]Phase 150 participants Interventional2005-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Bupropion vs Placebo for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00135785]Phase 273 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Efficacy Of Bupropion SR For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) In Adults With Recent Past or Current Substance Use Disorders [NCT01270555]32 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-05-31Completed
Enhancing Tobacco Use Treatment for African American Light Smokers [NCT00666978]Phase 4540 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
The STOP Study: Real World Effectiveness of Zyban Treatment in a Clinical Population [NCT01015170]Phase 4454 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
eIMPACT-DM Pilot Trial: Depression Treatment to Reduce the Excess Diabetes Risk of People With Depression and Prediabetes [NCT04437485]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-14Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Sustained-Release (SR) Bupropion for Smokers Hospitalized Smokers With Acute Coronary Heart Disease [NCT00181818]Phase 4248 participants Interventional1999-10-31Completed
The Effects of Acute Administration of Bupropion on Neural Substrates Underlying Hedonic Capacity [NCT00205946]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Bupropion SR for Treating Smokeless Tobacco Use [NCT00414180]Phase 3225 participants Interventional2003-08-31Completed
Neurocognitive and Affective Correlates of Tobacco Dependence in Adolescent Smokers and Efficacy and Safety of Bupropion for Treatment of Adolescent Smoking [NCT00248118]Phase 2/Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Terminated(stopped due to PI left NIH)
A Phase II Single Arm Adaptive Weight Loss Study in Women With Early Stage Breast Cancer [NCT04499950]Phase 255 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-08Active, not recruiting
Smoking Cessation Program: A Quality Improvement Trial in a Resident Based Outpatient Clinic [NCT00436943]900 participants (Anticipated)Observational2007-01-31Terminated
Concurrent Bupropion / Varenicline for Smoking Cessation [NCT01303861]Phase 3702 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Role of CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and MDR1 in the Metabolic Clearance of Methadone in Human Subjects [NCT00504413]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-07-31Recruiting
Interventional, Open-label, One-sequence Study to Investigate the Effects of Lu AG06466 on the Pharmacokinetics of the Cytochrome P450 Substrates Midazolam (CYP3A4), Bupropion (CYP2B6), and Metoprolol (CYP2D6) in Healthy Young Men and Women [NCT04713254]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-08Completed
Neuroimaging Study of Bupropion Treatment in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01541475]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) [NCT00012558]5,000 participants Interventional1998-09-30Completed
Phase III Trial Comparing Nicotine Inhaler Versus Bupropion Versus Nicotine Inhaler Plus Bupropion For Smoking Cessation Efficacy And Relapse Prevention [NCT00033592]Phase 31,708 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Bupropion as a Smoking Cessation Aid in Alcoholics [NCT00044434]Phase 4200 participants Interventional2002-05-31Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Comparison of the Effects on Sexual Functioning of Extended-Release Bupropion Hydrochloride (300-450mg) and Escitalopram (10-20mg) in Outpatients With Moderate to Severe Major Depression Over an [NCT00051259]Phase 3420 participants Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Bupropion Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling [NCT00055393]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Treatment of Adult ADHD in Methadone Patients [NCT00061087]Phase 2/Phase 3115 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-02-28Completed
[NCT00080158]Phase 2/Phase 3120 participants Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Developing Medication For Tobacco Addiction: NMDA Agents [NCT00136747]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Effects of Bupropion on Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms [NCT00142870]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
[11C] Raclopride PET Imaging Study That Investigates Relation Between Occupancy of Dopamine D2 Receptors and Genotypes of DRD2 After Bupropion Administration [NCT00846339]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Naltrexone & Bupropion to Stop Smoking With Less Weight Gain [NCT00129246]Phase 1/Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Brain Imaging Study Into Nicotine Induced Dopamine Release in Cigarette Smokers, Using 11 C Raclopride in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [NCT00396669]24 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-07-31Recruiting
An Open Trial of Relapse Prevention Therapy for Smokers With Schizophrenia [NCT01576640]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Terminated
Smoking Cessation Intervention (Including Bupropion-Zyban Versus Placebo) for Completely Resected Stage I and II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Survivors Who Are Current Smokers [NCT00032084]Phase 310 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Terminated(stopped due to This study was closed early due to poor accrual)
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Assessment of Potential Interactions Between IV Methamphetamine and Oral Bupropion [NCT00040040]Phase 120 participants Interventional2002-06-30Active, not recruiting
A 7 Month, Multicenter, Parallel, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of 150-300 mg/Day of Extended-Release Bupropion Hydrochloride and Placebo for the Prevention of Seasonal Depressive Episodes in Subjects With a History of Seasonal Affective Dis [NCT00069459]Phase 1250 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-23Completed
Effectiveness of a Stepped Primary Care Smoking Cessation Intervention Based on an Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline (ISTAPS Project) [NCT00125905]3,012 participants Interventional2003-10-31Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Wellbutrin for Crohn's Disease [NCT00126373]Phase 2/Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A 7 Month, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Comparison of 150-300mg/Day of Extended-release Bupropion Hydrochloride and Placebo for the Prevention of Seasonal Affective Disorder in Subjects With a History of Seasonal Affective Dis [NCT00046241]Phase 3300 participants Interventional2002-09-30Completed
A Multicenter, Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Comparison of the Effects on Sexual Functioning of Extended-release Bupropion Hydrochloride (300-450mg) and Escitalopram (10-20mg) in Outpatients With Moderate to Severe Major Depression Over an Ei [NCT00051272]Phase 3425 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Dynamic Measures of Neurochemistry in Mood Disorders [NCT00178828]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
An 8-week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Comparison of Extended-Release Bupropion Hydrochloride 300-450 mg/Day to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Effects on Health Outcomes in the Treatment of Adults With Attent [NCT00048360]Phase 3162 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
ERP-8654 - Integrated Treatment for Cocaine and Mood Disorders [NCT00227812]Phase 2140 participants Interventional2001-04-30Completed
Pilot Study of Acceptability of Bupropion Treatment for Methamphetamine Dependence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. [NCT00318409]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
CSP #576 - VA Augmentation and Switching Treatments for Improving Depression Outcomes (VAST-D) [NCT01421342]Phase 31,522 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion for the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder [NCT00414167]Phase 2/Phase 361 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase II Study of the Effects of Extended Pre-Cessation Bupropion for Smoking Cessation [NCT00534001]Phase 295 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Study of Bupropion Hydrochloride Products With Different Release Patterns [NCT02078180]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
Effects of Mediterranean Diet and Naltrexone/Bupropion Treatment on Body Weight and Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese Breast Cancer Patients After Breast Cancer Treatment [NCT03581630]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-29Completed
Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes [NCT00590863]Phase 4665 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Leveraging EEG for Antidepressant Prediction With Duloxetine and Bupropion (LEAP-DB): A Multicenter, Randomized, Blinded Outcome Study of EEG-guided Treatment With Duloxetine Versus Bupropion in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04388189]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-15Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants enrolled)
The Effect of Varenicline (Chantix) and Bupropion (Zyban) on Smoking Lapse Behavior [NCT00580853]Phase 262 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00687713]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Improving the Effectiveness of Treatment for Depression in Hispanics [NCT00742573]Phase 2170 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
CTN-0054 Accelerated Development of Additive Pharmacotherapy Treatment (ADAPT) for Methamphetamine Use Disorder [NCT01982643]Phase 1/Phase 249 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Tobacco Treatment Optimization and Preferences During Concurrent Cancer Treatment [NCT04634071]Phase 296 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-12Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Bupropion Hydrochloride Sustained-Release In The Treatment Of Sexual Dysfunction In Men On Methadone Maintenance Therapy [NCT02593396]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
Pharmacogenomics and Medication Development for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00833443]Phase 284 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments to Treat Loss-of-Control Eating and Improve Weight Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: Maintenance Treatment (Stage 2a) [NCT04605081]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-10Enrolling by invitation
Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments to Treat Loss-of-Control Eating and Improve Weight Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: Acute (Stage 1) [NCT04599478]Phase 2/Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-29Recruiting
A Phase 1, Randomized, 2-Period, 2-Sequence, Cross-over Study to Determine the Effect of ALXN1840 on the Metabolism of a CYP2B6 Substrate in Healthy Participants [NCT04526210]Phase 154 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-21Completed
Combination of Novel Therapies for CKD Comorbid Depression (CONCORD) [NCT04422652]Phase 2201 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-24Recruiting
A Single-centre, Open-label Study in Healthy Men to Investigate the Effect of Repeated Oral Doses of ASP2151 on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion [NCT02369172]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Extended Treatment for Smoking Cessation [NCT01330043]Phase 4223 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Three-Part Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Potential Drug Interaction Between ACH-0144471 and Warfarin, Bupropion, and Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone (Oral Contraceptive) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04709094]Phase 152 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-28Completed
A Feasibility Study of Smoking Cessation Program in Radiation Oncology [NCT00236288]36 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Bupropion for Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation [NCT00261170]Phase 385 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
Combined Escitalopram/Bupropion as First Line Treatment for Depression, a Replication. [NCT00296712]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Nicotine and Smoking Cessation in Schizophrenia [NCT00307203]Phase 451 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-08-31Completed
Clinical Trial of Two Medications on Smoking Cessation [NCT00308763]594 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Assessment of Bupropion on Cognitive Function and Behaviour in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00285155]12 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
A Trial of the Effects of Bupropion, Nicotine Replacement Therapy and CBT on Smoking Cessation and Smoking Relapse in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00320697]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Medication Treatment Following Neuropsychologic, Dichotic and f-MRI Tests in Depressed Outpatients With Repeat f-MRI Following Treatment [NCT00296777]Phase 428 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Memory Functioning and Antidepressant Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Escitalopram and Bupropion XL [NCT00296933]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Efficacy of Bupropion Alone and in Combination With Nicotine Gum [NCT01621022]Phase 4608 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
A Phase 1, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of Isavuconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Bupropion [NCT01635972]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Early Detection and Intervention for the Prevention of Psychosis Project [NCT00531518]292 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Phase 1, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Effect of Fluconazole, Bupropion, or Itraconazole on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of BMS-986235 [NCT04464577]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Business objectives have changed.)
[NCT01731067]Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Active-Controlled, Evaluation of AXS-05 for the Treatment of Treatment Resistant Depression in Treatment-Adherent Patients [NCT04971291]Phase 2312 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-14Enrolling by invitation
Algorithm Guided Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01764867]Phase 41,080 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-06-30Recruiting
A Phase Ib, Multi-center, Two Parallel Group, Open-label, Drug-drug Interaction Study to Assess the Effect of LDE225 on the Pharmacokinetics of Bupropion and Warfarin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT01769768]Phase 1114 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Influence of Bupropion on the Effects of MDMA [NCT01771874]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Contingency Management for Smoking Cessation in Homeless Smokers [NCT01789710]25 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Bupropion to Promote Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy [NCT01286402]Phase 211 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
An Objective Double-blind Evaluation of Bupropion and Citalopram in an Individual With Friedreich Ataxia [NCT01716221]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Nicotine Receptor Density & Response to Nicotine Patch: Pt 2 Extended Treatment [NCT02676375]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) CTN (Clinical Trials Network) Protocol 0068: Accelerated Development of Additive Pharmacotherapy Treatment (ADAPT-2) for Methamphetamine Use Disorder [NCT03078075]Phase 3403 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-05Completed
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Bupropion SR and Individual Smoking Cessation Counseling [NCT01621009]Phase 4463 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
A Personalized mHealth Approach to Smoking Cessation for Veterans Living With HIV (CDA 17-005) [NCT04135937]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-18Completed
Effect of Bupropion on Seizure Threshold in Depressed Patients [NCT03126682]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-25Completed
Exploratory/Developmental Study of Pharmacogenetic Smoking Cessation Therapy. [NCT00991081]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of Efficacy and Safety of Bupropion Hydrobromide in Adolescents and Children With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT02129751]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-30Not yet recruiting
Cocaine Abuse and Attention Deficit Disorder [NCT00000268]32 participants Interventional1995-05-31Completed
Improving Smoking Abstinence Outcomes in the African American Community Through Extended Treatment [NCT05732272]Phase 3500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-28Recruiting
Bupropion Stereoselective Disposition and CYP2D6-mediated Drug Interactions in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03420469]Early Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-05Completed
Integrating Tobacco Use Cessation Into HIV Care and Treatment in Ministry of Health Facilities in Kisumu County, Kenya [NCT05351606]Phase 4580 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-16Recruiting
Mechanistic Evaluations of Pre-Cessation Therapies for Smoking Cessation [NCT01406223]Phase 3282 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT01896349]74 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Recruiting
Efficacy of Smoking Cessation Interventions on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes Among Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients; a Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04848246]292 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-06Completed
Tailored Tobacco Intervention [NCT01892813]Phase 3411 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Active, not recruiting
SSRI Versus Bupropion in High-Risk Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01748955]Phase 415 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
The Effects of Wellbutrin (Bupropion) on Residual and Cognitive Symptoms in SSRI-treated Depression [NCT00125957]Phase 332 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Individualized Pharmacological Approach to Obesity Management: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03374956]Phase 3193 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-11Completed
Behavioral and Pharmacologic Treatment of Binge Eating and Obesity [NCT03047005]Phase 2/Phase 368 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-28Completed
Bupropion and Cardiac Birth Defects (Slone Epidemiology Center) [NCT01597661]1 participants (Actual)Observational2011-09-30Completed
Study of Exposure to Substances Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT04757532]Phase 19 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-03Completed
A Twelve-week, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel-group, Active Controlled, Escalating Dose Study to Compare the Effects on Sexual Functioning of Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended-release (WELLBUTRIN XL, 150-450 mg/Day) and Exte [NCT00316160]Phase 4347 participants Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Nicotine Replacement Therapy Added to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation in Patients With Major Mental Illness [NCT00320723]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
Bupropion for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy [NCT01390246]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Comparison of Antidepressants in the Real-World: Retrospective Cohort Study Using Big Data [NCT04446039]405,349 participants (Actual)Observational2022-07-04Completed
Placebo-controlled Trial of Bupropion for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant Women [NCT02188459]Phase 2129 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-30Completed
Combined Smoking Cessation and Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD [NCT01901848]Phase 2/Phase 369 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-11Completed
Influence of Autoinhibition/Autoinduction and CYP2B6 Genetic Variations on CYP2B6 Activity and Drug Interactions in Healthy Volunteers [NCT02401256]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Study of Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer [NCT01219673]Phase 1/Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual.)
Depression Screening RCT in ACS Patients: Quality of Life and Cost Outcomes [NCT01993017]1,501 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Mobile Health Technology to Enhance Abstinence in Smokers With Schizophrenia [NCT02420015]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-27Completed
Bioequivalence and Clinical Effects of Generic and Brand Bupropion [NCT02209597]Phase 474 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-25Completed
Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of Combination Therapy for Safety and Efficacy in Subjects With Uncomplicated Obesity [NCT00364871]Phase 2410 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Mobile Contingency Management for Concurrent Abstinence From Cannabis and Cigarette Smoking: A Pilot Study [NCT02869451]7 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Optimizing Smoking Cessation Interventions for People Living With HIV in Nairobi, Kenya [NCT03342027]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Completed
A Smart Approach to Treating Tobacco Use Disorder in Persons Living With HIV [NCT04490057]Phase 4632 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-27Recruiting
Treating Disrupted Sleep in Individuals With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Novel Adjunctive Therapy for Chronic Inflammatory Illness [NCT02162862]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Pilot Trial of Naltrexone-Bupropion Combination Versus Placebo Combined With Bupropion for Weight Loss in Comorbid Schizophrenia [NCT03132571]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Terminated(stopped due to Study discontinued due to funding.)
Mobile Contingency Management for Concurrent Abstinence From Alcohol and Smoking [NCT02995915]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial of AXS-05 Administered Orally to Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT03595579]Phase 297 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-30Completed
Bupropion Treatment for Smokers in Recovery [NCT00304707]Phase 3143 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Fluoxetine With Bupropion for Impulsivity and Suicidality in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Alcoholism (Abuse or Dependence) [NCT00449007]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Terminated(stopped due to recruitment of this population was not feasible)
Phase 1, Partially-Blind, Placebo Controlled Randomized, Combined SAD With Food Effect Cohort and MAD and DDI Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, PK and PK Interaction Between TBA-7371 With Midazolam and Bupropion in Healthy Subjects. [NCT03199339]Phase 174 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-29Completed
An Open-label Drug Interaction Study in Healthy Subjects to Evaluate the Effect of Oral Doses of JNJ-54175446 on the Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 Activity and the Induction of CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 Activity Using a Multiple [NCT03058419]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-14Completed
Genetic Markers and Predictors of Antidepressant-induced Suicidality in Youth Depression [NCT02428439]80 participants (Anticipated)Observational2015-04-30Recruiting
A Phase I, Open-label, Fixed-sequence, Crossover, Drug-drug Interaction Study to Investigate the Inhibition Potential of KL1333 on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in Healthy Subjects [NCT04643249]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-10Completed
Efficacy of Hydroxyzine Versus Treatment as Usual for Panic Disorder: An Eight-Week, Open Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05737511]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-30Not yet recruiting
Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments to Enhance Weight Outcomes After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery [NCT05157698]Phase 2/Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-13Recruiting
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
A Phase I, Multi-center Study to Determine the Effect of Fluzoparib on Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine, S-Warfarin, Omeprazole, Midazolam, Repaglinide and Bupropion in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer [NCT04718740]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-25Completed
Combination Pharmacotherapy With Chantix & Bupropion for Smoking Cessation (ChanBan) [NCT00587769]Phase 338 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Treatment of Nicotine Dependence and Acute Depression [NCT00186446]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Incentives Plus Bupropion for Smoking in Schizophrenics [NCT00136760]Phase 257 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Bupropion for Depression in ESRD Patients on Hemodialysis [NCT02238977]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Study stopped due to difficulty recruiting)
Post-marketing Carcinogenicity Study of Bupropion [NCT01077596]50,430 participants (Actual)Observational2008-06-30Completed
Tailored Smoking Cessation Treatment for LIVE FOR LIFE® Participants [NCT01560507]Phase 2/Phase 319 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Low Recruitment)
A Phase 4, Non-treatment Follow-up For Cardiac Assessments Following Use Of Smoking Cessation Treatments In Subjects With And Without A History Of Psychiatric Disorders [NCT01574703]Phase 44,595 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder in Obesity: Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination Versus Placebo [NCT02317744]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Pharmacotherapies: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Algorithms [NCT00332644]Phase 41,504 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Treating Smokeless Tobacco Use in Rural Veterans [NCT02994082]123 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Active, not recruiting
Tailored Tobacco Cessation Program for Rural Veterans With Comorbid Depression, Alcoholism or Obesity [NCT01592695]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Treatment With Naltrexone/Buprpion (Mysimba) to Optimize Weight Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery [NCT04399395]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Covid-pandemic)
Effects of Treatment on Decision-making in Major Depression [NCT01916824]Phase 453 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 4 Study to Assess the Effect of Naltrexone Hydrochloride and Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended Release Combination on the Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Overweight and [NCT02638129]Phase 467 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Terminated
An Open-label Phase 1 Study to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions of Agents Co-Administered With Encorafenib and Binimetinib in Patients With BRAF V600-mutant Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma or Other Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT03864042]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-02Active, not recruiting
Bupropion-Enhanced CM for Cocaine Dependence [NCT02111798]Phase 2/Phase 383 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AXS-05 for the Treatment of Agitation in Subjects With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type [NCT03226522]Phase 2/Phase 3366 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-13Completed
Combination Bupropion / Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Male Smokers [NCT01806779]Phase 2376 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Proof of Concept Study to Treat Negative Affect in Chronic Low Back Pain [NCT04747314]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-31Recruiting
A Phase 1 Bioequivalence Study of Naltrexone SR/Bupropion SR Combination Trilayer Tablets From Two Manufacturers in Healthy Subjects [NCT02259179]Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Clinical Psychopharmacology Division Institute of Mental Health, Peking University [NCT03148509]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Multiple Doses of BI 187004 on the Single-dose Pharmacokinetics of Repaglinide and Bupropion Following Oral Administration in Healthy Male Subjects (an Open-label, One-sequence Trial) [NCT02305901]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Effectiveness of Semaglutide 2.4 mg vs. Commercially Available Medications for Chronic Weight Management in Participants With Obesity in a Multi-employer Setting in The US - a Pragmatic Clinical Study [NCT05579249]Phase 4500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-19Recruiting
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-blind, Active And Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study Evaluating The Neuropsychiatric Safety And Efficacy Of 12 Weeks Varenicline Tartrate 1mg Bid And Bupropion Hydrochloride 150mg Bid For Smoking Cessation In Subjects With [NCT01456936]Phase 48,144 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Active-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended-release (Bupropion XL 300mg Once Daily), Escitalopram Oxalate (Escitalopram, 10mg-20mg Once Dai [NCT02191397]Phase 3534 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-10Completed
A Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Ibrutinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptives, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 Substrates in Female Subjects With B Cell Malignancy [NCT03301207]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-20Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effects of Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion on Switching to an Electronic Cigarette [NCT05205811]Phase 3180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-14Recruiting
Connectivity Affecting the Antidepressant REsponse (The CAARE Study) [NCT02332291]Phase 495 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00006170 (3) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence
NCT00006170 (3) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence
NCT00006170 (3) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence
NCT00086385 (1) [back to overview]Participants Abstinent From Cigarettes
NCT00086411 (1) [back to overview]Percent Treatment Sessions Attended
NCT00125957 (2) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
NCT00125957 (2) [back to overview]Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
NCT00129246 (4) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Abstinence
NCT00129246 (4) [back to overview]Weight Gain Abstinent Participants
NCT00129246 (4) [back to overview]Weight Gain
NCT00129246 (4) [back to overview]Smoking Cessation
NCT00129272 (2) [back to overview]Smoking Behavior
NCT00129272 (2) [back to overview]Withdrawal Symptoms
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the MADRS Total Score at Week 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at Week 8 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in CGI Severity of Illness (CGI-SI) at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; 17 Items) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Motivation Energy Inventory Short Form (MEI-SF) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDISS) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00135512 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Were Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responders at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases
NCT00136760 (2) [back to overview]Urinary Cotinine
NCT00136760 (2) [back to overview]Cigarettes Smoked Per Day
NCT00186446 (3) [back to overview]Can Depression and Smoking Cessation be Treated Simultaneously
NCT00186446 (3) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Scale Score
NCT00186446 (3) [back to overview]Cessation of Smoking
NCT00225251 (5) [back to overview]Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
NCT00225251 (5) [back to overview]Clinical Global Improvement (CGI)
NCT00225251 (5) [back to overview]Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS)
NCT00225251 (5) [back to overview]Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAFS)
NCT00225251 (5) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 24 Items (HDRS)
NCT00285584 (4) [back to overview]Change in the Frequency Per Month of Use of Recreational Drugs Between Enrollment and Month 6 Measured by Questionnaire.
NCT00285584 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Between Study Entry and Month 6 (Measured by Questionnaire and Laboratory Testing)
NCT00285584 (4) [back to overview]The Number of Sexual Partners in Unprotected Anal Intercourse Reported at 6 Months Minus the Number Reported at Enrollment.
NCT00285584 (4) [back to overview]Change in Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II) Scores Between Enrollment and Month 6.
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Each Item of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Score at Weeks 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Change From Baseline in Each Item of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Score at Weeks 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Change From Baseline of the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12.
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Remitters Based on Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Scale Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders Based on Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Scale Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders Based on the Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Weeks 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Safety: Adverse Events by Organ System Class, Intensity, and Frequency
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Study Continuation Rate as Assessed by the Number of Participants at Risk at Week 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Scale at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 and 12
NCT00296517 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score at Week 8 and Total Score at Week 12
NCT00296647 (1) [back to overview]6 Month Self-reported Abstinence From Smoking
NCT00304707 (1) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Feasibility: Proportion of Scheduled Study Visits Completed
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Feasibility: Proportion of Persons Screened Who Are Eligible and Enrolled
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Feasibility: Participants Who Completed the Trial
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Acceptability: Proportion of Participants Discontinuing Medication in Both Arms
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Acceptability: Adherence to Daily Bupropion and Placebo, as Determined by MEMS (Medication Event Monitoring System) Caps Openings
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Feasibility: Proportion of Urine Samples Collected
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Tolerability: Comparison of Adverse Events in the Bupropion and Placebo Arms.
NCT00318409 (8) [back to overview]Acceptability: Adherence to Daily Bupropion and Placebo, as Determined by Self-report
NCT00330187 (1) [back to overview]Biologically-verified 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence
NCT00332644 (1) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence of Smoking, Biochemically (Exhaled CO) Confirmed
NCT00404755 (2) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI)
NCT00404755 (2) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)
NCT00414167 (2) [back to overview]Frequency of Binge Eating Episodes
NCT00414167 (2) [back to overview]Percent BMI Loss
NCT00429169 (4) [back to overview]Go-No go Test
NCT00429169 (4) [back to overview]Brain Activity Measured by BOLD Signal With fMRI During a Reward Processing Task.
NCT00429169 (4) [back to overview]Scale for Suicidal Ideation
NCT00429169 (4) [back to overview]Occurrence of Suicidal Ideation or Acts Necessitating a Change in Treatment
NCT00440115 (3) [back to overview]Progress in Stage of Change
NCT00440115 (3) [back to overview]Number of Quit Attempts
NCT00440115 (3) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Cigarettes
NCT00449007 (2) [back to overview]Occurrence of Suicide Events Either a Suicide Death, a Suicide Attempt, or Suicidal Ideation Severe Enough to Warrant a Medical Intervention
NCT00449007 (2) [back to overview]Suicidal Ideation at 6 Months
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in IDS-SR Total Scores
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Scores
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Waist Circumference
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Scores
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00456521 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects Requiring Rescue Medications for Diabetes
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in HbA1c Levels
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in IDS-SR Total Scores
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Change in Waist Circumference
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]HbA1c- Proportion of Subjects With HbA1c <6.5% at Endpoint
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]HbA1c- Proportion of Subjects With HbA1c <7% at Endpoint
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects Discontinuing Due to Poor Glycemic Control
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects With Dose Increase in Oral Antidiabetes Medications
NCT00474630 (25) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects With Dose Reduction in Oral Antidiabetes Medications
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence at 3 Months
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Symptoms of Depression Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Abstinence at 6 Months by DRD2 A1 Allele
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Emotional Reactivity By Pharmacotherapy
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Emotional Reactivity By Pharmacotherapy Moderated by DRD2 A1 Allele
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Heart Rate Response
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Measures of Smoking Satisfaction and Psychological Reward Using the Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) Subscales
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Skin Conductance Response
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence at 3 Months by DRD2 A1 Allele
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal and Negative Affect Using Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)
NCT00507728 (12) [back to overview]Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal Using the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS)
NCT00511134 (2) [back to overview]Level of Insomnia as Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index
NCT00511134 (2) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence as Measured by Self Reported Smoking and Confirmed by CO Level
NCT00519428 (5) [back to overview]Time to Remission, Defined by the Week of Onset of Persistent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 17) <= 7, With no Subsequent HAM-D 17 > 7
NCT00519428 (5) [back to overview]Severity of Depressive Symptoms as Measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 17)
NCT00519428 (5) [back to overview]Remission: Persistent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17 Items (HAM-D 17) <= 7, With no HAM-D 17 >7 Through Week 12
NCT00519428 (5) [back to overview]Quality of Life, as Measured by the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) Short Form (SF)
NCT00519428 (5) [back to overview]Functioning, as Measured by the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) Summary Score
NCT00531518 (1) [back to overview]Psychotic Symptoms
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Waist Circumference
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in IDS-SR Total Scores
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00532779 (18) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
NCT00534001 (2) [back to overview]Prequit Change in Cigarettes Per Day
NCT00534001 (2) [back to overview]Abstinence
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 28
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Waist Circumference
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in IDS-SR Total Score
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 56
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 56
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00567255 (20) [back to overview]Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data
NCT00572234 (1) [back to overview]Estimate the Treatment Effect of Bupropion for Methamphetamine (Meth) Dependence.
NCT00580853 (2) [back to overview]Number of Cigarettes Smoked During the 60 Minute Ad-lib Period
NCT00580853 (2) [back to overview]Latency to Initiate Ad-lib Smoking Session
NCT00587769 (2) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months: the Number of Patients Who Refrained From Smoking at 6 Months
NCT00587769 (2) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 12 Weeks: the Number of Patients Who Refrained From Smoking at 12 Weeks
NCT00590863 (2) [back to overview]Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms
NCT00590863 (2) [back to overview]Quality of Life Inventory
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S)
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Estradiol
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Free Testosterone
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Progesterone
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Prolactin
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX)
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in 17-OH Pregnenolone
NCT00611975 (8) [back to overview]Change in Androstenedione
NCT00612807 (2) [back to overview]Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)
NCT00612807 (2) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)
NCT00621517 (1) [back to overview]Change in International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) Severity Scale.
NCT00625131 (3) [back to overview]Smoking Craving
NCT00625131 (3) [back to overview]Carbon Monoxide Monitoring
NCT00625131 (3) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence, Self-reported
NCT00666978 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants for Each CYP2B6 Allele
NCT00666978 (4) [back to overview]Number of Slow and Fast Metabolizers by Genotype
NCT00666978 (4) [back to overview]Number of Slow and Fast Metabolizers by Metabolite Ratio
NCT00666978 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Salivary Cotinine-verified Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months
NCT00687713 (2) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Showing Abstinence
NCT00687713 (2) [back to overview]Treatment Success Among Subjects With 18 or Less Days of Methamphetamine Use
NCT00689611 (2) [back to overview]Composite Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)
NCT00689611 (2) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Hippocampal Region 2
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Hippocampal Region 1
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change in Body Weight
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Restrained Eating Subscale Score
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in External Eating Subscale Score
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating B Subscale Score
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating A Subscale Score
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Anterior Cingulate
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Superior Frontal
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Posterior Insula
NCT00711477 (12) [back to overview]Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Superior Parietal
NCT00742573 (2) [back to overview]Mean Time of Retention
NCT00742573 (2) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17)
NCT00833443 (4) [back to overview]Treatment Effectiveness Score
NCT00833443 (4) [back to overview]End of Treatment Methamphetamine Abstinence
NCT00833443 (4) [back to overview]End of Treatment Methamphetamine Abstinence
NCT00833443 (4) [back to overview]Treatment Retention
NCT00894166 (3) [back to overview]Continuous 4-week Abstinence From Smoking Between Weeks 8-11 After the Quit Date (Through the End of Treatment)
NCT00894166 (3) [back to overview]Abstinence (7 Days) at 6 Months.
NCT00894166 (3) [back to overview]Continuous Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months Post Quit.
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Prolonged Smoking Abstinence Rates at 26 Weeks in Cigarettes Smokers.
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Weight Gain From Baseline to 3 Months
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Prolonged Abstinence at 12 Months
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Prolonged Smoking Abstinence Rates at 12 Weeks in Cigarettes Smokers.
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Abstinence at 12 Months
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Abstinence at 3 Months.
NCT00935818 (7) [back to overview]Point Prevalence Abstinence at 6 Months.
NCT00936299 (3) [back to overview]Change in ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) Total Score
NCT00936299 (3) [back to overview]Change in Number of Days of Cannabis Use in Past 28 Days
NCT00936299 (3) [back to overview]Change in Number of Days of Cigarette Smoking in Past 28 Days
NCT00943618 (1) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence at 12 Months
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Self-Efficacy
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Threat Minimization
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Treatment Interest Scale
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Perceived Control
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Morisky Adherence Scale
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Intention to Quit
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Motivation
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Fatalism
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Depression
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Continuous Abstinence at 12 Weeks Post Target Quit Date
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Communication Scale
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Trust Scale
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Risk Perception
NCT00991081 (14) [back to overview]Satisfaction Scale
NCT00994448 (1) [back to overview]Feasibility of Retaining Adolescents in Trial
NCT01015170 (1) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence of Smoking Abstinence
NCT01023659 (2) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence of Abstinence
NCT01023659 (2) [back to overview]Proportion of Eligible Participants Who Were Able to Attend an Appointment With a Physician
NCT01032018 (2) [back to overview]Depressive Symptom Reduction
NCT01032018 (2) [back to overview]Cost for Healthcare Utilization (Psychiatric Medications, Hospitalizations, Cardiac Procedures, Outpatient Services)
NCT01048944 (2) [back to overview]Changes in Log Brain-wave (EEG) Activity (Power [Microvolts Squared]) From Pre-quit Baseline to 66 Days Post-quit, Assessed at 3, 24, 45, and 66 Days Post-quit.
NCT01048944 (2) [back to overview]Changes in Log of Smoking Withdrawal Scores (Mood, and Depressive Symptoms) From Baseline Across 66 Days of Abstinence
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Uterine Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Prostate Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Lung Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Colorectal Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Breast Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Bladder Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01077596 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Diagnosed With Any of the Cancers Under Investigation Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Response Style Indicator (Beta) for CPT
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence - Exhaled Carbon Monoxide
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence - Number of Cigarettes Smoked
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Variability of Standard Error - CPT
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Pulse
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Vital Signs - Weight
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Abnormal Movements - AIMS
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Abnormal Movements - BAS and SAS
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Abstinence Related Symptoms - WISDM
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Abstinence-related Symptoms - MNWS and FTND
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]General Psychopathology
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Hit Reaction Time - CPT
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Impulsivity and Inattention
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia - SANS
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (SAPS)
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Reduction in Smoking
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Side Effects
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Smoking Abstinence - Serum/Urine Measurements
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Suicidality
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Urge to Smoke - MNWS
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Vital Signs
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Depression
NCT01111149 (23) [back to overview]Detectibility (d') of Continuous Performance Test
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale of ADHD Severity
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Severity
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Self-reported Weekly Substance Use
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) Score
NCT01270555 (7) [back to overview]Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
NCT01286402 (1) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence With Cotinine Validation at the End of Treatment
NCT01299896 (1) [back to overview]Effectiveness of CTQ vs UC
NCT01303861 (3) [back to overview]Seven Day Point Abstinence From Cigarette Smoking
NCT01303861 (3) [back to overview]Four-week Continuous Abstinence From Cigarette Smoking
NCT01303861 (3) [back to overview]Continuous Cigarette Abstinence From Quit Date
NCT01330043 (2) [back to overview]Expired-air CO Verified Point-prevalence Abstinence
NCT01330043 (2) [back to overview]Expired-air CO Verified Point-prevalence Abstinence
NCT01390246 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at the End of Medication Treatment (Visit 6)
NCT01390246 (4) [back to overview]Change in Cigarette Craving and Total Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Between Groups During Medication Treatment
NCT01390246 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at the End of Pregnancy (Visit 7)
NCT01390246 (4) [back to overview]Change in Cigarette Craving and Total Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Between Groups on the Quit Date
NCT01406223 (2) [back to overview]The Amygdala, Anterior Insula, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Scans Will be Compared to Evaluate Significant Differences
NCT01406223 (2) [back to overview]Days to First Cigarette Following Quitting Smoking
NCT01421342 (4) [back to overview]Rate of Protocol Response Measured as a Change in Clinical Global Impression (CGI) - Improvement Scale
NCT01421342 (4) [back to overview]Rate of Protocol Relapse of Symptoms of Major Depression After Achieving Remission in the Acute Phase
NCT01421342 (4) [back to overview]Rate of Protocol Remission of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
NCT01421342 (4) [back to overview]Rate of Protocol Response as Reduction in Symptoms of Major Depression (>= 50% Reduction in QIDS-C)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]HADS Total Score, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]HADS Total Score (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Estimated NPS AE Rate (%), by Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]"Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), No Change Rating by Visit"
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of the Observed Severe-only NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of the Observed Severe-only NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of Neuropsychiatric (NPS) Adverse Events (AE) - the Primary Study Endpoint
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24 (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of the NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Total Score, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of the NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of Severe-only NPS AE Endpoint (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of Severe-only NPS AEs in the Primary Endpoint, by Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12, Non-psychiatric History Cohort
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12 (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Occurrence of the Components of NPS AE Primary Endpoint (Overall)
NCT01456936 (25) [back to overview]Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Overall
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Time to MACE Until the End of Study NCT01574703.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE+ Assessed up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE+ Assessed Until End of Study NCT01574703.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE Assessed up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE Assessed Until End of Study NCT01574703.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE Assessed During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Time to Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Time to MACE up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01574703 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of MACE + Assessed During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Enrollment Rate
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Abstinent From Tobacco Use
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Retention
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Body Weight
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Alcohol Use
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Treatment Attendance
NCT01592695 (8) [back to overview]Depressive Symptoms
NCT01621009 (1) [back to overview]7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months
NCT01716221 (4) [back to overview]Comparison of FARS and ICARS
NCT01716221 (4) [back to overview]Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS)
NCT01716221 (4) [back to overview]Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
NCT01716221 (4) [back to overview]International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS)
NCT01748955 (2) [back to overview]Change in Suicidal Ideation (SSI Score)
NCT01748955 (2) [back to overview]Percent Change in Contrast of Parameter Estimates (COPE)
NCT01806779 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Completing Continuous Abstinence From Smoking Between Quit Day and 11-week Post Quit Day Visit
NCT01806779 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Completing Seven-day Point Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months Post Quit Day
NCT01806779 (4) [back to overview]Change in Smoking Withdrawal Symptoms
NCT01806779 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Completing Continuous Four-week Abstinence From Smoking Between the 8-week and 11-week Post Quit Day Visits
NCT01901848 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 6-month Follow-up.
NCT01901848 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-reported 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence as Bioverified by Breath Carbon Monoxide < 4 Parts Per Million.
NCT01916824 (1) [back to overview]Money Earned
NCT01982643 (1) [back to overview]"Participants Categorized as Responders"
NCT01993017 (3) [back to overview]Depression-free Days
NCT01993017 (3) [back to overview]Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)
NCT01993017 (3) [back to overview]Cost of Health Care Utilization
NCT02078180 (2) [back to overview]Comparision of the Buproprion Maximum Concentration (Cmax) by Type of Formulation and Dosage
NCT02078180 (2) [back to overview]Comparision of the Buproprion Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 96 Hours by Type of Formulation and Dosage
NCT02111798 (2) [back to overview]Longest Consecutive Period of Negative Urine Samples
NCT02111798 (2) [back to overview]Number of Cocaine Negative Urines
NCT02162862 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) for Each Arm
NCT02162862 (2) [back to overview]Change in Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for Each Arm
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Number Moderate or Severe Side Effects
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Birth Weight Outcomes
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Birth Outcomes, Size (Percentile) for Gestational Age.
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Birth Outcomes Head Circumference.
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Birth Outcomes for Gestational Age
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cessation Success at Week 10 After Target Quit Date
NCT02188459 (7) [back to overview]Birth Outcomes 5-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration Score
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Sleep Disorder Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 4, 5 and 6) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Changes in Sexual Function Questionnaire (CSFQ)
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 (HAMD-17) Total Score From Baseline to End of Acute Treatment Phase (Week 8)
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Remission Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Response Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Sustained Remission Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Sustained Response Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]"Percentage of Participants With a Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Score of 1 (Very Much Improved) or 2 (Much Improved) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8"
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) and Lactose Dehydrogenase (LD) at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Glucose, Potassium, Sodium, Triglyceride and Urea at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S) Score at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Anxiety/Somatization Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Depressed Mood Subscale Score (Score of Item 1) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Retardation Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 1, 7, 8 and 14) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hematocrit at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin, Total Protein, Albumin and Mean Corpuscle Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Vital Sign Parameters Outside the Clinical Concern Range
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Urinalysis Data Outside the Normal Range
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Suicidal Ideation or Behavior During Treatment Assessed by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Electrocardiogram (ECG) Data Outside the Clinical Concern Range
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Non-serious Adverse Event (AE) and Any Serious AE (SAE)
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in White Blood Cell (WBC) Count, Total Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Basophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte and Platelet Count at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Creatinine at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscle Hemoglobin (MCH) at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02191397 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscle Volume (MCV) at the Indicated Time Points
NCT02209597 (1) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC0-24) Ratio for Racemic Bupropion
NCT02238977 (1) [back to overview]Depression Severity
NCT02245308 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Self-reported and Bioverified Abstinent From Smoking
NCT02245308 (2) [back to overview]Intervention Delivery Costs
NCT02317744 (4) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT02317744 (4) [back to overview]Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)
NCT02317744 (4) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT02317744 (4) [back to overview]Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES)
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Change in Depression Severity, Clinician Rated
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Change in Depression Severity, Clinician Rated
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Change in Depression Severity, Self Rated
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Change in Depression Severity, Self Rated
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Remission of Depression
NCT02332291 (7) [back to overview]Ruminative Response Scale (RRS)
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Apparent Total Body Clearance (CL/F) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Apparent Total Body Clearance (CL/F) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Serious and Non-Serious Adverse Events
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Half-life (t1/2) of Hydroxybupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Concentration (Ctrough) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Half-life (t1/2) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve Over up to Last No-zero Value (AUC0-tn) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Over the Dosing Interval (AUC0-tau) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of Hydroxybupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of Hydroxybupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Hydroxybupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd/F) of ASP2151
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Area Under Concentration-Time Curve up to Last Non-zero Value (AUC0-tn) of Hydroxybupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd/F) of Bupropion
NCT02369172 (21) [back to overview]Half-life (t1/2) of Bupropion
NCT02401256 (1) [back to overview]Efavirenz AUC0-inf (Single Dose) and AUC0-24(Multiple Dose)
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence is Bio-verified
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence
NCT02420015 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence
NCT02593396 (3) [back to overview]Mean Difference of Malay Version of Sexual Desire Inventory 2 (SDI-2) Score at Weeks 6 Between Placebo and Active Groups
NCT02593396 (3) [back to overview]Mean Difference of Malay Version of International Index of Erectile Function (Mal-IIEF-15) at Week 6 Between Placebo and Active Group
NCT02593396 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Score of ≤2 (Much/Very Much Improved) on the Clinical Global Impression Scale Adapted for Sexual Function (CGI-SF) at Week 6 Between Placebo and Active Group
NCT02676375 (1) [back to overview]Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) as Parts Per Million (PPM)
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Anxiety Status Assessed by Self-Rating Anxiety Scale（SAS）
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Waist Circumference
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Numbers of Participants Who Quit Smoking
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline Craving for Nicotine Assessed by Visual Analog Scales (VAS) at 24 Weeks
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Depression Status Assessed by Self-rating Depression Scale（SDS）
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Symptoms Assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Leptin
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Ghrelin
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Fasting Insulin Levels
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels
NCT02736474 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weight at 24 Weeks
NCT02842073 (5) [back to overview]Final Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) Score
NCT02842073 (5) [back to overview]Number of Binge Drinking Days During Treatment
NCT02842073 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants Discontinuing Subsequent to Defined Intolerance
NCT02842073 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Associated Adverse Events
NCT02842073 (5) [back to overview]Mean Number of Drinks/Binge Drinking Day During Treatment
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Missing Mobile Contingency Management Video Recordings
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Marijuana Use
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Compared to Pre-quit
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Missed Behavioral Counseling Sessions
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Days Per Week of Cannabis Use
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report Marijuana Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Oral Fluid
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Proportional Change in Days Smoked From Pre-quit to 6-month Follow up (for Entire Group)
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Proportional Change in Days of Cannabis Use From Pre-quit to 6 Month Follow-up (Entire Group)
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Voluntary Withdrawals From the Project
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report Smoking Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report Smoking Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine
NCT02869451 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report Marijuana Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Change in the Number of Days in Which Smoked Compared to Pre-quit Use
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Change in Physical Activity From Baseline to 3-month Follow-up as Measured by the Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) Scale.
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Compared to Pre-quit
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Quit Smoking Attempts
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence is Bio-verified
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02873754 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02960763 (3) [back to overview]Serious Adverse Events
NCT02960763 (3) [back to overview]Psychological Well-Being
NCT02960763 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Remission From Depression
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Able to Achieve Recommended Drinking Limits (i.e., Less Than or Equal to 14 Drinks Per Week and Fewer Than 5 Drinks Per Day for Men; Less Than or Equal to 7 Days Per Week and Less Than 4 Drinks Per Day for Women)
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Change in the Proportion of Days in Which Smoked Compared to Pre-quit Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Change in the Proportion of Days in Which Consumed Alcohol Compared to Pre-quit Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Change in the Number of Standard Alcoholic Beverages Consumed Per Week Compared to Pre-quit Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Change in the Number of Heavy Drinking Episodes Compared to Pre-quit Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Change in Number of Average Cigarettes Smoked Per Day
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Smoking Quit Attempts
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Smoking Quit Attempts
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Dual Abstinence From Alcohol and Smoking is Bio-verified
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking is Bio-verified
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol is Bio-verified
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol is Bio-verified
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Dual Abstinence From Both Smoking and Alcohol
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use
NCT02995915 (26) [back to overview]Number of Smoking Quit Attempts
NCT03045341 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Meeting Response Criteria
NCT03045341 (3) [back to overview]Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)
NCT03045341 (3) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (Percent Weight Loss)
NCT03047005 (2) [back to overview]Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)
NCT03047005 (2) [back to overview]Change in Body Mass Index
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change in Number of Other Substance Use by Self-report at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change in Number of Other Substance Use by Self-report at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Proportion of Other Substance Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Proportion of Other Substance Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Quality of Life (QOL) by PhenX Core Tier 1 Instrument at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Quality of Life (QOL) by PhenX Core Tier 1 Instrument at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Number of Abstinent Days of Participants Who Used Other Substance Measured by UDS at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Number of Abstinent Days of Participants Who Used Other Substance Measured by UDS at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Change in Proportion of E-cigarettes Abstinent Days by Self-report at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Change in Proportion of E-cigarettes Abstinent Days by Self-report at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Depression Symptom Score by PHQ-9 at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Depression Symptom Score by PHQ-9 at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Methamphetamine Craving at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Methamphetamine Craving at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Overall Functioning as Measured by Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Overall Functioning as Measured by Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change of Percentage of Methamphetamine Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change Percentage of Methamphetamine Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Maximum Number of Consecutive Visits Negative UDS at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Maximum Number of Consecutive Visits Negative UDS at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Number of Study Weeks With Two Methamphetamine-negative UDS at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Mean Number of Study Weeks With Two Methamphetamine-negative UDS at Stage 2
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Completed the Visit in Week 12
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Used Methamphetamine in the Pre-evaluation Period
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Treatment Effectiveness Score of Participants at Stage 1
NCT03078075 (26) [back to overview]Treatment Effectiveness Score of Participants at Stage 2
NCT03126682 (3) [back to overview]Change in MADRS Score
NCT03126682 (3) [back to overview]Change in Seizure Threshold
NCT03126682 (3) [back to overview]Change in Seizure Duration
NCT03132571 (3) [back to overview]BMI
NCT03132571 (3) [back to overview]Waist Circumference (Inches)
NCT03132571 (3) [back to overview]Weight (kg)
NCT03169244 (3) [back to overview]Change in Proportion of Binge Drinking Days
NCT03169244 (3) [back to overview]Change in GGT
NCT03169244 (3) [back to overview]Change in the Intensity of Binge Drinking
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-4 Score (Depressive Mood)"
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]Perception of Risk vs. Benefit at 9 Weeks
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Most Severe Response for Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) at 9 Weeks
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Score
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in the PROMIS Global Satisfaction With Sex Life Subscore of Sexual Function and Satisfaction Measure (Sexual Desire and Satisfaction)"
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in FSFI Total Score (Sexual Functioning)"
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Over the Course of the Study
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline at 9 Weeks in the Desire Subscore of the Female Sexual Function Index (Sexual Desire)"
NCT03180294 (9) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline at 5 Weeks in Desire Subscore of the FSFI (Sexual Desire)"
NCT03226522 (1) [back to overview]Change in CMAI Total Score
NCT03374956 (3) [back to overview]Change in Total Body Weight
NCT03374956 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders
NCT03374956 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a More Than 50% Reduction in Expired Carbon Monoxide (CO) Levels
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Urinary Levels of Dextromethorphan
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Medication Tolerance by Serious Adverse Events
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Medication Tolerance by Self-Reported Side Effects
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Medication Adherence
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Change in Smoking Intensity
NCT03471767 (7) [back to overview]Change in Smoking Behavior
NCT03539900 (2) [back to overview]Change in Binge Eating Frequency
NCT03539900 (2) [back to overview]Percent BMI Change
NCT03595579 (2) [back to overview]MADRS Score - Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT03595579 (2) [back to overview]MADRS Score - Overall Change From Baseline
NCT03897439 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 18
NCT03897439 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 26
NCT03897439 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 12
NCT03927950 (2) [back to overview]Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
NCT03927950 (2) [back to overview]Montgomery-Asberg's Depression Rating Scale
NCT03993457 (4) [back to overview]Optional Sub-study. Validity and Reliability of Capillary Blood CRP Measurement
NCT03993457 (4) [back to overview]Adverse Antidepressant Treatment Effects on CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection
NCT03993457 (4) [back to overview]Efficacy of CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection on Remission Rates in Patients With MDD.
NCT03993457 (4) [back to overview]Efficacy of CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection on Improving Social and Occupational Functioning.
NCT04039022 (1) [back to overview]Incidence of Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) Following Dosing With AXS-05
NCT04135937 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Participate in the Post-treatment Interview
NCT04352101 (5) [back to overview]Change in Targeted Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex-Ventral Striatal (vmPFC-VS) Functional Connectivity (FC)
NCT04352101 (5) [back to overview]Proportion of Hard-Task Choices During the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT)
NCT04352101 (5) [back to overview]Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS-C) Score
NCT04352101 (5) [back to overview]Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self-Report (MAP-SR) Score
NCT04352101 (5) [back to overview]Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (IDS-SR)
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Change in Rewarding Effects of Smoking Combustible Cigarettes
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Completely Switched From Combustible Cigarettes to Halo G6 E-Cigarettes
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Point Abstinence From Combustible Cigarettes
NCT04437485 (3) [back to overview]Depressive Symptoms
NCT04437485 (3) [back to overview]Hemoglobin A1c at 6 Months
NCT04437485 (3) [back to overview]Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score at 6 Months
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUCt) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUCinf) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]AUCinf of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Cmax of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Cmax of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]AUCt of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]AUCt of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT04526210 (10) [back to overview]AUCinf of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion

