kainic acid profile

Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10255
CHEMBL ID	275040
CHEBI ID	31746
SCHEMBL ID	15777
MeSH ID	M0011891

Synonym
MLS001074661
smr000471885
3-pyrrolidineacetic acid, 2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (2s-(2alpha,3beta,4beta))-
acide kainique [inn-french]
brn 0086660
kainic acid [inn:jan]
acidum kainicum [inn-latin]
acido kainico [inn-spanish]
nsc 136038
c10h15no4
2-carboxy-4-isopropenyl-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid
3-pyrrolidineacetic acid, 2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (2s-(2-alpha,3-beta,4-beta))-
HMS3266C11
kainic acid
3-pyrrolidineacetic acid, 2-carboxy-4-isopropenyl-
nsc136038 ,
nsc-136038
acidum kainicum
digensaeure
acide kainique
digenic acid
(3s,4r)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-l-proline
digenin
l-alpha-kainic acid
(2s-(2alpha,3beta,4beta))-2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid
helminal
CHEBI:31746 ,
alpha-kainic acid
kainsaeure
acido kainico
EU-0100656
(2s,3s,4s)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
487-79-6
alpha- kainic acid
kainate
BPBIO1_001306
BIOMOL-NT_000217
l-proline, 3-(carboxymethyl)-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (3s,4s)-
inchi=1/c10h15no4/c1-5(2)7-4-11-9(10(14)15)6(7)3-8(12)13/h6-7,9,11h,1,3-4h2,2h3,(h,12,13)(h,14,15)/t6-,7+,9-/m0/s
rel-(3r,4r)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-isopropenyl-d-proline
3-(carboxymethyl)-4-isopropenylproline
KAI ,
UPCMLD-DP146:001
1P1N
UPCMLD-DP146
NCGC00024504-06
UPCMLD-DP146:002
NCGC00024504-03
NCGC00024504-05
LOPAC0_000656
NCGC00024504-04
NCGC00024504-02
(3s,4s)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-l-proline
K 0250
NCGC00024504-07
(2s,3s,4s)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-prop-1-en-2-ylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
nsc-759587
CHEMBL275040 ,
bdbm50002369
NCGC00024504-08
HMS3262C13
unii-siv03811uc
4-22-00-01523 (beilstein handbook reference)
siv03811uc ,
3-pyrrolidineacetic acid, 2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (2s,3s,4s)-
cas-487-79-6
dtxsid7040526 ,
dtxcid5020526
tox21_110905
CCG-204742
HMS2233K05
rac kainic acid
LP00656
(2s-(2.alpha.,3.beta.,4.beta.))-2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid
kainic acid [inn]
kainic acid [who-dd]
kainic acid [mi]
SCHEMBL15777
NCGC00024504-09
tox21_110905_1
NCGC00261341-01
tox21_500656
(2s,3s,4s)-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid
(-)-(.alpha.)-kainic acid
2s-carboxy-4s-(1-methylethenyl)-3s-pyrroldineacetic acid
HB0355
AKOS024456995
sr-01000597728
SR-01000597728-1
SR-01000075454-6
SR-01000075454-7
sr-01000075454
SR-01000075454-5
SR-01000075454-1
HY-N2309
CS-0020451
Q390239
kainic acid - cas 487-79-6
HMS3675A21
4071-38-9
HMS3411A21
kainic acid (synthetic)
SDCCGSBI-0050635.P002
NCGC00024504-15
kainic-acid
(2s,3s,4s)-3-(carboxymethyl)-4-prop-1-en-2-yl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylicacid
EX-A8001

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic glutamate analogue produced by a marine seaweed. "	( Kainic Acid Activates TRPV1 via a Phospholipase C/PIP2-Dependent Mechanism in Vitro. Baskaran, P; Covington, K; Lehmann, T; Mohandass, A; Surenkhuu, B; Thyagarajan, B, 2020)	3.44
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent agonist at non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) ionotropic glutamate receptors and commonly used to induce seizures and excitotoxicity in animal models of human temporal lobe epilepsy. "	( Reciprocal modulation of Ca Akhtar-Schäfer, I; Dibué-Adjei, M; Hescheler, J; Lüke, JN; Neumaier, F; Schneider, T, 2018)	1.92
"Kainic acid (KA) is an excitatory and neurotoxic substance. "	( Role of α-CGRP in the regulation of neurotoxic responses induced by kainic acid in mice. Kim, CH; Lee, JH; Lee, JK; Park, SH; Sim, YB; Suh, HW, 2013)	2.07
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent neurotoxic substance valuable in research of temporal lobe epilepsy. "	( Subconvulsive dose of kainic acid transiently increases the locomotor activity of adult Wistar rats. Jandová, K; Marešová, D; Pokorný, J; Riljak, V, 2015)	2.17
"Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic agent commonly used to induce epilepsy in rodents."	( Kainic Acid-Induced Golgi Complex Fragmentation/Dispersal Shifts the Proteolysis of Reelin in Primary Rat Neuronal Cells: An In Vitro Model of Early Stage Epilepsy. Borlongan, CV; Dailey, T; Kaneko, Y; Sullivan, R; Tajiri, N; Vale, FL, 2016)	2.6
"Kainic acid (KA) is an analog of the neurotransmitter glutamate and is widely used as an excitotoxic agent to lesion spinal cord networks, thus, providing an interesting model to learn basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. "	( Functional and histopathological changes induced by intraparenchymal injection of kainic acid in the rat cervical spinal cord. Barbeito, CG; Martínez, A; Nishida, F; Portiansky, EL; Zanuzzi, CN, 2015)	2.09
"Kainic acid (KA) is a glutamate agonist widely used in studies of neurodegeneration due to its ability to induce excitotoxic damage in the rodent brain. "	( Post-treatment with prolactin protects hippocampal CA1 neurons of the ovariectomized female rat against kainic acid-induced neurodegeneration. Morales, T; Reyes-Mendoza, J, 2016)	2.09
"Kainic acid (KA) is a well-known excitatory neurotoxic substance. "	( Regulation of blood glucose level by kainic acid in mice: involvement of glucocorticoid system and non-NMDA receptors. Jung, JS; Kim, CH; Kim, SS; Park, SH; Sharma, N; Sim, YB; Suh, HW, 2017)	2.17