Smoking Abstinence

Women were interviewed using the time-line follow-back method and expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) was collected using a Vitalograph BreathCO monitor. Salivary samples were collected immediately after each assessment visit (1, 3, 6, and 12 mo). A CO reading of 8ppm or less and cotinine level of >15 micrograms/L were used to confirm non-smoking. (NCT00006170)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
WC+B34
WC+P11
SS+B21
SS+P10

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Smoking Abstinence

Women were interviewed using the time-line follow-back method and expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) was collected using a Vitalograph BreathCO monitor. Salivary samples were collected immediately after each assessment visit (1, 3, 6, and 12 mo). A CO reading of 8ppm or less and cotinine level of >15 micrograms/L were used to confirm non-smoking. (NCT00006170)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
WC+B41
WC+P18
SS+B33
SS+P19

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Smoking Abstinence

Women were interviewed using the time-line follow-back method and expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) was collected using a Vitalograph BreathCO monitor. Salivary samples were collected immediately after each assessment visit (1, 3, 6, and 12 mo). A CO reading of 8ppm or less and cotinine level of >15 micrograms/L were used to confirm non-smoking. (NCT00006170)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
WC+B24
WC+P8
SS+B19
SS+P7

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Participants Abstinent From Cigarettes

Primary outcome variable was 7-day point prevalence cigarette abstinence verified biochemically at week 104 (NCT00086385)
Timeframe: Two years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Brief Treatment31
Extended NRT35
Extended Tailored Counseling + NRT39
Tailored/No Extended NRT45

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Percent Treatment Sessions Attended

"Completion of Treatment and Smoking Cessation by Two Different Types of Medications and Counseling Types at 12, 26, and 52 Weeks Post-treatment Initiation. The counseling types were Medication Management (MM) and Mayo counseling models. MM counseling was a 4 session lower intensity counseling model and Mayo counseling was a 10 session higher intensity model.~A twofold definition of treatment completion included both medication and counseling session adherence. Treatment completion was defined as consistently taking the active medication as prescribed (80%) of the time during the medication period and attending at least 7 of the 10 required High C sessions or 3 of the 4 Low C sessions. Participants had to meet both requirements to be designated as full treatment completers.~Seven-day point prevalence abstinence was the primary measure of abstinence at follow-up Weeks 12, 24, and 52. Abstinence was confirmed by biochemical testing." (NCT00086411)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionPercentage of attended tx. sessions (Mean)
1: Bup+MM77.9
2 Bup+Mayo85.9
3 Patch+mm66.8
4 Patch+Mayo66.6

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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)

Median total depression ratings at baseline and follow-up using the HAM-D. The scale consists of 21 questions that assess depression symptoms. Questions 1-3, 7-11, 15, and 19 are rated on a scale of 0-4, with 0 being not present to and 4 being severe. Questions 4, 5, 12 - 14, 16-18 and 21 are rated from 0-2 with a score of 0 signifying the symptom is absent and a score of 2 as most severe. Item 20 is score on a scale of 0-3 with the same pattern of severity as all other questions. The total score for the HAM-D ranges from 0-63. (NCT00125957)
Timeframe: Baseline and follow-up

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
BaselineFollow-up at week 4
Placebo First, Then Wellbutrin1414
Wellbutrin First, Then Placebo21.513.5

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Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

Median total depression symptoms rating at baseline and follow-up visits. The MADRS consists o 10 questions assessing depression symptoms. All questions are scored on a 0-6 severity scale, with 0 being absent and 4 being most severe. Total scores can range from 0-60. (NCT00125957)
Timeframe: Baseline and follow-up

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFollow-up at week 4
Placebo First, Then Wellbutrin18.014.0
Wellbutrin First, Then Placebo22.012.0

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Point Prevalence Abstinence

Point prevalence abstinence is defined as the number of patients reporting point prevalence abstinence over the last 7 days. (NCT00129246)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion Only8
Naltrexone +Bupropion8

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Weight Gain Abstinent Participants

Weight gain (in pounds) for the patients that were continuously abstinent at 6 weeks. (NCT00129246)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Bupropion Only3.17
Naltrexone +Bupropion1.67

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Weight Gain

Weight gain for for the entire sample in pounds at 6 weeks. (NCT00129246)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Bupropion Only1.25
Naltrexone +Bupropion0.28

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Smoking Cessation

Smoking cessation is defined as the number of patients that displayed continuous 6-week abstinence from the quit date. (NCT00129246)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion Only6
Naltrexone +Bupropion6

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Smoking Behavior

Number of cigarettes smoked daily in the previous week (NCT00129272)
Timeframe: Nine weeks

Interventioncigarettes/day in the previous week (Mean)
Active Drug (Bupropion-SR)6.4
Matching Placebo8.9

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Withdrawal Symptoms

Hughes-Hatsukami Withdrawal Scale (NCT00129272)
Timeframe: Nine weeks

Interventionunits on a scale;range0-36;higher worse (Mean)
Active Drug (Bupropion-SR)2.5
Matching Placebo3.1

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Change From Baseline in the MADRS Total Score at Week 52 in Observed Cases

The MADRS is a semi-structured interview rating scale for depression that assesses 10 symptoms. The scale is composed of 10 questions (1, apparent sadness; 2, reported sadness; 3, inner tension; 4, reduced sleep; 5, reduced appetite; 6, concentration difficulties; 7, lassitude; 8, inability to feel; 9, pessimistic thoughts; 10, suicidal thoughts) with a fixed 7 point scale (0, no depression; 60, severely depressed). Total score ranges from 0-60. A higher score indicates more depressive symptoms. MADRS Response was defined as a reduction in MADRS score from Baseline. Change from Baseline in the total score was calculated as the value at Week 52 minus the value at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0. (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion SR-24.6

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Change From Baseline in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at Week 8 in Observed Cases

The MADRS is a semi-structured interview rating scale for depression that assesses 10 symptoms. The scale is composed of 10 questions (1, apparent sadness; 2, reported sadness; 3, inner tension; 4, reduced sleep; 5, reduced appetite; 6, concentration difficulties; 7, lassitude; 8, inability to feel; 9, pessimistic thoughts; 10, suicidal thoughts) with a fixed 7 point scale (0, no depression; 60, severely depressed). Total score ranges from 0-60. A higher score indicates more depressive symptoms. MADRS Response was defined as a reduction in MADRS score from Baseline. Change from Baseline in the total score was calculated as the value at Week 8 minus the value at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0. (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion SR-16.8

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Change From Baseline in CGI Severity of Illness (CGI-SI) at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases

CGI-SI was assessed on an 8-grade scale: 0, not assessed; 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill and 7, among the most extremely ill. Higher score indicated severely ill. CGI-SI was assessed by the investigator. The change from Baseline in CGI-SI score was calculated as the score at Weeks 8 and 52 minus the score at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0. (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8, 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Week 8Week 52
Bupropion SR-1.3-2.3

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Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; 17 Items) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases

Each item was rated on either a 3-point scale (0 to 2; 8 questions) or a 5-point scale (0 to 4; 9 questions), with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. The total score was calculated by summing the individual response scores. Total score ranged from 0 to 52. The following symptoms were rated on a 5-point scale (0-4): depressed mood, low self-esteem (guilt), suicidal thoughts, work and interests, psychomotor retardation, psychomotor agitation, anxiety (psychic), anxiety (somatic), and hypochondriasis (somatization). The following symptoms were rated on a 3-point scale (0-2): insomnia (initial), insomnia (middle), insomnia (late), gastrointestinal symptoms (appetite), somatic symptoms (general), sexual disturbances, insight, and weight loss. Change from Baseline in the total score was calculated as the score at Week 8 and 52 minus the score at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0. (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8, 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Week 8Week 52
Bupropion SR-11.8-17.3

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Change From Baseline in the Motivation Energy Inventory Short Form (MEI-SF) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases

The MEI-SF (18 questions) was used to measure the reductions in mental energy, physical energy and social motivation. Minimal clinically important differences were estimated as 0.5 standard deviations or 7.5 points. All items use either a 7-level (0 to 6) or 5-level (0 to 4) response scale; items with a 5-level response scale were rescaled to 7-levels and items were reverse-scored as necessary such that higher scores represent higher health-related quality of life (HRQoL) total score ranges from 0 to 108 points. Recall period was past week prior to administration. The change from Baseline in MEI-SF total score was calculated as the score at Weeks 8 and 52 minus the score at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0. (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8, 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Week 8Week 52
Bupropion SR15.226.7

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Change From Baseline in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDISS) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases

"SDISS is a composite of 3 self-rated items designed to measure the extent to which 3 major sectors in the participant's life are impaired by panic, anxiety, phobic, or depressive symptoms. The participant rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities, and (3) home life or family responsibilities were impaired by his or her symptoms on a 10-point visual analog scale. To get a total score, 3 individual scores were added and the total score ranged from 0 = unimpaired to 30 = highly impaired. Higher scores indicate worsening. The change from Baseline in SDISS total score was calculated as the score at Weeks 8 and 52 minus the score at Baseline. Baseline was defined as value at Week 0." (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8, 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Week 8Week 52
Bupropion SR-5.0-9.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Were Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Responders at Weeks 8 and 52 in Observed Cases

"The CGI-I scale was used to rate improvement in the participant's condition (benefits) since Baseline using the following 7-point scale: 1: very much improved, 2: much improved, 3: minimally improved, 4: not changed, 5: minimally worse, 6: much worse and 7: very much worse. A responder was defined as very much improved or much improved." (NCT00135512)
Timeframe: Week 8, 52

InterventionPercentage of participant (Number)
Week 8Week 52
Bupropion SR68.789.0

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Urinary Cotinine

Urinary Cotinine levels at Week 4 (average of last 3 study visits) (NCT00136760)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
CM + BUP755
CM + PLA1102
NR + BUP1534
NR + PLA1408

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Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

(NCT00136760)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventioncigarettes per day (Mean)
CM + BUP12.7
CM + PLA13.9
NR + BUP18.8
NR + PLA21.0

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Can Depression and Smoking Cessation be Treated Simultaneously

This was measured by the drop out rate during the study. (NCT00186446)
Timeframe: Dropouts over course of study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion and Smoking Cessation Behavioral Intervention9

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Hamilton Depression Scale Score

Utilized the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 21-item version to assess depressive symptoms, with a range of 0-63. Higher values indicate more depression. % Change in depression score from baseline to week 10. Negative values indicate a reduction in depression. (NCT00186446)
Timeframe: baseline to week 10

Interventionpercentage of change in depression (Mean)
Bupropion and Smoking Cessation Behavioral Intervention-.5322

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Cessation of Smoking

Carbon monoxide breath level of below 9PPM which indicates cessation of smoking. (NCT00186446)
Timeframe: Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion and Smoking Cessation Behavioral Intervention7

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Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

21 item patient rated assessment of depression symptoms, with item scores ranging from 0 to 3. Total BDI scores can range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating worse depression. (NCT00225251)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL8
Placebo12.3

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Clinical Global Improvement (CGI)

A global assessment of patient improvement, ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse) (NCT00225251)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL2.8
Placebo2.43

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Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS)

A 24 item scale assessing symptoms of chronic depression. Scores from 0 to 96 with higher score indicating worse depression (NCT00225251)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL26.4
Placebo24

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Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAFS)

A clinician rated assessment of patient's overall functioning, ranging from 0 (severely impaired) to 100 (excellent functioning) (NCT00225251)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL64
Placebo67

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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 24 Items (HDRS)

"Widely used depression rating scale, with higher scores reflecting greater level of depression. Assesses suicidality which is a safety issue.~This study used the 24 item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; item scores range from 0 to 4 on some items, 0 to 2 or 0 to 3 on other items; range of total score = 0 to 75, with higher score indicating worse depression Response (>50% decrease) Remission (score<=7)" (NCT00225251)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL14.4
Placebo13.3

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Change in the Frequency Per Month of Use of Recreational Drugs Between Enrollment and Month 6 Measured by Questionnaire.

Within-individual changes in the frequency of use of recreational drugs per month in the 3 months prior to interview reported at the Month 6 visit minus that reported at the enrollment visit. (NCT00285584)
Timeframe: Month 6 compared to Month 0 (enrollment)

InterventionDrug-using occasions per month (Median)
Bupropion0.5
Placebo0

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Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Between Study Entry and Month 6 (Measured by Questionnaire and Laboratory Testing)

Number of participants with incident sexually transmitted disease between enrollment the Month 6 interview. (NCT00285584)
Timeframe: Enrollment to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion3
Placebo1

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The Number of Sexual Partners in Unprotected Anal Intercourse Reported at 6 Months Minus the Number Reported at Enrollment.

The self-reported number of partners in unprotected anal intercourse during the 3 months prior to interview as reported at the Month 6 visit minus reported at the enrollment visit. (NCT00285584)
Timeframe: Enrollment to Month 6

InterventionSexual partners (Median)
Bupropion-2.5
Placebo-4

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Change in Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II) Scores Between Enrollment and Month 6.

The BDI-II is a self-administered, multiple-choice questionnaire inquiring into the presence and severity of symptoms associated with depression. BDI-II scores range from 0 to 63, with 10-19 interpreted as mild-to-moderate; 20-29 as moderate-to-severe, and ≥ 30 as severe depression. The study outcome measure was the BDI-II score at Month 6 minus the BDI score at enrollment (NCT00285584)
Timeframe: Month 6 compared to enrollment (Month 0)

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Bupropion-11.5
Placebo-9

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Change From Baseline in Each Item of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Score at Weeks 8 and 12

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2, with total HAM-D scores ranging from 0 (not ill) to 54 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Depressed Mood, Week 8 Mean LOCFDepressed Mood, Week 12 Mean LOCFFeelings of Guilt, Week 8 Mean LOCFFeelings of Guilt, Week 12 Mean LOCFSuicide, Week 8 Mean LOCFSuicide, Week 12 Mean LOCFInsomnia Early, Week 8 Mean LOCFInsomnia Early, Week 12 Mean LOCFInsomnia Middle, Week 8 Mean LOCFInsomnia Middle, Week 12 Mean LOCFInsomnia Late, Week 8 Mean LOCFInsomnia Late, Week 12 Mean LOCFWork and Activities, Week 8 Mean LOCFWork and Activities, Week 12 Mean LOCFRetardation, Week 8 Mean LOCFRetardation, Week 12 Mean LOCFAgitation, Week 8 Mean LOCFAgitation, Week 12 Mean LOCFAnxiety Psychic, Week 8 Mean LOCFAnxiety Psychic, Week 12 Mean LOCFAnxiety Somatic, Week 8 Mean LOCFAnxiety Somatic, Week 12 Mean LOCFSomatic Symptoms GI, Week 8 Mean LOCFSomatic Symptoms GI, Week 12 Mean LOCFSomatic Symptoms General, Week 8 Mean LOCFSomatic Symptoms General, Week 12 Mean LOCFGenital Symptoms, Week 8 Mean LOCFGenital Symptoms, Week 12 Mean LOCFHypochondriasis, Week 8 Mean LOCFHypochondriasis, Week 12 Mean LOCFLoss of Weight by History, Week 8 Mean LOCFLoss of Weight by History, Week 12 Mean LOCFInsight, Week 8 Mean LOCFInsight, Week 12 Mean LOCF
Bupropion SR-0.5-0.6-0.3-0.4-0.1-0.1-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.4-0.4-0.5-0.2-0.3-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.5-0.3-0.40.0-0.0-0.2-0.3-0.2-0.3-0.1-0.2-0.00.0-0.1-0.1
Placebo-0.5-0.6-0.3-0.3-0.1-0.1-0.3-0.4-0.4-0.4-0.3-0.3-0.4-0.6-0.2-0.3-0.2-0.3-0.3-0.5-0.2-0.3-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.2-0.3-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1

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Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionScore in scale (Mean)
Week 8 Mean - Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean - Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean - Observed Cases
Bupropion SR15.412.110.3
Placebo15.813.311.3

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Percentage of Change From Baseline in Each Item of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Score at Weeks 8 and 12

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2, with total HAM-D scores ranging from 0 (not ill) to 54 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
Interventionpercent change in score (Mean)
Depressed Mood, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=152, 158Depressed Mood, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=155, 158Feelings of Guilt, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=128, 131Feelings of Guilt, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=129, 131Suicide, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=79, 75Suicide, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=80, 75Insomnia Early, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=112, 119Insomnia Early, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=114, 119Insomnia Middle, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=119, 124Insomnia Middle, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=122, 124Insomnia Late, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=109, 117Insomnia Late, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=110, 117Work and Activities, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=151, 156Work and Activities, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=154, 156Retardation, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=114, 124Retardation, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=117, 124Agitation, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=87, 99Agitation, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=89, 99Anxiety Psychic, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=146, 151Anxiety Psychic, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=148, 151Anxiety Somatic, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=144, 155Anxiety Somatic, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=147, 155Somatic Symptoms GI, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=95, 93Somatic Symptoms GI, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=97, 93Somatic Symptoms Gen., Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=146,152Som. Symptoms Gen., Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=149, 152Genital Symptoms, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=115, 129Genital Symptoms, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=118, 129Hypochondriasis, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=93, 102Hypochondriasis, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=95, 102Loss of Weight by Hist., W 8 Mean LOCF, n=32, 26Loss of Weight by Hist., W 12 Mean LOCF, n=34, 26Insight, Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=48, 51Insight, Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=49, 51
Bupropion SR-18.5-22.2-25.8-30.8-26.7-26.0-29.8-31.9-32.3-37.1-31.6-37.2-15.3-19.4-31.0-38.3-44.9-44.9-17.9-21.0-13.9-17.7-25.8-34.9-18.8-23.7-21.7-29.5-28.3-38.1-51.9-57.7-41.2-47.1
Placebo-17.7-25.9-24.9-30.7-34.2-37.5-34.8-42.5-42.0-48.4-39.9-43.2-16.6-23.3-28.4-32.5-38.7-51.1-14.0-19.1-9.5-13.7-30.5-23.7-13.4-15.8-15.2-16.5-34.6-38.6-60.9-58.8-27.1-36.7

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Percentage of Change From Baseline of the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12.

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionPercent Change in score (Mean)
Week 8 Mean - Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean - Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean - Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 12 Mean - Observed Cases
Bupropion SR-20.8-38.2-25.5-48.4
Placebo-21.0-33.2-26.5-43.0

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Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

,
InterventionScore in scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12 or Last Observation Carried ForwardChange from Baseline
Bupropion SR19.414.6-4.9
Placebo19.814.7-5.1

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Percentage of Remitters Based on Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Scale Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). Remitters are defined as subjects with HAM-D total score ≤ 7. (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionPercentage of Remitters (Mean)
Week 8 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 12 Mean Observed Cases
Bupropion SR18262438
Placebo18222533

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Percentage of Responders Based on Hamilton Depression (HAM-D 17 Items) Scale Total Score at Weeks 8 and 12

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). Responders are defined as subjects with 50% or greater reduction from baseline in HAM-D total score. (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionPercentage of Responders (Mean)
Week 8 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 12 Mean Observed Cases
Bupropion SR26383859
Placebo24313750

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Percentage of Responders Based on the Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Weeks 8 and 12

The CGI-I assesses the investigator's impression of the patient's current illness. The time span is the week before the rating and the score ranges from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Responders are subjects that have a score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the CGI-I. (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionPercentage of Responders (Mean)
Week 8 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 12 Mean Observed Cases
Bupropion SR38574873
Placebo33424457

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Safety: Adverse Events by Organ System Class, Intensity, and Frequency

Assessment of intensity was based on investigators/subinvestigator's clinical judgement per protocol instructions: Mild event, easily tolerated, with minimal discomfort and not interfering with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs); moderate event, with discomfort that interferes with ADLs; severe event, prevents ADLs. (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

,
InterventionNumber of events (Number)
Nervous System Disorders (NSD) - Any Event, mildNSD - Any Event, moderateNSD - Any Event, severeNSD - Dizziness, mildNSD - Dizziness, moderateNSD - Dizziness, severeNSD - Headache, mildNSD - Headache, moderateNSD - Headache, severeNSD - Somnolence, mildNSD - Somnolence, moderateNSD - Somnolence, severeNSD - Hypoesthesia, mildNSD - Hypoesthesia, moderateNSD - Hypoesthesia, severeNSD - Dysgeusia, mildNSD - Dysgeusia, moderateNSD - Dysgeusia, severeNSD - Depressed Level of Consciousness, mildNSD - Depressed Level of Consciousness, moderateNSD - Depressed Level of Consciousness, severeNSD - Tremor, mildNSD - Tremor, moderateNSD - Tremor, severeNSD - Convulsion, mildNSD - Convulsion, moderateNSD - Convulsion, severeNSD - Dizziness postural, mildNSD - Dizziness postural, moderateNSD - Dizziness postural, severeNSD - Dysesthesia, mildNSD - Dysesthesia, moderateNSD - Dysesthesia, severeNSD - Parosmia, mildNSD - Parosmia, moderateNSD - Parosmia, severeNSD - Akathisia, mildNSD - Akathisia, moderateNSD - Akathisia, severeNSD - Anterograde Amnesia, mildNSD - Anterograde Amnesia, moderateNSD - Anterograde Amnesia, severeNSD - Dysarthria, mildNSD - Dysarthria, moderateNSD - Dysarthria, severeNSD - Head discomfort, mildNSD - Head discomfort, moderateNSD - Head discomfort, severeNSD - Hyperesthesia, mildNSD - Hyperesthesia, moderateNSD - Hyperesthesia, severeNSD - Loss of consciousness, mildNSD - Loss of consciousness, moderateNSD - Loss of consciousness, severeNSD - Paraesthesia, mildNSD - Paraesthesia, moderateNSD - Paraesthesia, severeGastrointestinal Disorders (GID)-Any Event, mildGID - Any Event, moderateGID - Any Event, severeGID - Nausea, mildGID - Nausea, moderateGID - Nausea, severeGID - Diarrhea, mildGID - Diarrhea, moderateGID - Diarrhea, severeGID - Vomiting, mildGID - Vomiting, moderateGID - Vomiting, severeGID - Abdominal Pain upper, mildGID - Abdominal Pain upper, moderateGID - Abdominal Pain upper, severeGID - Stomach Discomfort, mildGID - Stomach Discomfort, moderateGID - Stomach Discomfort, severeGID - Constipation, mildGID - Constipation, moderateGID - Constipation, severeGID - Abdominal Pain, mildGID - Abdominal Pain, moderateGID - Abdominal Pain, severeGID - Stomatitis, mildGID - Stomatitis, moderateGID - Stomatitis, severeGID - Toothache, mildGID - Toothache, moderateGID - Toothache, severeGID - Abdominal Distension, mildGID - Abdominal Distension, moderateGID - Abdominal Distension, severeGID - Gastritis, mildGID - Gastritis, moderateGID - Gastritis, severeGID - Hypoesthesia oral, mildGID - Hypoesthesia oral, moderateGID - Hypoesthesia oral, severeGID - Melaena, mildGID - Melaena, moderateGID - Melaena, severeGID - Abdominal Pain Lower, mildGID - Abdominal Pain Lower, moderateGID - Abdominal Pain Lower, severeGID - Dyspepsia, mildGID - Dyspepsia, moderateGID - Dyspepsia, severeGID - Gingival Swelling, mildGID - Gingival Swelling, moderateGID - Gingival Swelling, severeInfections and Infestations (INF)-Any Event, mildINF - Any Event, moderateINF - Any Event, severeINF - Nasopharyngitis, mildINF - Nasopharyngitis, moderateINF - Nasopharyngitis, severeINF - Gastrointestinal infection, mildINF - Gastrointestinal infection, moderateINF - Gastrointestinal infection, severeINF - Bronchitis acute, mildINF - Bronchitis acute, moderateINF - Bronchitis acute, severeINF - Bronchitis, mildINF - Bronchitis, moderateINF - Bronchitis, severeINF - Gastroenteritis, mildINF - Gastroenteritis, moderateINF - Gastroenteritis, severeINF - Enteritis Infectious, mildINF - Enteritis Infectious, moderateINF - Enteritis Infectious, severeINF - Gastroenteritis viral, mildINF - Gastroenteritis viral, moderateINF - Gastroenteritis viral, severeINF - Otitis Externa, mildINF - Otitis Externa, moderateINF - Otitis Externa, severeINF - Purulence, mildINF - Purulence, moderateINF - Purulence, severeINF - Rhinitis, mildINF - Rhinitis, moderateINF - Rhinitis, severeINF - Vaginal Candidiasis, mildINF - Vaginal Candidiasis, moderateINF - Vaginal Candidiasis, severePsychiatric Disorders (PsyDO) - Any Event, mildPsyDO - Any Event, moderatePsyDO - Any Event, severePsyDO - Depression, mildPsyDO - Depression, moderatePsyDO - Depression, severePsyDO - Insomnia, mildPsyDO - Insomnia, moderatePsyDO - Insomnia, severePsyDO - Mood altered, mildPsyDO - Mood altered, moderatePsyDO - Mood altered, severePsyDO - Mania, mildPsyDO - Mania, moderatePsyDO - Mania, severePsyDO - Anxiety, mildPsyDO - Anxiety, moderatePsyDO - Anxiety, severePsyDO - Bipolar Disorder, mildPsyDO - Bipolar Disorder, moderatePsyDO - Bipolar Disorder, severePsyDO - Bruxism, mildPsyDO - Bruxism, moderatePsyDO - Bruxism, severePsyDO - Delerium, mildPsyDO - Delerium, moderatePsyDO - Delerium, severePsyDO - Depression suicidal, mildPsyDO - Depression suicidal, moderatePsyDO - Depression suicidal, severePsyDO - Dysphoria, mildPsyDO - Dysphoria, moderatePsyDO - Dysphoria, severePsyDO - Early morning awakening, mildPsyDO - Early morning awakening, moderatePsyDO - Early morning awakening, severePsyDO - Hallucination, mildPsyDO - Hallucination, moderatePsyDO - Hallucination, severePsyDO - Hypomania, mildPsyDO - Hypomania, moderatePsyDO - Hypomania, severePsyDO - Intentional self-injury, mildPsyDO - Intentional self-injury, moderatePsyDO - Intentional self-injury, severePsyDO - Libido decreased, mildPsyDO - Libido decreased, moderatePsyDO - Libido decreased, severePsyDO - Nightmare, mildPsyDO - Nightmare, moderatePsyDO - Nightmare, severeGeneral Disorders (GD) - Any Event, mildGD - Any Event, moderateGD - Any Event, severeGD - Drug Withdrawal Syndrome, mildGD - Drug Withdrawal Syndrome, moderateGD - Drug Withdrawal Syndrome, severeGD - Thirst, mildGD - Thirst, moderateGD - Thirst, severeGD - Malaise, mildGD - Malaise, moderateGD - Malaise, severeGD - Feeling abnormal, mildGD - Feeling abnormal, moderateGD - Feeling abnormal, severeGD - Irritability, mildGD - Irritability, moderateGD - Irritability, severeGD - Chills, mildGD - Chills, moderateGD - Chills, severeGD - Edema, mildGD - Edema, moderateGD - Edema, severeGD - Edema peripheral, mildGD - Edema peripheral, moderateGD - Edema peripheral, severeGD - Pain, mildGD - Pain, moderateGD - Pain, severeSkin & tissue disorders (SDO) - Any Event, mildSDO - Any Event, moderateSDO - Any Event, severeSDO - Urticaria, mildSDO - Urticaria, moderateSDO - Urticaria, severeSDO - Rash, mildSDO - Rash, moderateSDO - Rash, severeSDO - Eczema, mildSDO - Eczema, moderateSDO - Eczema, severeSDO - Hyperhidrosis, mildSDO - Hyperhidrosis, moderateSDO - Hyperhidrosis, severeSDO - Hypoesthesia facial, mildSDO - Hypoesthesia facial, moderateSDO - Hypoesthesia facial, severeSDO - Pruritus generalised, mildSDO - Pruritus generalised, moderateSDO - Pruritus generalised, severeSDO - Alopecia, mildSDO - Alopecia, moderateSDO - Alopecia, severeSDO - Alopecia areata, mildSDO - Alopecia areata, moderateSDO - Alopecia areata, severeSDO - Dermatitis Contact, mildSDO - Dermatitis Contact, moderateSDO - Dermatitis Contact, severeSDO - Erythema, mildSDO - Erythema, moderateSDO - Erythema, severeSDO - Hemorrhage subcutaneous, mildSDO - Hemorrhage subcutaneous, moderateSDO - Hemorrhage subcutaneous, severeSDO - Hyperkeratosis, mildSDO - Hyperkeratosis, moderateSDO - Hyperkeratosis, severeSDO - Pigmentation disorder, mildSDO - Pigmentation disorder, moderateSDO - Pigmentation disorder, severeSDO - Sweat Gland Disorder, mildSDO - Sweat Gland Disorder, moderateSDO - Sweat Gland Disorder, severeInvestigations (INV) - Any Event, mildINV - Any Event, moderateINV - Any Event, severeINV - Alanine Aminotransferase increased, mildINV - Alanine Aminotransferase increased, moderateINV - Alanine Aminotransferase increased, severeINV - Weight decreased, mildINV - Weight decreased, moderateINV - Weight decreased, severeINV - Aspartate Aminotransferase increased, mildINV-Aspartate Aminotransferase increased, moderateINV - Aspartate Aminotransferase increased, severeINV - Blood Bilirubin increased, mildINV - Blood Bilirubin increased, moderateINV - Blood Bilirubin increased, severeINV - Glucose urine present, mildINV - Glucose urine present, moderateINV - Glucose urine present, severeINV - Protein urine present, mildINV - Protein urine present, moderateINV - Protein urine present, severeINV - White Blood Cell Count decreased, mildINV - White Blood Cell Count decreased, moderateINV - White Blood Cell Count decreased, severeINV - Blood pressure decreased, mildINV - Blood pressure decreased, moderateINV - Blood pressure decreased, severeINV - Electrocardiogram T wave inversion, mildINV - Electrocardiogram T wave inversion, moderateINV - Electrocardiogram T wave inversion, severeINV - Hematocrit decreased, mildINV - Hematocrit decreased, moderateINV - Hematocrit decreased, severeINV - Hemoglobin decreased, mildINV - Hemoglobin decreased, moderateINV - Hemoglobin decreased, severeINV - Red Blood Cell Count decreased, mildINV - Red Blood Cell Count decreased, moderateINV - Red Blood Cell Count decreased, severeMusculoskeletal Disorders (MD) - Any Event, mildMD - Any Event, moderateMD - Any Event, severeMD - Back Pain, mildMD - Back Pain, moderateMD - Back Pain, severeMD - Musculoskeletal stiffness, mildMD - Musculoskeletal stiffness, moderateMD - Musculoskeletal stiffness, severeMD - Myalgia, mildMD - Myalgia, moderateMD - Myalgia, severeMD - Neck Pain, mildMD - Neck Pain, moderateMD - Neck Pain, severeMD - Pain in extremity, mildMD - Pain in extremity, moderateMD - Pain in extremity, severeMD - Arthralgia, mildMD - Arthralgia, moderateMD - Arthralgia, severeMD - Fasciitis, mildMD - Fasciitis, moderateMD - Fasciitis, severeRespiratory Disorders (RTM) - Any Event, mildRTM -Any Event, moderateRTM -Any Event, severeRTM - Upper respiratory Tract inflammation, mildRTM-Upp. respiratory Tract inflammation, moderateRTM-Upp. respiratory Tract inflammation, severeRTM - Asthma, mildRTM - Asthma, moderateRTM - Asthma, severeRTM - Cough, mildRTM - Cough, moderateRTM - Cough, severeRTM - Pharyngolaryngeal Pain, mildRTM - Pharyngolaryngeal Pain, moderateRTM - Pharyngolaryngeal Pain, severeInjury and complications (IPPC) - Any Event, mildIPPC - Any Event, moderateIPPC - Any Event, severeIPPC - Contusion, mildIPPC - Contusion, moderateIPPC - Contusion, severeIPPC - Intentional Overdose, mildIPPC - Intentional Overdose, moderateIPPC - Intentional Overdose, severeIPPC - Head Injury, mildIPPC - Head Injury, moderateIPPC - Head Injury, severeIPPC - Joint sprain, mildIPPC - Joint sprain, moderateIPPC - Joint sprain, severeIPPC - Rib fracture, mildIPPC - Rib fracture, moderateIPPC - Rib fracture, severeIPPC - Thermal Burn, mildIPPC - Thermal Burn, moderateIPPC - Thermal Burn, severeIPPC - Wound, mildIPPC - Wound, moderateIPPC - Wound, severeEar Disorders (ED) - Any Event, mildED - Any Event, moderateED - Any Event, severeED - Tinnitus, mildED - Tinnitus, moderateED - Tinnitus, severeED - Ear Discomfort, mildED - Ear Discomfort, moderateED - Ear Discomfort, severeEye Disorders (EyeDO) - Any Event, mildEyeDO - Any Event, moderateEyeDO - Any Event, severeEyeDO - Chalazion, mildEyeDO - Chalazion, moderateEyeDO - Chalazion, severeEyeDO - Abnormal sensations in eye, mildEyeDO - Abnormal sensations in eye, moderateEyeDO - Abnormal sensations in eye, severeEyeDO - Conjunctival haemorrhage, mildEyeDO - Conjunctival haemorrhage, moderateEyeDO - Conjunctival haemorrhage, severeMetabolism Disorders (MetDO) - Any Event, mildMetDO - Any Event, moderateMetDO - Any Event, severeMetDO - Anorexia, mildMetDO - Anorexia, moderateMetDO - Anorexia, severeMetDO - Dehydration, mildMetDO - Dehydration, moderateMetDO - Dehydration, severeMetDO - Hyperlipidemia, mildMetDO - Hyperlipidemia, moderateMetDO - Hyperlipidemia, severeMetDO - Hypovitaminosis, mildMetDO - Hypovitaminosis, moderateMetDO - Hypovitaminosis, severeVascular Disorders (VD) - Any Event, mildVD - Any Event, moderateVD - Any Event, severeVD - Hot Flush, mildVD - Hot Flush, moderateVD - Hot Flush, severeVD - Hypertension, mildVD - Hypertension, moderateVD - Hypertension, severeBlood & Lymph Disorders (BLD) - Any Event, mildBLD - Any Event, moderateBLD - Any Event, severeBLD - Anemia, mildBLD - Anemia, moderateBLD - Anemia, severeBLD - Lymphadenopathy, mildBLD - Lymphadenopathy, moderateBLD - Lymphadenopathy, severeHepatobiliary disorders (HD) - Any Event, mildHD - Any Event, moderateHD - Any Event, severeHD - Hepatic Function abnormal, mildHD - Hepatic Function abnormal, moderateHD - Hepatic Function abnormal, severeReproductive Disorders (RBD) - Any Event, mildRBD - Any Event, moderateRBD - Any Event, severeRBD - Galactorrhea, mildRBD - Galactorrhea, moderateRBD - Galactorrhea, severeRBD - Menometrorrhagia, mildRBD - Menometrorrhagia, moderateRBD - Menometrorrhagia, severeRBD - Premenstrual Syndrome, mildRBD - Premenstrual Syndrome, moderateRBD - Premenstrual Syndrome, severeCardiac Disorders (CD) - Any Event, mildCD - Any Event, moderateCD - Any Event, severeCD - Palpitations, mildCD - Palpitations, moderateCD - Palpitations, severeRenal & Urinary Disorders (RUD) - Any Event, mildRUD - Any Event, moderateRUD - Any Event, severeRUD - Dysuria, mildRUD - Dysuria, moderateRUD - Dysuria, severeRUD - Pollakiuria, mildRUD - Pollakiuria, moderateRUD - Pollakiuria, severeEndocrine Disorders (ENDO) - Any Event, mildENDO - Any Event, moderateENDO - Any Event, severeENDO - Hyperprolactinaemia, mildENDO - Hyperprolactinaemia, moderateENDO - Hyperprolactinaemia, severe
Bupropion SR311638808618001004101214000111000100000000000000001001001003214016100610520320300000300210000200100100100010000000304024403003000000000000000000001000001014529341021000100000110010001010001010000000000001016506309001001100100000000000008611402101000002001100101000000000011000001001020400300200100110200110000000100100100620120100100200000100000630310210110000230200010010100000010000200200000130020010100100100000000000200200000210110100110110111010100001100100200100100100100
Placebo32811141630100051000000000000001001020001010010010000000000028151128163044001021050010010021000010010010000001010038303100300000110110100010100100000100813721170103000101000000000000000000000001001001000001050220400120000010100100100100610000100100200000000000000010100000000100000510300000000100000000000010100000000000900100300200000200000100400300000000100210000100000000010000100300200100000000000000210010200100100200100100000000000100100000000000000100100000000000000000

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Study Continuation Rate as Assessed by the Number of Participants at Risk at Week 12

Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated using event or censoring and time to event or censoring. Participants at risk refers to participants with either a censoring or event time beyond the time point of interest (Week 12). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Week 12

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants at riskParticipants not at risk
Bupropion SR9075
Placebo10255

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions - Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Scale at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 and 12

The 7-point Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S) measures the severity of psychiatric symptoms. The following scores can be given: 1 = normal, not at all ill; 2 = borderline mentally ill; 3 = mildly ill; 4 = moderately ill; 5 = markedly ill; 6 = severely ill; 7 = among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12

,
InterventionPoints on scale (Mean)
Week 1 Mean LOCF, n=157, 165Week 1 Mean OC, n=139, 143Week 2 Mean LOCF, n=157, 165Week 2 Mean OC, n=134, 132Week 3 Mean LOCF, n=157, 165Week 3 Mean OC, n=130, 127Week 4 Mean LOCF, n=157, 165Week 4 Mean OC, n=127, 116Week 8 Mean LOCF, n=157, 164Week 8 Mean OC, n=113, 106Week 12 Mean LOCF, n=157, 163Week 12 Mean OC, n=111, 98
Bupropion SR0.0-0.0-0.1-0.3-0.2-0.4-0.2-0.4-0.5-0.9-0.6-1.1
Placebo-0.0-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.2-0.3-0.2-0.4-0.5-0.7-0.6-0.9

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Change From Baseline in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D 17 Items) Total Score at Week 8 and Total Score at Week 12

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression contains 17 questions which detect change and measure illness severity. Individual items are rated on a scale of 0-4, 0-3, and 0-2 with total HAM-D score range from 0 (not ill) to 52 (severely ill). (NCT00296517)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 and Week 12

,
InterventionScore in a scale (Mean)
Week 8 Mean - Last Observation Carried ForwardWeek 8 Mean - Observed CasesWeek 12 Mean - Observed Cases
Bupropion SR-4.0-7.4-9.2
Placebo-4.1-6.4-8.3

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6 Month Self-reported Abstinence From Smoking

Primary postquit outcomes was 7-day point prevalence abstinence (0, abstinent; 1, smoking) at 6 months (based on the week 24 interview) (NCT00296647)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patch50
Lozenge52
Bupropion45
Patch + Lozenge75
Buproion + Lozenge80

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Smoking Abstinence

The number of subjects in each treatment group who were smoking abstinent (7-day point prevalence) at week 7 (end of treatment), week 11 and week 24. (NCT00304707)
Timeframe: week 7, week 11 and week 24 after scheduled quit day

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
week 7week 11week 24
Bupropion 300-mg Capsules19126
Placebo21911

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Feasibility: Proportion of Scheduled Study Visits Completed

(NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionScheduled study visits completed (Number)
Bupropion185
Placebo96

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Feasibility: Proportion of Persons Screened Who Are Eligible and Enrolled

(NCT00318409)
Timeframe: At Enrollment

InterventionEligible persons screened who enrolled (Number)
Persons Screened30

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Feasibility: Participants Who Completed the Trial

(NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants who completed the trial (Number)
Bupropion18
Placebo9

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Acceptability: Proportion of Participants Discontinuing Medication in Both Arms

Proportion of participants who discontinued study medication for at least one week prior to study completion. (NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of discontinuations (Number)
Bupropion15
Placebo30

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Acceptability: Adherence to Daily Bupropion and Placebo, as Determined by MEMS (Medication Event Monitoring System) Caps Openings

Proportion of days in which the MEMS cap device was opened during of the 12 weeks on study drug. (NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage adherence by MEMS (Number)
Bupropion59
Placebo62

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Feasibility: Proportion of Urine Samples Collected

(NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionUrine samples collected (Number)
Bupropion193
Placebo97

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Tolerability: Comparison of Adverse Events in the Bupropion and Placebo Arms.

(NCT00318409)
Timeframe: throughout study

Interventionnumber of adverse events (Number)
Bupropion40
Placebo11

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Acceptability: Adherence to Daily Bupropion and Placebo, as Determined by Self-report

Proportional of reported days taking study drug during the 12 weeks of study. (NCT00318409)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of self-reported adherence (Number)
Bupropion85
Placebo75

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Biologically-verified 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence

Self-reported abstinence for the past 7 days, confirmed by urine cotinine ≤100 ng/mL (NCT00330187)
Timeframe: End of treatment (week 6)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion SR + Contingency Management10
Placebo + Contingency Management3
Bupropion SR + No Contingency Management3
Placebo + No Contingency Management3

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7-day Point Prevalence of Smoking, Biochemically (Exhaled CO) Confirmed

"Smoking status was assessed both as 7-day point-prevalence abstinence (Have you smoked at all, even a puff, in the last 7 days?) and continuous abstinence (smoking at all since the target quit day), using a smoking calendar and the timeline follow-back method. All participants' self-reports of smoking status during study visits were confirmed by an expired carbon monoxide level of less than 10 ppm measured using a Micro-3 Smokerlyzer (Bedfont Scientific, Williamsburg, Virginia)." (NCT00332644)
Timeframe: 6 months post quit date

Interventionparticipants with<10 ppm exhaled CO (Number)
Nicotine Patch90
Nicotine Lozenge87
Nicotine Patch + Lozenge107
Bupropion84
Bupropion + Nicotine Lozenge87
Placebo Control42

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Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI)

"The CGI is a standard measure of global psychopathology. CGI-severity scores rated on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from~1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). CGI-improvement scores range from 1 (very much improved) through to 7 (very much worse)." (NCT00404755)
Timeframe: 6 weeks or last visit in Phase

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion2.65
Escitalopram2.73
Imipramine2.67

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Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)

Hamilton Depression Scale, 21 item version Summary of all 21 items and higher score means worse depression. Scores range from 0 to a maximum of 63. (NCT00404755)
Timeframe: 6 weeks or last visit in Phase

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion11.2
Escitalopram9.7
Imipramine11.3

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Frequency of Binge Eating Episodes

(NCT00414167)
Timeframe: One week (at post treatment)

Interventionepisodes/week (Mean)
Bupropion0.8
Placebo1.0

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Percent BMI Loss

Percent loss in Body Mass Index (NCT00414167)
Timeframe: 8 weeks (baseline and 8 weeks)

InterventionPercent loss (Mean)
Bupropion1.8
Placebo0.6

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Go-No go Test

Change in neuropsychological measure of impulsivity. Computer-based task involving induction of a dominant response tendency and testing of the subject's ability to withhold responding to less frequent non-target stimuli. (NCT00429169)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

InterventionCommission errors (Mean)
Paroxetine-0.09
Bupropion-0.06

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Brain Activity Measured by BOLD Signal With fMRI During a Reward Processing Task.

"Comparison of fMRI results at baseline and after 8 weeks of antidepressant pharmacotherapy with paroxetine vs. bupropion.~Percent change in contrast of parameter estimates (COPE). COPE is measured during Monetary Incentive Delay Task.~Task conditions are:~Reward=BOLD signal when subject wins 5 cents vs. wins 0 cents Punishment=BOLD signal when subject loses 5 cents vs. loses 0 cents" (NCT00429169)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8.

Interventionpercentage of change in COPE (Mean)
Paroxetine-0.27
Bupropion-0.95

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Scale for Suicidal Ideation

The clinician-rated Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) (Beck et al 1979)was used weekly for 8 weeks. It has 19 items scaled 0 (least severe) to 2 (most severe) and total score is the sum, ranging 0 to 38 (Beck et al 1979). Items measure frequency, intensity, and attitudes toward suicidal thoughts, feelings of control over them, and suicide plans. Mean score in 90 inpatients hospitalized for suicidal ideation was 9.4±8.4, versus 4.4±5.8 in outpatients as cited in the study by Beck et al, 1979. (NCT00429169)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
InterventionPoints on Scale for Suicidal Ideation (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Bupropion9.94.7
Paroxetine8.02.3

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Occurrence of Suicidal Ideation or Acts Necessitating a Change in Treatment

Suicide attempts, other suicidal behavior, or increase in suicidal thoughts that required a change in clinical treatment. (NCT00429169)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 6

InterventionEvents (Number)
Paroxetine4
Bupropion6

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Progress in Stage of Change

Progress in Stages of Change at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (NCT00440115)
Timeframe: 6, 12, 18, 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Month 672439661Month 672439662Month 672439663Month 1272439661Month 1272439662Month 1272439663Month 1872439661Month 1872439663Month 1872439662Month 2472439662Month 2472439661Month 2472439663
Pre-contemplationQuit (Action/Maintenance)ContemplationPreparationUnknownDeceased/Incarcerated
High-intensity Disease Management24
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)15
High-intensity Disease Management65
Moderate-intensity Disease Management74
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)89
High-intensity Disease Management87
Moderate-intensity Disease Management84
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)98
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)28
Moderate-intensity Disease Management25
High-intensity Disease Management2
Moderate-intensity Disease Management4
High-intensity Disease Management25
Moderate-intensity Disease Management34
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)24
High-intensity Disease Management70
Moderate-intensity Disease Management71
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)83
High-intensity Disease Management50
Moderate-intensity Disease Management57
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)79
High-intensity Disease Management59
Moderate-intensity Disease Management50
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)38
High-intensity Disease Management44
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)23
High-intensity Disease Management3
Moderate-intensity Disease Management5
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)3
High-intensity Disease Management23
Moderate-intensity Disease Management31
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)17
High-intensity Disease Management55
Moderate-intensity Disease Management67
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)81
Moderate-intensity Disease Management44
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)74
High-intensity Disease Management63
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)44
High-intensity Disease Management60
Moderate-intensity Disease Management49
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)31
High-intensity Disease Management6
Moderate-intensity Disease Management9
High-intensity Disease Management30
Moderate-intensity Disease Management32
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)33
Moderate-intensity Disease Management61
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)70
High-intensity Disease Management31
Moderate-intensity Disease Management37
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)46
High-intensity Disease Management81
Moderate-intensity Disease Management65
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)66
High-intensity Disease Management43
Moderate-intensity Disease Management43
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)29
High-intensity Disease Management7
Moderate-intensity Disease Management11
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)6

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Number of Quit Attempts

Number of quit attempts at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. A quit attempt is defined as use of quit-smoking pharmacotherapy (nicotine patch or bupropion) during each treatment period. (NCT00440115)
Timeframe: 6, 12, 18, 24 months

,,
Interventionquit attempts (Number)
Month 6 : Quit AttemptedMonth 6 : Deceased/IncarceratedMonth 6 : No Quit AttemptMonth 12 : Quit AttemptedMonth 12 : Deceased/IncarceratedMonth 12 : No Quit AttemptMonth 18 : Quit AttemptedMonth 18 : Deceased/IncarceratedMonth 18 : No Quit AttemptMonth 24 : Quit AttemptedMonth 24 : Deceased/IncarceratedMonth 24 : No Quit Attempt
High-intensity Disease Management171278953153616184597185
Moderate-intensity Disease Management1604859351514991916511173
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)14231051143133653182556189

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7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Cigarettes

Self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from cigarettes (NCT00440115)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
High-intensity Disease Management68
Moderate-intensity Disease Management56
Pharmacotherapy Management (Comparison Group)56

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Occurrence of Suicide Events Either a Suicide Death, a Suicide Attempt, or Suicidal Ideation Severe Enough to Warrant a Medical Intervention

"patients have either a suicide death, a suicide attempt, or suicidal ideation severe enough to warrant a medical intervention. this is assessed using the Columbia Suicide History Form and a consensus conference rules on whether the event meets criteria or not. Medical interventions can include hospitalization, a change in medication (adding adjunctive meds) or an increase in frequency of visits or other methods to monitor the patient.~The range is 0 and up and denotes the number of suicide events (not the number of participants and not the number of suicide attempts). Higher score is worse and predicts future suicidal behavior" (NCT00449007)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionsuicide events (Number)
Fluoxetine for 6 Months2
Bupropion for 6 Months3

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Suicidal Ideation at 6 Months

"Participant Score on the Scale for Suicidal Ideation will be the outcome variable.~The SSI range is from 0-38 and higher score is worse and may predict suicide risk" (NCT00449007)
Timeframe: 6 month

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Fluoxetine 6 Months of Antidepressant0.5
Bupropion 6 Months of Antidepressant8.5

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Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-27.98
Placebo-15.45

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Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB324.10
Placebo0.87

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Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.36
Placebo-1.08

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Change in IDS-SR Total Scores

IDS-SR= Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Subject Rated IDS-SR total score is based on 30 items. The total score can range from 0-84, with 0 being no depressive symptoms and 84 being very severe depressive symptoms. A total score ≤ 13 indicates no depression. (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB320.09
Placebo-0.00

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.41
Placebo-2.78

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Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3241.49
Placebo20.21

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Scores

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The sweets subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.54
Placebo-2.43

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3266.39
Placebo42.49

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-9.29
Placebo-5.08

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Change in Waist Circumference

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventioncm (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-9.98
Placebo-6.77

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.32
Placebo-3.87

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Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-13.75
Placebo-8.46

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Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores

IWQOL-Lite= Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite Questionnaire Total score is based on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the poorest and 100 the best quality of life and where a score of 71-79 indicates moderate impairment (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB3213.43
Placebo10.29

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Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-25.87
Placebo-16.89

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Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

HOMA-IR= Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-29.93
Placebo-16.56

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Scores

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The carbohydrates subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.06
Placebo-1.97

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Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-16.62
Placebo-8.51

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Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol

(NCT00456521)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB325.43
Placebo8.13

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Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3218.49
Placebo5.66

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Percent of Subjects Requiring Rescue Medications for Diabetes

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3222.26
Placebo35.22

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.06
Placebo-1.47

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Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-11.87
Placebo-4.02

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Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB323.03
Placebo-0.29

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Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-13.48
Placebo-10.35

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Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.44
Placebo-0.01

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Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-11.20
Placebo-0.80

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The carbohydrates subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.48
Placebo-1.52

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The sweets subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.97
Placebo-2.40

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Change in HbA1c Levels

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-0.63
Placebo-0.14

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Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-20.91
Placebo-13.29

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Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

HOMA-IR= Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-20.56
Placebo-14.67

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Change in IDS-SR Total Scores

IDS-SR= Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Subject Rated IDS-SR total score is based on 30 items. The total score can range from 0-84, with 0 being no depressive symptoms and 84 being very severe depressive symptoms. A total score ≤ 13 indicates no depression. (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB320.01
Placebo-1.60

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Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores

IWQOL-Lite= Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite Questionnaire Total score is based on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the poorest and 100 the best quality of life and where a score of 71-79 indicates moderate impairment (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB329.27
Placebo7.90

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Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-11.89
Placebo-6.91

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB320.03
Placebo-1.12

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Change in Waist Circumference

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventioncm (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-4.97
Placebo-2.89

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-5.03
Placebo-1.75

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3244.53
Placebo18.87

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HbA1c- Proportion of Subjects With HbA1c <6.5% at Endpoint

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3220.72
Placebo10.22

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HbA1c- Proportion of Subjects With HbA1c <7% at Endpoint

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3244.14
Placebo26.28

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Percent of Subjects Discontinuing Due to Poor Glycemic Control

Due to pre-specified hypothesis testing design, no formal statistical inference testing was performed. Odds ratio not calculated as there were no subjects in the NB32 group that discontinued due to poor glycemic control. (NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB320
Placebo1.89

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Percent of Subjects With Dose Increase in Oral Antidiabetes Medications

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB323.02
Placebo1.26

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Percent of Subjects With Dose Reduction in Oral Antidiabetes Medications

(NCT00474630)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB321.89
Placebo1.26

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Smoking Abstinence at 3 Months

Values represent change in probability of abstinence for unit change in emotional reactivity. Abstinence data collected using a timeline follow-back (TLFB) procedure. Continuous Abstinence was defined as no smoking within the last 4 weeks of treatment. It is scored as 0 if the participant smoked during the specific interval, and 1 if the participant abstained from smoking. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months

,,
Interventionprobability (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigarette StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion-0.01-0.009-0.01-0.008
Placebo-0.008-0.007-0.007-0.007
Varenicline-0.003-0.004-0.003-0.004

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Symptoms of Depression Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal measured using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) a 20-item measure that asks caregivers to rate how often over the past week they experienced symptoms associated with depression, such as restless sleep, poor appetite, and feeling lonely. Response options range from 0 to 3 for each item (0 = Rarely or None of the Time, 1 = Some or Little of the Time, 2 = Moderately or Much of the time, 3 = Most or Almost All the Time). Scores range from 0 to 60, with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. The average value was estimated from Baseline to 8 months (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele8.084
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele6.847
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele7.588
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele8.362
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele8.65
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele10.799

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Abstinence at 6 Months by DRD2 A1 Allele

Values represent change in probability of abstinence for unit change in emotional reactivity. Abstinence data collected using a timeline follow-back (TLFB) procedure. Continuous Abstinence was defined as no smoking within the last 4 weeks of treatment. It is scored as 0 if the participant smoked during the specific interval, and 1 if the participant abstained from smoking. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 6 Month ( the effects shown are the increase/decrease in probability of abstinence for 1 unit increase in the predictor)

,,,,,
Interventionprobability (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigarette StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele0.0010.00100.001
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.001-0.002-0.001-0.001
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele0000
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.005-0.004-0.004-0.004
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele0.0030.0030.0030.003
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.001-0.0010-0.001

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Emotional Reactivity By Pharmacotherapy

Emotional reactivity measured by the peak eye blink electromyography (EMG) of the orbicularis oculi (ORB) muscle responses to acoustic startle probe delivered during the presentation of emotionally valent stimuli (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and smoking-related pictures). A single value was estimated by averaging within the specific time interval. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 month

,,
Interventionmicrovolts (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigarette StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion64.773.165.464.9
Placebo65.665.664.772.5
Varenicline66.670.966.759.6

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Emotional Reactivity By Pharmacotherapy Moderated by DRD2 A1 Allele

The emotional reactivity (ORB EMG) of smokers during cessation will be moderated by genotype. A single value was estimated by averaging within the specific time interval. During a quit attempt, smokers were evaluated on how they react to smoking related cues. An interaction term was then formed by the reactivity to smoking stimulus and genotype. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 month

,,,,,
Interventionmicrovolts (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigarette StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele66.278.671.373.9
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele6671.363.361.2
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele67.37468.579.7
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele68.168.163.867.8
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele66.570.565.555.3
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele69.975.17267.2

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Heart Rate Response

Heart Rate Response. A single value was estimated by averaging within the specific time interval. During a quit attempt, smokers were evaluated on how they react to smoking related cues. An interaction term was then formed by the reactivity to smoking stimulus and genotype. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 month

,,,,,
Interventionbeats per minute (Least Squares Mean)
Heart Rate response to Cigarette StimuliHeart Rate response to Negative StimuliHeart Rate response to Positive StimuliHeart Rate response to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele71.42771.07771.51871.706
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele69.83669.59570.40470.234
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele65.96665.76865.78765.237
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele65.27665.56965.92766.04
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele69.73169.56269.15169.621
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele68.65268.07868.71168.969

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Measures of Smoking Satisfaction and Psychological Reward Using the Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) Subscales

Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ). mCEQ Smoking satisfaction: range (1-21); mCEQ Psychological Reward: range(1-35); mCEQ Aversion: range (1-14); mCEQ Enjoyment of Resp.Tract Sens: range (1-7); mCEQ Craving Reduction: range (1-7). For all scales of mCEQ higher scores indicate worse outcomes (greater intensity of smoking effect). Scores of mCEQ Smoking satisfaction, mCEQ psychological reward and mCEQ aversion were summed to create the subscales. mCEQ Enjoyment of Resp Tract Sens and mCEQ Craving Reduction were single items. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 months

,,,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Smoking SatisfactionPsychological RewardAversionEnjoyment of Respiratory Tract SensationCraving Reduction
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele4.0642.5191.9884.0964.564
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele3.3692.7231.791.9556.628
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele3.0253.5751.8083.7114.486
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele3.5153.2461.692.7834.673
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele2.8952.8191.6121.9124.531
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele2.5912.1551.6941.7033.952

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Skin Conductance Response

Skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude measured by placing an electrodermal response transducer on the fore and ring fingers of the participants non-dominant hand, and heart rate (HR) was collected by placing a photoelectric pulse plethysmogram transducer on the middle finger of the participants non-dominant hand, during the presentation of emotionally valent stimuli (positive, negative, neutral, and smoking-related pictures). A single value was estimated by averaging within the specific time interval. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 1 month

,,,,,
InterventionMicrosiemens (Least Squares Mean)
Skin conductance to Cigarette StimuliSkin conductance to Negative StimuliSkin conductance to Positive StimuliSkin conductance to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele2.2752.312.2992.369
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele1.7971.6951.71.699
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele2.2722.3552.2962.362
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele2.4432.4852.5652.559
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele2.3012.2952.2562.261
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele2.0161.9691.9842.017

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Smoking Abstinence at 3 Months by DRD2 A1 Allele

Values represent change in probability of abstinence for unit change in emotional reactivity. Abstinence data collected using a timeline follow-back (TLFB) procedure. Continuous Abstinence was defined as no smoking within the last 4 weeks of treatment. It is scored as 0 if the participant smoked during the specific interval, and 1 if the participant abstained from smoking. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 Month

,,,,,
Interventionprobability (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigarette StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele0000.001
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.003-0.004-0.003-0.002
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele-0.001-0.001-0.001-0.001
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.004-0.004-0.004-0.003
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele0.0010.0020.0010.001
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele-0.004-0.005-0.005-0.005

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Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months

Values represent change in probability of abstinence for unit change in emotional reactivity. Abstinence data collected using a timeline follow-back (TLFB) procedure. Continuous Abstinence was defined as no smoking within the last 4 weeks of treatment. It is scored as 0 if the participant smoked during the specific interval, and 1 if the participant abstained from smoking. (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Abstinence at 6 Months ( the effects shown are the increase/decrease in probability of abstinence for 1 unit increase in the predictor)

,,
Interventionprobability (Least Squares Mean)
Emotional Reactivity (ORB) to Cigaretee StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Negative StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Positive StimuliEmotional Reactivity (ORB) to Neutral Stimuli
Bupropion-0.002-0.003-0.003-0.001
Placebo-0.006-0.005-0.005-0.005
Varenicline0.0070.0080.010.008

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Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal and Negative Affect Using Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)

Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and negative affect were measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a self-report questionnaire to measure both positive and negative affect. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). Scores can range from 10-50 for both the Positive and Negative Affect with the lower scores representing lower levels of Positive/Negative Affect and higher scores representing higher levels of Positive/Negative Affect. The average value was estimated from Baseline to 8 months (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 months

,,,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Positive AffectNegative Affect
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele36.42915.782
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele35.28116.385
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele33.67218.017
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele33.98418.902
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele35.50715.93
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele37.31514.98

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Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal Using the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS)

Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal measured using Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS). The Wisconsin Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) contains 7 factors: Anger, Anxiety, Sadness, Concentration, Craving, Sleep, and Hunger. WSWS consists of 28 items that are scored on a 5-point Likert type scale (0 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree). A single value was estimated by averaging within the specific time interval. Higher values represent worse outcome. The average value was estimated from Baseline to 8 months (NCT00507728)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 months

,,,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
AngerAnxietyConcentrationCravingHungerSadnessSleep
Bupropion w/o DRD2 A1 Allele4.286.5874.2386.8149.794.0059.672
Bupropion With DRD2 A1 Allele4.416.5873.9356.7811.0824.3389.528
Placebo w/o DRD2 A1 Allele5.5847.7854.7649.02411.2075.2939.078
Placebo With DRD2 A1 Allele5.7527.9154.9518.69611.0445.8658.629
Varenicline w/o DRD2 A1 Allele4.3946.2183.7436.64611.0164.2467.721
Varenicline With DRD2 A1 Allele4.2225.8733.4076.25210.7073.7388.153

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Level of Insomnia as Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index

Insomnia Severity Index (ISI): 13-item self-report measure which examines symptoms of insomnia, consequences of insomnia, and subjective distress related to sleep problems. Subjects rate the symptoms and consequences of insomnia on a 5 point Likert scales. For example, subjects are asked to rate the severity of their insomnia (e.g., difficulty falling asleep from 0=none to 4=very severe). Scores on the first 7 items are summed for a total insomnia score ranging from 0-28. (NCT00511134)
Timeframe: 6 weeks after target smoking quit date

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Median)
Zyban + Lunesta11
Zyban + Placebo5

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Smoking Abstinence as Measured by Self Reported Smoking and Confirmed by CO Level

Endpoint abstinence will be defined as 0 cigarettes over the seven days prior to the subject's Timeline Follow-Back evaluation at the end of week 7 (end of trial) and a Carbon Monoxide (CO) level ≤ 5. (NCT00511134)
Timeframe: 6 weeks after target smoking quite date

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Zyban + Lunesta1
Zyban + Placebo1

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Time to Remission, Defined by the Week of Onset of Persistent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 17) <= 7, With no Subsequent HAM-D 17 > 7

Life Table Survival Analysis run twice, once comparing Dual Therapy (i.e., Bupropion + Escitalopram) to Bupropion alone (i.e., Bupropion + Placebo) and once comparing Dual Therapy to Escitalopram alone (i.e., Escitalopram + Placebo). Because both analyses must significantly favor Dual Therapy, each individual analysis must reach a critical alpha = .0916 in order to reach an over-all alpha = .05. (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Escitalopram + Bupropion8
Escitalopram9
Bupropion10

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Severity of Depressive Symptoms as Measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 17)

"Last summary score rating on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe. Nine are scored from 0-2. Range 0-58.~0-7 = Normal 8-13 = Mild Depression 14-18 = Moderate Depression 19-22 = Severe Depression~≥ 23 = Very Severe Depression" (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depre (Mean)
Escitalopram + Bupropion10
Escitalopram9
Bupropion12

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Remission: Persistent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17 Items (HAM-D 17) <= 7, With no HAM-D 17 >7 Through Week 12

Chi square comparison of rates of persistent remission (i.e., no subsequent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17 items [HAMD-D 17] > 7 once HAMD-D 17 <= 7); Dual rate vs. Escitalopram only rate and Dual rate vs. Bupropion only rate. (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Escitalopram + Bupropion52
Escitalopram46
Bupropion34

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Quality of Life, as Measured by the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) Short Form (SF)

"The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) intends to measure quality of life in 16 domains. A summary score is computed by adding the scores and dividing by 16 (or the number of answered items if some are not answered).~The minimum raw score on the Q-LES-Q-SF is 14, and the maximum score is 70. Higher score means more satisfaction." (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on the Q-LES-Q scale (Mean)
Escitalopram + Bupropion3.0
Escitalopram3.0
Bupropion3.1

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Functioning, as Measured by the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) Summary Score

Social adjustment was measured using the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS). The SAS is a self-report scale that assesses depressive symptoms and functioning in nine social and work-related domains generating a total score that is indicative of a subject's overall level of social adjustment. Subjects rate their own social functioning over times on a 5-point scale on items covering work for pay, housework, extended family, parenting, marital status, social activity and leisure, family unit and student status (sub-scales). Mean values of all the sub-scales are used, with a range from 0-5. Higher score = worse outcome … worse functioning (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on the SAS scale (Mean)
Escitalopram + Bupropion2.65
Escitalopram2.63
Bupropion2.74

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Psychotic Symptoms

Psychotic symptoms were assessed and scored using the Structured Interview for the Prodromal Syndrome (SIPS) and the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS). The SOPS provides a measure of four domains of symptoms, including positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms. The Positive Symptom sub-scale score reported is the sum of all five symptom items in the Positive Symptom sub-scale. The Positive Symptom sub-scale assesses psychotic symptoms, each item on a scale of 0-6. The sum scale score is 0-30, with 30 indicating severe psychotic symptoms, while 0 indicates no psychotic symptoms. (NCT00531518)
Timeframe: two years

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Control9.2
Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment6.7

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Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB163.36
NB323.42
Placebo-0.06

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Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-11.84
NB32-17.14
Placebo-4.57

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Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-3.67
NB32-4.41
Placebo-3.28

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Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-7.96
NB32-12.69
Placebo-3.08

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The carbohydrates subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-1.85
NB32-2.11
Placebo-1.84

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-5.00
NB32-6.14
Placebo-1.33

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The sweets subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-2.08
NB32-2.62
Placebo-2.77

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Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-28.02
NB32-28.98
Placebo-16.66

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Change in Waist Circumference

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventioncm (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-5.04
NB32-6.24
Placebo-2.46

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Change in IDS-SR Total Scores

IDS-SR= Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Subject Rated IDS-SR total score is based on 30 items. The total score can range from 0-84, with 0 being no depressive symptoms and 84 being very severe depressive symptoms. A total score ≤ 13 indicates no depression. (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB160.02
NB32-0.27
Placebo-0.72

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Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores

IWQOL-Lite= Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite Questionnaire Total score is based on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the poorest and 100 the best quality of life and where a score of 71-79 indicates moderate impairment (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB1611.68
NB3212.69
Placebo8.55

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Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-12.49
NB32-14.52
Placebo-8.68

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB160.29
NB32-0.11
Placebo-1.94

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Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

HOMA-IR= Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-14.33
NB32-20.19
Placebo-5.90

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB1639.49
NB3247.98
Placebo16.44

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Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
NB1620.17
NB3224.63
Placebo7.44

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB160.09
NB320.04
Placebo-0.86

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Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

(NCT00532779)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB16-2.39
NB32-3.24
Placebo-1.30

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Prequit Change in Cigarettes Per Day

Prequit Change in Cigarettes Per Day (NCT00534001)
Timeframe: 3-Week PreQuit Drug Manipulation Phase

InterventionCigarettes Per Day (Mean)
Arm I (1-week run-in)-2.6
Arm II (4-week run-in)-3.9

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Abstinence

Bioverified 4-week continuous abstinence (NCT00534001)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (1-week run-in)25
Arm II (4-week run-in)15

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3255.64
Placebo17.54

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB320.20
Placebo-0.67

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Co-primary: Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 28

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-6.45
Placebo-1.89

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Change in Waist Circumference

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventioncm (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-6.16
Placebo-2.74

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-0.93
Placebo-1.23

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Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-18.32
Placebo-11.09

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Change in IWQOL-Lite Total Scores

IWQOL-Lite= Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite Questionnaire Total score is based on a scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing the poorest and 100 the best quality of life and where a score of 71-79 indicates moderate impairment (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB329.94
Placebo6.17

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Change in IDS-SR Total Score

IDS-SR= Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Subject Rated IDS-SR total score is based on 30 items. The total score can range from 0-84, with 0 being no depressive symptoms and 84 being very severe depressive symptoms. A total score ≤ 13 indicates no depression. (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-0.23
Placebo-0.28

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Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.11
Placebo-1.73

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Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥5% Decrease From Baseline to Week 56

"Beginning at Week 28 through Week 44, NB32-treated subjects who failed to achieve or maintain at least 5% body weight loss from baseline were re-randomized (1:1 ratio) to continue NB32 or begin treatment with a higher dose of naltrexone SR - naltrexone SR 48 mg/bupropion SR 360 mg (referred to as NB48) (daily dose of bupropion SR was 360 mg for NB32 and NB48).The analysis of NB32 vs. placebo at Week 56 was completed using a weighted analysis. This analysis was referred to as the weighted LOCF analysis.~Subjects treated with NB32 who were re-randomized to NB48 were not included. Subjects re-randomized to NB32 were double-weighted and subjects who were not re-randomized were single-weighted. Subjects in the placebo group were single-weighted. The double weighting analysis restored the influence of poor performers at Weeks 28 to 44 in the NB32 group without including any data from the higher dose group (NB48)." (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3250.48
Placebo17.11

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Body Weight- Proportion of Subjects With ≥10% Decrease From Baseline to Week 28

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NB3227.27
Placebo7.02

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Body Weight- Mean Percent Change From Baseline to Week 56

"Beginning at Week 28 through Week 44, NB32-treated subjects who failed to achieve or maintain at least 5% body weight loss from baseline were re-randomized (1:1 ratio) to continue NB32 or begin treatment with a higher dose of naltrexone SR - naltrexone SR 48 mg/bupropion SR 360 mg (referred to as NB48) (daily dose of bupropion SR was 360 mg for NB32 and NB48).The analysis of NB32 vs. placebo at Week 56 was completed using a weighted analysis. This analysis was referred to as the weighted LOCF analysis.~Subjects treated with NB32 who were re-randomized to NB48 were not included. Subjects re-randomized to NB32 were double-weighted and subjects who were not re-randomized were single-weighted. Subjects in the placebo group were single-weighted. The double weighting analysis restored the influence of poor performers at Weeks 28 to 44 in the NB32 group without including any data from the higher dose group (NB48)." (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-6.40
Placebo-1.23

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Sweets Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The sweets subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-3.20
Placebo-3.18

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Change in Food Craving Inventory Carbohydrates Subscale Score

The Food Craving Inventory is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess specific food cravings and is organized into 4 subscales (high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats). A craving was defined as an intense desire to consume a particular food (or food type) that was difficult to resist over the past month. Subjects rated their frequency of cravings for each of the 33 items using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=always. The carbohydrates subscale consisted of 8 items and the score ranges from 8 (better outcome) to 40 (worse outcome). (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.68
Placebo-2.20

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Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-7.32
Placebo-1.36

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Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-4.36
Placebo0.00

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Change in Fasting Insulin Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-14.14
Placebo-0.50

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Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
NB321.19
Placebo-1.40

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Change in High-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

(NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-9.38
Placebo-1.14

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Change in HOMA-IR Levels, Using Log-transformed Data

HOMA-IR= Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (NCT00567255)
Timeframe: Baseline, 28 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-16.44
Placebo-4.15

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Estimate the Treatment Effect of Bupropion for Methamphetamine (Meth) Dependence.