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent glutamate analog that is used to induce neurodegeneration and model temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rodents. "	( A novel animal model of acquired human temporal lobe epilepsy based on the simultaneous administration of kainic acid and lorazepam. Bauer, S; Costard, L; Kienzler-Norwood, F; Müller, P; Neubert, V; Norwood, BA; Rosenow, F; Sadangi, C, 2017)	2.11
"Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic reagent commonly used to induce epilepsy in rodents."	( Extracellular HMGB1 Modulates Glutamate Metabolism Associated with Kainic Acid-Induced Epilepsy-Like Hyperactivity in Primary Rat Neural Cells. Borlongan, CV; Kaneko, Y; Malapira, T; Pappas, C; Tajiri, N; Vale, FĹ, 2017)	1.41
"Kainic acid (KA) is an epileptogenic and neuroexcitotoxic agent by acting on specific kainate receptors (KARs) in the CNS."	( Kainic acid-induced neurodegenerative model: potentials and limitations. Luo, Q; Zhang, HL; Zheng, XY; Zhu, J, 2011)	2.53
"Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic substance and the administration of it to rodents induces seizure activity (status epilepticus, SE) and leads to neurodegeneration."	( Kainic acid-induced changes in the opioid/nociceptin system and the stress/toxicity pathways in the rat hippocampus. Armagan, G; Benyhe, S; Bojnik, E; Borsodi, A; Gündüz Çinar, O; Kanit, L; Turunc, E; Yalcin, A, 2012)	2.54
"Kainic acid (KA) is an analog of the excitatory amino acid transmitter glutamate and the systemic administration of KA induces status epilepticus (SE) in rodents."	( Kainic acid-induced seizure activity alters the mRNA expression and G-protein activation of the opioid/nociceptin receptors in the rat brain cortex. Armagan, G; Benyhe, S; Bojnik, E; Borsodi, A; Kanit, L; Turunc Bayrakdar, E; Yalcin, A, 2013)	2.55
"Kainic acid is an endogenous excitotoxin acting on glutamate receptors, that leads to neurotoxic damage resembling the alterations observed in some neurological disorders. "	( 7-nitroindazole reduces nitrite concentration in rat brain after intrahippocampal kainate-induced seizure. Jovanovic, M; Radenovic, L; Selakovic, V; Vasiljevic, I, 2003)	1.76
"Kainic acid (KA) is a well-known excitatory and neurotoxic substance. "	( Roles of adenosine receptors in the regulation of kainic acid-induced neurotoxic responses in mice. Choi, SS; Han, EJ; Han, KJ; Lee, HK; Suh, HW, 2004)	2.02
"Kainic acid (KA) is a well-known excitatory, neurotoxic substance. "	( Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulation of kainic acid-induced hippocampal cell death in mice. Choi, SS; Han, EJ; Kwon, MS; Lee, HK; Lee, JY; Seo, YJ; Shim, EJ; Suh, HW, 2004)	2.01
"Kainic acid (KA) is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor, and administration of KA has been shown to increase production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in neurons in many regions of the brain, particularly in the hippocampal subregions of CA1 and CA3, and in the hilus of dentate gyrus (DG)."	( Kainic acid-mediated excitotoxicity as a model for neurodegeneration. Simonyi, A; Sun, AY; Sun, GY; Wang, Q; Yu, S, 2005)	2.49
"Kainic acid was found to be a potent photoreceptor transmitter agonist on all three types of second-order neurons, and it was a powerful excitant of amacrine and ganglion cells."	( The role of excitatory amino acid transmitters in the mudpuppy retina: an analysis with kainic acid and N-methyl aspartate. Miller, RF; Slaughter, MM, 1983)	1.21
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent neuronal excitant."	( Kainic acid stimulation of the lateral septum elicits tachycardia. Clark, LS; Deutch, AY; Peacock, LJ, 1984)	2.43
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent convulsant which, when administered subcutaneously, induces sustained limbic seizures and a pattern of limbic brain damage that is thought to be seizure-mediated. "	( Naloxone blocks morphine enhancement of kainic acid neurotoxicity. Conboy, VT; Fuller, TA; Olney, JW, 1982)	1.97
"Kainic acid is an analog of glutamate. "	( Hippocampal involvement in the pharmacologic induction of withdrawal-like behaviors. Isaacson, RL; Lanthorn, TH, 1981)	1.71
"Kainic acid has proved to be a potent neurotoxin with a pronounced necrotizing effect upon neurons in the pigeon brain."	( Necrotizing effects of kainic acid on neurons in the pigeon brain: histological observations. Bowers, DE; Rieke, GK, 1981)	1.29
"Kainic acid is a potent neurotoxin, and induces selective neuronal loss in the rat hippocampus."	( Kainic acid induction of heme oxygenase in vivo and in vitro. Kakimura, J; Kimura, H; Kitamura, Y; Matsuoka, Y; Okazaki, M; Taniguchi, T; Tooyama, I, 1998)	2.46
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent glutamate analog that can temporarily or permanently damage glutamatergic neurons. "	( Excitotoxic effect of kainic acid on chicken otoacoustic emissions and cochlear potentials. Ding, DL; Hashino, DE; Salvi, RJ; Shero, M; Sun, H; Zheng, XY, 2000)	2.06
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent central nervous system excitotoxin."	( Intracellular glutathione levels determine cerebellar granule neuron sensitivity to excitotoxic injury by kainic acid. Borin, G; Ceccon, M; Facci, L; Floreani, M; Giusti, P; Imbesi, M; Skaper, SD, 2000)	1.24
"[3H]Kainic acid ([3H]KA) is a widely used tool for studying the KA class of excitatory amino acid receptors. "	( High-affinity [3H] kainic acid binding to brain membranes: a re-evaluation of ligand potency and selectivity. Crawford, N; de Vries, DJ; Kerr, DS; Lang, TK, 1999)	1.19