The primary outcome measure was number of days methamphetamine use/week at weeks 12 and week 24. (NCT00572234)
Timeframe: Assessed Methamphetamine use at weeks 12 and 24, week 24 reported

Interventiondays (Mean)
Receiving Bupropion SR5.6
Treatment as Usual6.0

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Number of Cigarettes Smoked During the 60 Minute Ad-lib Period

number of cigarettes smoked (range 0-8) during the 60 minute ad-lib period (NCT00580853)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Interventionnumber of cigarettes (Mean)
Varenicline.713
Bupropion1.287
Placebo2.085

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Latency to Initiate Ad-lib Smoking Session

minutes to start smoking (range 0 to 50 minutes) (NCT00580853)
Timeframe: 0 to 50 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Varenicline38.138
Bupropion39.416
Placebo19.249

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Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months: the Number of Patients Who Refrained From Smoking at 6 Months

Smoking abstinence biochemically confirmed with exhaled carbon monoxide concentrations (NCT00587769)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Medication Arm22

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Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 12 Weeks: the Number of Patients Who Refrained From Smoking at 12 Weeks

Smoking abstinence biochemically confirmed with exhaled carbon monoxide concentrations (NCT00587769)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Medication Arm27

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Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms

Percentage of patients that achieve remission, as defined as QIDS total score below 6 for last 2 study visits. QIDS depression scores range from 0 (normal) to 27 (very severe). (NCT00590863)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 7

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Escitalopram + Bupropion SR46.6
Venlafaxine XR + Mirtazapine41.8
Escitalopram + Placebo46.0

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Quality of Life Inventory

The Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) is a 32-item comprehensive self-report of satisfaction in 16 areas of life, such as love, work, and health. Each area is rated in terms of satisfaction and the relationship of that area to overall quality of life. It yields an overall raw score and satisfaction ratings for the 16 individual areas of life. The QOLI raw score is an average of weighted satisfaction ratings computed only over areas of life judged to be Important or Extremely Important to the respondent. Higher scores indicate higher reported quality of life. (NCT00590863)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 7

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Escitalopram + Bupropion SR0.6
Venlafaxine XR + Mirtazapine0.4
Escitalopram + Placebo0.4

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Change in Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S)

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline month, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Differential effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone levels were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionug/ml (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion1.82.01.91.91.91.91.81.81.9
Fluoxetine1.61.81.61.61.71.71.61.91.9

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Change in Estradiol

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone levels were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline Month LutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion381341094212110835113101
Fluoxetine42131107419112640122112

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Change in Free Testosterone

Free testosterone was calculated from total testosterone ng/ml divided by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) nmol/l multiplied by 100. Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline month, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Differential effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone levels were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventioncalculated ratio (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion.44.69.47.51.65.48.40.81.44
Fluoxetine.41.52.47.39.41.49.36.50.50

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Change in Progesterone

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of the cycle were averaged for the baseline pre-treatment month and compared to average values during the 1st and 2nd months of antidepressant treatment. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion0.52.89.60.73.97.40.63.28.1
Fluoxetine0.662.49.50.72.48.40.62.98.6

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Change in Prolactin

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline month, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Differential effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone levels were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion11.014.115.411.716.016.610.818.312.1
Fluoxetine11.215.916.412.112.914.012.817.113.7

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Change in Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX)

"A five-item scale with each item scored from 1 to 6. Score range is 5 to 30. Higher scores indicate more sexual dysfunction.~Scores at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline month, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Differential effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on ASEX scores were examined." (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion12.912.112.413.612.613.814.315.214.4
Fluoxetine13.111.314.015.115.014.814.413.615.1

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Change in 17-OH Pregnenolone

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone level were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion158170189184142163138176161
Fluoxetine120171141151122109101174167

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Change in Androstenedione

Hormone levels at early follicular, ovulation, and luteal phase of 3 menstrual cycles which included baseline month, month 1 of daily antidepressant treatment and month 2 of daily antidepressant treatment. Differential effects of the two antidepressant treatments and menstrual cycle on hormone levels were examined. (NCT00611975)
Timeframe: Measured in baseline menstrual cycle and during antidepressant treatment for two menstrual cycles

,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Baseline month follicularBaseline month ovulationBaseline month lutealTreatment month 1 follicularTreatment month 1 ovulationTreatment month 1 lutealTreatment month 2 follicularTreatment month 2 ovulationTreatment month 2 luteal
Bupropion0.891.281.140.840.961.13.851.001.12
Fluoxetine0.841.131.310.891.131.040.791.071.13

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Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)

The DAS is a self-report measure of marital adjustment that includes questions about agreement on lifestyle and household decisions, level of conflict, level of cooperation, and affection. Scores range from 0 to 151, with higher scores representing better relationship functioning. (NCT00612807)
Timeframe: pre-treatment, monthly, post-treatment, 6 month follow-up

,
InterventionScore on DAS measure (Mean)
Baseline assessment (Depressed spouse)Post-test assessment (Depressed spouse)Follow-up assessment (Depressed spouse)Baseline assessment (Non-depressed spouse)Post-test assessment (Non-depressed spouse)Follow-up assessment (Non-depressed spouse)
Semi-weekly Medication Management72.1484.1789.6791.093.33104.17
Semi-weekly Medication Management + Weekly Marital Therapy84.4392.2791.0788.2997.5798.31

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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)

The HDRS is a semi-structured interview administered by a trained independent evaluator, and used for rating the severity of depressive symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater severity of depression. (NCT00612807)
Timeframe: pre-treatment, monthly, post-treatment, 6 month follow-up

,
InterventionScore on HDRS (Mean)
Baseline assessment (Depressed spouse)Post-test assessment (Depressed spouse)Follow-up assessment (Depressed spouse)Baseline assessment (Non-depressed spouse)Post-test assessment (Non-depressed spouse)Follow-up assessment (Non-depressed spouse)
Semi-weekly Medication Management17.865.009.175.145.333.83
Semi-weekly Medication Management + Weekly Marital Therapy19.07.298.148.863.295.71

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Change in International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) Severity Scale.

Scale ranges from 0 to 40 points with higher scores being associated with more severe symptoms of restless legs syndrome. There are 10 questions, with points of 0 to 4 per question. The change in IRLSSG score from baseline is recorded at three and six weeks. (NCT00621517)
Timeframe: Baseline, three weeks, and six weeks

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Change in IRLSSG score from baseline to 6 weeksChange in IRLSSG score from baseline to 3 weeks
Bupropion-10.4-10.8
Placebo-7.6-6.0

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Smoking Craving

"Mean smoking craving score (as measured during daily ecological momentary, or diary, assessments) for participants by group during the two week period of placebo/active pre-treatment. This is the main period of interest, as it was hypothesized that use of active nicotine patch would reduce smoking cravings during the pre-quit period. The craving score is based on a single diary item Please rate your desire to smoke right now with a Likert scale score ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (severe). Higher craving is worse, as lower craving is presumed to reflect decreased risk of smoking lapse or relapse." (NCT00625131)
Timeframe: Daily between visits 2-12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active Nicotine Patch Group2.48
Placebo Patch Group2.59

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Carbon Monoxide Monitoring

Number of participants whose carbon monoxide (CO) measurement indicated abstinence at Session 12 (6 weeks post-treatment) (NCT00625131)
Timeframe: Session 12 (6 weeks post-treatment)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Nicotine Patch Group8
Placebo Patch Group5

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Smoking Abstinence, Self-reported

Number of participants by group reporting 1 week of self-reported abstinence in the week prior to Session 12 at six weeks post-treatment (NCT00625131)
Timeframe: Week prior to Session 12 at 6 weeks post-treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Nicotine Patch Group5
Placebo Patch Group11

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Number of Participants for Each CYP2B6 Allele

We genotyped CYP2B6 in 268 from the Bupropion arm as this polymorphism is related to bupropion metabolism. (NCT00666978)
Timeframe: Week 3

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CYP2B6*4 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*5 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*6 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*9 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*16 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*18 Allele FrequencyCYP2B6*22 Allele Frequency
Bupropion Arm269500176

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Number of Slow and Fast Metabolizers by Genotype

"Analyzed CYP2A6 by genotype. The variants present in people in the slow genotype group include *17, *20, *23,*27, *35, *9, *2, *25, *26, and *4. The fast metabolizers have none of the variant alleles tested.~Slow metabolizers have any reduction or loss of function variant. Fast metabolizers are *1/*1 genotype by exclusion." (NCT00666978)
Timeframe: Week 0

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Slow Metabolizers by GenotypeFast Metabolizers by Genotype
All Study Participants265269

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Number of Slow and Fast Metabolizers by Metabolite Ratio

"Analyzed CYP2A6 by activity, called the nicotine metabolite ratio using a split between slow and fast metabolism at 0.31.~The variants present in people in the slow genotype group include *17, *20, *23,*27, *35, *9, *2, *25, *26, and *4. The fast metabolizers have none of the variant alleles tested.~Blood samples were collected for 3HC/COT ratio at Week 0." (NCT00666978)
Timeframe: Weeks 0

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Fast Metabolizers by Nicotine Metabolite RatioSlow Metabolizers by Nicotine Metabolite Ratio
All Study Participants236214

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Number of Participants With Salivary Cotinine-verified Smoking Abstinence at 6 Months

Salivary cotinine-verified smoking abstinence at 6 months. A cut point of 15 ng/ml was used to differentiate smokers from nonsmokers. (NCT00666978)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion Arm36
Placebo Arm27

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Number of Subjects Showing Abstinence

The primary efficacy outcome measure was a measurement of treatment success or failure, where a subject who successfully achieved two weeks of abstinence during the last two weeks of investigational product dosing (Weeks 11 and 12) was scored as a success. (NCT00687713)
Timeframe: Weeks 11 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion14
Placebo20

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Treatment Success Among Subjects With 18 or Less Days of Methamphetamine Use

The study population for this outcome measure is defined as those participants with methamphetamine dependence who report using methamphetamine 18 or less days during the 30 days prior to signing consent. (NCT00687713)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion65
Placebo76

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Composite Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)

"All clinical end points were adjudicated by members of the Endpoints Evaluation Committee who were blinded to treatment assignment.~Composite MACE (death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina)" (NCT00689611)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo11.0
Bupropion13.0

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Smoking Abstinence

"The primary end point was 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 12 months. Smoking cessation was defined as self-reported abstinence in the week before the 12-month clinic visit and a measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide less than 11 ppm.~The primary end point was analyzed on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. Our ITT analysis assumed that those who withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up had returned to smoking at their baseline rates. This assumption is common in smoking cessation trials." (NCT00689611)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo32.0
Bupropion37.2

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Hippocampal Region 2

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.79
NB320.21

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Hippocampal Region 1

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.16
NB320.60

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Percent Change in Body Weight

(NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercentage of body weight (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-0.99
Placebo-0.43

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Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Restrained Eating Subscale Score

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Restrained Eating subscale consisted of 10 items and the scores ranged from 10 (worse outcome) to 50 (better outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB321.47
Placebo1.87

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Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in External Eating Subscale Score

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The External Eating subscale consisted of 10 items and the scores ranged from 10 (better outcome) to 50 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-2.64
Placebo-0.16

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Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating B Subscale Score

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Emotional Eating B subscale (diffuse emotions) consisted of 4 items and the scores ranged from 4 (better outcome) to 20 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-0.90
Placebo0.45

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Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire - Change in Emotional Eating A Subscale Score

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the type of eating behavior and is organized into 3 subscales (emotional eating, externally-induced eating, and restrained eating). Subjects rated the frequency of their eating behaviors using a 5-point scale, where 1=never, 2=seldom, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often. The Emotional Eating A subscale (clearly labeled emotions) consisted of 9 items and the scores ranged from 9 (better outcome) to 45 (worse outcome). (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-1.16
Placebo0.48

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Change in Question 19 From 21-Item COE (Control of Eating) Questionnaire

Question 19: Generally, how difficult has it been to control your eating? Scoring: 0=not at all difficult; 100=extremely difficult (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NB32-13.55
Placebo-4.14

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Anterior Cingulate

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.42
NB320.16

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Superior Frontal

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.35
NB320.34

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Posterior Insula

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.16
NB320.30

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Response to Food Related Cues Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Superior Parietal

Assessment of differences in brain activation in response to food cues before and after 4 weeks of treatment in subjects receiving NB or placebo. (NCT00711477)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent activation (Mean)
Placebo-0.56
NB320.74

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Mean Time of Retention

Average number of weeks of retention of Hispanics in the treatment of MDD (NCT00742573)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventionweeks (Mean)
1 Texas Medication Algorithm27.08
2 Patient Choice25.84

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Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17)

"Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17): Scoring is based on the 17-item scale of 0-4, the higher the worse.~0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression, over 24 severe depression~Minimum is 0 and the maximum score being 52" (NCT00742573)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
1 Texas Medication Algorithm23.89
2 Patient Choice22.42

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Treatment Effectiveness Score

The mean number of methamphetamine-free urine drug screens provided by participants in each group (range 0-36) (NCT00833443)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionurine drug screens (Mean)
Bupropion16.1
Sugar Pill10.6

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End of Treatment Methamphetamine Abstinence

Methamphetamine abstinence confirmed via urine drug screens during the final two weeks of treatment (weeks 11 and 12) (NCT00833443)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion12
Sugar Pill6

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End of Treatment Methamphetamine Abstinence

(NCT00833443)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Medication Adherent7
NOT Medication Adherent5

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Treatment Retention

(NCT00833443)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Bupropion61.0
Sugar Pill49.5

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Continuous 4-week Abstinence From Smoking Between Weeks 8-11 After the Quit Date (Through the End of Treatment)

A self report of no cigarettes smoked confirmed by expired air carbon monoxide of <=10ppm was the criterion for abstinence. (NCT00894166)
Timeframe: weeks 8-11 after quit date

Interventionpercentage of subjects abstinent (Number)
NRT Responder59.2
Pre-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT28.3
Pre-Quit Randomization to Varenicline23.3
Pre-Quit Randomization to NRT16.0
Post-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT26.7
Post-Quit Randomized to Varenicline37.1
Post-Quit Randomized to NRT26.7

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Abstinence (7 Days) at 6 Months.

(NCT00894166)
Timeframe: point abstinence (7 days) at 6 months post-quit date

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
NRT Responder21.7
Pre-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT17.2
Pre-Quit Randomization to Varenicline16.5
Pre-Quit Randomization to NRT6.6
Post-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT10.0
Post-Quit Randomized to Varenicline20.0
Post-Quit Randomized to NRT13.3

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Continuous Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months Post Quit.

(NCT00894166)
Timeframe: continuous abstinence at 6 months post quit day

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
NRT Responder20.0
Pre-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT13.1
Pre-Quit Randomization to Varenicline5.8
Pre-Quit Randomization to NRT5.8
Post-Quit Randomization to Bupropion + NRT10.0
Post-Quit Randomized to Varenicline14.3
Post-Quit Randomized to NRT10.0

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Prolonged Smoking Abstinence Rates at 26 Weeks in Cigarettes Smokers.

(NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR91
Varenicline and Placebo71

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Weight Gain From Baseline to 3 Months

Weight change from baseline to three months in those who met criteria for prolonged abstinence at the 3 month visit (NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionkilograms (Mean)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR1.1
Varenicline and Placebo2.5

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Prolonged Abstinence at 12 Months

(NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR77
Varenicline and Placebo63

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Prolonged Smoking Abstinence Rates at 12 Weeks in Cigarettes Smokers.

"Prolonged smoking abstinence is defined as no smoking, not even a puff, in the last 7 days, and a negative response to the question Since 2 weeks after your target quit date, have you smoked any tobacco, even a puff, for 7 consecutive days or at least once each week on 2 consecutive weeks?" (NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR132
Varenicline and Placebo111

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Point Prevalence Abstinence at 12 Months

Biochemically confirmed abstinence defined as no smoking, not even a puff, in the last 7 days (NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR91
Varenicline and Placebo75

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Point Prevalence Abstinence at 3 Months.

biochemically confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence defined as no smoking, not even a puff, in the previous 7 days. (NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR140
Varenicline and Placebo125

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Point Prevalence Abstinence at 6 Months.

Biochemically confirmed abstinence as no smoking, even a puff, for the prior 7 days. (NCT00935818)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline and Buproprion SR95
Varenicline and Placebo82

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Change in ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) Total Score

DSM-IV ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) Total Score (clinician administered/adolescent informant). Total scale range 0-54, higher is greater severity. (NCT00936299)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-14.2
Placebo + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-13.8

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Change in Number of Days of Cannabis Use in Past 28 Days

The number of days of cannabis use in the past 28 days was ascertained based on adolescent self-report using calendar-based timeline follow back procedures. Mean number of days of past 28-day cannabis use at baseline was compared to mean number of days of past 28-day cannabis use at end of 16-week trial. (NCT00936299)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks

Interventiondays of use (Mean)
Bupropion + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-4.7
Placebo + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-6.5

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Change in Number of Days of Cigarette Smoking in Past 28 Days

The number of days of cigarette smoking in the past 28 days was ascertained based on adolescent self-report using calendar-based timeline follow back procedures. Mean number of days of past 28-day cigarette smoking at baseline was compared to mean number of days of past 28-day cigarette smoking at end of 16-week trial. (NCT00936299)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks

Interventiondays of use (Mean)
Bupropion + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-4.1
Placebo + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-2.7

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Smoking Abstinence at 12 Months

Prolonged Abstinence is defined as no smoking from the quit date to 12 Months post quit date. (NCT00943618)
Timeframe: From quit date to 12 months.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Varenicline + Bupropion30
Varenicline33
Placebo2

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Self-Efficacy

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: 3-item inventory, Likert scale from 1 to 7 Measures: Perceived ability to quit smoking in the next month Range: 3-21 Direction: Higher values represent increased self-efficacy (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment16.2
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment15.6

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Threat Minimization

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: 2-item inventory, Likert scale from 1 to 7 Measures: Perceived presence of factors that would reduce personal smoking risks Range: 2-14 Direction: Higher values represent increased risk minimization (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment8.9
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment7.3

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Treatment Interest Scale

Category: Treatment Acceptability Measures: Interest in participating in recommended treatment plan Range: 1-10 Direction: Higher values represent higher treatment interest (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment9.0
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment9.6

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Perceived Control

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: 3-item inventory, Likert scale from 1 to 7 Measures: Control over ability to quit smoking in the next month Range: 3-21 Direction: Higher values represent increased sense of control (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment14.0
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment13.4

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Morisky Adherence Scale

Category: Treatment Acceptability Measures: Treatment Compliance Range: 0-8 Direction: Higher values represent higher compliance (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after Target Quit Date

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment2.7
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment1.8

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Intention to Quit

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: 3-item inventory, Likert scale from 1 to 7 Measures: Intention, confidence, and expectation of quitting smoking Range: 3-21 Direction: Higher values represent increased intention to quit (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment18.3
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment19.5

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Motivation

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: Single item, Likert scale from 1 to 7 Measures: Desire to quit smoking Range: 1-7 Direction: Higher values represent increased motivation to quit (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment6.2
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment6.4

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Fatalism

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: Powe Fatalism Inventory, 10-item, revised Measures: belief in inevitability of smoking status Range: 0-10 Direction: Higher values represent increased fatalism beliefs (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after Target Quit Date

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment1.1
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment0.4

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Depression

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Measures: Interest in participating in recommended treatment plan Range: 0-60 Direction: Higher values represent increased symptoms of depression (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment6.1
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment4.1

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Continuous Abstinence at 12 Weeks Post Target Quit Date

"Participants reporting continuous tobacco-use abstinence 12 weeks after their Target Quit Date, whose salivary cotinine levels confirmed their abstinence, were counted as abstinent. All others were recorded as not abstinent." (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after Target Quit Date

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard Treatment3
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment2

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Communication Scale

Category: Treatment Acceptability Measures: Quality of verbal interaction and responsiveness during counseling sessions Range: 4-20 Direction: Higher values represent greater interaction and responsiveness (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment19.4
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment19.4

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Trust Scale

Category: Treatment Acceptability Measures: Trust in the clinician Range: 5-30 Direction: Higher values represent higher trust (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment19.3
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment18.8

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Risk Perception

Category: Psychological Outcome Instrument: 4-item inventory, Likert scale from 1 to 5 Measures: Perceived personal health risks from smoking Range: 4-20 Direction: Higher values represent increased perception of risk (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment15.3
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment16.1

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Satisfaction Scale

Category: Treatment Acceptability Measures: Overall satisfaction with the clinician Range: 4-20 Direction: Higher values represent higher satisfaction (NCT00991081)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of first clinical call

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Standard Treatment19.4
Genetic Feedback Plus Standard Treatment19.5

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Feasibility of Retaining Adolescents in Trial

the mean retention for participants is used to assess feasibility of retaining adolescents in the trial (completion = 56 days or 8 weeks) (NCT00994448)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Bupropion33.3
Placebo (Sugar Pill)49.3

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7-day Point Prevalence of Smoking Abstinence

"Number of participants who report Not Smoking (not even a puff) in past 7 days when asked at week 8" (NCT01015170)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (8 weeks after Zyban start date)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Still smokingQuit smoking
Nicotine Replacement & Behavioural Support109106

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7-day Point Prevalence of Abstinence

"7-day point prevalence of abstinence was assessed by the question Have you had a cigarette, even a puff, in the past 7 days?" (NCT01023659)
Timeframe: 6-month

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion + Motivational Emails45
Motivational Emails22
Varenicline + Motivational Emails50

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Proportion of Eligible Participants Who Were Able to Attend an Appointment With a Physician

Proportion of eligible participants who were able to attend an appointment with a physician to have the prescription signed (NCT01023659)
Timeframe: End of Treatment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
All Eligible Participants588

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Depressive Symptom Reduction

Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This 21-question, multiple choice self-report instrument includes items pertaining to symptoms of depression, including hopelessness and irritability, physical symptoms such as fatigue, and thoughts such as guilt. Each item has at a set of four possible responses, ranging in intensity for least intense to most intense. The total score is calculated by adding the responses to each item. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The total score on the scale ranges from 0 to 63. Total scores on the scale of less 10 indicate minimal depression; total scores between 10 and 15 indicate mild depression; and total scores greater than 16 indicate a probable clinical diagnosis of depression. (NCT01032018)
Timeframe: Change from depression at baseline to depression at 6-months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Referred Care-6.6
Stepped Care-10.1

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Cost for Healthcare Utilization (Psychiatric Medications, Hospitalizations, Cardiac Procedures, Outpatient Services)

(NCT01032018)
Timeframe: 6 months after randomization

Interventiondollars (Mean)
Referred Care4289.23
Stepped Care4358.02

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Changes in Log Brain-wave (EEG) Activity (Power [Microvolts Squared]) From Pre-quit Baseline to 66 Days Post-quit, Assessed at 3, 24, 45, and 66 Days Post-quit.

Brain-wave activity (EEG) was assessed using electrodes on the subject's scalp, the outputs of which were and quantified by a commercial brain wave machine. EEG was collected at frontal (e.g., Fz) and parietal (e.g., Pz) electrodes while subjects relaxed. EEG was analyzed using computer programs that measured slow-frequency EEG waves known as delta (1.5-4.5 cycles/second [cps]), theta-1 (4.5-6.0 cps), theta-2 (6.0-7.7 cps), and alpha-1 (7.8-10.0 cps), and higher frequency waves. Generally, delta, alpha-1 and theta waves reflect deactivation of the brain activity, while higher frequency waves reflect greater brain activation. Brain activity was quantified as the natural log of EEG power [microvolts squared] as determined by the fast Fourier mathematical algorithm. Days post quit were components of Time. The primary focus was on changes in the individual subject's log theta-1, theta-2, and alpha-1 power at post-quit points in time minus the log values at the pre-quite baseline. (NCT01048944)
Timeframe: Mean EEG power [microvolts squared] from at baseline, 3, 24, 45, and 66 days post-quit

,,,
InterventionChange in log EEG [microvolts squared] (Mean)
Day-3 Change in log Theta-1 EEG Power FzDay-24 Change in log Theta-1 EEG Power FzDay-45 Change in log Theta-1 Power FzDay-66 Change in log Theta-1 EEG Power FzDay-3 Change in log Theta-2 Power FzDay-24 Change in log Theta-2 Power FzDay-45 Change in log Theta-2 Power FzDay-66 Change in log Theta-2 Power FzDay-3 Change in log Alpha-1 Power PzDay-24 Change in log Alpha-1 Power PzDay 45 Change in log Alpha-1 Power PzDay 66 Change in log Alpha-1 Power Pz
Bupropion SR.224.198.249.407.088.150.248.502.155.301.261.459
Delayed-quit Control-.094-.060-.032-.026-.070-.042.054.001-.004-.001.021.017
Nicotine Patch.055.194.232.431.062.251.319.504-.023.139.292.339
Placebo Patch and Placebo Pill.234.258.161.184.249.278.278.205.184.276.259.292

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Changes in Log of Smoking Withdrawal Scores (Mood, and Depressive Symptoms) From Baseline Across 66 Days of Abstinence

"Changes in log from baseline in the widely used Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal craving and psychological symptom scores through 66 days of abstinence. Post-quit changes were assessed at days 3, 24, 45, and 66 of abstinence. The maximal range of value raw for craving is from 5 = (no craving) to 47 (maximally strong craving), while that for psychological symptoms is from 5 (no symptoms) to 60 (maximally intense symptoms of across multiple symptoms). Because the subtraction of logs is equivalent to the ratio of the two scores, a difference in logs (base 10) with a value of 1 is equal to an increase by a factor of 10, while a value of 0 is no change, and values of less than 0 are decreases below baseline values." (NCT01048944)
Timeframe: Changes in log withdrawal symptoms from baseline through 66 days of abstinence

,,,
Interventionlog (base 10) units on a scale (Mean)
Day-3 Change in log Shiffman CravingDay-24 Change in log Shiffman CravingDay-45 Change in log Shiffman CravingDay-66 Change in log Shiffman CravingDay-3 Change in log Shiffman Psych WithdrawalDay-24 Change in log Shiffman Psych WDay-45 Change in log Shiffman Psych WithdrawalDay-66 Change in log Shiffman Psych Withdrawal
Bupropion SR.045-.199-.201-.230.210.102.063.032
Delayed-quit Control-.045-.059-.043-.075.016-.025-.017-.012
Nicotine Patch-.006-.187-.273-.236.089.065.008.068
Placebo Patch and Placebo Pill.094-.045-.132-.205.172.076.039.029

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Uterine Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, uterine cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Uterine cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use233633
Bupropion, Regular Use2591
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use45165
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use124360
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use114257

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Prostate Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, prostate cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Prostate cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use148015562
Bupropion, Regular Use3263224
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use3633726
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use8068306
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use6006836

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Lung Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, lung cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Lung cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use250922
Bupropion, Regular Use115125
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use47186
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use138532
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use109389

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Colorectal Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, colorectal cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Colorectal cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use234739
Bupropion, Regular Use3789
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use35166
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use134411
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use111321

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Breast Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, breast cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Breast cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use217321188
Bupropion, Regular Use3022966
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use4975141
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use126512189
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use9419338

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Bladder Cancer Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

In this outcome, bladder cancer is under investigation: Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Bladder cancer cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use191662
Bupropion, Regular Use4877
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use40159
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use103351
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use88297

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Number of Participants Diagnosed With Any of the Cancers Under Investigation Who Were Regularly Exposed to the Indicated Antidepressant

The following are the cancers under investigation: colorectal, lung, bladder, uterus, breast, and prostate. Cancer case were nested within a cohort of new antidepressant users. New antidepressant users were defined as no previous antidepressant prescription in the previous 6 months. Cases were identified and matched with controls from the same new-user cohort. Cal year, calendar year; dx, diagnosis; IBD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; OC, oral contraceptive; HRT/ERT, hormone replacement therapy/estrogen replacement therapy; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (NCT01077596)
Timeframe: January 1, 1996 - December 31, 2006

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
CasesControls
All Non-bupropion Antidepressants, Regular Use456137831
Bupropion, Regular Use8536332
Other Antidepressants, Regular Use10279096
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Regular Use257021170
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), Regular Use196316574

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Response Style Indicator (Beta) for CPT

Beta represents an individual's response tendency: Some individuals are cautious and choose not to respond very often. Conceptually, such individuals want to make sure they are correct when they give a response. Higher values of Beta reflect this response style. The emphasis is on avoiding commission errors. Other individuals respond more freely to make sure they respond to most or all targets, and they tend to be less concerned about mistakenly responding to a non-target. Lower values of Beta are produced by this response style. Values shown below were obtained at week 12. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionBeta (Mean)
Sugar Pill0.95
Varenicline1.41
Bupropion HCl2.92

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Smoking Abstinence - Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

Exhaled carbon monoxide as a biochemical verification of smoking abstinence. Values below are for week 12. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionparts per million (Mean)
Sugar Pill21.14
Varenicline17
Bupropion HCl22.6

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Smoking Abstinence - Number of Cigarettes Smoked

Number of cigarettes smoked at week 12 of the study by self-report. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionnumber of cigarettes smoked (Mean)
Sugar Pill19.71
Varenicline9.4
Bupropion HCl17.1

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Variability of Standard Error - CPT

"Variability of Standard Error (VSE) is a measure of response speed consistency. VSE measures within respondent variability. That is, the amount of variability the individual shows in 18 separate segments of the Continuous Performance Test in relation to his or her own overall standard error. Although VSE is a different measure than Overall Standard Error, typically the two measures produce comparable results. The higher the VSE, the greater the inconsistency in the response speed. The values shown below are the VSE for Week 12." (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Sugar Pill11.05
Varenicline11.38
Bupropion HCl11.8

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Vital Signs - Pulse

Pulse will be measured. The values below were measured at week 12 of the study. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionheart beats per minute (Mean)
Sugar Pill82.57
Varenicline87
Bupropion HCl89.2

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Vital Signs - Weight

Weight will be measured for each participant. Values listed below are for week 12. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionlbs (Mean)
Sugar Pill218.39
Varenicline213.47
Bupropion HCl254.78

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Abnormal Movements - AIMS

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), to assess abnormal involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic drugs. There are 10 questions, based on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Items 11-14 are yes/no questions that have no impact on the score. The Total Score is the sum of questions 1-7 (minimum = 0; maximum = 28). The severity index consists of one question (item 8; rated 0=none to 4=severe) based on the rater's observation of abnormal movements The AIMS Global Score is the sum of three questions (each item rated 0=none to 4=severe) regarding abnormal movements overall (minimum score 0, maximum score 12). For the total score and subscores, the higher the score, the greater the severity of abnormal movements. Scoring is based on the chapter: Guy W (2000), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), in: Handbook of Psychiatric Measures (Rush AJ Jr, et al., eds). APA Publishing: Washington DC: pp. 166-167. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
AIMS Total (Week 12)AIMS Severity Index (Week 12)AIMS Global Score (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl1.400.40.6
Sugar Pill0.7100
Varenicline10.20.2

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Abnormal Movements - BAS and SAS

"Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS), a widely-used measurement of drug-induced akathisia. It consists of 4 questions with questions 1-3 scored on a scale of 0-3 with 0=normal and 3=severe (minimum score 0, maximum score 9; while item 4 is a global clinical assessment of akathisia rated on a scale of 0 (normal) to 5 (severe). The higher the score on each subsclae, the greater the severity of akathisia.~Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), a 10-item instrument used to evaluate patients experiencing neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal side effects. Items are rated for severity on a 0-4 scale, with 0 being normal and 4 being severe. Minimum = 0; Maximum = 40. The higher the score, the greater the severity." (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SAS (Week 12)BAS Items 1-3 (Week 12)BAS Item 4 (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl0.420.40.2
Sugar Pill0.20.570.29
Varenicline0.760.60.4

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Abstinence Related Symptoms - WISDM

The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) consists of 68 items regarding smoking. Each item is rated on a scale of 1 (not true of me at all) to 7 (extremely true of me) leading to a minimum score of 68 and a maximum score of 476. The higher the score, the greater the dependence. Four of the items are grouped into a Craving subscale (minimum 4, maximum 28), the greater the score, the greater the craving. Five of the items are grouped into a Cognition subscale (minimum 5, maximum 35), the higher the score, the greater reliance on cigarette smoking for cognitive enhancement. WISDM scoring based on the original article by Piper et al., 2004. A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: the Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:139-154. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
WISDM Total (Week 12)WISDM Cognition (Week 12)WISDM Craving (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl270.623.218
Sugar Pill229.1411.5715.14
Varenicline229.415.414.2

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Abstinence-related Symptoms - MNWS and FTND

"Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS), a patient-reported measure of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Eight items are listed, including craving for cigarettes, irritability, frustration, or anger, anxiety, etc scored on a five point scale from 0 (normal) to 5 (severe). Patients are asked for responses for the past 24 hours and past seven days (minimum 0, maximum 32; for each subscale). The higher the score, the greater the dependence. Additionally, one question (minimum score 1, maximum score 4 measures the individual's confidence in resisting strong urges to smoke. The higher the score on this question, the greater the individual's confidence in resisting smoking urges.~The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence measures nicotine dependence and consists of six questions with a total minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10. The higher the score, the greater the dependence on nicotine." (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
FTND (Week 12)MNWS 24 Hour Total (Week 12)MNWS 7 day total (Week 12)MNWS Resistance (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl4.46.605.802.4
Sugar Pill4.867.299.142.71
Varenicline5.28.2113.4

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General Psychopathology

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), an 24-item scale measuring positive symptoms, general psychopathology, and affective symptoms commonly used for schizophrenia with each item rated on a scale of 1-7 with 1=not present and 7=severe. The minimum score is 24 and the maximum score is 168. We have used five subscales as recommended by Dingemans et al., 1995: Positive subscale (minimum score 6; maximum score 42); Negative subscale (minimum score 5; maximum score 35); Depressed subscale (minimum score 5; maximum score 35); Mania subscale (minimum score 6; maximum score 42); and Disorientation subscale (minimum score 2; maximum score 14) . For both the total score and the subscale scores, the higher the score, the greater the symptom severity. We used the BPRS version 4.0. Dingemans PMAJ, Linszen DH, Lenoir ME, Smeets RMW, 1995. Component structure of the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E). Psychopharmacology 122:263-267. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BPRS Total - Week 12BPRS Positive Subscale - Week 12BPRS Negative Subscale - Week 12BPRS Mania Subscale - Week 12BPRS Disorientation Subscale - Week 12BPRS Depression Subscale - Week 12
Bupropion HCl31.687.4826.2
Sugar Pill308.1466.4327.43
Varenicline34.296.46.4210.4

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Hit Reaction Time - CPT

The hit reaction time is the average speed of correct responses for the entire test given in milliseconds. The higher the score, the slower the speed. The standard error is a measure of response speed consistency. The higher the overall standard error, the greater inconsistency in the response speed. The values below were measured at week 12. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Hit Reaction Time (week 12)Hit Reaction Time Standard Error (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl63.818.79
Sugar Pill42.447.20
Varenicline67.616.96

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Impulsivity and Inattention

Impulsivity and inattention will be measured using the continuous performance test. Individuals were tasked with 359 items divided six blocks (59 in block 1, 60 in blocks 2-6). Omissions result from the failure to respond to target letters. CPT% Omissions measures the percentage of responses that qualify as omissions made during the test. Higher scores indicate increased inattention. Commissions result from responses given to non-targets. CPT% Commissions measures the percentage of responses that qualify as commissions made during the test. Higher scores indicate increased inattention. Perseverations result from reaction time less than 100 ms. CPT% Perseveration % measures the percentage of responses that qualify as perseverations made during the test. The higher the score, the greater impulsivity. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
InterventionPercentage of responses (Mean)
CPT % Omissions (Week 12)CPT % Commissions (Week 12)Perseveration % (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl2.4228.330.12
Sugar Pill5.6236.110.57
Varenicline0.68251.05

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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia - SANS

Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) a well-established test, used to assess the presence of psychosis or negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It consists of 25 questions rated on a scale of 0 (none) to 5 (severe). With a total score range of 0 to 125 points. There are 6 subscales: Affective Flattening or Blunting - (minimum, 0; maximum 35); Inappropriate Affect (minimum, 0; maximum 5); Alogia (minimum 0; maximum 25); Avolition-Apathy (minimum 0; maximum 20); Anhedonia-Asociality (minimum 0; maximum 25); Attention (minimum 0; maximum 15). Each subscale (except for Inappropriate Affect) contains one additional question as a Global Rating - or overall measure for that particular subscale. The sum of these questions constitutes the Total Global Score (minimum 0, maximum 25). The global questions are included within the Total Composite score. In each case, the larger the score, the more severe the symptoms. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SANS Total Composite (Week 12)SANS Total Global (Week 12)SANS Affective Flattening (Week 12)SANS Alogia (Week 12)SANS Avolition (Week 12)SANS Anhedonia (Week 12)SANS Attention (Week 12)Inappropriate Affect (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl6.201.60.803.61.400.40
Sugar Pill5.861.711.570.7121.5700
Varenicline17.23.870.635.80.20.60

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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (SAPS)

Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), a well-established test, used to assess the presence of psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. There are 34 items rated on a scale of 0-5 with 0=none and 5=severe for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 170. There are 4 subscales: Hallucinations (minimum score 0; maximum score 35); Delusions (minimum score 0; maximum score 65); Bizarre Behavior (minimum score 0; maximum score 25); Positive Formal Thought Disorder (minimum score 0; maximum score 45). Each subscale contains one additional question as a Global Rating - or overall measure for that particular subscale. The sum of these questions constitutes the Total Global Score (minimum 0, maximum 20). The values for the Global items are included in the Total Composite score. In each case, the higher the score, the greater the severity of symptoms. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
SAPS Total Composite Score - Week 12SAPS Total Global - Week 12SAPS Hallucinations - Week 12SAPS Delusions - Week 12SAPS Bizarre Behavior - Week 12SAPS Thought Disorder - Week 12
Bupropion HCl10.61.833.80.43.4
Sugar Pill3.431.2921.4300
Varenicline71.22.24.200.6

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Reduction in Smoking

Successful outcome will be defined as a 50% or greater reduction in self-reported cigarettes per day and a 30% greater reduction in carbon monoxide and cotinine levels. Measured at week 12 (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
50% Reduction in Number of Cigarettes Smoked30% Reduction in Carbon Monoxide (Week 12)30% Reduction in Serum Cotinine (Week 12)30% Reduction in Urine Cotinine (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl1111
Sugar Pill2222
Varenicline2244

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Side Effects

Side effects will be monitored by a physician and/or assistant and recorded (SEP). All patients withdrawn from the study because of emerging side effects will be followed until the side effects are resolved. Each item is scored based on a scale of 0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; and 3=severe. Below, the data are shown for participants experiencing symptoms on week 12 of the study. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnxietyDizzinessManiaAbnormal DreamsAbdominal PainHeadacheInsomniaNauseaPsychosisDry MouthChest PainIrregular Heart BeatWeakness/FaintingDiarrheaVomitingConstipationConfusionIrritabilityDroolingCold SweatsBlurred VisionLeg Pain/Cramps
Bupropion HCl0100101110001001111010
Sugar Pill3003031002002100010002
Varenicline3001130200000101101011

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Smoking Abstinence - Serum/Urine Measurements

Measured by blood/urine tests for nicotine and its break-down product cotinine. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Serum Cotinine (Week 12)Serum Nicotine (Week 12)Urine Cotinine (Week 12)Urine Nicotine (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl213.815.4614.75412.75
Sugar Pill198.6722.57772820
Varenicline2076699.6613.25

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Suicidality

The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), is a survey intended to quantify the severity of suicidal ideation and behavior. The questionaire for suicidal ideation consists of 5 questions with yes (1) /no (0) answers. If answers to questions 1 and 2 are no, questions 3-5 are skipped. Minimum of 0; Maximum of 5. The questionaire for suicidal behavior consists of seven questions rated 0 for no and 1 for yes. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 7. In each case, the higher the score, the greater the severity. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lifetime Suicidal Ideation (week 12)Lifetime Suicide Attempts (week 12)
Bupropion HCl0.40.4
Sugar Pill1.711.29
Varenicline0.81.2

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Urge to Smoke - MNWS

The Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) includes two items where individuals are asked to 1) declare the percentage of time they had an urge to smoke (MNWS % Urge to Smoke); and 2) declare the percentage of time they had a strong urge to smoke (MNWS % Strong Urge). For each case, percentages range from 0% to 100% - the higher the percentage, the greater urge to smoke. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionpercentage of time (Mean)
MNWS % Urge to Smoke (Week 12)MNWS % Strong Urge (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl4732.4
Sugar Pill36.4326.43
Varenicline4733

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Vital Signs

blood pressure will be measured. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Systolic Blood Pressure (Week 12)Diastolic Blood Pressure (Week 12)
Bupropion HCl128.474.8
Sugar Pill116.2976.71
Varenicline12278.4

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Depression

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report rating inventory measuring characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression consisting of 21 items with each item rated on a four point scale (0=not present to 3=severe). The accepted ranges are as follows: 0 to 9 indicates no depression, 10 to 18 indicates mild to moderate depression, 19 to 29 indicates moderate to severe depression and 30 to 63 indicates severe depression. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Sugar Pill3.71
Varenicline8.6
Bupropion HCl5.4

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Detectibility (d') of Continuous Performance Test

The value d' is a measure of the difference between the signal (non-X) and noise (X) distributions. As such, d' provides a means for assessing an individual's discriminative power since, in general, the greater the difference between the signal and noise distributions, the better the ability to distinguish and detect X and non-X stimuli. The lower the score, the better the detectability. Values shown below are for week 12. (NCT01111149)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionunitless (Mean)
Sugar Pill0.71
Varenicline1.32
Bupropion HCl1.09

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Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale of ADHD Severity

Global Severity (CGI-S) 1=not ill, 7=extremely ill (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion3.8

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Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Severity

CGI-S 1=not ill, 7=extremely ill (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion3.1

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Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)

minimum score (least severe anxiety) = 0, maximum (most severe) = 56 (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion4.5

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Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)

minimum score (least severe depression) = 0, maximum score (most severe) = 84 (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion4.5

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Self-reported Weekly Substance Use

Number of subjects who self-report using at least one of illegal drugs or alcohol, at least once in a week. (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Bupropion18

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) Score

Assesses 18 individual criteria symptoms using a severity grid (0 = not present, 3 = severe; overall minimum score = 0, maximum score = 54) (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion19.4

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Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

minimum score (least severe depression) = 0, maximum score (most severe) = 63 (NCT01270555)
Timeframe: baseline and six weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion3.7

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7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence With Cotinine Validation at the End of Treatment

(NCT01286402)
Timeframe: 1 week post treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bupropion SR (Sustained Release)0
Placebo2

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Effectiveness of CTQ vs UC

We will measure abstinence of CTQ smokers vs those in Usual Care (UC). We will biochemically-validate (defined as salivary cotinine <10ng/ml) self reported abstinence (30 day point-prevalence) at the end of 2 years. (NCT01299896)
Timeframe: Two (2) year period

Interventionpercentage of participants per arm (Number)
Usual Care7.5
Coordinated Care6.1

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Seven Day Point Abstinence From Cigarette Smoking

Secondary outcome will include point abstinence (no smoking in the previous 7-day) at 6 months post-quit. (NCT01303861)
Timeframe: Six months post quit date

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline18
Nicotine Patches Only12
Nicotine Patches With Nicotine Inhaler6
Varenicline With Bupropion29

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Four-week Continuous Abstinence From Cigarette Smoking

The primary dependent measures will be continuous four-week abstinence from weeks 8-11 post target quit date, defined as a self-report of no smoking confirmed by expired air carbon monoxide. (NCT01303861)
Timeframe: Study week 8 thru week 11

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline25.93
Nicotine Patches Only46.94
Nicotine Patches With Nicotine Inhaler43.64
Varenicline With Bupropion39.82

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Continuous Cigarette Abstinence From Quit Date

Secondary outcome will include continuous abstinence from quit date to end of treatment (week 11). (NCT01303861)
Timeframe: From Quit date to end of treatment (week 11)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Varenicline9
Nicotine Patches Only13
Nicotine Patches With Nicotine Inhaler15
Varenicline With Bupropion17

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Expired-air CO Verified Point-prevalence Abstinence

Self-reported no smoking in last 7 days verified by CO<10 ppm (NCT01330043)
Timeframe: 104 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Maintenance Treatment39
Extended Treatment33

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Expired-air CO Verified Point-prevalence Abstinence

Self-reported no smoking in last 7 days verified by CO<10 ppm (NCT01330043)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Maintenance Treatment44
Extended Treatment42

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Number of Participants With 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at the End of Medication Treatment (Visit 6)

The accuracy of self-reported smoking abstinence during study visits was confirmed by an exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels and by urinary cotinine levels. 7-day point prevalence abstinence was defined as no cigarettes (not even a puff) in the last 7 days, levels of (CO) in exhaled air < 4 ppm, and concentrations of cotinine in urine < 50 ng/mL. At every visit, a research nurse monitored the smoking status of all subjects (amount of cigarettes per day, exhaled CO). Exhaled CO was measured using a Vitalograph carbon monoxide monitor (Lenexa, KS) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. A urine sample was collected at each visit and cotinine in urine was quantified using the validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method. We calculated the total number of abstinent subjects. The higher the number the better outcome. (NCT01390246)
Timeframe: Visit 6 (end of 12 weeks of medication therapy)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion SR5
Placebo1

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Change in Cigarette Craving and Total Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Between Groups During Medication Treatment

Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms were assessed by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS). MNWS consists of 7 objectives (e.g., irritability, anxious, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, insomnia, restless). Subjects were given a score on each item on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe). Summed (total) score excluding craving represent subject's symptoms of tobacco withdrawal, ranging from 0 to 28. We calculated a craving for tobacco score and a total score of withdrawal symptoms excluding craving. The higher score represent more sever craving and withdrawal. (NCT01390246)
Timeframe: During treatment: Visits 2-6 (time period between 2nd and 12th week of therapy)

,
InterventionMNWS Score (Mean)
Craving for tobaccoTotal score of withdrawal excluding craving
Bupropion SR1.503.77
Placebo2.075.35

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Number of Participants With 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at the End of Pregnancy (Visit 7)

The accuracy of self-reported smoking abstinence during study visits was confirmed by an exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels and by urinary cotinine levels. 7-day point prevalence abstinence was defined as no cigarettes (not even a puff) in the last 7 days, levels of (CO) in exhaled air < 4 ppm, and concentrations of cotinine in urine < 50 ng/mL. At every visit, a research nurse monitored the smoking status of all subjects (amount of cigarettes per day, exhaled CO). Exhaled CO was measured using a Vitalograph carbon monoxide monitor (Lenexa, KS) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. A urine sample was collected at each visit and cotinine in urine was quantified using the validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method. We calculated the total number of abstinent subjects. The higher the number the better outcome. (NCT01390246)
Timeframe: End of pregnancy (visit 7) is a time period between 36.0-38.6 weeks gestation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion SR3
Placebo1

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Change in Cigarette Craving and Total Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Between Groups on the Quit Date

Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms were assessed by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS). MNWS consists of 7 objectives (e.g., irritability, anxious, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, insomnia, restless). Subjects were given a score on each item on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe). Summed (total) score excluding craving represent subject's symptoms of tobacco withdrawal, ranging from 0 to 28. We calculated a craving for tobacco score and a total score of withdrawal symptoms excluding craving. The higher score represent more sever craving and withdrawal. (NCT01390246)
Timeframe: Quit date, visit 2 (one week after starting the 12-week course of therapy)

,
InterventionMNWS Score (Mean)
Craving for tobaccoTotal score of withdrawal excluding craving
Bupropion SR2.044.75
Placebo2.334.88

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The Amygdala, Anterior Insula, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Scans Will be Compared to Evaluate Significant Differences

Mean blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast sensitive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cue-reactivity signal following 2 week pre-quit treatment, controlling for baseline cue-reactivity. (NCT01406223)
Timeframe: change from baseline in whole brain blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast sensitive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images collected during a cue-reactivity task following 2 weeks of pre-quit treatment

,,,
Interventionpercent BOLD signal change (Mean)
left amygdalaright amydalaleft anterior insularight anterior insulaleft medial prefrontal cortexright medial prefrtonal cortex
NRT (Nicotine Patches Only).007-.014.013.065.026-.010
Post-quit NRT.129.020.179.082.009-.017
Varenicline0.057.051.094-.008.129.058
Varenicline + Bupropion.160.134-.015.019-.120-.176

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Days to First Cigarette Following Quitting Smoking

Days to first cigarette (i.e. lapse) will be measured via self-report. (NCT01406223)
Timeframe: Up to 11 weeks post quit day.

Interventiondays (Mean)
Varenicline9.15
NRT (Nicotine Patches Only)15.21
Varenicline + Bupropion9.90
Post-quit NRT5.73

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Rate of Protocol Response Measured as a Change in Clinical Global Impression (CGI) - Improvement Scale

Clinical assessment of a participant's level of depression and treatment response assessed by the Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI -I) Scale, a 7-point clinician rating scale of improvement from baseline in severity of depression (Guy 1976). A secondary outcome measure of response was defined as achieving a score of 2 (much improved) or 1 (very much improved). (NCT01421342)
Timeframe: During acute phase (up to 12 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Switching: Bupropion-SR356
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Bupropion-SR376
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Aripiprazole400

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Rate of Protocol Relapse of Symptoms of Major Depression After Achieving Remission in the Acute Phase

Relapse in symptoms of major depression defined as a QIDS-C16 => 11 among those achieving remission in the acute phase. (NCT01421342)
Timeframe: Within 36 weeks after randomization (initiation of treatment)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Switching: Bupropion-SR26
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Bupropion-SR35
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Aripiprazole37

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Rate of Protocol Remission of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder

Remission of symptoms of major depression during the acute treatment phase (12 weeks) defined as a sustained clinician-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-C16) of <= 5 for two consecutive visits. (NCT01421342)
Timeframe: During acute phase (12 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Switching: Bupropion-SR114
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Bupropion-SR136
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Aripiprazole146

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Rate of Protocol Response as Reduction in Symptoms of Major Depression (>= 50% Reduction in QIDS-C)

Response measured as reduction in symptom score for major depression defined as: 1. a reduction in QIDS-C16 of 50% or greater (NCT01421342)
Timeframe: During acute phase (up to 12 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Switching: Bupropion-SR319
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Bupropion-SR332
Augmenting: Antidepressant + Aripiprazole375

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HADS Total Score, Psychiatric History Cohort

The HADS is a subject self-reporting scale completed in person at clinic visits at Baseline and Weeks 1 through 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, and 24. It contains 14 individual item responses ranging in increasing severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (most severe) for a total range of 0 to 42. Of the 14 items, 7 assess anxiety and 7 assess depression, providing 2 subscales with ranges of 0 to 21. For each subscale, 0 to 7 is considered normal, while 15 to 21 represents severe symptoms. (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (N= 1026, 1017, 1015, 1015)Week 2 (N= 1005, 1004, 996, 995)Week 3 (N= 947, 961, 945, 926)Week 4 (N= 935, 938, 929, 908)Week 5 (N= 918, 918, 914, 895)Week 6 (N= 917, 914, 912, 874)Week 8 (N= 887, 893, 878, 859)Week 10 (N= 864, 865, 864, 823)Week 12 (N= 790, 803, 798, 749)Week 13 (N= 813, 812, 814, 763)Week 16 (N= 795, 805, 791, 748)Week 20 (N= 784, 784, 763, 737)Week 24 (N= 770, 764, 758, 729)
Bupropion 150 mg BID7.586.996.516.366.035.875.965.725.665.445.625.545.69
NRT Patch6.826.646.306.165.825.625.635.645.445.365.445.465.57
Placebo6.706.426.026.045.805.755.635.555.425.095.375.265.04
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID6.766.425.995.875.585.395.435.385.175.065.265.175.21

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HADS Total Score (Overall)

The HADS is a subject self-reporting scale completed in person at clinic visits at Baseline and Weeks 1 through 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, and 24. It contains 14 individual item responses ranging in increasing severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (most severe) for a total range of 0 to 42. Of the 14 items, 7 assess anxiety and 7 assess depression, providing 2 subscales with ranges of 0 to 21. For each subscale, 0 to 7 is considered normal, while 15 to 21 represents severe symptoms. (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (N= 1989, 1976, 1985, 1987)Week 2 (N= 1938, 1937, 1931, 1929)Week 3 (N= 1882, 1891, 1881, 1867)Week 4 (N= 1858, 1854, 1863, 1831)Week 5 (N= 1829, 1815, 1820, 1797)Week 6 (N= 1816, 1807, 1821, 1771)Week 8 (N= 1755, 1754, 1755, 1736)Week 10 (N= 1717, 1709, 1716, 1669)Week 12 (N= 1562, 1571, 1548, 1491)Week 13 (N= 1610, 1608, 1603, 1570)Week 16 (N= 1579, 1602, 1566, 1537)Week 20 (N= 1555, 1569, 1525, 1509)Week 24 (N= 1528, 1512, 1495, 1487)
Bupropion 150 mg BID5.615.064.604.394.164.054.103.863.793.663.773.733.80
NRT Patch4.954.744.484.314.084.013.964.003.783.713.783.723.82
Placebo5.054.804.384.394.144.094.124.043.953.703.823.753.62
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID5.034.684.314.153.943.823.823.853.643.603.673.653.62

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Estimated NPS AE Rate (%), by Cohort

"The primary safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Estimated NPS AE rate (%) was calculated based on least-squares means analysis." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Least Squares Mean)
Non-psychiatric cohort (N=3984)Psychiatric cohort (N= 4074)
Bupropion 150 mg BID2.446.62
NRT Patch2.315.20
Placebo2.524.83
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID1.256.42

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7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence, Psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 3 and 6 on the nicotine use inventory at that specific visit.~NUI Question 3 (Baseline through Week 24): Has the subject smoked any cigarettes (even a puff) in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Baseline through Week 12): Has the subject used any other nicotine containing products in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Week 13 through Week 24): Has the subject used any other tobacco products in the last 7 days?" (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16Week 17Week 18Week 19Week 20Week 21Week 22Week 23Week 24
Bupropion 150 mg BID1.214.618.121.321.822.725.422.126.024.327.423.922.625.025.321.924.024.524.720.423.222.923.520.4
NRT Patch0.713.017.921.122.423.327.524.629.425.029.424.924.026.826.021.824.824.725.125.123.723.622.220.1
Placebo0.59.210.711.812.413.416.615.017.214.017.214.214.817.818.313.917.418.217.617.617.516.516.414.0
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID1.016.822.726.628.530.834.832.736.235.138.635.032.734.733.429.132.331.731.626.629.729.128.526.1

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7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 3 and 6 on the nicotine use inventory at that specific visit.~NUI Question 3 (Baseline through Week 24): Has the subject smoked any cigarettes (even a puff) in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Baseline through Week 12): Has the subject used any other nicotine containing products in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Week 13 through Week 24): Has the subject used any other tobacco products in the last 7 days?" (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16Week 17Week 18Week 19Week 20Week 21Week 22Week 23Week 24
Bupropion 150 mg BID1.021.326.627.729.831.435.231.034.931.034.130.530.733.533.228.531.931.331.227.530.329.930.626.0
NRT Patch1.215.522.125.927.830.435.131.434.831.134.930.429.932.032.428.131.431.731.226.329.329.028.327.0
Placebo1.511.413.614.514.915.919.216.719.016.920.817.817.220.421.318.220.120.820.818.220.120.320.317.4
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID1.720.930.034.338.441.044.442.347.142.446.644.441.144.543.837.240.740.939.935.138.138.737.633.6

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7-Day Point Prevalence of Abstinence (Overall)

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 3 and 6 on the nicotine use inventory at that specific visit.~NUI Question 3 (Baseline through Week 24): Has the subject smoked any cigarettes (even a puff) in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Baseline through Week 12): Has the subject used any other nicotine containing products in the last 7 days? NUI Question 6 (Week 13 through Week 24): Has the subject used any other tobacco products in the last 7 days?" (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16Week 17Week 18Week 19Week 20Week 21Week 22Week 23Week 24
Bupropion 150 mg BID1.117.922.324.425.726.930.226.530.427.630.727.126.529.229.225.127.927.827.923.926.726.427.023.2
NRT Patch0.914.220.023.525.126.831.328.032.128.032.127.626.929.429.224.928.128.228.123.726.526.325.323.6
Placebo1.010.312.113.113.614.617.915.918.115.518.816.016.019.119.816.118.819.519.216.318.818.418.315.7
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID1.318.826.330.433.435.839.537.441.638.742.539.636.839.538.533.136.436.235.730.833.933.833.029.8

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"Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), No Change Rating by Visit"

"The CGI-I is a clinician rated instrument that measures change in participant's psychiatric condition (or lack thereof in the stratum without psychiatric disorders) on a 7 point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse), with 4 = no change. The ratings were applicable even to those without psychiatric diagnoses (eg, those with no psychiatric symptoms would be rated as normal, not at all ill on the CGI-S at baseline and assuming no psychiatric symptoms emerge during the trial, would be rated as no change on the CGI-I at follow-up visits). For those participants with a psychiatric diagnosis, the clinician should rate the severity of the mental illness with respect to the clinician's experience with the psychiatric population to which the participant belongs." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (N= 1986, 1974, 1986, 1982)Week 2 (N= 1934, 1936, 1927, 1926)Week 3 (N= 1880, 1892, 1880, 1863)Week 4 (N= 1860, 1856, 1858, 1834)Week 5 (N= 1828, 1816, 1822, 1802)Week 6 (N= 1816, 1808, 1820, 1773)Week 8 (N= 1758, 1756, 1755, 1738)Week 10 (N= 1717, 1707, 1715, 1675)Week 12 (N= 1558, 1572, 1540, 1492)Week 13 (N= 1612, 16081602, 1575)Week 16 (N= 1586, 1606, 1568, 1541)Week 20 (N= 1563, 1573, 1523, 1510)Week 24 (N= 1533, 1515, 1499, 1497)
Bupropion 150 mg BID93.290.889.888.086.586.583.681.775.176.776.775.072.3
NRT Patch94.690.588.787.185.585.182.880.472.275.273.972.271.1
Placebo95.191.287.986.385.484.181.979.271.374.973.471.771.1
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID94.290.888.386.685.785.282.480.672.975.974.273.471.8

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CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24, Psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 24 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID18.3
Bupropion 150 mg BID13.7
NRT Patch13.0
Placebo8.3

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CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 24 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID25.5
Bupropion 150 mg BID18.8
NRT Patch18.5
Placebo10.5

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CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12, Psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 12 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID29.2
Bupropion 150 mg BID19.3
NRT Patch20.4
Placebo11.4

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Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"The C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview designed to evaluate an individual's degree of suicidal ideation, preparatory acts or behavior to actual attempt, ranging from wish to be dead to active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent. Answers at screening are for lifetime history. Answers for all other visits are since last visit.The scale is also used to record any completed suicides." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Lifetime, Baseline and Treatment-Emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants with positive responses (Number)
Suicidal Behavior (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Ideation (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Behavior (Baseline)Suicidal Ideation (Baseline)Suicidal Behavior (treatment emergent 12 weeks)Suicidal Ideation (treatment emergent 12 weeks)
Bupropion 150 mg BID9430104
NRT Patch7500013
Placebo6490116
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID6480007

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Occurrence of the Components of the Observed Severe-only NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Psychiatric History Cohort

"The safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Only those events rated as severe are reported; this excludes any moderate events in the primary NPS AE endpoint." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnxietyDepressionFeeling abnormalHostilityAgitationAggressionDelusionsHallucinationsManiaPanicParanoiaPsychosisHomicidal ideationSuicidal behaviorSuicidal ideationSuicide
Bupropion 150 mg BID4410110111010100
NRT Patch6700400000010010
Placebo2600210001000100
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID5600110020000110

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Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Psychiatric History Cohort

"The C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview designed to evaluate an individual's degree of suicidal ideation, preparatory acts or behavior to actual attempt, ranging from wish to be dead to active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent. Answers at screening are for lifetime history. Answers for all other visits are since last visit. The scale is also used to record any completed suicides." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Lifetime, Baseline and Treatment-Emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants with positive responses (Number)
Suicidal Behavior (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Ideation (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Behavior (Baseline)Suicidal Ideation (Baseline)Suicidal Behavior (treatment emergent 12 weeks)Suicidal Ideation (treatment emergent 12 weeks)
Bupropion 150 mg BID14335705115
NRT Patch11133302020
Placebo12334913225
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID13733806027

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Occurrence of the Components of the Observed Severe-only NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"The safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Only those events rated as severe are reported; this excludes any moderate events in the primary NPS AE endpoint." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnxietyDepressionFeeling abnormalHostilityAgitationAggressionDelusionsHallucinationsManiaPanicParanoiaPsychosisHomicidal ideationSuicidal behaviorSuicidal ideationSuicide
Bupropion 150 mg BID1001010001000100
NRT Patch0001200001000000
Placebo3000000001000011
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID0100010000000000

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Occurrence of Neuropsychiatric (NPS) Adverse Events (AE) - the Primary Study Endpoint

"The primary safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Non-psychiatric cohort (N= 990, 989, 1006, 999)Psychiatric cohort (N= 1026, 1017, 1016, 1015)Overall (N= 2016, 2006, 2022, 2014)
Bupropion 150 mg BID2.26.74.5
NRT Patch2.55.23.9
Placebo2.44.93.7
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID1.36.54.0

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CO-confirmed Continuous Abstinence From Week 9 Through Week 24 (Overall)

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 24 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID21.8
Bupropion 150 mg BID16.2
NRT Patch15.7
Placebo9.4

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Occurrence of the Components of the NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Psychiatric History Cohort

"The safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Each of these 16 components is reported below." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Anxiety (severe)Depression (severe)Feeling abnormal (severe only)Hostility (severe)Agitation (moderate and severe)Aggression (moderate and severe)Delusions (moderate and severe)Hallucinations (moderate and severe)Mania (moderate and severe)Panic (moderate and severe)Paranoia (moderate and severe)Psychosis (moderate and severe)Homicidal ideation (moderate and severe)Suicidal behavior (moderate and severe)Suicidal ideation (moderate and severe)Suicide (moderate and severe)
Bupropion 150 mg BID441029914916020120
NRT Patch670021712313030030
Placebo26002280267210120
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID560025141577140150

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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Total Score, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

The HADS is a subject self-reporting scale completed in person at clinic visits at Baseline and Weeks 1 through 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, and 24. It contains 14 individual item responses ranging in increasing severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (most severe) for a total range of 0 to 42. Of the 14 items, 7 assess anxiety and 7 assess depression, providing 2 subscales with ranges of 0 to 21. For each subscale, 0 to 7 is considered normal, while 15 to 21 represents severe symptoms. (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (N= 984, 972, 989, 992)Week 2 (N= 961, 954, 963, 970)Week 3 (N= 935, 930, 936, 941)Week 4 (N= 923, 916, 934, 923)Week 5 (N= 911, 897, 906, 902)Week 6 (N= 899, 893, 909, 897)Week 8 (N= 868, 861, 877, 877)Week 10 (N= 853, 844, 852, 846)Week 12 (N= 772, 768, 750, 742)Week 13 (N= 797, 796, 789, 807)Week 16 (N= 784, 797, 775, 789)Week 20 (N= 771, 785, 762, 772)Week 24 (N= 758, 748, 737, 758)
Bupropion 150 mg BID3.583.072.642.362.242.182.161.961.831.851.901.931.87
NRT Patch3.062.842.632.462.322.402.282.332.012.012.091.972.01
Placebo3.383.202.772.772.482.482.642.572.462.382.342.312.25
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID3.262.912.612.402.292.232.172.292.072.112.052.102.01

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Occurrence of the Components of the NPS AE Primary Endpoint, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"The safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Each of these 16 components is reported below." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Anxiety (severe)Depression (severe)Feeling abnormal (severe only)Hostility (severe)Agitation (moderate and severe)Aggression (moderate and severe)Delusions (moderate and severe)Hallucinations (moderate and severe)Mania (moderate and severe)Panic (moderate and severe)Paranoia (moderate and severe)Psychosis (moderate and severe)Homicidal ideation (moderate and severe)Suicidal behavior (moderate and severe)Suicidal ideation (moderate and severe)Suicide (moderate and severe)
Bupropion 150 mg BID10011130014100110
NRT Patch00011921021011120
Placebo30001130023000031
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID01001030100000000

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Occurrence of the Components of Severe-only NPS AE Endpoint (Overall)

"The NPS AE endpoint was the occurrence of at least 1 treatment-emergent severe AE of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least 1 treatment-emergent severe AE of agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Only those events rated as severe are reported; this excludes any moderate events in the primary NPS AE endpoint." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnxietyDepressionFeeling AbnormalHostilityAgitationAggressionDelusionsHallucinationManiaPanic DisorderParanoiaPsychosisSuicidal BehaviorSuicidal IdeationSuicideHomicidal Ideation
Bupropion 150 mg BID5411120112122000
NRT Patch6701600001040101
Placebo5600210002211010
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID5700120020141100

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Occurrence of Severe-only NPS AEs in the Primary Endpoint, by Cohort

"The primary safety endpoint is the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent severe adverse event of anxiety, depression, feeling abnormal, or hostility and/or the occurrence of at least one treatment emergent moderate or severe adverse event of: agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, homicidal ideation, mania, panic, paranoia, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, or completed suicide. Only those events rated as severe are reported; this excludes any moderate events in the primary NPS AE endpoint." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Non-psychiatric cohort (N= 990, 989, 1006, 999)Psychiatric cohort (N= 1026, 1017, 1016, 1015)Overall (N= 2016, 2006, 2022, 2014)
Bupropion 150 mg BID0.41.40.9
NRT Patch0.31.40.8
Placebo0.51.30.9
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID0.11.40.7

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CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12, Non-psychiatric History Cohort

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 12 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID38.0
Bupropion 150 mg BID26.1
NRT Patch26.4
Placebo13.7

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CO-Confirmed Continuous Abstinence for Weeks 9 Through 12 (Overall)

"A responder to this endpoint requires the answer no to both questions 1 and 2 on the Nicotine Use Inventory at every visit from Week 9 to Week 12 (inclusive)." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Week 9 through Week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID33.5
Bupropion 150 mg BID22.6
NRT Patch23.4
Placebo12.5

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Occurrence of the Components of NPS AE Primary Endpoint (Overall)

The NPS AE composite results (as previously described) are for the two cohorts combined and are presented below. (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Treatment emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnxietyDepressionFeeling AbnormalHostilityAgitationAggressionDelusionsHallucinationManiaPanic DisorderParanoiaPsychosisHomicidal IdeationSuicidal BehaviorSuicidal IdeationSuicide
Bupropion 150 mg BID54114012141020120230
NRT Patch670140922514041150
Placebo5600331102810210151
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID570035171677140150

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Positive Responses for Suicidal Behavior and/or Ideation by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) - Overall

"The C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview designed to evaluate an individual's degree of suicidal ideation, preparatory acts or behavior to actual attempt, ranging from wish to be dead to active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent. Answers at screening are for lifetime history. Answers for all other visits are since last visit. The scale is also used to record any completed suicides." (NCT01456936)
Timeframe: Lifetime, Baseline and Treatment-Emergent is first dose date to last dose date (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

,,,
Interventionparticipants with positive responses (Number)
Suicidal Behavior (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Ideation (Screening lifetime)Suicidal Behavior (Baseline)Suicidal Ideation (Baseline)Suicidal Behavior (treatment emergent 12 weeks)Suicidal Ideation (treatment emergent 12 weeks)
Bupropion 150 mg BID15240006119
NRT Patch11838302123
Placebo12939814331
Varenicline 1.0 mg BID14338606034

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Time to MACE Until the End of Study NCT01574703.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated until end of study. The measure type mentioned in the outcome data table is Hazard Ratio. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline until end of study (end of study is defined as last visit in study NCT01574703 [up to Week 52], or in study NCT01456936 [up to 24 Weeks] for those participants not enrolled into study NCT01574703).

InterventionUnitless (Number)
Varenicline0.39
Bupropion1.09
NRT Patch0.75
PlaceboNA

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Incidence of MACE+ Assessed up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE + is defined as any MACE or a new onset or worsening PVD requiring intervention, a need for coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days follow-up.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.25
Bupropion0.20
NRT Patch0.15
Placebo0.35

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Incidence of MACE+ Assessed Until End of Study NCT01574703.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE+ is defined as any MACE or a new onset or worsening PVD requiring intervention, a need for coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline until end of study (end of study is defined as last visit in study NCT01574703 [up to Week 52], or in study NCT01456936 [up to 24 Weeks] for those participants not enrolled into study NCT01574703).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.50
Bupropion0.75
NRT Patch0.49
Placebo0.60

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Incidence of MACE Assessed up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated during the treatment phase (up to date of last dose of study drug) plus 30 days follow-up. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days follow-up.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.05
Bupropion0.10
NRT Patch0.10
Placebo0.20

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Incidence of MACE Assessed Until End of Study NCT01574703.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated until end of study. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline until end of study (end of study is defined as last visit in study NCT01574703 [up to Week 52], or in study NCT01456936 [up to 24 Weeks] for those participants not enrolled into study NCT01574703).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.15
Bupropion0.45
NRT Patch0.30
Placebo0.40

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Incidence of MACE Assessed During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated during the treatment phase (up to date of last dose of study drug). (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.05
Bupropion0.10
NRT Patch0.05
Placebo0.20

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Time to Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated during the treatment phase (up to date of last dose of study drug). The measure type mentioned in the outcome data table is Hazard Ratio relative to Placebo. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks).

InterventionUnitless (Number)
Varenicline0.29
Bupropion0.50
NRT Patch0.29
PlaceboNA

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Time to MACE up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug Plus 30 Days Follow-up in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE is defined as a cardiovascular death, a non-fatal myocardial infarction or a non-fatal stroke evaluated during the treatment phase (up to date of last dose of study drug) plus 30 days follow-up. The measure type mentioned in the outcome data table is Hazard Ratio. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks) plus 30 days.

InterventionUnitless (Number)
Varenicline0.29
Bupropion0.51
NRT Patch0.50
PlaceboNA

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Incidence of MACE + Assessed During Treatment Period (up to Date of Last Dose of Study Drug) in Study NCT01456936.

This is an adjudicated endpoint. MACE + is defined as any MACE or a new onset or worsening peripheral vascular disease (PVD) requiring intervention, a need for coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. (NCT01574703)
Timeframe: Baseline to last dose of study drug in parent study NCT01456936 (up to 12 weeks).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Varenicline0.25
Bupropion0.20
NRT Patch0.10
Placebo0.25

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Enrollment Rate

The number of participants enrolled will be tracked as a measure of the feasibility of the intervention approached for the entire six-month recruitment period. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: 6 months after study initiation

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tailored Intervention Group31
Enhanced Standard of Care Group32

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Number of Participants Abstinent From Tobacco Use

At the six-month follow-up contact, participants will be questioned regarding self-reported tobacco use over the past seven days (point prevalence abstinence). (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: Six-month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tailored Intervention Group9
Enhanced Standard of Care Group9

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Retention

The number of participants who remain in the study throughout the seven-week treatment period will be computed as an indicator of the feasibility of the treatment approach. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: End of treatment (seven weeks after baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tailored Intervention Group16

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Body Weight

Self-reported body weight. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: Six-month follow-up

InterventionPounds (Mean)
Tailored Intervention Group214.0
Enhanced Standard of Care Group228.2

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Alcohol Use

Alcohol use during the previous seven days will be assessed among those receiving the risky alcohol use treatment module and those in the quitline referral condition who would have been eligible for the intervention if assigned to the tailored treatment group. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: Six-month follow-up

InterventionDrinks consumed per day (Mean)
Tailored Intervention Group9.5
Enhanced Standard of Care Group2.8

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Treatment Satisfaction

Participants' impressions of and satisfaction with the intervention will be assessed by interview at the end of treatment. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: End of treatment (seven weeks after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Found treatment very or extremely usefulFound medication to be very or extremely usefulFound treatment to be very or extremely convenientFound treatment to be very or extremely difficultLiked that treatment was delivered by phone
Enhanced Standard of Care Group679510
Tailored Intervention Group171616521

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Treatment Attendance

The number of treatment calls completed (out of six total) will be calculated for all participants in the Tailored Intervention group as an indicator of the feasibility of the treatment approach. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: End of treatment (seven weeks after baseline)

InterventionCalls (Mean)
Tailored Intervention Group4.0

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Depressive Symptoms

Depressive symptoms as measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). Possible scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater levels of depressive symptoms. (NCT01592695)
Timeframe: Six-month follow-up

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Tailored Intervention Group7.0
Enhanced Standard of Care Group3.9

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7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months

No smoking, not even a puff, during the 7 days prior to the 6 month follow-up. Biochemically confirmed. (NCT01621009)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionNumber of abstinent participants (Number)
Bupropion + Counseling21
Bupropion, No Counseling16
Placebo + Counseling15
Placebo, No Counseling14

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Comparison of FARS and ICARS

Differences between FARS - ICARS at each treatment interval (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)

Interventionpoints (Number)
Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram1
Citalopram (Week 5)-6
OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10)1
Bupropion Only (Week 15)12
Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20)6

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Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS)

A rating scale developed for Friedreich ataxia in evaluation of ataxia. Score range from 0-159 with a score of 0 meaning normal and greater scores indicating worsened disease. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)

Interventionpoints (Number)
Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram43
Citalopram (Week 5)41
OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10)47
Bupropion Only (Week 15)42
Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20)45

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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a 21 item questionnaire scored each item on a scale of 0 to 3 or 5. The max score is 66. Higher scores indicate worsened depression. All items are summed together to give a total score. A total score of 0-7 is considered normal, while total scores greater than 20 are indicative of moderate or greater depression. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram7
Citalopram (Week 5)10
OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10)2
Bupropion Only (Week 15)3
Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20)4

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International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS)

The ICARS is a 19 item rating scale of ataxia with the total score ranging from 0 to 100. A score of 0 means normal and higher scores represent worsened disease. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 weeks (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)

Interventionunits (Number)
Bupropion & Citalopram39
Bupropion & Placebo30
Placebo & Citalopram47
Placebo & Placebo46
Baseline42

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Change in Suicidal Ideation (SSI Score)

Beck Scale of Suicidal Ideation Minimum Value = 0 Maximum Value = 38 Higher score is more severe suicidal thoughts (NCT01748955)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 8
Bupropion113.3
Paroxetine CR4.80.3

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Percent Change in Contrast of Parameter Estimates (COPE)

"% change in COPE = (Post-treatment COPE - Pre-treatment COPE) / Pre-treatment COPE COPE is measured during Monetary Incentive Delay Task.~Task conditions are:~Reward= BOLD signal when subject wins 5 cents vs. wins 0 cents Punishment= BOLD signal when subject loses 5cents vs. loses 0 cents" (NCT01748955)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline (pre-treatment) and Week 8 (post-treatment)

,
InterventionPercentage change (Mean)
ACC RewardACC PunishmentAmygdala RewardAmygdala Punishment
Bupropion0.29-1.19-0.90-0.32
Paroxetine CR-2.12-1.33-0.87-0.66

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Number of Participants Completing Continuous Abstinence From Smoking Between Quit Day and 11-week Post Quit Day Visit

This will be determined by a composite of self-report of no smoking between study visits at the 1-week, 3-week, 7-week and 11-week post Quit Day study visits and expired air carbon monoxide (CO) <10 ppm (measured at those study visits). An intent-to-treat criterion will be used, whereby drop-outs are considered to be non-abstinent. (NCT01806779)
Timeframe: Quit Day to 11-week post Quit Day study visit

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Chantix21
Chantix + Zyban15

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Number of Participants Completing Seven-day Point Abstinence From Smoking at 6 Months Post Quit Day

This will be determined by a self-report of no smoking for the previous seven days when called for 6-month follow-up confirmed by expired air CO. (NCT01806779)
Timeframe: 6 months post Quit Day

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Chantix21
Chantix + Zyban19

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Change in Smoking Withdrawal Symptoms

Withdrawal symptoms will be assessed by questionnaire on Quit Day, Week 1, Week 3, Week 7 and Week 11 post target quit date and 6 months post quit Follow-Up (if applicable) using the Shiffman-Jarvik questionnaire, which consists of 33-items rated from 1 to 7, where 1= not at all, 2= very little, 3= a little, 4= moderately, 5= a lot, 6= quite a lot, and 7= extremely. The 33 items are grouped into 8 subscales: Craving, Negative Affect, Appetite, Arousal, Somatic - Anxiety, Somatic - G.I., Somatic - Respiratory Tract, and Habit Withdrawal. The range of scores for each subscale will be 1-7, with higher scores indicating more of the withdrawal symptom having been experienced. (NCT01806779)
Timeframe: Quit Day and 1 week, 3 weeks, 7 Weeks, 11 Weeks and 6 months post Quit Day

,
Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Craving -- % change 1 week from Quit DayCraving -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayCraving -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayCraving -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayCraving -- % change 6 months from Quit DayNegative Affect -- % change 1 week from Quit DayNegative Affect -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayNegative Affect -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayNegative Affect -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayNegative Affect -- % change 6 months from Quit DayAppetite -- % change 1 week from Quit DayAppetite -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayAppetite -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayAppetite -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayAppetite -- % change 6 months from Quit DayArousal -- % change 1 week from Quit DayArousal -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayArousal -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayArousal -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayArousal -- % change 6 months from Quit DayAnxiety -- % change 1 week from Quit DayAnxiety -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayAnxiety -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayAnxiety -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayAnxiety -- % change 6 months from Quit DayGastrointestinal -- % change 1 week from Quit DayGastrointestinal -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayGastrointestinal -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayGastrointestinal - % change 11 weeks from Quit DayGastrointestinal - % change 6 months from Quit DayRespiratory -- % change 1 week from Quit DayRespiratory -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayRespiratory -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayRespiratory -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayRespiratory -- % change 6 months from Quit DayHabit -- % change 1 week from Quit DayHabit -- % change 3 weeks from Quit DayHabit -- % change 7 weeks from Quit DayHabit -- % change 11 weeks from Quit DayHabit -- % change 6 months from Quit Day
Chantix-18.15-27.06-30.94-26.97-42.96-11.45-9.74-10.16-15.06-8.55-10.53-11.04-9.30-16.20-33.888.035.876.947.3319.80-8.22-8.66-11.82-9.34-66.77-0.69-5.14-7.67-8.05-67.721.41-1.120.92-4.36-65.87-5.15-17.67-14.46-16.61-56.97
Chantix + Zyban-15.49-28.64-28.75-30.82-33.52-7.15-4.72-10.88-8.5221.96-4.40-4.42-11.66-8.64-35.4410.72-4.40-4.03-1.5649.01-12.26-14.40-12.50-19.83-57.15-7.78-10.07-8.44-9.60-56.61-7.47-8.81-18.04-19.67-55.771.64-16.07-20.55-24.78-53.40

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Number of Participants Completing Continuous Four-week Abstinence From Smoking Between the 8-week and 11-week Post Quit Day Visits

This will be determined by a composite of self-report at the 11-week study visit of no smoking between the 8-week and 11-week visits and expired air carbon monoxide (CO) <10 ppm (measured at the 11-week study visit). An intent-to-treat criterion will be used, whereby drop-outs are considered to be non-abstinent. (NCT01806779)
Timeframe: Period between 8-week and 11-week visits post target Quit Day

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Chantix41
Chantix + Zyban38

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence at 6-month Follow-up.

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as participant reporting no smoking occasions in the 7 days preceding the 6-month follow-up appointment. The 6-month follow-up occurs 6 months after the initial scheduled quit date. (NCT01901848)
Timeframe: 6-month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CPT+ICSC2
Present-focused ICSC8

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Number of Participants Who Self-reported 7-day Point Prevalence Smoking Abstinence as Bioverified by Breath Carbon Monoxide < 4 Parts Per Million.