"Kainic acid (KA) is a known potent neuroexcitotoxin, although the biochemical mechanism producing its underlying neurotoxic effect is not quite clear. "	( The biochemical mechanisms of the excitotoxicity of kainic acid. Free radical formation. Bu, Q; Cheng, Y; Oldfield, F; Sun, AY, 1992)	1.98
"Kainic acid is supposed to be a specific agonist for a subclass of excitatory glutamate receptors in the vertebrate CNS. "	( Glutamic acid-insensitive [3H]kainic acid binding in goldfish brain. Cha, JH; Davis, RE; Wilmot, GR, 1992)	2.01
"Kainic acid is a potent neurotoxin for certain neurons. "	( Cloning of a putative high-affinity kainate receptor expressed predominantly in hippocampal CA3 cells. Keinänen, K; Seeburg, PH; Voigt, M; Werner, P; Wisden, W, 1991)	1.72
"Kainic acid (KA) is a potent neuroexcitatory drug widely used in the experimental study of seizure activity. "	( Some mechanisms of brain edema studied in a kainic acid model. Hornykiewicz, O; Lassmann, H; Seitelberger, F, 1990)	1.98
"Kainic acid (KA) is a powerful convulsant and neurotoxic agent. "	( Effects of intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid on estrous cycle in rats. Amado, D; Berzaghi, MP; Cavalheiro, EA; Verreschi, IT, 1987)	1.98
"Kainic acid is a structural analogue of glutamic acid possessing neurotoxic property. "	( Morphological changes of rat neurosecretory neurones after stereotaxic injection of kainic acid into the supraoptic nucleus or the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract. Bock, R; Jurna, I; Rheinert, C, 1986)	1.94

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kainic acid toxicity has been previously suggested to involve the microtubule cytoskeleton and NAP is a microtubule-interacting drug candidate."	( The microtubule interacting drug candidate NAP protects against kainic acid toxicity in a rat model of epilepsy. Cutler, AB; Gozes, I; Graber, K; Manley, N; Sapolsky, RM; Vulih-Shultzman, I; Zemlyak, I, 2009)	1.31
"Kainic acid (KA) has become an important tool for studying functions related to excitatory amino acid transmission in mammals."	( Kainic acid does not affect CA3 hippocampal region pyramidal cells in hypothyroid rats. Alva-Sánchez, C; Ortiz-Butrón, R; Pacheco-Rosado, J, 2004)	2.49
"Kainic acid has been used as a model agent for the study of neurotoxicity of various excitatory amino acids, since it induces neuronal damage through excessive production of reactive oxygen species."	( Neuroprotection by extract of Petasites japonicus leaves, a traditional vegetable, against oxidative stress in brain of mice challenged with kainic acid. Kang, HG; Kim, MR; Kim, YB; Oh, SH; Sok, DE, 2006)	1.26
"Kainic acid has been used to produce an experimental model of limbic epilepsy characterized by two different phases (KA1 and KA2)."	( [Effects of systemic administration of kainic acid on GABAergic and glutaminergic transmission in various areas of the brain]. Caruso, G; De Simone, D; Giammona, G; Marano, P; Nicoletti, F; Patti, F; Raffaele, R, 1984)	1.26
"Kainic acid neurotoxicity has been studied in the optic tectum of the goldfish 4 weeks after eye enucleation. "	( Kainic acid neurotoxicity does not depend on intact retinal input in the goldfish optic tectum. Bissoli, R; Contestabile, A; Cristini, G; Migani, P; Poli, A, 1981)	3.15
"Kainic acid has been described as a highly specific neurotoxin that when injected locally into the nervous system destroys neuronal perikarya but spares axons of passage and terminals in the vicinity of the injection site. "	( Studies of effects of kainic acid lesions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of rat. Coull, BM; Woodward, WR, 1982)	2.02
"Kainic acid has proved to be a potent neurotoxin with a pronounced necrotizing effect upon neurons in the pigeon brain."	( Necrotizing effects of kainic acid on neurons in the pigeon brain: histological observations. Bowers, DE; Rieke, GK, 1981)	1.29
"Kainic acid has been reported to destroy cell bodies while leaving fibers of passage intact while NMDA excites the cell bodies but not the axons of neurons."	( Lateral tegmental field involvement in the central sympathoinhibitory action of 8-OH-DPAT. Clement, ME; McCall, RB, 1993)	1.01
"Kainic acid (KA) has long been used in experimental animals to induce status epilepticus (SE). "	( [31P]/[1H] nuclear magnetic resonance study of mitigating effects of GYKI 52466 on kainate-induced metabolic impairment in perfused rat cerebrocortical slices. Liachenko, S; Melick, JA; Tang, P; Xu, Y, 1998)	1.74
"Kainic acid has been used extensively to produce lesions of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system."	( Selectivity of kainic acid as a neurotoxin within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a model for transneuronal retrograde degeneration. Pearson, HE; Sonstein, WJ; Stoffler, DJ, 1991)	1.36
"beta-Kainic acid has been reported to have anticonvulsant properties. "	( beta-Kainic acid is not an amino acid antagonist. Collins, JF; Stone, TW, 1985)	1.3
"Kainic acid (KA) has been largely used as a neurotoxin, and its axon-sparing effect being repeatedly emphasized, on the basis of anatomical and biochemical data. "	( Electrophysiological properties of lemniscal afferents in rat after kainic acid lesions in the ventrobasal thalamus. Briand, A; Guilbaud, G; Peschanski, M; Poingt, JP, 1985)	1.95

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kainic acid produced an increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in frontal cortex (212%; 180%), striatum (177%; 116%), amygdala (202%; 337%) and hippocampus (43%; 70 %) at 2 and 24 hr as compared with controls, respectively."	( Changes in brain serotonin turnover, body and head shakes in kainic acid-treated rats. Mancera-Flores, M; Osorio-Rico, L; Ríos, C, 2003)	1.28
"Kainic acid did not inhibit glutamine synthetase directly."	( Alteration in neuronal-glial metabolism of glutamate by the neurotoxin kainic acid. Berl, S; Krespan, B; Nicklas, WJ, 1982)	1.22
"Kainic acid did not cause any changes in the hyperthermic effect of low doses of morphine (10.0 mg.kg-1)."	( Effects of morphine and nalorphine on kainic acid-induced hypothermia in rats. Czuczwar, SJ; Kleinrok, Z; Turski, L; Turski, W, 1981)	1.26
"Kainic acid was shown to produce a local destruction of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites and to spare the afferent fibers that pass through or terminate in the injected area."	( [Study of interneuronal cortical connections using kainic acid injections]. Dem'ianenko, GP, 1980)	1.23
"Kainic acid causes an increase in metallothionein-I and heme oxygenase-I mRNAs, as well as an increase in c-fos, heat shock protein-70, and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs."	( Temporalspatial patterns of expression of metallothionein-I and -III and other stress related genes in rat brain after kainic acid-induced seizures. Andrews, GK; Dalton, T; Pazdernik, TL; Samson, F; Wagner, J, 1995)	1.22
"Kainic acid was able to lower markedly (P < 0.05) the glutathione (GSH) levels in hippocampus, cerebellum and amygdala/piriform cortex (maximal reduction at 24 h)."	( Selective vulnerability to kainate-induced oxidative damage in different rat brain regions. Al-Dalain, SM; Candelario-Jalil, E; Castillo, R; Fernández, OS; Martínez, G, )	0.85
"Kainic acid lesions produce a 65-70% decrease in high affinity [3H]GABA uptake into synaptosomal fractions and a similar decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase with a 50% reduction in endogenous GABA."	( Amino acid neurotransmitter candidates in rat cerebellum: selective effects of kainic acid lesions. Snyder, SH, 1979)	1.21

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kainic acid-treated FVB/NJ and C57BL/6NJ strains of mice had a robust seizure response, which resulted in hyperactivity."	( Genetic backgrounds have unique seizure response profiles and behavioral outcomes following convulsant administration. Adhikari, A; Copping, NA; Petkova, SP; Silverman, JL, 2019)	1.24
"Kainic acid (KA) treatment causes neuronal degeneration, which is a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms such as amyloid β-protein production and memory deficits. "	( Kainic acid Induces production and aggregation of amyloid β-protein and memory deficits by activating inflammasomes in NLRP3- and NF-κB-stimulated pathways. Dong, D; Lv, YD; Qiu, X; Ruan, Y; Wu, XJ; Zheng, XY; Zhu, J, 2019)	3.4
"Kainic acid (KA) treatment significantly increases the expression of MHC-I in cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro, suggesting that MHC-I expression is regulated by neuronal activity."	( Neuronal MHC Class I Expression Is Regulated by Activity Driven Calcium Signaling. Liu, J; Lv, D; Miao, F; Peng, Y; Shen, Y; Zhang, J, 2015)	1.14
"Kainic acid or egg white treatment weakly activated Fos expression in the PVH of lactating in comparison to diestrus or ovariectomized (OVX) rats."	( Changes in c-Fos and NOS expression in the PVH of lactating rats in response to excitotoxicity and stress. Monasterio, N; Morales, T; Ramos, E, 2008)	1.07
"Kainic acid treatment significiantly upregulated the expression of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex when compared to the control group. "	( Effect of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethylester on the levels of c-fos mRNA expression, glutathione and reactive oxygen species formation in kainic acid excitotoxicity. Kanit, L; Turunc, E; Yalcin, A, 2010)	2.01
"Kainic acid (KA) treatment induced neuronal death and apoptosis in murine cerebellar granule cells (CGNs) cultures from both wild-type and knockout p21(-/-) mice. "	( p21(WAF1/Cip1) is not involved in kainic acid-induced apoptosis in murine cerebellar granule cells. Camins, A; Canudas, AM; Folch, J; Jiménez, A; Jordà, EG; Pallàs, M; Rimbau, V; Verdaguer, E, 2004)	2.05
"The kainic acid-treated rats used in our array experiments demonstrated severe seizure behavior that was also accompanied by neuronal degeneration which is suggested by fluoro-jade B staining and anti-caspase-3 immunohistochemistry."	( Gene profiling the response to kainic acid induced seizures. Bennett, AH; Duman, RS; Hunsberger, JG; Newton, SS; Selvanayagam, E, 2005)	1.1
"Kainic acid (KA) treatment is a well-established model of hippocampal neuron death mediated in large part by KA receptor-induced excitotoxicity. "	( Kainic acid induces early and transient autophagic stress in mouse hippocampus. Lu, J; Roth, KA; Shacka, JJ; Uchiyama, Y; Xie, ZL; Zhang, J, 2007)	3.23
"Both kainic acid treatment and mechanical injury cause extensive glial proliferation in the injured and/or deafferented area."	( Injury-induced neuronotrophic activity in adult rat brain: correlation with survival of delayed implants in the wound cavity. Barbin, G; Cotman, CW; Manthrope, M; Nieto-Sampedro, M; Varon, S, 1983)	0.72