Self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence was bioverified by breath carbon monoxide level of < 4 parts per million at the 6-month follow-up. (NCT01901848)
Timeframe: 6-month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CPT+ICSC2
Present-focused ICSC4

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Money Earned

"Change in amount of money earned between baseline and after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment is determined through a summary score from a variety of decision-making tasks. Participants received between $5 and $40 per visit, depending on the outcomes of the decisions made on the computerized tasks. Variable payment ensured that the decision-making tasks were approached realistically, as opposed to using hypothetical points that do not have meaning in the real world. Greater earnings indicate better financial decision-making.~The specific tasks were:~risk task~balloon analogue risk task~temporal discounting task~ultimatum game~continuous performance task" (NCT01916824)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

,
InterventionUS Dollars (Mean)
Baseline VisitAfter 6 Weeks of Treatment
Healthy Controls25.021.9
Participants With Major Depressive Disorder23.220.5

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"Participants Categorized as Responders"

"Study Responders were defined as participants providing six MA-negative urine tests of eight administered in the evaluation period (the last four weeks of the active medication phase), including the last test collected in the final study week of the active medication phase." (NCT01982643)
Timeframe: Weeks 4-8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Naltrexone Plus Bupropion11

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Depression-free Days

Depression-free days from baseline through 18 months post-randomization (NCT01993017)
Timeframe: Baseline through 18 months

Interventioncumulative depression-free days (Mean)
AHA Depression Screen, Notify & Treat343.1
Depression Screen & Notify351.3
No Depression Screen339.0

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Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)

Change in QALYs from baseline through 18 months. QALYs are a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. To measure change in QALYs, utility scores [an overall assessment of well-being on a scale from 0 (death) to 1 (perfect health)], were estimated using the Short Form-6 dimension, with scores derived from responses to the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2, at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months. QALYs for the period from baseline to 18 months were then calculated as the area under the curve by linearly interpolating the utility scores at the 4 assessments. Change in QALYs was then obtained by subtracting the baseline QALY from the observed QALY for an 18-month period, where baseline QALY was calculated under the assumption that the baseline utility score remained constant during the 18-month period. (NCT01993017)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months

Interventionquality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (Mean)
AHA Depression Screen, Notify & Treat-0.06
Depression Screen & Notify-0.06
No Depression Screen-0.06

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Cost of Health Care Utilization

Total cost of health care utilization from baseline through 18 months post-randomization (NCT01993017)
Timeframe: Baseline through 18 months

InterventionUS dollars (Mean)
AHA Depression Screen, Notify & Treat6745
Depression Screen & Notify6204
No Depression Screen7440

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Comparision of the Buproprion Maximum Concentration (Cmax) by Type of Formulation and Dosage

Each formulation of buproprion has a different rate of release. Some release the drug immediately while others release the drug slowly. We will compare the exposure of buproprion by formulation and dose by looking at the maximum concentration. The maximum concentration depends on the rate of drug release and so looking at this value can help us compare differences between formulation. (NCT02078180)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionnanogram/milliliter (Mean)
Generic Bupropion IR7593
Generic Bupropion IR100136
Generic Bupropion SR10061
Generic Bupropion SR15078
Generic Bupropion XL15061
Generic Bupropion XL300111

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Comparision of the Buproprion Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 96 Hours by Type of Formulation and Dosage

Each formulation of buproprion has a different rate of release. Some release the drug immediately while others release the drug slowly. We will compare the exposure of buproprion by formulation and dose by looking at the area under the concentration time curve. The area under the concentration time curve is a mathematical way of looking at drug exposure in the body. The reported values are AUC (0-96 hours). (NCT02078180)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionh*nanogram/milliliter (Mean)
Generic Bupropion IR75469
Generic Bupropion IR100667
Generic Bupropion SR100706
Generic Bupropion SR1501002
Generic Bupropion XL150740
Generic Bupropion XL3001356

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Longest Consecutive Period of Negative Urine Samples

Comparison of the longest string of urine samples testing negative for cocaine that were submitted at thrice weekly visits between weeks 7-30 from persons who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or bupropion XL; samples that were excused are omitted otherwise missing samples are treated as positive. (NCT02111798)
Timeframe: Weeks 7-30

InterventionMean consecutive negative urines (Mean)
Placebo/Abstinence Initiation7.8
Bupropion XL/Abstinence Initiation11.25
Placebo/Relapse Prevention52.9
Bupropion XL/Relapse Prevention33.3

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Number of Cocaine Negative Urines

Comparison of the number of thrice-weekly urine tests submitted during weeks study 7-30 negative for cocaine for persons randomly assigned to receive placebo or bupropion XL during weeks 7-30; excused samples are omitted and missing samples are treated as positive. (NCT02111798)
Timeframe: Weeks 7-30

InterventionMean percent negative urines (Mean)
Placebo/Abstinence Initiation70.6
Bupropion XL/Abstinence Initiation57.7
Placebo/Relapse Prevention4.2
Bupropion XL/Relapse Prevention14.5

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Change From Baseline in Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) for Each Arm

MFI score range is 0-100. Higher score indicates higher level of fatigue. (NCT02162862)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0) to end of study (week 14)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Behavioral Counseling18.727
Healthy Control-1.828
Behavioral Counseling + Bupropion16.367

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Change in Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for Each Arm

PSQI score range is 0-21 with higher score indicating greater sleep disturbance. (NCT02162862)
Timeframe: Baseline (week 0) to end of study (week 14)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Behavioral Counseling4.857
Healthy Control-.154
Behavioral Counseling + Bupropion6.571

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Number Moderate or Severe Side Effects

For adverse effects, our primary outcome will be the frequency of moderate or severe side effects from a checklist of bupropion-related side effects (derived from completed bupropion studies), as well as those elicited with open-ended questions, through regular obstetrics visits, and assessments triggered by any pregnancy-related complication. Adverse effects will be systematically assessed by study personnel at 5 time points over the course of the 10-week study and can trigger dose reductions or suspension of medication. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: 10 week treatment phase

Interventionadverse effects (Mean)
Placebo.7
Bupropion1.1

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Birth Weight Outcomes

Birth weight outcomes were obtained from labor and delivery clinical records. Birth weight is measure in grams. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: Postpartum

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Bupropion2925.9
Placebo2996.5

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Birth Outcomes, Size (Percentile) for Gestational Age.

Birth outcomes obtained from labor and delivery records infant size for gestational age, whether small for gestational age (i.e., <10th percentile birth weight for gestational age as determined by the Alexander curve). (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: Postpartum

Interventionpercentile (Mean)
Bupropion32.0
Placebo32.5

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Birth Outcomes Head Circumference.

Birth outcomes obtained from labor and delivery records head circumference measured in centimeters. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: Postpartum

Interventioncm (Mean)
Bupropion33.3
Placebo33.0

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Birth Outcomes for Gestational Age

Birth outcomes obtained from labor and delivery records gestational age, measured in weeks. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: Postpartum

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Bupropion37.1
Placebo38.1

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Number of Participants With Cessation Success at Week 10 After Target Quit Date

Participants will be considered to be abstinent if they self-report abstinence (not even a puff of a cigarette) for >7 days prior to the assessment after 10 weeks of treatment post-To Quit Day and have a CO <8 ppm at that time. As per convention, participants are assumed to be smoking if they self-report to be smoking at the time point, cannot be reached to provide data at the time point, fail to provide a breath sample at the time point, or provide a breath sample at the time point that has a CO concentration >8 ppm. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionParticipants with cessation success (Number)
Placebo Group12
Bupropion Group7

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Birth Outcomes 5-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration Score

Birth outcomes obtained from labor and delivery records 5-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration score (APGAR). The Apgar score has a range from 0 to 10. A 5-minute Apgar score of 7-10 as reassuring, a score of 4-6 as moderately abnormal, and a score of 0-3 as low in the term infant and late-preterm infant 6. (NCT02188459)
Timeframe: postpartum

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion8.9
Placebo8.6

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Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Sleep Disorder Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 4, 5 and 6) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Sleep Disorder subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 4, 5 and 6 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 6 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-0.6-0.8-1.4-1.8-2.3
Escitalopram-0.7-1.2-1.6-2.0-2.4

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Change From Baseline in Changes in Sexual Function Questionnaire (CSFQ)

CSFQ is a questionnaire about sexual activity and sexual function (sexual intercourse, masturbation, sexual fantasies and other activity). CSFQ is a gender-specific questionnaire. Both male and female versions consist of 14 items, each with 5 possible answers. CSFQ has a score in a range of 14 to 70. Higher score indicates higher sexual activity and sexual function. Value at Day 0 (Week 0) was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline at Week 8 was calculated by subtracting the Baseline score from the specific post-Baseline score. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0) and Week 8

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion XL3.0
Escitalopram0.9

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Change From Baseline in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

MADRS is a 10-point rating scale. Each item is scored on a scale of 0-6, with a total score range of 0-60. Higher score indicates worst symptoms. This scale is mainly used to assess the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. The ratings were based on the signs and symptoms during the preceding week prior to the visit. Values at Day0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. The observed MADRS total score was considered as missing if any item is missing. Change from Baseline in MADRS was obtained by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline value. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 196Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-3.6-7.0-11.2-15.5-18.6
Escitalopram-3.8-8.3-12.4-16.3-19.5

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Mean Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 (HAMD-17) Total Score From Baseline to End of Acute Treatment Phase (Week 8)

HAMD-17 is used to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement. It consisted of 17 questions. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline total score (at Day 0, Week 0) from Week 8 observed total score. The Per Protocol (PP) Population is defined as all randomized participants in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) Population who do not meet criteria of a major protocol deviation, with overall compliance of active drug for acute treatment phase in the range of 75%-125% and complete the first 6 weeks treatment and has HAMD-17 assessment at/after week 6 (that is >=35 days). All participants in the PP population were included in the mixed model repeated measures analysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified time point were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Bupropion XL-14.5
Escitalopram-15.4

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Remission Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Remission was defined as HAMD-17 total scores at end of acute treatment phase (Week 8) <=7. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Bupropion XL39.7
Escitalopram47.2

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Response Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Response was defined as decrease in HAMD-17 total scores at end of acute treatment phase (Week 8) relative to Baseline by at least 50%. Non-responder Imputation was used in calculation of rates. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Bupropion XL69.6
Escitalopram72.9

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Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
Intervention10^12 cells per liter (Mean)
RBC Count, Week 8, n=176, 183RBC Count, Taper, n=13, 16RBC Count, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL-0.009-0.088-0.132
Escitalopram-0.049-0.0070.036

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Sustained Remission Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Sustained remission was defined as remission at end of acute treatment phase and an earlier visit and non-missing HAMD-17 total scores at all visits between these two visits <=8. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Bupropion XL25.5
Escitalopram28.6

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Sustained Response Rate Based on HAMD-17 Total Score

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Sustained response was defined as response at end of acute treatment phase and an earlier visit and the decrease from Baseline in non-missing HAMD-17 total scores at all visits between these two visits by at least 40%. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Bupropion XL51.6
Escitalopram56.3

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"Percentage of Participants With a Clinical Global Impression Global Improvement (CGI-I) Score of 1 (Very Much Improved) or 2 (Much Improved) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8"

"For CGI-I rating, the raters indicated their assessment of the participant's total improvement or worsening compared to the participant's condition at the Baseline visit, whether or not the improvement or worsening was thought to be treatment related. Scores ranges from 0 to 7 where 0 represents Not assessed, and the remaining values 1-7 represent Very much improved (1) to Very much worse (7). Participants with score 0 were excluded from analysis. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL621.438.667.880.7
Escitalopram7.522.152.571.683.5

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Change From Baseline in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) and Lactose Dehydrogenase (LD) at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionInternational Units per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
ALT, Week 8, n=176, 183ALT, Taper, n=12, 16ALT, Follow-up, n=8, 12ALP, Week 8, n=176, 181ALP, Taper, n=12, 15ALP, Follow-up, n=7, 12AST, Week 8, n=176, 183AST, Taper, n=12, 16AST, Follow-up, n=8, 12GGT, Week 8, n=175, 181GGT, Taper, n=12, 15GGT, Follow-up, n=7, 12LD, Week 8, n=176, 182LD, Taper, n=13, 13LD, Follow-up, n=8, 10
Bupropion XL2.2547.993-7.3371.8663.6745.6430.3303.1930.9250.6881.403-2.0291.29214.46311.037
Escitalopram1.315-1.8125.9380.4073.480-3.9531.0990.3812.867-0.694-3.1333.9162.879-8.092-4.150

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Change From Baseline in Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Glucose, Potassium, Sodium, Triglyceride and Urea at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionMillimole per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
Calcium, Week 8, n=173, 183Calcium, Taper, n=12, 12Calcium, Follow-up, n=8, 11Chloride, Week 8, n=173, 182Chloride, Taper, n=10, 13Chloride, Follow-up, n=8, 8Cholesterol, Week 8, n=175, 181Cholesterol, Taper, n=12, 14Cholesterol, Follow-up, n=9, 11Glucose, Week 8, n=173, 181Glucose, Taper, n=12, 16Glucose, Follow-up, n=9, 11Potassium, Week 8, n=173, 182Potassium, Taper, n=10, 13Potassium, Follow-up, n=8, 8Sodium, Week 8, n=173, 182Sodium, Taper, n=10, 13Sodium, Follow-up, n=8, 8Triglycerides, Week 8, n=175, 181Triglycerides, Taper, n=13, 15Triglycerides, Follow-up, n=9, 11Urea, Week 8, n=174, 183Urea, Taper, n=12, 16Urea, Follow-up, n=8, 11
Bupropion XL-0.017-0.019-0.0600.259-0.498-0.287-0.1220.022-0.124-0.0510.352-0.194-0.021-0.114-0.110-0.205-0.611-0.1750.003-0.0320.637-0.0680.5170.687
Escitalopram-0.0200.012-0.060-0.293-0.566-0.1780.0510.082-0.122-0.0500.1060.0250.0090.0460.036-0.1780.9780.7700.0220.5740.1810.015-0.269-0.419

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S) Score at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

"CGI-S records the severity of illness at specific time points, with a range of responses from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). Participants with zero values (0) representing Not assessed were excluded from analysis. Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was obtained by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline value. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-0.3-0.7-1.1-1.6-2.1
Escitalopram-0.4-0.8-1.3-1.7-2.2

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Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Anxiety/Somatization Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Anxiety/Somatization subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 18 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-1.3-2.0-3.0-4.0-4.8
Escitalopram-1.1-2.4-3.4-4.4-5.1

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Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Depressed Mood Subscale Score (Score of Item 1) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Depressed Mood Subscale is a factor score of item-1 (Depressed Mood) of HAMD-17 scale. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of depressed mood feelings) to 4 (when participants report virtually only these feeling states in his/her spontaneous verbal and non-verbal communicationtotal score). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-0.4-0.7-1.1-1.5-1.9
Escitalopram-0.4-0.8-1.3-1.6-1.9

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Change From Baseline in HAMD-17 Retardation Subscale Score (Sum of Scores of Items 1, 7, 8 and 14) at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Retardation subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 1, 7, 8 and 14 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 14 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1, n=184, 199Week 2, n=182, 199Week 4, n=184, 198Week 6, n=183, 197Week 8, n=176, 188
Bupropion XL-1.0-1.8-2.9-3.9-4.7
Escitalopram-1.0-2.0-3.1-3.9-4.9

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Change From Baseline in Hematocrit at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionProportion of red blood cells in blood (Mean)
Hematocrit, Week 8, n=176, 183Hematocrit, Taper, n=13, 16Hematocrit, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL0.0016-0.0051-0.0076
Escitalopram-0.00440.00170.0051

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Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin, Total Protein, Albumin and Mean Corpuscle Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionGram per Liter (G/L) (Mean)
Hemoglobin, Week 8, n=176, 183Hemoglobin, Taper, n=13, 16Hemoglobin, Follow-up, n=10, 8Total protein, Week 8, n=174, 183Total protein, Taper, n=12, 15Total protein, Follow-up, n=8, 12Albumin, Week 8, n=175, 183Albumin, Taper, n=12, 15Albumin, Follow-up, n=8, 12MCHC, Week 8, n=176, 183MCHC, Taper, n=13, 16MCHC, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL-0.22-1.54-3.10-0.6401.197-4.650-0.254-0.086-1.925-0.090.54-2.10
Escitalopram-1.161.380.38-0.8912.000-1.227-0.678-0.027-1.5770.762.25-2.88

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Number of Participants With Vital Sign Parameters Outside the Clinical Concern Range

Vital signs including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were taken at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing), randomization visit (Week 0) and at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). SBP <30 or >170 millimeter of mercury (mmHg); DBP <20 or >110 mmHg and heart rate <40 or >120 beats per minute (bpm) were considered as values outside of clinical concern range and were presented as 'High' or 'Low' values. Number of participants with vital signs outside of clinical concern range at any post-Baseline visit are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
SBP, high, Any visit post-BaselineSBP, low,Any visit post-BaselineDBP, high, Any visit post-BaselineDBP, low, Any visit post-BaselineHR, high, Any visit post-BaselineHR, low, Any visit post-Baseline
Bupropion XL100000
Escitalopram000010

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Number of Participants With Urinalysis Data Outside the Normal Range

Urine samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Number of participants with urine specific gravity and potential of hydrogen (pH) outside (higher or lower) the normal range are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Urine specific gravity, high,Screening, n=265, 255Urine specific gravity, low,Screening, n=265, 255Urine specific gravity,high, Week 8, n=171, 173Urine specific gravity,low, Week 8, n=171, 173Urine specific gravity, high, Taper, n=18, 28Urine specific gravity, low, Taper, n=18, 28Urine specific gravity, high, Follow-up, n=7, 14Urine specific gravity, low, Follow-up, n=7, 14Urine pH, high, Screening, n=265, 266Urine pH, low, Screening, n=265, 266Urine pH, high, Week 8, n=172, 178Urine pH, low, Week 8, n=172, 178Urine pH, high, Taper, n=18, 28Urine pH, low, Taper, n=18, 28Urine pH, high, Follow-up, n=7, 14Urine pH, low, Follow-up, n=7, 14
Bupropion XL2019000007375230202
Escitalopram12171013018289201202

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Number of Participants With Suicidal Ideation or Behavior During Treatment Assessed by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)

"C-SSRS is an assessment tool that evaluates suicidal ideation and behavior. It consists of 10 items, each with two possible answers (yes/no). Suicidal ideation was interpreted if yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the five suicidal ideation questions (item 1-5) on the C-SSRS. Suicidal behavior was interpreted if a yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the five suicidal behavior questions (item 6-10) on the C-SSRS. Suicidal ideation or behavior is interpreted if a yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the ten suicidal ideation and behavior questions (item 1-10) on the C-SSRS. Number of participants with at least one on-treatment C-SSRS assessment were analyzed. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Taper visit (Week 9)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Suicidal Ideation or BehaviorSuicidal IdeationSuicidal BehaviorSelf-Injurious Behavior, no suicidal attempt
Bupropion XL505021
Escitalopram434311

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Number of Participants With Electrocardiogram (ECG) Data Outside the Clinical Concern Range

ECG was recorded at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). PR interval <110 or >220 millisecond (msec); QRS interval <60 or >120 msec and corrected QT (QTc) interval >450 msec were considered as values outside of clinical concern range and were presented as 'High' or 'Low' values. Number of participants with ECG data outside of clinical concern range at any post-Baseline visit are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
PR interval, high, Any visit post-randomizationPR interval, low,Any visit post-randomizationQRS interval, high, Any visit post-randomizationQRS interval, low, Any visit post-randomizationQTc interval, high, Any visit post-randomizationQTc interval, low, Any visit post-randomization
Bupropion XL052010
Escitalopram023130

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Number of Participants With Any Non-serious Adverse Event (AE) and Any Serious AE (SAE)

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Any untoward event resulting in death, life threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect, any other situation according to medical or scientific judgment that may not be immediately life-threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention or all events of possible drug-induced liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia were categorized as SAE. Participants who received any of the study treatment and had any non-serious AE or SAE were considered for analysis. Safety Population comprised of all participants who took at least one dose of the study medication. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any non-serious AEAny SAE
Bupropion XL15110
Escitalopram15011

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Change From Baseline in White Blood Cell (WBC) Count, Total Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Basophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte and Platelet Count at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionGiga cells per liter (GI/L) (Mean)
WBC count, Week 8, n=176, 183WBC count, Taper, n=13, 16WBC count, Follow-up, n=10, 8Total Neutrophils, Week 8, n=176, 183Total Neutrophils, Taper, n=13, 16Total Neutrophils, Follow-up, n=10, 8Lymphocytes, Week 8, n=176, 183Lymphocytes, Taper, n=13, 16Lymphocytes, Follow-up, n=10, 8Basophil, Week 8, n=176, 182Basophil, Taper, n=13, 16Basophil, Follow-up, n=10, 8Eosinophil, Week 8, n=176, 182Eosinophil, Taper, n=13, 16Eosinophil, Follow-up, n=10, 8Monocyte, Week 8, n=176, 182Monocyte, Taper, n=13, 16Monocyte, Follow-up, n=10, 8Platelet count, Week 8, n=176, 183Platelet count, Taper, n=13, 16Platelet count, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL-0.0320.065-0.7430.1010.306-0.869-0.154-0.2420.0420.0010.001-0.003-0.004-0.012-0.0050.021-0.0010.0587.7317.1528.50
Escitalopram-0.073-0.7150.427-0.165-0.7720.4240.0720.0770.0220.0020.001-0.0120.0100.0060.0190.003-0.0310.0100.567.195.38

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Change From Baseline in Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Creatinine at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionMicromoles per liter (µmol/L) (Mean)
Total bilirubin, Week 8, n=175, 181Total bilirubin, Taper, n=12, 15Total bilirubin, Follow-up, n=8, 12Direct bilirubin, Week 8, n=175, 180Direct bilirubin, Taper, n=11, 15Direct bilirubin, Follow-up, n=8, 12Creatinine, Week 8, n=174, 183Creatinine, Taper, n=12, 15Creatinine, Follow-up, n=8, 11
Bupropion XL-0.812-3.4570.382-0.072-1.554-0.1027.5076.6754.237
Escitalopram-0.0711.1980.338-0.0060.6540.3820.3070.8801.618

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Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscle Hemoglobin (MCH) at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionPicograms (Mean)
MCH, Week 8, n=176, 183MCH, Taper, n=13, 16MCH, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL-0.0320.269-0.050
Escitalopram0.0490.262-0.250

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Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscle Volume (MCV) at the Indicated Time Points

Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10

,
InterventionFemtoliter (Mean)
MCV, Week 8, n=176, 183MCV, Taper, n=13, 16MCV, Follow-up, n=10, 8
Bupropion XL4.6680.5080.320
Escitalopram-0.0900.1810.287

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Area Under the Curve (AUC0-24) Ratio for Racemic Bupropion

Area under the curve (AUC) generic/Area under the curve (AUC) brand bupropion (NCT02209597)
Timeframe: For 24 hours approximately every 6 weeks

,,,
Interventionpercentage of Brand (Mean)
BupropionHydroxybupropionErthrohydrobuprionThreohydrobupropion
Mylan Generic Bupropion XL® 300mg.8921.62.028.78
Par Generic Bupropion XL® 300mg.8820.92.059.05
Valeant Brand Bupropion XL® 300mg.8420.92.099.38
Watson Generic Bupropion XL® 300mg.8321.81.988.57

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Depression Severity

"Depression severity as measured by the 25-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale has proven useful for determining the level of depression before, during, and after treatment. It is based on the clinician's interview with the patient/participant and probes symptoms such as depressed mood, guilty feelings, suicide, sleep disturbances, anxiety levels and weight loss. The rater enters a number for each symptom construct that ranges from 0 (not present) to 4 (extreme symptoms). The higher the total score the more severe the depression. The scale is scored by summing the total of all items. The maximum possible total score is 66 and the minimum is 0. A score > 17 is considered compatible with a diagnosis of major depression. A score < 10 is considered clinical remission.~The interview and scoring takes about 15 minutes." (NCT02238977)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Bupropion18

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Number of Participants Self-reported and Bioverified Abstinent From Smoking

Smoking abstinence at six months will be measured by self-report and bio-verified by salivary cotinine (a by-product of nicotine found in saliva). (NCT02245308)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy13
Control Group5

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Intervention Delivery Costs

Intervention delivery costs (including medication costs, supplies, and incentive pay for abstinence) will be evaluated for treatment and control group. (NCT02245308)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventiondollars (Mean)
Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy618.35
Control Group226.00

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (at 3 months)

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination34.5
Pill Placebo39.7

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Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Binge eating will be assessed by interview and self-report and the primary outcome is frequency. Frequency also is defined continuously (analyzed dimensionally). (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up (an average of 6 months following treatment)

Interventionbinge eating days (out of 28) (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination5.4
Pill Placebo2.9

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up (an average of 6 months following treatment)

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination35.9
Pill Placebo40.3

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Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Binge eating will be assessed by interview and self-report and the primary outcome is frequency. Frequency also is defined continuously (analyzed dimensionally). (NCT02317744)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (at 3 months)

Interventionbinge eating days (out of 28) (Mean)
Naltrexone/ Bupropion Combination4.4
Pill Placebo3.0

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Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES)

The AES is a self-report scale of apathy symptoms. The scale ranges from 18-72, with higher scores indicating greater levels of apathy. Change is calculated as final AES score - baseline AES score, so a more negative value indicates greater improvement in that symptom. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Blinded Escitalopram-4.52
Blinded Placebo-3.00

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Change in Depression Severity, Clinician Rated

Change in depression severity will be measured by the MADRS. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. Change calculated as Final MADRS - Baseline MADRS, so a negative score means greater improvement. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Week 8 to week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Open-label Bupropion XL-8.75

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Change in Depression Severity, Clinician Rated

Depression severity was measured by a study clinician using the MADRS. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. Change calculated as Final MADRS - Baseline MADRS, so a negative score means greater improvement. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Blinded Escitalopram-13.90
Blinded Placebo-6.09

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Change in Depression Severity, Self Rated

Change in self-reported depression severity was measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated (QIDS-SR16). This scale ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity. Change is calculated as final score less baseline score, so a negative value indicates a decrease in depression severity. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Week 8 to week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Open-label Bupropion XL-2.83

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Change in Depression Severity, Self Rated

Self-rated depression severity was measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated (QIDS-SR16). The QIDS-SR16 is a self-report of depression severity ranging from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Blinded Escitalopram-4.87
Blinded Placebo-2.09

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Number of Patients With Remission of Depression

Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a clinician-rated measure of depression severity. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. This will be used to define remission as a final score of 7 or less (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 16

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Blinded Escitalopram / Open-Label Bupropion37
Blinded Placebo / Open-Label Bupropion13

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Ruminative Response Scale (RRS)

The RRS is a self-report questionnaire assessing rumination, or responding to distress by passively focusing on the possible causes and consequences of one's distress. The RRS ranges from scores of 0-66, with higher scores indicating greater severity of rumination. Change is calculated as final RRS score - baseline RRS score, so a negative change indicates improvement in this symptom. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Blinded Escitalopram-10.27
Blinded Placebo-5.41

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Apparent Total Body Clearance (CL/F) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

InterventionL/h (Mean)
Day 1200.64
Day 15236.46
Day 22199.59
Day 29185.59

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1777.6
Day 15653.7
Day 22785.5
Day 29841.4

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Apparent Total Body Clearance (CL/F) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

InterventionL/h (Mean)
Day 1526.43

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Number of Participants With Serious and Non-Serious Adverse Events

Refer to the result of adverse event. (NCT02369172)
Timeframe: Up to 32 days after the last dose

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Non-serious adverse eventserious adverse event
All Subjects120

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Half-life (t1/2) of Hydroxybupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
Day 121.38
Day 1520.97
Day 2223.07
Day 2922.89

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Trough Plasma Concentration (Ctrough) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: Days 6-14 and at pre-dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Day 60
Day 7244.95
Day 8245.83
Day 9219.17
Day 10185.31
Day 11199.16
Day 12197.05
Day 13192.66
Day 14188.46
Day 15178.93

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Half-life (t1/2) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
Day 157.198

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Area Under the Curve Over up to Last No-zero Value (AUC0-tn) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1732.3
Day 15608.9
Day 22742.8
Day 29794.2

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Over the Dosing Interval (AUC0-tau) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1514201.4

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of Hydroxybupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 111195.7
Day 1510838.3
Day 2212037.2
Day 2911825.3

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Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of Hydroxybupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh (Median)
Day 18
Day 158
Day 228
Day 298

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC0-∞) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1515968.1

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 151409.8

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Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh (Median)
Day 13
Day 153
Day 223
Day 293

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Time of Peak Concentration (Tmax) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

Interventionh (Median)
Day 153

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Hydroxybupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 1295.4
Day 15300.7
Day 22300.6
Day 29291.6

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Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 191.28
Day 1576.94
Day 2292.21
Day 2995

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Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd/F) of ASP2151

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h after dosing on Day 15

InterventionL (Mean)
Day 15274

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Area Under Concentration-Time Curve up to Last Non-zero Value (AUC0-tn) of Hydroxybupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Day 110524.7
Day 1510160.7
Day 2211135.4
Day 2910963

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Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd/F) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

InterventionL (Mean)
Day 12801.5
Day 152791.4
Day 222581.2
Day 292979.7

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Half-life (t1/2) of Bupropion

(NCT02369172)
Timeframe: prior to initial dose of Day 1 and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h after dosing on Day 1, Days 15, 22 and 29

Interventionh (Geometric Mean)
Day 19.76
Day 158.16
Day 229.13
Day 2910.92

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Efavirenz AUC0-inf (Single Dose) and AUC0-24(Multiple Dose)

After the samples collection, blood from phase 2 and phase 4 were used to perform the quantification of Efavirenz in plasma. The composite of the efavirenz concentration (blood collection between 0 to 120 hrs) were used to calculate the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC0-inf for single dose and AUC0-24 for multiple dose) of efavirenz. (NCT02401256)
Timeframe: Single dose pharmacokinetics (PK) versus multiple doses (after 17 day pretreatment) PK (total 38 days for each subject)

,,
Interventionh*uM (Mean)
Efavirenz AUC0-inf (Single Dose)Efavirenz AUC0-24 (Multiple Dose)
CYP2B6*1/*1411.53183.97
CYP2B6*1/*6620.36254.40
CYP2B6*6/*6522.42321.86

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence

Prolonged abstinence will exclude tobacco use in the first two weeks following the quit date, as is consistent with other smoking cessation trials. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT6
Control Group3

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence at each follow-up. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT3
Control Group2

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence

Secondary smoking outcomes will include 30-day point prevalence abstinence at each assessment, where abstinence is defined as no tobacco use in the prior 30 days. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 3 months post-quit attempt (Session 5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT2
Control Group1

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence

Secondary smoking outcomes will include 30-day point prevalence abstinence at each assessment, where abstinence is defined as no tobacco use in the prior 30 days. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 6 months post-quit attempt (Session 6)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT1
Control Group2

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Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence

Secondary smoking outcomes will include 7-day point prevalence abstinence at each assessment, where abstinence is defined as no tobacco use in the prior 7 days. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 3 months post-quit attempt (Session 5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT2
Control Group1

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Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence

Secondary smoking outcomes will include 7-day point prevalence abstinence at each assessment, where abstinence is defined as no tobacco use in the prior 7 days. (NCT02420015)
Timeframe: 6 months post-quit attempt (Session 6)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
iCOMMIT4
Control Group2

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Mean Difference of Malay Version of Sexual Desire Inventory 2 (SDI-2) Score at Weeks 6 Between Placebo and Active Groups

This scale contains 14 items which yield two domain scores: dyadic sexual desire (DSD) and solitary sexual desire (SSD). Items 1,2, 10, 14 are 8-point Likert scale from '0' (= not at all) to '7' (= more than once a day) concerning frequency of desire. Remaining Items are 9-point Likert scale from '0' (= 'no desire') to '8' (= 'strong desire'). DSD has 8 items and SSD has 3 items. The total sores for DSD range from 0 to 62, and SSD, range from 0 to 23. All items are summed up to dictate the total sexual desire (total score = 0 to 112). Higher scores reflect higher sexual desire. (NCT02593396)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, day 14(week 2), day 28(week four) and day 42 (week 6), data at day 42 (week 6) reported

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
SDI-2DSDSSD
Active53.5336.087.45
Placebo47.3629.996.87

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Mean Difference of Malay Version of International Index of Erectile Function (Mal-IIEF-15) at Week 6 Between Placebo and Active Group

Mal-IIEF-15 is a 15-item, multi-dimensional self-reporting instrument for the evaluation of male sexual function for the past 4 weeks, consisted of five domains; 1) Erectile Function: sum of items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 15. Total score range =1-30. 2) Orgasmic Function: sum of items 9 and 10. Total score range = 0 -10. 3) Sexual Desire: sum of items 11 and 12. Total score range = 2 -10. 4) Intercourse Satisfaction : sum of scores for Questions 6, 7 and 8. Total score range = 0 -15. 5) Overall Satisfaction: sum of items 13 and 14.Total score range = 2 -10. Items 1-10 is 6-point Likert-type scale from '0' (= No sexual activity) to '5' (= Almost always or always). Items 11-15 is 5-point Likert-type scale from '1' (= Almost never or never) to '5 '(= 'Almost always or always').The total Mal-IIEF-15 range from 5 (minimum) to 75 (Maximum). Higher score indicates better outcome in all domain. (NCT02593396)
Timeframe: assessed at baseline, day 14(week 2), day 28(week four) and day 42 (week 6), data at day 42 (week 6) reported

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
IIEF totalMal-IIEF-15, Erectile function domainMal-IIEF-15, Orgasmic function domainMal-IIEF-15, Sexual desire domainMal-IIEF-15, Intercourse satisfaction domainMal-IIEF-15, Overall satisfaction domain
Active52.5322.567.306.778.787.10
Placebo43.8118.065.996.046.467.14

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Number of Participants With a Score of ≤2 (Much/Very Much Improved) on the Clinical Global Impression Scale Adapted for Sexual Function (CGI-SF) at Week 6 Between Placebo and Active Group

This scale assesses the changes of the sexual function. Scores range from 1 (normal/very much improved) to 7 (most extreme sexual dysfunction/very much worse). Lower scores indicate better sexual functioning. (NCT02593396)
Timeframe: assessed at baseline, day 14(week 2), day 28(week four) and day 42 (week 6), data at day 42 (week 6) reported

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo10
Active21

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Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) as Parts Per Million (PPM)

Weekly measurements of expired carbon monoxide in the units of parts per million (PPM) participants to evaluate abstinence from smoking (a value equal to or less than 3 PPM is considered abstinent). (NCT02676375)
Timeframe: Measured week 0, 12, and 26

,,
Interventionppm (Mean)
Week 0Week 12Week 26
Combination Extended Treatment12.35.65.0
Combination Extended Treatment + Home Visits/Calls12.05.95.0
Standard Monotherapy11.57.810.7

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Anxiety Status Assessed by Self-Rating Anxiety Scale（SAS）

evaluate all participants' depression status by Self-Rating Anxiety Scale，which has a theoretical value range of 20-80. The SAS total score ranges, with the higher the score representing the higher level of severity of anxiety. (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion31.1
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion28.8

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Waist Circumference

evaluate all participants' waist circumference，waist circumference in centimeters (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventioncm (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion98.6
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion101.3

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Numbers of Participants Who Quit Smoking

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Naltrexone and Bupropion0
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion0

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Changes From Baseline Craving for Nicotine Assessed by Visual Analog Scales (VAS) at 24 Weeks

"The visual analogue scale is a scale that is used to gauge smoking craving. Patients can choose a number from 0 to 10 to show their smoking craving, in which 0 represents no craving and 10 represents intense urge." (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion-1.0
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion-1.9

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Depression Status Assessed by Self-rating Depression Scale（SDS）

evaluate all participants' depression status by Self-rating depression scale（SDS)，which has a theoretical value range of 20-80. The SDS total score ranges, with the higher the score representing the higher level of severity of depression. (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion39.4
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion33.6

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Clinical Symptoms Assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

Through a simple 40 to 50 minute talk with the patient, the physician scored 30 different symptoms on a scale of 1-7 to get their PANSS score. The total score range from 30-210. The PANSS total score ranges, with the higher the score representing the higher level of severity of clinical symptoms. (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion52.5
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion57.2

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Change in Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/l (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion0.5
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion1.0

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Change in Leptin

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion9.2
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion10.6

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Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of hemoglobin (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion0.05
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion0.4

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Change in Ghrelin

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion352.2
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion254.8

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Change in Fasting Triglycerides Levels

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/l (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion-1.0
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion-0.4

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Change in Fasting LDL Cholesterol

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/l (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion-0.4
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion-0.2

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Change in Fasting Insulin Levels

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpmol/l (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion3.5
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion11.0

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Change in Fasting HDL Cholesterol Levels

(NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmmol/l (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion0.0
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion0.0

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Change From Baseline in Weight at 24 Weeks

evaluate all participants' weight ，weight in kilograms (NCT02736474)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionkilogram (Mean)
Naltrexone and Bupropion0.2
Placebo Naltrexone and Bupropion-0.9

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Final Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) Score

Craving for alcohol will be assessed using the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) The PACS is a five-item self-administered instrument for assessing craving. Frequency, intensity, and duration of thoughts about drinking are assessed along with ability to resist drinking. The final item asks the responder to provide an average rating of his/her craving over the course of the past week. The questions on the PACS use descriptors coupled with numerical ratings ranging from 0 to 6 with the highest possible total score of 30. Higher scores reflect a higher level of craving. This outcome measure is the final PACS total score obtained in the trial. (NCT02842073)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Naltrexone and Buproprion4.4

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Number of Binge Drinking Days During Treatment

The number of binge drinking days during treatment with bupropion + naltrexone (NCT02842073)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Naltrexone and Buproprion3.2

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Number of Participants Discontinuing Subsequent to Defined Intolerance

Retention was evaluated indirectly by accounting for those participants who discontinued either naltrexone or bupropion or study participation itself due to intolerance. (NCT02842073)
Timeframe: Throughout study, a total of approximately 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Discontinued: NaltrexoneDiscontinued: BuproprionDiscontinued: Study
Naltrexone and Buproprion311

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Associated Adverse Events

Tolerability assessed by specifically probing for intervention-associated adverse effects. (NCT02842073)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
HeadacheInsomniaDizziness
Naltrexone and Buproprion522

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Mean Number of Drinks/Binge Drinking Day During Treatment

(NCT02842073)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventiondrinks/binge drinking day (Mean)
Naltrexone and Buproprion3.3

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Percentage of Missing Mobile Contingency Management Video Recordings

Participants upload video recordings of abstinence verification as part of contingency management treatment. Percentage of missed videos (compared to expected videos) will be assessed as a measure of feasibility of the contingency management intervention (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

Interventionpercent missed video recordings (Number)
Treatment33.9

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Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 7 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no marijuana use in the prior 7 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment3

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

30-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 30 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment1

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Marijuana Use

Participants self-report marijuana use since marijuana quit date. Prolonged abstinence is defined as sustained abstinence since two weeks post-initial quit date. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Compared to Pre-quit

Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked each day in past 7 days; this will be compared to self-reported amount smoked in week prior to quit date (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 7 days prior to quit date, 6 month follow up

Interventionnumber of cigarettes per wk (Mean)
Treatment-37.8

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Number of Missed Behavioral Counseling Sessions

Participants attend telephone counseling sessions. Number of missed sessions for the total group will be assessed as a measure of acceptability of the behavioral counseling (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

Interventionmissed counseling sessions (Number)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana

30-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no marijuana use in the prior 30 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment1

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Change From Baseline in Number of Days Per Week of Cannabis Use

Participants will self-report amount of marijuana used in past week; this will be compared to self-reported amount smoked per week prior to quit date. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 month follow up

Interventiondays per week of marijuana use (Mean)
Treatment-3.4

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Number of Participants Who Report Marijuana Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Oral Fluid

Self-reported abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by oral fluid (OF) cannabis assessment. Oral fluid samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Proportional Change in Days Smoked From Pre-quit to 6-month Follow up (for Entire Group)

Participants will self-report number of days smoked in the past 30 days and this will be compared (for the entire group) to self-reported number of days smoked in 30 days prior to quit. The proportion will be calculated by totaling baseline days used and pretreatment days used, and then dividing baseline days used by pretreatment days used. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 30 days prior to quit date, 6 month follow up

Interventionpercentage of pre-quit use (Number)
Treatment80

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Proportional Change in Days of Cannabis Use From Pre-quit to 6 Month Follow-up (Entire Group)

Participants will self-report number of days marijuana used in the past 30 days and this will be compared for the entire group to self-reported number of days of use in 30 days prior to quit. The proportion will be calculated by totaling baseline days used and pretreatment days used, and then dividing baseline days used by pretreatment days used. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 30 days prior to quit date, 6 month follow up

Interventionpercentage of pre-quit use (Number)
Treatment28

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Number of Voluntary Withdrawals From the Project

The number of participants who withdraw from the study will be evaluated as a measure of treatment feasibility and acceptability (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: Evaluated at 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants self-report smoking behavior since smoking quit date. Prolonged abstinence is defined as sustained abstinence since two weeks post-initial smoking quit date. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 7 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment1

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Marijuana

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no marijuana use in the prior 7 days. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment2

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Number of Participants Who Report Smoking Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine

Self-reported abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Report Smoking Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine

Self-reported abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment0

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Number of Participants Who Report Marijuana Abstinence and Abstinence is Bioverified by Salivary Cotinine

Self-reported abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by oral fluid (OF) cannabis assessment. Oral fluid samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02869451)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment3

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 7 days. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

30-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 30 days. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

30-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 30 days. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Number of Participants Who Report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 7 days. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Change in the Number of Days in Which Smoked Compared to Pre-quit Use

Participants will self-report number of days smoked in the past 30 days and this will be compared to self-reported number of days smoked in 30 days prior to quit. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

Interventiondays (Number)
STEP UP0

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Change in Physical Activity From Baseline to 3-month Follow-up as Measured by the Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) Scale.