"Kainic acid treatment in rats, showing severe limbic convulsions, caused intense expression of hsp-70 mRNA and protein (HSP-70)."	( Regional expression of inducible heat shock protein-70 mRNA in the rat brain following administration of convulsant drugs. Ferrer, I; Planas, AM; Rodríguez Farré, E; Soriano, MA, 1994)	1.01
"Kainic acid treatment significantly increased the release of trophic activity from hippocampal sites."	( Monitoring release of neurotrophic activity in the brains of awake rats. Ebendal, T; Humpel, C; Kylberg, A; Lindqvist, E; Olson, L; Söderström, S, 1995)	1.01
"Kainic acid treatment (a model of temporal lobe epilepsy) induces Ammon's horn sclerosis, which is characterized by degeneration of CA3 pyramidal neurons and reactive gliosis. "	( Glial reaction after seizure induced hippocampal lesion: immunohistochemical characterization of proliferating glial cells. Ben-Ari, Y; Niquet, J; Represa, A, 1994)	1.73
"Kainic acid treatment, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, induces in CA3-CA4 fields of hippocampal complex a neuronal degeneration associated with glial hypertrophy and proliferation. "	( Proliferative astrocytes may express fibronectin-like protein in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Ben-Ari, Y; Jorquera, I; Niquet, J; Represa, A, 1994)	1.73
"Post-kainic acid treatment with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg), 30 and 60 min."	( Kainic acid-induced seizures and brain damage in the rat: different effects of NMDA- and AMPA receptor antagonists. Berg, M; Bruhn, T; Diemer, NH; Johansen, FF, 1993)	2.18
"Kainic acid treatment, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, induces Ammon's horn sclerosis characterized by degeneration of CA3 pyramidal neurons and reactive gliosis. "	( Reactive astrocytes in the kainic acid-damage hippocampus have the phenotypic features of type-2 astrocytes. Ben-Ari, Y; Charriaut-Marlangue, C; Niquet, J; Represa, A, 1993)	2.03
"Kainic acid-treated tissue exhibits a thinning of granule cell and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus as well as cell loss in CA3 and part of CA1."	( The neurotoxins colchicine and kainic acid block odor-induced fast waves and olfactory-evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus of the behaving rat. Heale, VR; Leung, LS; Vanderwolf, CH, 1995)	1.3
"Kainic acid (KA) treatment induced MSR and MAMA mRNA levels on different schedules in brain regions that are susceptible to KA, including hippocampal areas CA1 and CA3."	( Scavenger receptor mRNAs in rat brain microglia are induced by kainic acid lesioning and by cytokines. Finch, CE; Grewal, RP; Morgan, TE; Yoshida, T, 1997)	1.26
"Kainic acid or NMDA treatment increased COX-2 immunoreactivity in the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala."	( Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in brain during acute and chronic ethanol treatment and ethanol withdrawal. Crews, FT; Knapp, DJ, 1999)	1.02
"Kainic acid treatment induced robust increases in GIF messenger RNA in several brain regions, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and several nuclei of the amygdala and hypothalamus."	( In vivo regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-inducible transcription factor by kainic acid. Eisch, AJ; Lammers, CH; Mouradian, MM; Nestler, EJ; Yajima, S, 1999)	1.24
"Kainic acid-treated transgenic mice showed no significant loss of hippocampal pyramidal neurons or expression of heat shock protein 70, whereas wild-type mice lost 68-79% of pyramidal neurons in the CA1-3 subfields and expressed high levels of heat shock protein 70 after kainate administration."	( Mice transgenically overexpressing sulfonylurea receptor 1 in forebrain resist seizure induction and excitotoxic neuron death. Arima, H; Basile, AS; Fedorova, I; Fernandez, AM; Hernández-Sánchez, C; Ito, Y; LeRoith, D; Stannard, B, 2001)	1.03
"In kainic acid (KA)-treated rat brain, the immunoreactivity of heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) was markedly increased in glia cells of the limbic system."	( Delayed induction of alpha B-crystallin in activated glia cells of hippocampus in kainic acid-treated mouse brain. Che, Y; Han, PL; Lee, JK; Piao, CS, 2001)	1.05
"Kainic acid treatment induced changes, which mimicked those observed in the hippocampal region of epileptic animals."	( Changes in neurofilament protein-immunoreactivity after kainic acid treatment of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Holopainen, IE; Lauren, HB; Lopez-Picon, FR; Romppanen, A, 2001)	1.28
"Kainic acid treatment, which induces seizures, transiently up-regulated RIAP-2 mRNA levels in cerebral cortex, in the CA1 and dentate gyrus regions of hippocampus, which returned to normal levels at 24 h."	( Neuronal expression and regulation of rat inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 by kainic acid in the rat brain. Belluardo, N; Korhonen, L; Lindholm, D; Mudo, G, 2002)	1.26
"kainic acid. Kainic acid treatment of prepubescent rats resulted in the adult brain in decreased numbers of the total population of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in frontal (by 27%, P < 0.05, two-tailed Student's t-test), temporal (22%, P < 0.05), and piriform cortex (31%, P < 0.05), in amygdala (24%, P < 0.05), and nucleus basalis of Meynert (39%, P < 0.02)."	( Effect of kainic acid administration to prepubescent rats on cholinergic markers in selected brain regions of adult rats. Guzmán-Godínez, G; Schliebs, R, 1992)	1.41
"Kainic acid treatment did not alter resting mean arterial pressure or heart rate."	( Excitotoxin-induced degeneration of rat vagal afferent neurons. Beart, PM; Jarrott, B; Lewis, SJ; Louis, CJ; Louis, WJ; Verberne, AJ, 1990)	1
"In kainic acid-treated rats the peptide progressively accumulated in the hilus and the stratum lucidum of CA3, 5-60 days after injection of the toxin and, at the later intervals, extended to the supragranular molecular layer of the dentate gyrus indicating sprouting of these neurons."	( Neuropeptide Y biosynthesis is markedly induced in mossy fibers during temporal lobe epilepsy of the rat. Bellmann, R; Marksteiner, J; Ortler, M; Sperk, G, 1990)	0.79
"Kainic acid treatment resulted in a significant reduction of choline acetyltransferase activity in the piriform cortex (by 20%), amygdala (by 19%), and nucleus basalis (by 31%) in comparison with vehicle-injected control rats."	( Changes in cholinergic but not in GABAergic markers in amygdala, piriform cortex, and nucleus basalis of the rat brain following systemic administration of kainic acid. Rothe, T; Schliebs, R; Steinbach, J; Zivin, M, 1989)	1.2
"Treatment with kainic acid produced death of 40-50% of hippocampal neurons and this effect was not ameliorated by prior cholinergic depletion."	( Partial depletion of septohippocampal cholinergic cells reduces seizure susceptibility, but does not mitigate hippocampal neurodegeneration in the kainate model of epilepsy. Andrade, PA; Da Costa, C; Ferreira, MH; Lukoyanov, NV; Maia, GH; Soares, JI, 2019)	0.85
"Treatment with kainic acid resulted in marked Notch2 induction in pyramidal neurons of CA1 and in a subpopulation of CA3 neurons surviving the lesion and protein expression was still detectable 6 weeks after drug treatment."	( Long-lasting induction of Notch2 in the hippocampus of kainate-treated adult mice. Bernardi, C; Ferrari Toninelli, G; Grilli, M; Lozza, G; Memo, M; Quarto, M, 2003)	0.66
"Treatment with kainic acid resulted in a significant loss of hilar neurons."	( Neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of estrogens. Azcoitia, I; Garcia-Segura, LM; Picazo, O, 2003)	0.66
"Treatment with kainic acid (KA) resulted in more pronounced seizures, less GPx activity, and lower GSH/GSSG ratios in GEPR-9s than in controls, but KA did not significantly affect SOD-1 or SOD-2 activity, suggesting that GEPR-9s do not compensate for reduced GPx activity by increasing SOD."	( Role of glutathione peroxidase in the ontogeny of hippocampal oxidative stress and kainate seizure sensitivity in the genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Chae, JS; Kim, HC; Kim, HJ; Kim, WK; Ko, KH; Shin, EJ; Wie, MB; Yen, TP, 2008)	0.69
"Treatment with kainic acid at pH 4.1 (50 nmol) caused a significant increase in the sampled concentration of MDA but no significant changes in the antioxidants."	( Detection of the lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde in rat brain in vivo. Fry, JR; Marsden, CA; Singh, G; Waterfall, AH, 1995)	0.63
"Rats treated with kainic acid develop limbic seizures and have elevated levels of circulating catecholamines resulting from an extensive stimulation of the adrenal gland. "	( Limbic seizures induce neuropeptide and chromogranin mRNA expression in rat adrenal medulla. Fischer-Colbrie, R; Schwarzer, C; Sperk, G; Tsunashima, K; Wolkersdorfer, M, 1997)	0.63
"Treatment with kainic acid (KA), a glutamate analog known to activate the AMPA/KA subtype of glutamate receptor, has been widely used as a model of epilepsy."	( Temporal progression of kainic acid induced neuronal and myelin degeneration in the rat forebrain. Hopkins, KJ; Schmued, LC; Wang, G, 2000)	0.95
"Treatment of kainic acid (KA) induced marked increase in ARNT protein in both cytosolic and organellar fractions."	( Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is induced by kainic acid in rat hippocampal glial cells. Azukawa, S; Kakimura, J; Kitamura, Y; Suzuki, S; Takata, K; Taniguchi, T; Umeki, M, 2000)	0.9
"Treatment of kainic acid-injected animals with dexamethasone 30 min before and 2 h after the injection attenuated the increase in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus by 50%."	( Kainic acid-mediated increase of preprotachykinin-A messenger RNA expression in the rat hippocampus and a region-selective attenuation by dexamethasone. Ballarin, M; Brené, S; Lindefors, N; Persson, H, 1992)	2.08
"Rats treated with kainic acid and placed in atmospheric pressure showed typical limbic seizures and regressive neuronal changes in CA3 and CA4 of the hippocampus, while those kept in a hypoxic chamber with 8.5% O2 and 91.5% N2 showed moderate hypoxia and a slight decline of mean arterial blood pressure."	( Hypoxia prevents seizures and neuronal damages of the hippocampus induced by kainic acid in rats. Amano, S; Hazama, F; Kashiro, N; Obata, T; Shimada, M, 1990)	0.83
"Rats treated with kainic acid were hyperactive, executed clockwise rotatory movements and displayed epileptic seizures."	( The effect of intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid on corticosterone release in rats. Daniels, WM; Engelbrecht, AH; Jaffer, A; Russell, VA; Taljaard, JJ, 1990)	0.86

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The combination of these observations suggests that neuronal toxic effects of kainic acid are not exclusively mediated by action on glutamate receptors, but involve other, less specific mechanisms as well."	( Toxic effects of kainic acid on mouse cerebellum in tissue culture. Blank, NK; Leiman, AL; Seil, FJ, 1979)	0.83