Participants will be interviewed about the amount of time spent in light, moderate, and hard physical activity during the past 7 days. Total number of days of moderate and hard exercise in last 7 days will be compared to self-reported values at baseline (i.e., # of days of exercise in past 7 days at 3-month follow-up minus # of days of exercise in past 7 days at baseline). (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 month follow up

Interventiondays (Mean)
STEP UP-3

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Change in Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Week Compared to Pre-quit

Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked each day in past 7 days; this will be compared to self-reported amount smoked in week prior to quit date (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

Interventioncigarettes (Number)
STEP UP-22

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Number of Quit Smoking Attempts

Participants will self-report the number of quit attempts they've had since baseline. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

Interventionquit attempts (Mean)
STEP UP4.5

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. Prolonged abstinence is defined as continued abstinence from smoking beginning at 2 weeks post-quit. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date. Prolonged abstinence is defined as continued abstinence from smoking beginning at 2 weeks post-quit. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 6 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP3

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date. Prolonged abstinence is defined as continued abstinence from smoking beginning at 2 weeks post-quit. (NCT02873754)
Timeframe: 3 month follow up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
STEP UP0

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Serious Adverse Events

Life threatening illness, hospitalization, or need of medical care. (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Aripiprazole Augmentation15
Bupropion Augmentation15
Switch to Bupropion19
Lithium Augmentation12
Switch to Nortriptyline11

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Psychological Well-Being

Psychological well-being was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Psychological Wellbeing subscales of Positive Affect and General Life Satisfaction, with a T score calculated as the average of these two subscales. Higher scores indicate greater positive affect and life satisfaction. Reference T-score (mean=50, SD=10). (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks

,,,,
Interventiont-score (Mean)
baseline10 weeks
Aripiprazole Augmentation34.738.8
Bupropion Augmentation35.038.7
Lithium Augmentation33.135.7
Switch to Bupropion34.836.1
Switch to Nortriptyline34.235.6

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Number of Participants With Remission From Depression

Remission defined as Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale score ≤10. Scale ranges from 0-60 with higher scores indicating higher depressive symptoms. (NCT02960763)
Timeframe: Step 1 (10 weeks), Step 2 (10 weeks), a period of up to 20 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Aripiprazole Augmentation61
Bupropion Augmentation58
Switch to Bupropion39
Lithium Augmentation24
Switch to Nortriptyline26

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 8 week follow-up (i.e., Session 7, end of monitoring visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention13
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation9

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention12
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation7

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 7 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

7-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 7 days. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention6
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation2

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 8 week follow-up (i.e., Session 7, end of monitoring visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention5
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation2

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Number of Participants Who Report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

30-day point prevalence abstinence is defined as no smoking in the prior 30 days (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention5
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation1

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention3
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Change in the Proportion of Days in Which Smoked Compared to Pre-quit Use

Participants will self-report number of days smoked in the past 30 days and this will be compared to self-reported number of days smoked 30 days prior to quit. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

Interventiondays (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention-9.22
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation-4.70

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Change in the Proportion of Days in Which Consumed Alcohol Compared to Pre-quit Use

Participants will self-report number of days drank alcohol in the past 30 days and this will be compared to self-reported number of days drank alcohol in 30 days prior to quit. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

Interventiondrinking days per month (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention-9.67
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation-10.3

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Change in the Number of Standard Alcoholic Beverages Consumed Per Week Compared to Pre-quit Use

Participants will self-report number of alcoholic beverages consumed in past 7 days and this will be compared to self-reported number of alcoholic beverages consumed in 7 days prior to quit. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

Interventiondrinks per week (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention-7.53
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation-13.9

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Change in the Number of Heavy Drinking Episodes Compared to Pre-quit Use

Participants will self-report number of heavy drinking episodes in the past 30 days and this will be compared to self-reported number of heavy drinking episodes in 30 days prior to quit. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

Interventionheavy drinking episodes (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention-9.22
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation-11.00

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Change in Number of Average Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Participants will self-report average number of cigarettes smoked in the past week and this will be compared to self-reported number of smoked in the week prior to quit. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

Interventioncigarettes per day (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention-8.56
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation-5.30

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Number of Smoking Quit Attempts

Participants will be asked to report the number of quit attempts made since quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 8 week follow-up (i.e., Session 7, end of monitoring visit)

Interventionsmoking quit attempts (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention0.44
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation4.11

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Number of Smoking Quit Attempts

Participants will be asked to report the number of quit attempts made since quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

Interventionsmoking quit attempts (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention2.25
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0.86

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Number of Participants Who Self-report 30 Day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on smoking since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention2
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation2

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Dual Abstinence From Alcohol and Smoking is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence from smoking will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence.Self-reported prolonged abstinence will be verified by breathalyzer. Breathalyzer data will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention1
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence (primary outcome) will be verified by cotinine assay. Saliva samples will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention2
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence will be verified by breathalyzer. Breathalyzer data will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention13
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation1

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Number of Participants Whose Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol is Bio-verified

Self-reported prolonged abstinence will be verified by breathalyzer. Breathalyzer data will be collected from participants who self-report prolonged abstinence. (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention4
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Dual Abstinence From Both Smoking and Alcohol

Participants will be asked to report on smoking and alcohol use since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention1
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on alcohol use since two weeks past quit (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 8 week follow-up (i.e., Session 7, end of monitoring visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention7
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Smoking

Participants will be asked to report on alcohol use since two weeks past quit (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention11
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use

Participants will be asked to report on alcohol use since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 week follow-up (i.e., end of treatment visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention14
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation3

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use

Participants will be asked to report on alcohol use since two weeks past quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6 month follow-up

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention4
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation0

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Number of Participants Who Self-report Prolonged Abstinence From Alcohol Use

Participants will be asked to report on alcohol use since two weeks past quit (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 8 week follow-up (i.e., Session 7, end of monitoring visit)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention13
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation1

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Number of Smoking Quit Attempts

Participants will be asked to report the number of quit attempts made since quit date (NCT02995915)
Timeframe: 6-month follow-up

Interventionsmoking quit attempts (Mean)
Tele-health Mobile Contingency Management Intervention2.29
Tele-health for Alcohol and Smoking Cessation1.00

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Number of Participants Meeting Response Criteria

Binge eating frequency will be assessed by interview and self-report. Frequency is defined categorically (response to treatment or non-response to treatment). Response to treatment is defined as a 65% reduction in binge eating frequency in past month, compared to baseline. (NCT03045341)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (4 months)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo14
NB Medication14
BWL + Placebo20
BWL + NB Medication25

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Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Binge eating will be assessed by interview and self-report and the primary outcome is frequency. Frequency will be defined continuously (analyzed dimensionally). (NCT03045341)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (4 months)

Interventionbinge-eating episodes per month (Mean)
Placebo9.90
NB Medication7.63
BWL + Placebo3.30
BWL + NB Medication1.97

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Body Mass Index (Percent Weight Loss)

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. Percent weight loss, where negative values represent proportional weight loss, is calculated as the difference between weight at post-treatment and baseline weight, divided by baseline weight. By definition, all participants have 0% weight loss at baseline. (NCT03045341)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (4 months)

Interventionpercentage of baseline weight (Mean)
Placebo1.05
NB Medication-2.11
BWL + Placebo-4.42
BWL + NB Medication-5.71

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Binge Eating Frequency (Continuous)

Binge eating will be assessed by interview and self-report and the primary outcome is frequency. Frequency will be defined continuously (analyzed dimensionally). (NCT03047005)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (4 months)

Interventionbinge eating days per month (Mean)
NB Medication0.86
Placebo3.25

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Change in Body Mass Index

BMI is calculated using measured height and weight. We report percent change in weight from baseline. Negative values indicate weight loss. (NCT03047005)
Timeframe: baseline and Post-treatment (4 months)

Interventionpercentage weight change (Mean)
NB Medication-0.03
Placebo.01

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Mean Change in Number of Other Substance Use by Self-report at Stage 1

Number of other substance (Alcohol and Cigarettes) use was measured by self-report recall on Timeline Followback (TLFB) during the treatment period. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

,
Interventionsubstances (Mean)
AlcoholCigarettes
Stage 1 AMC-1.604-55.873
Stage 1 Placebo0.358-12.642

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Mean Change in Number of Other Substance Use by Self-report at Stage 2

Number of other substance (Alcohol and Cigarettes) use was measured by self-report recall on Timeline Followback (TLFB) during the treatment period. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

,
Interventionsubstances (Mean)
AlcoholCigarettes
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC-2.942-58.591
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo1.695-9.925

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Mean Change of Proportion of Other Substance Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 1

Proportion of abstinent days of other substance including Alcohol, Cigarettes and E- Cigarettes was measured by self-report on TLFB during the treatment period. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

,
Interventionproportion of abstinent days (Mean)
AlcoholCigarettesE- Cigarettes
Stage 1 AMC-0.0160.103-0.072
Stage 1 Placebo-0.0540.054-0.064

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Mean Change of Proportion of Other Substance Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 2

Proportion of abstinent days of other substance including Alcohol, Cigarettes and E- Cigarettes was measured by self-report on TLFB during the treatment period. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

,
Interventionproportion of abstinent days (Mean)
AlcoholCigarettesE- Cigarettes
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC-0.0350.119-0.079
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo-0.0350.038-0.057

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Mean Change of Quality of Life (QOL) by PhenX Core Tier 1 Instrument at Stage 1

Mean change score of QOL (General health, Physical health, and Mental health) from baseline will be assessed by PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Core Tier 1 instrument: Quality of Life (QOL), which measures participants' quality of life during the past 30 days. Possible scores range from 0 to 30 (number of days in the past 30 in which health was good), with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Physical HealthMental HealthGeneral Health
Stage 1 AMC1.4253.7851.582
Stage 1 Placebo1.0131.071-1.168

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Mean Change of Quality of Life (QOL) by PhenX Core Tier 1 Instrument at Stage 2

Mean change score of QOL (General health, Physical health, and Mental health) from baseline will be assessed by PhenX Core Tier 1 instrument: Quality of Life (QOL), which measures participants' quality of life during the past 30 days. Possible scores range from 0 to 30 (number of days in the past 30 in which health was good), with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Physical HealthMental HealthGeneral Health
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC1.5612.8210.152
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo0.8772.0350.262

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Mean Number of Abstinent Days of Participants Who Used Other Substance Measured by UDS at Stage 1

Other substance use including Amphetamine, Non-Methamphetamine Drug, Cocaine, Alcohol, Cigarettes, as measured by UDS, during the treatment period. Opioid use will also be assessed using the Opioid 2000 ng tests on the UDS. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week 6

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
AmphetamineNon-Methamphetamine DrugCocaineAlcoholCigarettes
Stage 1 AMC41.9531.4741.8737.8916.31
Stage 1 Placebo41.8928.5341.8736.4415.29

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Mean Number of Abstinent Days of Participants Who Used Other Substance Measured by UDS at Stage 2

Other substance use including Amphetamine, Non-Methamphetamine Drug, Cocaine, Alcohol, Cigarettes, as measured by UDS, during the treatment period. Opioid use will also be assessed using the Opioid 2000 ng tests on the UDS. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: at week 12

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
AmphetamineNon-Methamphetamine drugCocaineAlcoholCigarettes
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC44.9531.0544.8839.9119.31
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo44.9630.9944.938.4117.11

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Change in Proportion of E-cigarettes Abstinent Days by Self-report at Stage 1

Proportion of abstinent days of E- Cigarettes was measured by self-report at stage 1. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

InterventionProportion of abstinent days (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo-0.064
Stage 1 AMC-0.072

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Change in Proportion of E-cigarettes Abstinent Days by Self-report at Stage 2

Proportion of abstinent days of E- Cigarettes was measured by self-report at stage 2. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

InterventionProportion of abstinent days (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo-0.057
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC-0.079

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Mean Change of Depression Symptom Score by PHQ-9 at Stage 1

"Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) measures participants depression symptoms. Possible scores range from 0-27, with higher scores indicating a more severe depression symptoms.~PHQ-9 scores reflect depression severity, ranges from 0-27 (0 no depressive symptoms, 1-4 minimal depression, 5-9 mild depression, 10-14 moderate depression, 15-19 moderately severe depression, 20-27 severe depression)" (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo-3.26
Stage 1 AMC-4.78

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Mean Change of Depression Symptom Score by PHQ-9 at Stage 2

"Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measures participants depression symptoms. Possible scores range from 0-27, with higher scores indicating a more severe depression symptoms.~PHQ-9 scores reflect depression severity, ranges from 0-27 (0 no depressive symptoms, 1-4 minimal depression, 5-9 mild depression, 10-14 moderate depression, 15-19 moderately severe depression, 20-27 severe depression)" (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo-3.66
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC-4.39

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Mean Change of Methamphetamine Craving at Stage 1

Severity of methamphetamine craving, as measured by Visual Analog Craving Scales (VAS), during the treatment period. VAS scores range from 0 (no craving) to 100 (most intense craving possible). The VAS is completed at screening, once a week during the treatment period, and at the follow-up visits. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo-22.33
Stage 1 AMC-29.98

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Mean Change of Methamphetamine Craving at Stage 2

Severity of methamphetamine craving, as measured by Visual Analog Craving Scales (VAS), during the treatment period. VAS scores range from 0 (no craving) to 100 (most intense craving possible). The VAS is completed at screening, once a week during the treatment period, and at the follow-up visits. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo-20.52
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC-31.79

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Mean Change of Overall Functioning as Measured by Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) at Stage 1

"The Treatment Effectiveness Assessment is a 4-item self-administered assessment that uses a Likert scale (1-10) to document changes in four life domains: substance use, health, lifestyle, and community and is collected at screening, mid-treatment (Week 6 Visit 2) and end-of-treatment (Week 12 Visit 2).~Possible scores range from 4-40, with higher scores indicating a higher overall functioning." (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo2.2
Stage 1 AMC6.5

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Mean Change of Overall Functioning as Measured by Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) at Stage 2

"The Treatment Effectiveness Assessment is a 4-item self-administered assessment that uses a Likert scale (1-10) to document changes in four life domains: substance use, health, lifestyle, and community and is collected at screening, mid-treatment (Week 6 Visit 2) and end-of-treatment (Week 12 Visit 2).~Possible scores range from 4-40, with higher scores indicating a higher overall functioning." (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo2.5
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC6.2

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Mean Change of Percentage of Methamphetamine Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 1

"Methamphetamine use selfreported on TLFB ( Timeline Followback) during the follow-up period.~The baseline measure is the percentage of abstinent days in the 30 days prior to randomization. The outcome is the change in percentage of abstinent days." (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6

Interventionpercentage of abstinent days (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo14.0
Stage 1 AMC27.2

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Mean Change Percentage of Methamphetamine Abstinent Days Measured by Self-report at Stage 2

"Methamphetamine use selfreported on TLFB ( Timeline Followback) during the follow-up period.~The baseline measure is the percentage of abstinent days in the 30 days prior to randomization. The outcome is the change in percentage of abstinent days." (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: week 7, week 12

Interventionpercentage of abstinent days (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo16
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC25.3

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Mean Maximum Number of Consecutive Visits Negative UDS at Stage 1

Measured by maximum consecutive negative UDS: Count the number and range 0-12 and report the maximum number. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week 6

InterventionUDS test results (Mean)
Placebo0.54
AMC (Active Medication Combination Arm)1.37

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Mean Maximum Number of Consecutive Visits Negative UDS at Stage 2

Measured by maximum consecutive negative UDS: Count the number and range 0-12 and report the maximum number. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Stage 2 evaluation period at Weeks 12

InterventionUDS test results (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo0.61
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC (Active Medication Combination Arm)1.18
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized Placebo3.10
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized AMC2.63

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Mean Number of Study Weeks With Two Methamphetamine-negative UDS at Stage 1

Measured by the number of study weeks during the treatment period with two methamphetamine-negative UDS. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week 6

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Placebo0.15
AMC (Active Medication Combination)0.56

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Mean Number of Study Weeks With Two Methamphetamine-negative UDS at Stage 2

Measured by the number of study weeks during the treatment period with two methamphetamine-negative UDS. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week12

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo0.20
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC0.50
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized Placebo1.48
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized AMC1.20

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Number of Participants Who Completed the Visit in Week 12

(NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo106
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC103
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized Placebo28
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized AMC78

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Percentage of Participants Who Used Methamphetamine in the Pre-evaluation Period

Methamphetamine use, as measured by UDS (urine drug screen) in the pre-evaluation period (Weeks 1-4 for Stage 1 and Weeks 7-10 for Stage 2 ) (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-4 and Weeks 7-10

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Stage 1 Placebo5.10
Stage 1 AMC11.93
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo7.95
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC10.20
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized Placebo29.46
Stage 2 Not Re-Randomized AMC22.56

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Treatment Effectiveness Score of Participants at Stage 1

The Treatment Effectiveness Score (TES) as measured by UDS results, during the treatment period. The TES is the percentage of the expected urine drug screens that were negative for each drug. Twelve urine drug screens are expected within each stage. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At weeks 6

Interventionpercentage of urine drug screens (Mean)
Stage 1 Placebo5.72
Stage 1 AMC13.84

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Treatment Effectiveness Score of Participants at Stage 2

The Treatment Effectiveness Score (TES) as measured by UDS results, during the treatment period. The TES is the percentage of the expected urine drug screens that were negative for each drug. Twelve urine drug screens are expected within each stage. The range of possible scores are 0-100 and higher score indicates better outcomes. (NCT03078075)
Timeframe: At week 12

Interventionpercentage of urine drug screens (Mean)
Stage 2 Re-Randomized Placebo7.45
Stage 2 Re-Randomized AMC11.55

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Change in MADRS Score

Scoring of depressive symptoms on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, maximum 60 , minimum 0. Higher scores mean worse outcome. First measurement on day 1 of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and second measurement on day 2 of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), separated by 1 day interval. This outcome measure was not measured at baseline. (NCT03126682)
Timeframe: Scored on day 1 and day 2 after ECT session

InterventionScored on a scale (Mean)
Wellbutrin During ECT 12.60
Wellbutrin During ECT 23.60

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Change in Seizure Threshold

Charge in Millicoulombs at which subject gets a seizure with ECT. First measurement on day 1 of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and second measurement on day 2 of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), separated by 1 day interval. This outcome measure was not measured at baseline. (NCT03126682)
Timeframe: Measured at day 1 and day 2

Interventionmillicoulombs (Mean)
Wellbutrin During ECT 123.04
Wellbutrin During ECT 219.68

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Change in Seizure Duration

Duration of seizures with ECT. First measurement on day 1 of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and second measurement on day 2 of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), separated by 1 day interval. This outcome measure was not measured at baseline. (NCT03126682)
Timeframe: Measured at day 1 and day 2

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Wellbutrin During ECT 126.2
Wellbutrin During ECT 229.6

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BMI

BMI will be calculated using weekly height and weight measurements (kg/m^2) at each assessment. (NCT03132571)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

,
Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
Baseline16 Weeks
Naltrexone With Bupropion39.0637.33
Placebo With Bupropion29.5530.65

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Waist Circumference (Inches)

Waist circumference will be measured in inches at each assessment. (NCT03132571)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

,
Interventioninches (Mean)
Baseline16 Weeks
Naltrexone With Bupropion50.0848.50
Placebo With Bupropion41.8743.37

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Weight (kg)

Weight in kilograms will be measured at each assessment and change will be determined at study endpoint. (NCT03132571)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

,
Interventionkg (Mean)
Baseline16 Weeks
Naltrexone With Bupropion118.78113.60
Placebo With Bupropion87.2591.25

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Change in Proportion of Binge Drinking Days

Frequency is assessed as number of binge episodes/time in trial controlling for missing data. (NCT03169244)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 0) to Week 12

InterventionBinge Drinking Days (Mean)
Bupropion XL-0.13
Placebo-0.11

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Change in GGT

Change in serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (NCT03169244)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 0) to Week 12

InterventionU/L (Mean)
Bupropion XL12.8
Placebo-1.8

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Change in the Intensity of Binge Drinking

Intensity is defined as the number of drinks per binge day scaled by the minimum threshold of a binge episode per gender (4 drinks/day for females; 5 drinks/day for males). Accordingly, if a female consumed 4 drinks in a binge drinking day, the intensity would be 1.0 and a female who consumed 6 drinks in a binge drinking day would have an intensity of 1.5. (NCT03169244)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 0) to Week 12

Interventionunitless (Mean)
Bupropion XL-0.02
Placebo-0.09

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"Change From Baseline in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-4 Score (Depressive Mood)"

"The PHQ-4 is a brief screening questionnaire for depression. Possible scores range from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a negative change score indicating decreased severity of depression. This measure is referred to as depressive mood in the protocol." (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 5 and 9 weeks from start of treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 5Week 9
Bupropion 150 mg-0.44-0.42
Bupropion 300 mg-0.17-0.43
Placebo-0.16-0.43

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Perception of Risk vs. Benefit at 9 Weeks

"Participants are asked, Were the benefits of this treatment greater than any side effects?" (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NoYes
Bupropion 150 mg3730
Bupropion 300 mg3226
Placebo4021

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Number of Participants With Most Severe Response for Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) at 9 Weeks

Questions refer to the participants' experiences for the past 7 days of a given symptom in terms of frequency (never, rarely, occasionally, frequently, almost constantly), severity (none, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), interference with usual or daily activities (not at all, a little bit, somewhat, quite a bit, very much). (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization).

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Severity of dry mouth at its worst = very severeSeverity of decreased appetite at its worst= very severeInterference of decreased appetite with usual or daily activities = very muchFrequency of nausea = almost constantlySeverity of nausea at its worst = very severeSeverity of constipation at its worst = very severeSeverity of dizziness at its worst = very severeInterference of dizziness with usual or daily activities = very muchFrequency of headache = almost constantlySeverity of headache at its worst = very severeInterference of headache with usual or daily activities = very muchSeverity of insomnia at it's worst = very severeInterference of insomnia with usual or daily activities = very much
Bupropion 150 mg0001000000000
Bupropion 300 mg0000000001100
Placebo0000000000011

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Change From Baseline in the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Fatigue Score

The PROMIS fatigue score measures self-reported fatigue symptoms over the past 7 days. Possible scores range from 33.1 to 77.8, with higher scores indicating more fatigue. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a positive change score indicating increased fatigue. (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 5 and 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 5Week 9
Bupropion 150 mg-2.29-3.28
Bupropion 300 mg-1.11-3.14
Placebo-0.30-3.42

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"Change From Baseline in the PROMIS Global Satisfaction With Sex Life Subscore of Sexual Function and Satisfaction Measure (Sexual Desire and Satisfaction)"

"The PROMIS Global Satisfaction with Sex Life subscore measures self-reported global satisfaction, interest, and interference in sexual health over the past 7 days. Possible scores range from 3 to 30, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with sex life. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a positive change score indicating increased satisfaction. This score is referred to as the PROMIS sexual desire and satisfaction measure in the protocol." (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 5 and 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 5Week 9
Bupropion 150 mg3.352.05
Bupropion 300 mg2.812.72
Placebo3.083.58

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"Change From Baseline in FSFI Total Score (Sexual Functioning)"

"The FSFI total score measures self-reported female sexual functioning covering the major domains arousal, satisfaction, and orgasm, and including lubrication and pain. Possible scores range from 2 to 36, with higher scores indicating better functioning. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a positive change score indicating increased functioning. This measure is referred to as sexual functioning in the protocol." (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 5 and 9 weeks from start of treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 5Week 9
Bupropion 150 mg3.843.29
Bupropion 300 mg4.013.55
Placebo3.534.70

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Number of Participants With a Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Event Over the Course of the Study

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4) grades adverse event severity from 1=mild to 5=death. Summary data is provided in this outcome measure.; see Adverse Events Module for specific adverse event data. (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Adverse events were evaluated 1,2,5,7, and 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bupropion 150 mg4
Bupropion 300 mg1
Placebo3

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"Change From Baseline at 9 Weeks in the Desire Subscore of the Female Sexual Function Index (Sexual Desire)"

"The desire subscore of the female sexual function index (FSFI) measures self-reported sexual desire. Possible scores range from 1.2 to 6, with higher scores indicating increased desire. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a positive change score indicating increased desire. This measure is referred to as sexual desire in the protocol." (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 9 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion 150 mg0.64
Bupropion 300 mg0.60
Placebo0.62

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"Change From Baseline at 5 Weeks in Desire Subscore of the FSFI (Sexual Desire)"

"The desire subscore of the female sexual function index (FSFI) measures self-reported sexual desire. Possible scores range from 1.2 to 6, with higher scores indicating increased desire. Change score is calculated by subtracting baseline from later score, with a positive change score indicating increased desire. This measure is referred to as sexual desire in the protocol." (NCT03180294)
Timeframe: Baseline (prior to randomization) and 5 weeks from start of study treatment (within 21 days of randomization)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupropion 150 mg0.70
Bupropion 300 mg0.48
Placebo0.58

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Change in CMAI Total Score

The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) is a 29-item caregiver-rated questionnaire that assesses the frequency of agitation-related and disruptive behaviors in subjects with dementia. The scale contains 29 behaviors or items organized into four subscales: physically aggressive, physically non-aggressive, verbally aggressive, and verbally non-aggressive. The CMAI is administered by interviewing the caregiver and asking him or her to rate the frequency with which the subject manifests each behavior using a seven-point scale: 1=never (better outcome), 7=several times an hour (worse outcome). The CMAI total score is the sum of the scores for all of the items in the CMAI. CMAI total scores range from a minimum of 29 (better outcome) to a maximum of 203 (worse outcome). (NCT03226522)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
AXS-05-15.4
Bupropion-10.0
Placebo-11.5

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Change in Total Body Weight

Percent change in body weight (NCT03374956)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Intervention Group-7.7
Control Group-6.5

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Percentage of Responders

Percentage of participants who loss 5% or more of total body weight (NCT03374956)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Intervention Group81
Control Group80

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Percentage of Responders

Percentage of participants with at least 10% total body weight loss (NCT03374956)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Intervention Group44
Control Group40

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a More Than 50% Reduction in Expired Carbon Monoxide (CO) Levels

A biochemical marker of smoking intensity. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: Baseline (V1), 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
AXS-0552.0
Bupropion SR30.4

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Urinary Levels of Dextromethorphan

Measured via Urinary Dextromethorphan testing. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4)

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
AXS-051902.1

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Medication Tolerance by Serious Adverse Events

Measured by FDA reporting guidelines on adverse event or serious adverse event designation. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: Baseline (V1), 4-Week Follow-Up Visit (V5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AXS-050
Bupropion SR0

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Medication Tolerance by Self-Reported Side Effects

Number of participants who scored 3 or higher on a 7-point Likert scale ranking severity of side effects (1-2 mild; 3-5 moderate; 6-7 severe). (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: Baseline (V1), 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AXS-057
Bupropion SR5

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Medication Adherence

Medication adherence is measured by composite self-reported diaries. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: Baseline (V1), 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4)

Interventionpercentage of adherence (Mean)
AXS-0597.08
Bupropion SR96.60

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Change in Smoking Intensity

Smoking intensity refers to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: Baseline (V1), 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4)

Interventionchange in cigarettes per day (Mean)
AXS-05-8.49
Bupropion SR-6.79

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Change in Smoking Behavior

7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence. Measured by composite self-report diaries and biochemically confirmed via expired CO and salivary cotinine. (NCT03471767)
Timeframe: 3-Week Follow-Up Visit (V4), 4-Week Follow-Up Visit (V5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AXS-0516
Bupropion SR12

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Change in Binge Eating Frequency

"Binge eating will be assessed by interview (Eating Disorder Examination) and the primary outcome is frequency of binge episodes in the past month, comparing baseline and post-treatment. Change is defined as the change in frequency from baseline to post-treatment." (NCT03539900)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (3 months)

Interventionbinge-eating episodes per month (Mean)
NB Medication6.4
Placebo5.4

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Percent BMI Change

BMI was calculated using measured height and weight. We report percent BMI change using the following formula: ([BMI at posttreatment] - [BMI at baseline])/[BMI at baseline]. Negative values indicate loss. (NCT03539900)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (3 months)

Interventionpercent BMI change (Mean)
NB Medication-8.0
Placebo-0.5

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MADRS Score - Change From Baseline to Week 6

The primary objective of the study was to assess the effect of AXS-05 versus bupropion as measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for change in severity of depressive symptoms. The MADRS is a 10-item scale and items are scored between 0-6 points. For each item, a score of 0 indicates the absence of symptoms, and a score of 6 indicates symptoms of maximum severity. A maximum total score is 60 points. (NCT03595579)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
AXS-0517.2
Bupropion12.1

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MADRS Score - Overall Change From Baseline

The primary objective of the study was to assess the effect of AXS-05 versus bupropion as measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for change in severity of depressive symptoms. The MADRS is a 10-item scale and items are scored between 0-6 points. For each item, a score of 0 indicates the absence of symptoms, and a score of 6 indicates symptoms of maximum severity. A maximum total score is 60 points. (NCT03595579)
Timeframe: Assessed at week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (averaged over the entire 6-week treatment period)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
AXS-0513.7
Bupropion8.8

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Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 18

Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence defined as smoking zero cigarettes at Week 18 visit. This will evaluate the end-of-treatment efficacy of optimized pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in African American smokers (NCT03897439)
Timeframe: Week 18

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Usual Care (UC)31
Optimized Care (OPT)32

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Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 26

Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence defined as smoking zero cigarettes at Week 26 visit. This will evaluate the long-term efficacy of optimized pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in African American smokers (NCT03897439)
Timeframe: Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Usual Care (UC)26
Optimized Care (OPT)24

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Number of Participants With Biochemically Verified Smoking Abstinence at Week 12

Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence defined as smoking zero cigarettes at Week 12 visit. This will evaluate the short-term efficacy of optimized pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in African American smokers. (NCT03897439)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Usual Care (UC)23
Optimized Care (OPT)34

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Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

"17-item diagnostic questionnaire to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. The lowest possible score on the scale is 0 and the highest possible score is 52. The lowest possible score on the scale represents the lack of any depressive symptoms and the highest score represents the severe depressive symptoms." (NCT03927950)
Timeframe: The outcome was measured at the week 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Escitalopram7.2

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Montgomery-Asberg's Depression Rating Scale

"Ten-item diagnostic questionnaire to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. The lowest possible score on the scale is 0 and the highest possible score is 60. The lowest possible score on the scale represents the lack of any depressive symptoms and the highest score represents the severe depressive symptoms." (NCT03927950)
Timeframe: the results are for a single time point (12 weeks)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Escitalopram Bupropion Open-label9.2

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Optional Sub-study. Validity and Reliability of Capillary Blood CRP Measurement

Capillary blood CRP levels will be compared with those obtained using venous blood obtained via venipuncture. Outcome will be number of participants whose capillary blood CRP levels and venous blood CRPT levels match in terms of <1 vs. >=1. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection2
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection0
CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection1
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection4

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Adverse Antidepressant Treatment Effects on CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection

Side effects will be assessed using the 3-item self-administered Frequency, Intensity, and Burden of Side Effects (FIBSER). Each item is scored on a scale from 0-6. Items 1 and 2 (Frequency & Intensity respectively) are to provide information to the clinician, but they are not used in the scoring.The score that is used comes only from Item 3 - Burden. Lower scores represents lower burden. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection.25
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection0
CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection0
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection0

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Efficacy of CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection on Remission Rates in Patients With MDD.

The primary study endpoint will be remission rates based on the 16-items Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Self-Report (QIDS-SR), which will be extracted from the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR). The QIDS-SR score ranges from 0-27. A score of 5 or less represents remission. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection3
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection1
CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection1
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection2

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Efficacy of CRP-consistent Antidepressant Selection Versus CRP-inconsistent Antidepressant Selection on Improving Social and Occupational Functioning.

Improvement in social and occupational functioning will be measured with the 5-item self-administered Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). The WSAS total score ranges from 0-40. Lower scores are better. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection-17.3
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection-24.4
CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection-18.0
CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection-23.5

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Incidence of Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) Following Dosing With AXS-05

Types and rates of adverse events (NCT04039022)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
AXS-05505

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Number of Participants Who Participate in the Post-treatment Interview

Study primary outcomes are qualitative in nature. Participants will be asked to participate in a qualitative interview in which they will be interviewed regarding things they would change about the proposed treatment intervention. These results will be used to inform the treatment development for a randomized controlled trial. (NCT04135937)
Timeframe: Post-treatment follow-up visit (week 5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MESH9

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Change in Targeted Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex-Ventral Striatal (vmPFC-VS) Functional Connectivity (FC)

Targeted FC is calculated as the degree of correlation in activity between a 3mm3 radius sphere in VS and the vmPFC cluster identified as being reward-sensitive in neuroimaging meta-analyses and as used to define vmPFC in previous work. Subject-level correlations for degree of vmPFC-VS FC is Fisher's Z transformed {Z(R)=0.5ln[(1+R)/(1-R)]}, a standard method for calculating fMRI functional connectivity, whereby greater Z-scores reflected stronger correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity (i.e., higher VS-vmPFC connectivity). For each study timepoint, Z-scores will be extracted and the change in mean FC values compared to baseline will be calculated. The central value is 0, and the standard deviation depends on the sample variance. Increasing values indicate increasing connectivity between the indicated brain regions (VS and vmPFC). There are no relevant thresholds, and there is no direct interpretation of results in terms of clinical improvement. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8

,
InterventionZ-score (Mean)
Baseline to Week 4Baseline to Week 8
Bupropion0.020.02
Escitalopram-0.130.09

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Proportion of Hard-Task Choices During the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT)

The Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) is a computer-based multi-trial game to assess motivation. Participants are given an opportunity to choose different task difficulty levels to obtain monetary rewards (easy tasks have low rewards while hard tasks have higher rewards). Each trial has a high, medium, or low probability of success, and this information is given to the participant when they are deciding between easy and hard tasks. The task lasts for 20 minutes, and first 50 trials are analyzed. The proportion of hard-task choices across each level of probability is calculated. Possible values range between 0 to1 with 1 being a better outcome indicating the mean probability of making a hard (high effort) choice. Lower proportions of hard task choices indicate decreased motivation. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8

,
Interventionproportion of hard-task choices (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 8
Bupropion0.3920.4500.3480.360
Escitalopram0.4500.3850.3210.323

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Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS-C) Score

The SHAPS-C is a 14-item clinician-administered scale assessing the amount of pleasure during common daily activities that the participant has experienced in the past week. Responses are given on a scale of 1 to 4 where 1 = lots of pleasure and 4 = no pleasure. Total scores range from 14 to 56 with lower scores indicating greater enjoyment of activities. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 6Week 8
Bupropion39.40036.22233.77835.37532.125
Escitalopram38.62533.37527.25025.25024.857

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Motivation and Pleasure Scale-Self-Report (MAP-SR) Score

The MAP-SR is an 18-item self-report inventory that has been validated in psychiatric populations and is designed to disentangle motivational and consummatory components of everyday activities over a 24-hr period. Responses are given on a 5-point scale where 0 = no pleasure or motivation and 4 = extreme pleasure or motivation. Total scores range from 0 to 72 and higher scores indicate greater motivation and pleasure during everyday activities. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 6Week 8
Bupropion27.80029.33335.25037.25038.000
Escitalopram28.00034.87542.50044.75045.714

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Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (IDS-SR)

The IDS-SR is a 30-item self-reported measurement of depression severity. Responses are given on a 4-point scale where 0 = no problems and 3 = severe problems. Total scores are based on 28 items and range from 0 to 84 with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms of depression. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 6Week 8
Bupropion38.80030.22223.55625.00023.875
Escitalopram42.25030.25021.50016.25018.143

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Change in Rewarding Effects of Smoking Combustible Cigarettes

Characterize changes in the two primary scales of the Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ), assessing smoking satisfaction and psychological reward, compared between cigarettes smoked after meals versus all others smoked during the day, examining how this difference changes after zonisamide/bupropion usage. The mCEQ uses a 7-point scale (0=Not at all; 1=Very little; 2=A little; 3=Moderately; 4=A lot, 5=Quite a lot; 6=Extremely) to measure the following subscales: Satisfaction, Psychological Reward, Enjoyment of Respiratory Tract Sensations, Craving Reduction, Aversion. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: First week compared to after start of study drugs (Weeks 2-13 post baseline)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CEQ Satisfaction ScaleCEQ Psych Reward Scale
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette00.2

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Number of Participants That Completely Switched From Combustible Cigarettes to Halo G6 E-Cigarettes

Defined as self-report of no cigarette smoking (not even a puff), confirmed by an expired air CO reading of less than 5 ppm. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: Weeks 8-11 post-quit date (weeks 10-13 post baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette8

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Point Abstinence From Combustible Cigarettes

Assessed by self-report utilizing an automated SMS messaging system. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: Six months post switch day (approximately 6 months post baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette15

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Depressive Symptoms

Participants completed the reliable and valid Hopkins Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20) to assess depressive symptoms. Total scores (mean of items responses, range: 0-4) were computed, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. (NCT04437485)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
eIMPACT-DM Intervention1.11
Active Control1.58

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Hemoglobin A1c at 6 Months

Fasting blood samples were collected, and whole blood and plasma aliquots were frozen. Hemoglobin A1c will be measured by a standard method. A1c is the primary outcome because: (1) it is the gold standard measure of glycemia and a common surrogate endpoint, (2) it strongly predicts future diabetes, (3) interventions decreasing A1c improve clinical diabetes endpoints, and (4) diabetes prevention interventions targeting glycemic control result in lower rates of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Higher hemoglobin A1c values indicate greater diabetes risk. (NCT04437485)
Timeframe: 6 months

Intervention% (percentage of total hemoglobin) (Mean)
eIMPACT-DM Intervention4.94
Active Control4.88

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Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score at 6 Months

Higher HOMA-IR scores indicate greater insulin resistance. Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were derived from fasting glucose and insulin values measured by standard assays. HOMA-IR score is an established index of insulin resistance that correlates highly with the more invasive euglycemic clamp and is appropriate for assessing change. Higher HOMA-IR scores indicate greater insulin resistance. (NCT04437485)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionHOMA-IR index (Mean)
eIMPACT-DM Intervention3.48
Active Control2.38

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUCt) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl1021
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN18401010

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity (AUCinf) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl1049
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN18401039

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AUCinf of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl11960
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184011630

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Bupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionnanograms (ng)/milliliter (mL) (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl98.64
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184098.02

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Cmax of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion

Plasma total molybdenum was assessed as surrogate measures for ALXN1840 PK following coadministration with bupropion HCl salt tablet (Treatment B) only. (NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN1840325.6

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Cmax of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl286.5
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN1840284.3

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AUCt of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion

Plasma total molybdenum was assessed as surrogate measures for ALXN1840 PK following coadministration with bupropion HCl salt tablet (Treatment B) only. (NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184015010

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AUCt of Hydroxybupropion With and Without the Coadministration of ALXN1840

(NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl11900
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184011560

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered with the study drug and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with the study drug. An AE could therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of study drug, whether or not related to study drug. A TEAE was defined as any AE that began or worsened on or after the first dose of treatment until the end of study (EOS) or early termination (ET). An AE that occurred during the washout period between drugs was considered treatment emergent to the last drug given. A summary of all Serious Adverse Events and Other Adverse Events (nonserious) regardless of causality is located in the 'Reported Adverse Events' Section. (NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to Day 15

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Treatment A: Bupropion HCl8
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184011

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AUCinf of Plasma Total Molybdenum With Coadministration of Bupropion

Plasma total molybdenum was assessed as surrogate measures for ALXN1840 PK following coadministration with bupropion HCl salt tablet (Treatment B) only. (NCT04526210)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Day 1) up to 336 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Treatment B: Bupropion HCl + ALXN184016130