"0 mg kg-1), but not higher doses, significantly antagonized the toxic response to a previously determined TD50 of domoic acid."	( Morphine differentially affects domoic acid and kainic acid toxicity in vivo. Strain, SM; Tasker, A, 1992)	0.54
" The antagonistic properties of kynurenate were dose-dependent: equimolar kynurenate had no effect on quinolinate but attenuated the actions of ibotenate, kainate and NMDA; 2 x equimolar kynurenate had no effect on quinolinate or ibotenate but attenuated the toxicity of kainate and NMDA; and 3 x equimolar kynurenate had no effect on the toxicity of kainate or ibotenate, attenuated the actions of NMDA and abolished the toxic action of quinolinate."	( A comparison of excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain by kainate, quinolinate, ibotenate, N-methyl-D-aspartate or quisqualate, and the effects on toxicity of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid and kynurenic acid in the rat. Clark, AJ; Hastings, MH; Latimer, M; Stone, TW; Winn, P, 1991)	0.28
" No toxic effect of quisqualate is observed."	( Kainate and NMDA toxicity for cultured developing and adult rat spiral ganglion neurons: further evidence for a glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission at the inner hair cell synapse. Delrée, P; Lefebvre, PP; Leprince, P; Moonen, G; Rigo, JM; Rogister, B; Weber, T, 1991)	0.28
"There is now convincing evidence that excessive accumulation of the excitatory amino acid glutamate (GLU) in the extracellular space is toxic to central mammalian neurons."	( Glutamate neurotoxicity in vitro: antagonist pharmacology and intracellular calcium concentrations. Michaels, RL; Rothman, SM, 1990)	0.28
" The effects of EAA co-incubation with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, suggested that the toxic actions of quinolinate, but not kainate, were mediated largely by NMDA receptors."	( Quinolinate and kainate neurotoxicity in neostriatal cultures is potentiated by co-culturing with neocortical neurons. Galarraga, E; Kitai, ST; Surmeier, DJ, 1990)	0.28
" An LD50 (i."	( Relationship between domoic acid levels in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and toxicity in mice. Amend, JF; Brown, J; Grimmelt, B; Johnson, GR; Macnair, N; Nijjar, MS; Wagner, S, 1990)	0.28
" The toxic effects were observed early during the development of the neuronal culture (from 4 days in vitro on) and seemed to be neuron-specific since astrocyte cultures were not affected."	( Attenuation of neurotoxicity following anoxia or glutamate receptor activation in EGF- and hippocampal extract-treated neuronal cultures. Leysen, JE; Pauwels, PJ; van Assouw, HP, 1989)	0.28
"Destruction of the glutamatergic corticostriatal pathway potentiates the neurotoxic action of 1 mumol L-glutamate injected into the rat striatum, whereas the toxic effects of 10 nmol kainate are markedly attenuated."	( Neurotoxicity of L-glutamate and DL-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate in the rat striatum. McBean, GJ; Roberts, PJ, 1985)	0.27
" PCP and MK-801 block neurotoxicity induced by glutamate doses 50 times higher than the LD50 (LD50 in Mg2+-free medium, 10 microM) but only partially block the kainate neurotoxicity (LD50 in presence of Mg2+, 100 microM)."	( Gangliosides prevent glutamate and kainate neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum and cortex. Alho, H; Bertolino, M; Costa, E; Favaron, M; Ferret, B; Guidotti, A; Manev, H, 1988)	0.27
" DX also antagonized morphological and chemical (lactate dehydrogenase efflux) evidence of cortical neuronal cell injury produced by toxic bath exposure to NMDA, quinolinate or glutamate, but did not affect toxic exposure to quisqualate or kainate."	( Dextrorphan and levorphanol selectively block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons. Choi, DW; Peters, S; Viseskul, V, 1987)	0.27
"It has long been proposed that the excitatory and toxic properties of acidic amino acid receptor agonists are linked."	( Amino acid neurotoxicity: relationship to neuronal depolarization in rat cerebellar slices. Garthwaite, G; Garthwaite, J; Hajós, F, 1986)	0.27
" In parallel experiments, the calcium ionophore A23187 was not toxic in the presence of calcium."	( The neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids is produced by passive chloride influx. Rothman, SM, 1985)	0.27
" Only ALA (10 microM) and glutamic acid (1 mM) were toxic towards neurons in culture, as measured by cell survival after 5 days' exposure."	( [Mechanism of delta-aminolevulinic acid neurotoxicity]. Lamm, MC; McCarthy, BW; Neethling, AC; Percy, VA; Taljaard, JJ; Truter, L, 1981)	0.26
" In an initial non-blinded study, L-glutamic acid (15 mM) exerted a significant toxic effect on HD fibroblasts, decreasing viability by approximately 60% after 48 h exposure."	( Effects of L-glutamate on viabilities of cultured diploid skin fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Increased toxicity not observed in Huntington's disease. Bird, TD; Casper, JB; Stahl, WL; Ward, CB, )	0.13
" These findings suggest that the toxic effect of KA on OB neurons may be mediated by mechanisms other than by action on GLUreceptors."	( Neurotoxicity of kainic acid: evidence against an interaction with excitatory glutamate receptors in rat olfactory bulbs. Krammer, EB; Lischka, MF; Sigmund, R, 1980)	0.6
" Nalorphine (20 mg/kg) did not affect the toxic action of kainic acid."	( Effects of morphine, nalorphine and morphine withdrawal on lethal toxicity of intracerebroventricular kainic acid in mice. Czuczwar, SJ; Kleinrok, Z; Turski, L, 1981)	0.72