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.6892amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.3920hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.0510ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		7.830monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
adenine
[no description available]		5.49516-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		7.7430guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.9740acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.110benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.2850amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		4.1531halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.1710fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.1931amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		12.862312carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.4920monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.9740amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
choline
[no description available]		4.5540cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.4320tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9810halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.9740coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.1450monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.0710benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.4920gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bw 306u
hydroxybupropion: active metabolite of bupropion; structure in first source		10.56325aromatic ketone
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		3.3770catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.8530amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0610hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.81302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4520sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		8.0140aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4820alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		2.05102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		2.05102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.610carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0110
histamine
[no description available]		2.4920aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0510benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.0710diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.110hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.31102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.7730alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.4620cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		5.7561acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0710acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.2950pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.4820aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.03104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.110saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.140monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.110aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.6140hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		3.8230amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.5920primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.110methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		2.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.4920isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
epibatidine
[no description available]		3.1210alkaloid
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.0610
sk&f 82958
[no description available]		2.0210benzazepine
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		3.7930benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		10.03102p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
[no description available]		3.1210piperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.0620aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.6930methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
hoe 33342
BXI-72: structure in first source		2.4620bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		fluorochrome
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.110chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		4.4722amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		2.3820monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.0710oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethoxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
[no description available]		210diarylmethane
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.3311aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		6.35114guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		12.04141imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		9.8542indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		3.3511acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0710monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.6690acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.7590aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.87100acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8530acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.5920aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		6.4271phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5520imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		8.1194organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.5580secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.0840triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.0510amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		10.34170adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4620aromatic amine
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.3820
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.2310acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.8530diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.7430dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4720guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.0940N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.5890dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		5.111301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.9840aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		11.253814carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.4160dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.4420aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		7.72131dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.8530nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0510N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4620aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.1450pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0810guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.7530enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.95110benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.4370benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.95110ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.4260aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7430monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		10.6290amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.620benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benfluorex
[no description available]		2.0410benzoate ester
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4720carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0510benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.56701-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4620benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.7330pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.2650propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.8730carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.4260(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.4620biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.8930piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.620diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.4360secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		4.0931organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		3.1650organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
bromperidol
bromperidol: bromine-substituted for chlorine in haloperidol; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure		2.0410aromatic ketone
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.460amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.9740aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		13.03379azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.4260methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		10.92245purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		5.23150aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.620benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		13.5253dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220benzenes
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.0840carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9640N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4420quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		9.2750carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		9.5470organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.110aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.0740ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.0710benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.8530aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.5920diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.0340benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.07401,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.7790aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.5920benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.2850monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5.85170organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.5570monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.0710chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.2310isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		10.81001,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		11.47131aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.7430cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4620cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.87100aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.9640benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		18.2126552-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clebopride
clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1110amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.5470aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.0840tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		7.36141dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.72501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		13.03492clonidine;
imidazoline
cloperastine
cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.85301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.7690conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.7330chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4720carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.6780carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		9.4160piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		4.2750substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0710carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.2850acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		11.38525dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		7.99230primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.7630alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		13.012221,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.4620aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.47190amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.620dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.460monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		2.0410benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0710oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		5.04120ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.4620piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.2650piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.4160monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		10.2790organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		11.51283branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		2.420
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.7430benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		5.1780aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.5920morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8530aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		7.14111dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.620pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
cycloadiphenine
cycloadiphenine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzenes
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.460aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.4920aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.620oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.2110organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.4420benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.44201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.2950aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.620dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.620imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxyresorufin
ethoxyresorufin: structure		2.2110phenoxazine
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		9.5670monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.07402-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		9.7790carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5370dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.9740diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		6.7171(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.5670aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.620benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		4.140monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7630resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		8.3160anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		7.5591piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.140benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.5570aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.4820difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		6.24101conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.0540aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4820aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.0640N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.4160ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.1103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		7.7301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8630benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.2550nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		15.3611213(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		8.96162fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.4720diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.95110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.8530carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4720oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.1130chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		12.48122gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		4.15160ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.3920ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		5.0570aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.0940aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.7530N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.4260sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2450aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.5370monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.620methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.1140azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		6.62120acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		8.21341aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.4420haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510diarylmethane
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.0710thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.8730azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5370benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.620benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.5470one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.86100hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.18140monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		6.5281primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		10.17140benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		2.4520amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4520tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.46201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		210piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.2650ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		11.95577dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.0740bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.0740indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		5.23150aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7330benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0610organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
iotroxic acid
iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.2850carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5920azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		5.4341benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.6780carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		5.0470catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8730alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.2550benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itopride
[no description available]		2.0510benzamides
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.460piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		10.6480cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		6.41121dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		10.03120benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.7790amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		5.02120benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		10.032811,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.5470benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.2110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.2850(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.620nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.8630fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.5920N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.6580monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.460benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.8630benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.2750biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		4.2650dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		3.5920cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		13.69202anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		3.5990organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.2550aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		6.99180primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.0840diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8530aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.0840aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		10.0770adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.75301,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8830ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.5970imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.5920piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5920organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.2550amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		4.0940phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.2850aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		5.88120guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		11.44248benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.4720ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.8730aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		2.4520amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		14.445410beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		9.7590benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.8730organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		10.51200aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.2550C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		4.0940aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.4160aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		14.64512dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.4720dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		15.49264imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.5570dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		15.595512benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.8730diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.5470dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		7.63130benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		9.46210monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		4.0940monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0710acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		4.0540aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.5940methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.620tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.37601,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5920heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		12.36351aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0510benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4720quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.6780cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.8730organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.5470benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		9.86100C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.140aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.41602-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.8530C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		5.7761aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.9740C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5920nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.25501,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		10.21355isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4420catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.5370fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.3420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		17.1210215organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.55703-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		14.84213aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.85100carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.2550ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.85301,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.25501,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.2560benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.4470aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		8.0582acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		2.0410carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4320phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
oxyphencyclimine
oxyphencyclimine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (65-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.2950aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.4920phenylalanine derivative
4-iodoclonidine
4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source		3.3911
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.8530phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.140aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.0840benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		4.1850aromatic amine
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		11.96911,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.0840aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.0440barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.8530oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.4360piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.4720hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.460N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0710acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		9.27170acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.2510pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.6280barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.0510phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		4.140aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		9.85300primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.9540pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.7630organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		2.0710organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimethixene
pimethixene: structure		2.0410thioxanthenes
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.4720pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		5.36100indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.4460aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.4420pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.7330pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.0710aromatic ether
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4720acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.620pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pramoxine
pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
morpholines		local anaesthetic
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0610pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.2650isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		5.14140aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol
pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.		2.0410piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiparkinson drug;
muscle relaxant
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.5670aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		7.8872pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0710diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.7690benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.4720dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.4160benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		8.3160benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8530benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.0840N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.0840pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		3.1350phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.2750phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.6480aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.5920xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		9.4260phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.13230naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		4.0740carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.9640aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.8730aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		4.0440benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		4.2750dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.6590aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		9.5470benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		7.752011,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.5920tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.7430butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0510pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.5920indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.06101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4720phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.620benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		11.1120organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.0740pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.5920pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.85100ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.6730aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
imatinib
[no description available]		3.620aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.8830dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5920quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.47201,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0710N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4720aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.8730sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.1750isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0410sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		3.1550primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.85100
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.4520pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0710isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		4.0840alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.1150benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.0610salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.6580sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.7430aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4620naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4820N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0710benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.8530benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8630imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.0540furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.2750phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		6.71121diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.4370benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.4720quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.8730phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		5.16140phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		5.3160aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.4620aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		7.46141monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0510aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.5820imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.8530N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.0740benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tofisopam
tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal		2.0410organic molecular entity
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0740N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		6.5210N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0710monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.7690aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.0940amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.4720triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		13.47527monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.2310pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		6.5882triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.4160N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0710aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.9540organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.5820amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.7630phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.8530oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.6680aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.5620
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		9.460dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.0510aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.2850chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.0710acetamides
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		5.9642monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.8630aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.7430piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.0710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.47110cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.0640gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		1.9610aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620alkylbenzene
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.2650carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.2310nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.460imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		6.93811,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.0510monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5920corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.286011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.759011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.472016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.730ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		5.25160alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2850imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.3330glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4720benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.88602-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		163471-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0510ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		5.15803-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.2650non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.527011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.873017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.011011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.873017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.753017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
camylofine
camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.5670penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.8530pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.7430organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		5.22602-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.0810guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0310alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.5470C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.3530amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
vincristine
[no description available]		4.2550acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.7450carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		8.4470glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		6.646217-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.88110aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.7530pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		9.83100benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.2850kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		8.2573monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		9.89110amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.5920ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.620amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.0710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.0610organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0210organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0710dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.8930aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.071020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.7790alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0410antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.87304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		4.140aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8830beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.2750mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.2450beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.442020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.4620organic sodium saltdye
mestranol
[no description available]		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.4120quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
chlorquinaldol
Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.		2.0110monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		11.4572erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		4.0840arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.110primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4620aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.0610alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0710diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		7.7430benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		210benzenes
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.9230primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0510stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0710pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.7530amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.74906-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0410organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		7.1762organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.5920glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.6120phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		5.5890aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		21.927744mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
phenylpiperazine
phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1710xanthene
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.110naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
synephrine
[no description available]		2.7730ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4120butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.23105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0710pyridinium salt
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.8730benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		2.110ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		18.579839cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
4-methylmorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.110primary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.0110pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		9.75164mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.0410cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.4720azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.110morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine
hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.110azacycloalkane;
azepanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		2.0710heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.4820peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.9740biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.7530aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine
N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.110tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4820hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.2850quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.4920benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		7.8491naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		5.11101methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.8330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
aziridine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5620acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.7431isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.23501,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0710xanthenes
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		10.4980phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.0510azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0610
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0510organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.110dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5920mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.8630N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.6120benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.4120ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amine
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.110
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.442011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0510diarylmethane
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.753020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
2-fluoroethylamine
2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source		2.110
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.420amphetamines
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.09401-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.0640bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.4420isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4720phthalazines
cytisine
[no description available]		9.6150alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		7.4520dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.9740amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.110citraconoyl group
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
azetidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
methadyl acetate
Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.		3.110diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.2750ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4420furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.582017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.620diarylmethane
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.4620thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		5.243methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		14.155220amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.8530carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1710dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.2110organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0510isothiocyanateinsecticide
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		7.67112carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.110tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
lactulose
[no description available]		4.2750glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.0510flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.743020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.0610extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
diethylmethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		9.2850acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
n-methylpiperidine
N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.1510
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0710morpholines
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.4820aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		9.94110cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.442017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		7.414217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		2.110piperidones
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.9740
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710methylpyridines
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4420steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.2750ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pyrovalerone
pyrovalerone: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms F 1983 & Centroton refer to HCl; structure		2.0510aromatic ketone
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.4260glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.4620enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.8930alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5920cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.110organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		2.110
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0510organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		11.423111tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		5.0670benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.2650aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.6480benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
7-hydroxychlorpromazine
7-hydroxychlorpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810phenothiazines
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.4720benzodioxine
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; an antiscalant		2.1710phosphonoacetic acid
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.4620isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
5-phenylvaleric acid
5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.4220corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.1710thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.4720pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.4260dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.8530dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.4520penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		6.54822-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
fenethylline
fenethylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710oxopurine
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.0940antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.8530organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.442011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.9740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.8730acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.3920indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.0740azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		4.2450amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
terodiline
[no description available]		2.0610diarylmethane
levodopa methyl ester
levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer		1.9710tyrosine derivative
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0510amine
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		7.1710chromium group element atommicronutrient
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.1650pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4320delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		3.811calcium phosphate
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		7.5920dihydrogen
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.0710benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.4220
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0610oxopurine
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.0510S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0510amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		11.98131selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.74306-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.8930monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.2450beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0610organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.4420glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
exp561
EXP561: inhibitor of 5-HT uptake; RN given refers to parent cpd		210
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.416017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.4420carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.8730
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.7650aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		7.73301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		11.1191indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0410ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.1710benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		3.1410chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.0740bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.03103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.4520acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.4320benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		3.6420delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.4720
propamocarb
propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.		2.110carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.4370glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.0840beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		7.4620
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		340pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.86100penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.7590timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4720tryptamines
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		2.0410diarylmethane
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		7.97402-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		2.0610piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8630cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.930catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8530carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		6.471amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.02120azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.8730pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.9640amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.7690taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.6580beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.0810peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.4260catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.0610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source		2.110
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.0840ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.26501-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		3.3511triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.8630alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.110
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.4620catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.4511
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.140aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.7790L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.6590
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.76905-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.9640pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.28501,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4420cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		4.742117beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.0510azepanes
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.8630anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8530aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8430aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
Flamprop
[no description available]		2.110benzamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.5620anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		2.6530
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.0740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		15.958122aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.7690alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.1510nitrosamine;
pyridines
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8530diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.7530cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		4.0740diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0410acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
bicifadine
bicifadine: a nonopioid analgesic that modulates the monoaminergic pathways involved in pain		3.2710
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.7430benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0710benzofurans
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0610thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.5920
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0110
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		5.4541monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.4720aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.8530
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.0610
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.4160delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		4.0940naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
rimcazole
rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4220carbazoles
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.6780delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		9.1231benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.7730dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		4.1950pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.77903-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8430N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		10.09351hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.5470aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.0740dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.0940imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		3.5420N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.26503-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.0610
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.0310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0510dioxanes
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.8830aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		3.8230salicylamides
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.56203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0710
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.2750aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.0610quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0510heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.86306-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7330fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.41601-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		10.9171methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.0740phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5920beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.7530tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.8530pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.4720
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.140aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.5620organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.8530benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		13.132412aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		8.8830alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.5570aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.4260monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		8.46182duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		4.0940duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.4160carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.4160biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		5.26901,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.5920oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.620monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8930biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.8530carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.140adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		2.55202-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0710hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		19.3813146hydrochloride
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.2950
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.0710
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.16140acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.7690aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.4620pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		7.7430dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.8730carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		9.1240acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.4520glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710aromatic ether
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0210benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.5920organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		4.2650acetamides
esreboxetine
esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor		2.0410aromatic ether
lercanidipine
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		10.751piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.2750benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.7330fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.0510guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
thiamorpholine
thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.		2.110saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
thiomorpholines
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		12.612721,2,3-triazole
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0510acetamides
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		6.81532-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		16.728533dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.0610aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
talinolol
[no description available]		2.0610ureas
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0510organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0510dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
diclofensine
diclofensine: RN given refers to parent cpd(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		7.3920
cloricromen
cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410coumarins
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.110
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dansylglycine
[no description available]		210
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.0610
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		4.9360acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.0610
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0710cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.6120chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lazabemide
lazabemide: structure given in first source		2.0110
atipamezole
[no description available]		2.0810
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.8830aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.8530razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loperamide oxide
loperamide oxide: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer		2.0210
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.3660benzofurans
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.110carbazoles
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
metamfepramone
[no description available]		1.9710aromatic ketone
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.0710acetamides
efaroxan
efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.08101-benzofurans
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		2.0610
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0710
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.4920phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
honokiol
[no description available]		2.0810biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0510
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.4820oleandomycins
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0510
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0210carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.5620hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.110oligopeptide
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.110
dimethylaminopropanol
dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor		2.110
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.140carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8730indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.2850aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		4.1340acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-nitrophenylglucuronide
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.0410beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.110benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		2.0410beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.5570macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
glycinexylidide
glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.110amino acid amidedrug metabolite
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.110dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		2.110N-arylpiperazine
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		24.745791123-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.8530peptide
4-hydroxypropranolol
4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810naphthols
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		9.3541amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		3.5720catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
isopelletierine
isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer		2.110citraconoyl group
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		2.0610dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.110alkylbenzene
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.110
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4720beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sr141716
[no description available]		8.28140amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.		2.1510nitrosamine;
pyridines;
secondary alcohol		biomarker;
carcinogenic agent;
human urinary metabolite
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.5670primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		2.0310
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.4620xanthene dyefluorochrome
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		1.9810
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		2.4620
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
l-lactic acid
(S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.		2.110(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
2-hydroxypropanoic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
n-monodemethyldiltiazem
N-monodemethyldiltiazem: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810benzothiazepine
(S)-Mephenytoin
[no description available]		2.0610imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ecopipam
ecopipam: structure given in first source		2.5220benzazepine
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.3711N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.7330
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.430benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
terpinyl acetate
terpinyl acetate: ingredient in perfume of spray starch causing contact urticaria		2.1710p-menthane monoterpenoid
desmethylsertraline
desmethylsertraline: metabolite of sertraline		8.3420
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510catecholamine
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.110ibuprofen
metadoxine
metadoxine: combination of above cpds		3.2310
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.59201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
4'-hydroxydiclofenac
4'-hydroxydiclofenac: metabolite of diclofenac; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxydiclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.		2.110dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
secondary amino compound		allergen;
drug metabolite
bw 373u86
BW 373U86: a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist		2.4220diarylmethane
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.5920adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.4620
5-hydroxymethylomeprazole
5-hydroxymethylomeprazole: metabolite of omeprazole. 5'-hydroxyomeprazole : A sulfoxide that is omeprazole in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 5 on the pyridine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		drug metabolite
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		9.2850benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		2.110
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 44408
BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer		2.0810
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
rti 121
RTI 121: structure given in first source; selectively binds to dopamine transporters		2.730
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4520methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.5920indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.		2101-benzothiophenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		4.1620cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
rti-coc 32
RTI-COC 32: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/91		3.3911
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		210morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.1130dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		5.96130aromatic ether
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.89305-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin
[no description available]		2.4720
n-(4'-fluorobutyrophenone)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridinium
N-(4'-fluorobutyrophenone)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridinium: a neurotoxic quaternary haloperidol metabolite in rat liver; structure in first source		2.0210
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.8730biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.620amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
pagoclone
RP 59037: a partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist; a cyclopyrrolone that induces hypothermia		2.0810
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4620
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.4820benzodioxine
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.63201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
aspartame
[no description available]		2.4920carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
amphethinile
amphethinile: structure given in first source		3.4311
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		11.52621-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.8730carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.76909-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		4.640azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.5920amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.140aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.620dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.5920isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride
Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		2.3110
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		4.1620methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0410
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		5.03120methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
2-(nitrooxy)ethyl apovincaminate
2-(nitrooxy)ethyl apovincaminate: structure given in first source		3.6411
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		4.0940amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		23.7744872
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		5.1130
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4420piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
erlotinib
[no description available]		4.2750aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1110hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.0210divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
dexketoprofen trometamol
dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen		2.1710
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0110pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0510
esketamine
esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.		4.7730ketamineanalgesic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
bd 1047
N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity		2.0410primary amine
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.620indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.1140furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
atorvastatin calcium
2-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane: cytochromes P450 2B1 and P450 2B6 antagonist; structure in first source		2.1310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.5920benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.1510
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.462012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.773011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		5.1231
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		4.1401-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.853017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4920penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.7430aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		7.4420
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		8.51631,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.0610catechols
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.4620D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0610raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.4620(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		5.0121heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.984011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0410taxifolinmetabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.1510tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.5620coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		5.02120cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.0740alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.42601-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.5620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7330cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.86100L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.0410benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.1402,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.9640
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
miglitol
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		8.8530acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		2.110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
naringin
[no description available]		2.0710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
pulegone
pulegone: component of peppermint oil; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck. (+)-pulegone : The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.		2.0510p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0810
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.140tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0710amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4720alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		2.452017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.61201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.1110cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.1550amino cyclitol;
glycoside
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.0740retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.9710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0410resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.5920retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.2750macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		4.4322ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.9840dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.8730dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		10.82529benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.85302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.8630
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0610
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.0740epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.2550macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.7530olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
decitabine
[no description available]		3.59202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.1110
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.1310cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.9740cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.8530actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.0740L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.0810pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.2650nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0510kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.5920flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		9.1340one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		4.1531organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.41102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
glycosides
[no description available]		2.0510
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.4110isomethyleugenol
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.5420olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		11.2961morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.5920vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.0610amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.4620indolyl carboxylic acid
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0210purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.5370pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.2110
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.9740chlorprothixene
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.2550ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.2650aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.0710pyrimidone
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		19.233018N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.4620diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.8530N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.620zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.1710aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		10.11140diarylmethane
nootkatone
nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).		2.0710carbobicyclic compound;
enone;
sesquiterpenoid		fragrance;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.09401,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0410diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.7790monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4720capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.460acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.26502-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		10.68321cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.0510thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		5.04120cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.2550
tamoxifen
[no description available]		5.75150stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		chromogenic compound
nadp
[no description available]		2.7430
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.0740pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.723011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.8530carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4620barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.753017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.0540C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.5920
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.5920tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8730aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.2310beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		7.0310
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		12.24277alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		1.9910dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		1.9910
thiophanate
Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		1.9910benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal drug
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
timiperone
timiperone: structure		3.2110aromatic ketone
adrafinil
[no description available]		2.110diarylmethane
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		9.5651salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		4.6140indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0710
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		9.42230beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		4.6580cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		2.0710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
ospemifene
Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.		2.0810aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor modulator
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		4.2750benzazepine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
valmane
valtrates (combination): from Valerianaceae species; combination of valtratum, acevaltratum & didrovaltratum; structure (valtratum)		2.1110
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.6201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
abt 594
[no description available]		3.1210
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source		2.0810benzofurans
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
3-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
[no description available]		210diarylmethane
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		4.6211
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.620triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.68802-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
quercetin
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.0510biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.940prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.04104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tylosin
[no description available]		2.110aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
enone;
leucomycin;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		allergen;
bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0410trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.8530D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0710
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4720carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.7430prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.5920hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.0410harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.0740antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.0510oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.255011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8730
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		9.4560aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.4420
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.87302-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.3911alpha-humulene
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.46207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.0710coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.4620flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.07103-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4620quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0710organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.4520amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.4420enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.2650retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4420
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dothiepin hydrochloride
Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.		2.1110dothiepin
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		4.0940N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.8730cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
codeine
[no description available]		4.7990morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.7890homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.8730acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.4320alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		3.5720aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.2850pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.8530carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0210morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.280morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.4360organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		4.0840morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0610organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.8730antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		11.22421cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		9.3930
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.29160morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
a 85380
A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer		4.0620
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist		3.1210dimethoxybenzene
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		1.9710
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.8330organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0410
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.8530acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
uliginosin b
uliginosin B: structure in first source		2.0710
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		7.71200(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.8730monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.5570dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
codeine phosphate
[no description available]		2.110
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		18.8215326cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.7630morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		12.753266-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0840morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefixime
[no description available]		4.0740cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5470dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.8530benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.0740azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.5570dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		8.55114styrenes
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0610maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.6680dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.110morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.140dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine
pseudoisocyanine: metachromatic quinoline tissue stain; may polymerize to yield different colors; also used in fluorescence cytochemistry may bind to DNA; minor descriptor (79-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (79-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.31101,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine;
quinolines
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.8730amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.24503-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.25501,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.1110isoquinolines
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.0740dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.7630morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.0610aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.0210isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.9740dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.41601,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.07401,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.0740beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine: dopamine uptake inhibitor and indirect dopamine agonist		2.9640
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.110
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4220cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.4720acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.0610cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		1.9710azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
octadecylsilane
[no description available]		2.1110
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.4720amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.1110maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
flupenthixol decanoate
flupenthixol decanoate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.1710
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.0610
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
neo-gambogic acid
neo-gambogic acid: from Gamboge (Garcinia hanburryi); structure given in first source		2.1710
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0710
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0710
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4420carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.5620cephalosporinantibacterial drug
rosaramicin
rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.		2.110aldehyde;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.8730ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.88100imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
5-ia-85380
[no description available]		3.1910aromatic ether
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.2110isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.6830diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.2650
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4820roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
flibanserin
[no description available]		3.5720benzimidazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound		antidepressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.2310macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
vilazodone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.5320hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
vofopitant
[no description available]		2.0110
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		8.53111,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		4.140diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
indacaterol
indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0810indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
sb 399885
SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist		2.0410
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.1510borneol
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.110dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.9640penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0610biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.1110magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.6201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8530
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
radafaxine
radafaxine: a bupropion metabolite; radafaxine is a (+)-isomer of hydroxybupropion		7.82336
dov 216303
[no description available]		3.2710
pnu-282987
[no description available]		3.1910carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
n-demethylloperamide
N-demethylloperamide: loperamide metabolite; structure in first source. desmethyl loperamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the methylamide of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite
ispronicline
ispronicline: a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator; has antidepressant, neuroprotective, and cognitive effects; structure in first source		4.7130
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.620oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
qsymia
Qsymia: a mixture of phetermine and topiramate		4.1240
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0510
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.0810aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
s 24795
S 24795: acetylcholine agonist		2.0610
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0510
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620
ly 255582
[no description available]		3.1110
rs 79948-197
RS 79948-197: structure given in first source		2.0210
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
bremelanotide
bremelanotide: a synthetic peptide analogue of alpha-MSH, is an agonist at melanocortin receptors including the MC3R and MC4R, which are expressed primarily in the central nervous system;		3.1810oligopeptide
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
[no description available]		2.110
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
cetilistat
cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)		6.350benzoxazine
vortioxetine
Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.		10.3131aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
n,n'-dodecane-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide
N,N'-dodecane-1,12-diyl-bis-3-picolinium dibromide: may selectively block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors involved in regulating dopamine release; structure in first source		2.0510
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0510
6-hydroxytaxol
6-hydroxytaxol: structure in first source. 6-hydroxypaclitaxel : A taxane diterpenoid that consists of paclitaxel bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6alpha-position.		2.0310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.8930aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
deschloroepibatidine
deschloroepibatidine: structure in first source		3.1210
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		6.1631
dianicline
dianicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist; may be useful as an aid in quitting smoking; structure in first source		5.6230
apixaban
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
decanoylcarnitine
decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.		2.110decanoate ester;
O-acylcarnitine		human urinary metabolite
ko 143
[no description available]		2.4620beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone
2-acetylfuranonaphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		4.6211
methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate
[no description available]		3.2710
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.1710
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
baci-im
[no description available]		3.8730homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide
N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source		2.0810stilbenoid
naphyrone
1-naphthalen-2-yl-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylpentan-1-one: a monoamine uptake inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		4.2550nystatins
tesofensine
Tesofensine: an appetite suppressant		3.4411
amenamevir
ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source		7.1710
apremilast
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		5.7960
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5920acetamides
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		9.35230benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
mk-0249
MK-0249: a histamine-3 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source		3.2310
hypoglycin a
hypoglycin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hypoglycin A : A diastereoisomeric mixture of (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)- hypoglycin A, found in the edible part of the fruit of the Ackee, Blighia sapida (where the 2S,4R diastereoisomer is more dominant (17% d.e.) than its 2S,4S counterpart) as well as in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus).		2.0510L-alpha-amino acid
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.5670
brexpiprazole
brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source		9.8721N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.1310
sazetidine-a
sazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source		3.1910
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
thienopyridine
thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.		3.4311
3-bromocytisine
3-bromocytisine: structure in first source		3.1210
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9740
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		2.0510
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		3.1410
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		7.610peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.0310
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
liraglutide
[no description available]		9.53230lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		7.4990
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		3.6620
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.06101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.0610organic lithium saltfluorochrome
4-hydroxyospemifene
[no description available]		2.0810
butaclamol
Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.		2.0210
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.8530organosulfonic acid
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0710potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
lde225
sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.		9.6211aminopyridine;
aromatic ether;
benzamides;
biphenyls;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		1.9810
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		4.5511acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		9.67151fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.0110
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		11.22232
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
(1R,3S)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
[no description available]		3.1110azabicycloalkane
win 35,065-2
[no description available]		210
mephedrone
mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.		2.5220amphetamines;
aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.0610
kavain
kavain: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; see also kavaform; structure		2.41202-pyranones;
aromatic ether
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.0710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.5740ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.7330carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.86100
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.7630
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.0940
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.5570
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.2310monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.4720hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.7690benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		12.76191benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.3230
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		4.2850sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.4620
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.2310
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.08104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
sancycline
sancycline: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.0110ketal
am4113
AM4113: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor neutral antagonist		2.110
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.8130
ckd732
CKD732: angiogenesis inhibitor		3.2110
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.4620
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		2.1310cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
glucagon-like peptide 2
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.		2.610
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		3.6220
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.7630
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		4.4820
carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin
[no description available]		2.1110
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.4110
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.871002-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.03103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		2.0810nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.2850folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		8.32192cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		6.17240benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.2850dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.2650purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.55702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.2550L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.2750piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		10.07201benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.44202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.6780nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.0840formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.5920imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.4920dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		6.11120citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.8530
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
eye
[no description available]		3.8121
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.0310
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.4820
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.4211
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		014.727618
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		119.3715236
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		09.4162
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		09.4162
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		010.672510
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		112.672510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.03150
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.03150
Ache
[description not available]		06.93111
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.93111
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		131.041,488529
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		02.0510
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		019.0917252
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.31361
Itching
[description not available]		02.4620
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.4620
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		07.4620
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		025.07520156
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		127.07520156
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		013.21038
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		013.21038
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		07.79141
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		015.931078
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.3310
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		04.2820
Opiate Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of an OPIOID in excess of normal dosage. It includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids.		03.3310
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		013.88458
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		020.5815771
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		013.88458
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		020.5815771
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.3310
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		04.2820
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		015.745716
Frigidity
[description not available]		013.614819
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.5144
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7211
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.5144
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.7211
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		013.614819
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		022.88326184
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		124.88326184
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		08.59133
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		013.23820
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.560
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.6790
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.5980
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.830
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.6790
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.5980
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.830
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.560
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		013.363615
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		119.8811224
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.82217
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		113.82217
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		05.2110
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		010.2110
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		015.184618
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		117.184618
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.8353
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.4110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.4110
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		09.12133
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		09.12133
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		015.11166
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		010.11166
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.4110
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.74211
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.74211
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.9240
Lassitude
[description not available]		012.73217
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		012.73217
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		016.316522
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		016.316522
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		07.8264
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.52101
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		07.45119
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		014.534220
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		07.45119
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		116.534220
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.13120
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		05.32170
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.13120
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		05.32170
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.7310437
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		07.3591
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0840
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		19.3591
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.0840
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		08.16122
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		017.8912825
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		119.8912825
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		013.16122
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		016.51695
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		016.51695
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.34141
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		111.34141
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.880
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.8521
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.8521
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		012.562311
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		07.43173
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.9571
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		011.61208
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		011.61208
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		010.4250
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		07.66181
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		05.4250
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		012.66181
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		010.72195
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		117.72195
Hypomania
[description not available]		03.9911
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		010.0942
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		020.86285101
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		125.61570202
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		011.08185
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		011.08185
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.1850
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		08.1850
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		04.0221
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		04.73100
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		03.6590
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		03.6590
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.2950
Dysthymia
[description not available]		07.0672
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		012.0672
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.8840
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		010.59271
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		05.131
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		04.4922
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		04.4922
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.2560
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.3720
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.3720
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.2560
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		0421
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		11121
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		05.12100
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		05.12100
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.2510
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		09.81176
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		09.81176
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.7730
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		07.2510
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.7730
Orthostatic Intolerance
Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)		02.2510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		03.3160
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		02.2510
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		07.2510
Hives
[description not available]		03.6590
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		03.6590
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.0550
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		04.5511
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.5511
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		04.5511
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.5511
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		04.5511
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		16.5511
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		04.5511
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.5511
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.2310
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.2310
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.3110
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal
[description not available]		02.3110
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.3110
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.5920
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.		02.3110
ADDH
[description not available]		016.29520
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		123.29520
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		05.2241
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		05.2241
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.5920
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		07.5920
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		010.04174
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		010.04174
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		115.06377
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		015.331611
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		017.742918
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		114.742918
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.150
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.150
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.5720
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.5720
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		04.2331
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.5920
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.3110
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		03.8330
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		012.173110
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		012.173110
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		05.4351
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		05.4351
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		03.8921
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		15.8921
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.1510
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.1510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1510
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		06.44161
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1510
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.4920
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.4920
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.5720
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		02.1510
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1510
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.1510
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.1510
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		012.0192
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		016.576027
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		03.9820
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		03.9820
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		04.1730
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		04.1730
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.4820
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.4820
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.55248
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.55248
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.7630
Arachnodactyly
An abnormal bone development that is characterized by extra long and slender hands and fingers, such that the clenched thumb extends beyond the ulnar side of the hand. Arachnodactyly can include feet and toes. Arachnodactyly has been associated with several gene mutations and syndromes.		03.0910
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		03.0910
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		03.0910
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		03.0910
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		03.0910
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		03.0910
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		03.0910
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		03.0910
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		03.8720
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		03.8720
Psychoses
[description not available]		08.82134
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		08.82134
Emesis
[description not available]		02.9740
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		010.66177
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.9740
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.7130
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		03.0910
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		03.0910
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		03.0910
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		03.0910
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		03.7130
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		02.1710
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Alarm Clock Headache
[description not available]		02.1710
Apraxia
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.4920
As If Personality
[description not available]		02.5820
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.1710
Apraxias
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)		02.1710
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.4920
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.1710
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		09.17104
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		07.2853
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		014.17104
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		012.2853
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		07.7430
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.4320
Impotence
[description not available]		07.3574
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		012.3574
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.4520
Bleeding
[description not available]		03.1210
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		03.1210
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.1710
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.7430
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.7430
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.1710
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		03.2250
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5420
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.8940
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		02.4520
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.8940
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		02.7530
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		02.7530
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.3110
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		08.4620
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.6730
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.6730
Chills
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.		02.1710
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.5120
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.5120
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.2110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.9440
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		05.66181
Action Tremor
[description not available]		04.131
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.9440
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		05.66181
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		09.131
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.2110
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		07.53111
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.2110
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		07.53111
Amblyopia, Developmental
[description not available]		02.2110
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.		02.2110
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.8421
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		08.65112
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.1210
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		08.65112
Teratogenesis
The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.		02.1710
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		07.3361
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8720
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.3361
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		03.8720
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.520
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.520
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		06.5832
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		06.5832
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.0810
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		07.0810
Breathlessness
[description not available]		03.0110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		03.0110
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.4420
Binge Eating
[description not available]		06.162
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		06.162
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		07.6683
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.0810
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.7130
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.0810
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.7130
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.0810
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0810
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0810
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.03150
Aura
[description not available]		05.0960
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		05.0960
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.3720
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4520
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.4520
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.0810
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.6490
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.5563
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.9640
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.6490
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		09.9150
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.520
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.520
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.730
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.730
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.110
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.9440
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.9440
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0810
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.4620
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		03.8110
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		03.8110
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		06.2981
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		06.2981
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.110
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.3520
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.3520
Asialia
[description not available]		07.6483
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0810
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		07.6483
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0810
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		08.630
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		05.29121
Pityriasis Rosea
A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.		07.110
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.8520
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.8520
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.110
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.1550
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.1550
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.0110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.1110
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		05.0431
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		010.0431
Allodynia
[description not available]		0840
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		06.1662
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		06.1662
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.110
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.110
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.		07.1110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4620
Ejaculatio Praecox
[description not available]		02.110
Premature Ejaculation
The emission of SEMEN and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration.		07.110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.1110
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.0310
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.1110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.1310
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.1310
Pinealoma
Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)		02.1310
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.0310
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.0310
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.9640
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.9640
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.1110
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.4920
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		09.1531
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.4920
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.0410
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.0410
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.4420
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		010.4251
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.5220
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		02.1110
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		02.1110
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		07.5220
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		06.381
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		03.5111
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		05.2640
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		05.2640
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.0410
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.0410
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.1310
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1310
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		03.0410
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		03.0410
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		010.4931
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4520
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		08.4520
Asystole
[description not available]		03.4270
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		03.4270
Stammering
[description not available]		02.1310
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		07.1310
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.0410
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.0410
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.1310
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		07.1510
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.1510
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.1510
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.4620
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4620
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.1231
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.9740
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.1231
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.9740
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.1510
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.1510
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.4220
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.4220
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.9640
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.9640
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		04.03140
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.1510
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.1510
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3320
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		07.4920
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.3320
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.0610
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		03.0610
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		013.83254
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		04.721
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		04.721
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.4320
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		07.4320
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.8440
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.8440
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.9610
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.9610
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.9610
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.9610
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		02.9610
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		06.9661
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		06.9661
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.7250
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.7250
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		03.8540
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		19.0510
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		07.6571
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.0510
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		05.4931
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		010.4931
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.0510
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		03.8221
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0510
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		03.8221
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.0510
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		08.8221
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.0510
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		07.0510
Drooling
[description not available]		02.0510
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		07.0510
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.9140
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.9140
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		02.0510
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.0510
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		02.0510
Nocturnal Wandering
[description not available]		02.4420
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		02.0510
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.0510
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.0510
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		02.0510
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		02.0510
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.0510
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4120
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.0510
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		07.4120
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.0510
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.4411
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.4411
Atrial Ectopic Beats
[description not available]		02.0510
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.0510
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.0510
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.4520
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.4520
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.0510
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0510
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		03.3820
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0610
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.0610
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0610
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0610
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.0610
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.4120
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.4120
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		07.0610
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.4820
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.0610
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		07.4820
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.0710
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.4320
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		03.6630
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		03.6630
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		04.4222
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		16.4222
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		02.4420
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		04.1431
Atrophic Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.		02.0710
Dizzyness
[description not available]		06.5962
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		06.79141
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		06.5962
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		06.79141
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		05.7450
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		05.7450
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.0710
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.0710
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular
[description not available]		02.0710
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.		02.0710
Polydipsia, Primary
[description not available]		02.0710
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.0710
Body Dysmorphic Disorders
Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.		02.0810
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.4420
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.4420
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.6130
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		06.8182
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		06.8182
Fatigue, Mental
[description not available]		04.7221
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		02.0110
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0110
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0110
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		06.7381
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.0110
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		06.7381
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.0110
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0110
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		03.3320
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.0110
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.0110
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.9310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.9310
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.9310
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.8174
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		07.8174
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0110
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.4220
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.4220
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.0210
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3120
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		03.3120
Leanness
[description not available]		03.411
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		03.3220
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		03.3220
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		03.3420
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.3420
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.4220
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.0210
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.0210
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.0210
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.0210
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.6830
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.6830
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0210
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0210
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.0210
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.8510
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.8510
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.0210
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.0210
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.9410
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.9410
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.3320
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.3320
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.9410
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.9410
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.3320
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		02.0210
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		02.0210
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.0210
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.0210
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.0210
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.0210
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.0210
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.9410
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9410
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.9410
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.9410
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.4320
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		02.9410
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		03.8221
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		03.8221
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.4420
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.4420
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.7821
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.7821
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		03.8221
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		07.0310
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.0310
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.0310
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0310
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0310
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0310
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0310
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0310
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.940
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.940
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.0310
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.0310
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.0310
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.0310
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.0310
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		04.3311
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.3311
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.0310
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.0310
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.0310
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		03.7821
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.0310
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.0310
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.4211
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.4211
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.		07.0310
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.0310
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.0310
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.0410
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.0410
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0410
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.0410
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		04.4651
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		04.4651
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		04.6132
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.910
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.910
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9810
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		01.9810
Cyclothymia
[description not available]		02.910
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.3820
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.3820
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		01.9910
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		03.3811
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		03.3811
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.3811
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		03.3811
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		06.9910
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		01.9910
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		01.9910
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		0210
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		0210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		0210
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.9110
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.9110
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		0210
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		0210
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		0210
Grippe
[description not available]		0210
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		0210
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		0210
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		02.730
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		0210
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		0210
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.0110
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.0110
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)		02.0110
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0110
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0110
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.0110
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.0110
Acoustic Perceptual Disorder
[description not available]		01.9810
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9810
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9810
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9710
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8910
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		01.9710
Anochlesia
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		01.9610
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		01.9610
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9710
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.9710
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9710