" Among various processes that have been thought to mediate the toxic effects of glutamate are activation of the Ca(2+)-dependent proteases calpain I and II and the activation of nitric oxide synthase."	( Delayed antagonism of calpain reduces excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. Brorson, JR; Marcuccilli, CJ; Miller, RJ, 1995)	0.29
" This inhibitor also limited the toxicity, even when applied at times up to 1 hour after the onset of the toxic exposure."	( Delayed antagonism of calpain reduces excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. Brorson, JR; Marcuccilli, CJ; Miller, RJ, 1995)	0.29
" KA and AMPA were found to be more toxic than either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), quinolinate, or glutamate, both under normal conditions and under states of energy deprivation."	( Kainate toxicity in energy-compromised rat hippocampal slices: differences between oxygen and glucose deprivation. Rigor, BM; Schurr, A, 1993)	0.29
" Both Purkinje neurons and non-Purkinje cell types present in the cultures were similarly vulnerable to toxic KA exposure, but the population marked by KA-induced Co2+ uptake was selectively diminished by the excitotoxicity."	( Ca2+ entry via AMPA/KA receptors and excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells. Brorson, JR; Manzolillo, PA; Miller, RJ, 1994)	0.29
" However, it is unclear whether the kainate receptor itself mediates any of the toxic responses."	( Cytotoxic effects of kainate ligands on HEK cell lines expressing recombinant kainate receptors. Carver, JM; Cortes-Burgos, L; Giordano, T; Howe, JR; Mansson, PE; Shu, J; Zhou, LM, 1996)	0.29
" Few studies, however, have examined the toxic effects of EAAs on identified catecholamine neurons in vitro."	( Neurotoxic effects of kainic acid on substantia nigra neurons in rat brain slices. Bywood, PT; Johnson, SM; Luo, X, 1997)	0.61
" In this study, we have investigated the potential protective effects of two well characterized growth factors, epidermal and basic fibroblast growth factor (EGF and bFGF respectively), and the monosialoganglioside GM1, on cultured rat retinal neurons submitted to toxic levels of excitatory amino acids."	( Peptide growth factors but not ganglioside protect against excitotoxicity in rat retinal neurons in vitro. Dreyfus, H; Heidinger, V; Hicks, D; Sahel, J, 1997)	0.3
" Our results indicate that both strains of mice have comparable concentration-dependent toxic responses to domoic acid; however, differences exist in the magnitude of the response and in specific symptoms."	( Repeated independent exposures to domoic acid do not enhance symptomatic toxicity in outbred or seizure-sensitive inbred mice. Clayton, EC; Means, LW; Peng, YG; Ramsdell, JS, 1997)	0.3
" Using a variation of this approach, and measuring the acute and delayed toxic effects of kainate (KA) in terms of lactate dehydrogenase release, we have shown that guanine nucleotides behave as effective neuroprotecting agents."	( Guanine nucleotides protect against kainate toxicity in an ex vivo chick retinal preparation. Barat, A; Burgos, JS; Ramírez, G; Souza, DO, 1998)	0.3
" Kainate (60% maximal cell death at 1mM) was markedly more toxic than NMDA (40% maximal cell death at 1mM) and was shown to be the predominant cause of excitatory amino acid-induced toxicity in these cells as the neuronal death induced by KA was attenuated by the non-NMDA antagonist CNQX, but not the AMPA antagonist LY293558."	( Investigations of non-NMDA receptor-induced toxicity in serum-free antioxidant-rich primary cultures of murine cerebellar granule cells. Beart, PM; Carroll, FY; Cheung, NS, 1998)	0.3
" The present study was designed to determine which of the compounds released at the lesion would be toxic for tanycytes."	( Differential sensitivity of cultured tanycytes and astrocytes to hydrogen peroxide toxicity. Alonso, G; Prieto, M, 1999)	0.3
" A four step quantitative risk estimation approach was used: (1) determination of a dose-response model; (2) determination of the distribution of measurements (variability) about the model; (3) determination of an adverse or abnormal level with the use of the control data; and (4) estimation of the probability that a measure is beyond the abnormal level as a function of dose."	( Biologically-based dose-response model for neurotoxicity risk assessment. Gaylor, DW; Scallet, AC; Slikker, W, 1998)	0.3
" In contrast, neither QA up to 5 mM nor trans-ACPD had a significant toxic effect in either KCl group."	( NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity are potentiated in cultured striatal neurons by prior chronic depolarization. Chen, Q; Reiner, A; Surmeier, DJ, 1999)	0.3
" In particular, murine amacrine neurons have been known to show marked susceptibility to the toxic effects of kainate."	( Involvement of NMDA-receptor in kainate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured fetal retinal neurons. Akaike, A; Honda, Y; Kashii, S; Sasa, M; Tamura, Y; Ujihara, H; Yasuyoshi, H; Zhang, S, 2000)	0.31
" The KA-induced toxic behavioral signs, oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), impairment of GSH status, and the loss of hippocampal neurons were dose-dependently attenuated by the phenidone, NS-398+esculetin, and ASP+esculetin."	( Phenidone prevents kainate-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant mechanisms. Bing, G; Jhoo, WK; Kim, HC; Kim, WK; Ko, KH; Shin, EJ; Wie, MB, 2000)	0.31
" The toxic effect of kainate may be associated with calcium influx, because toxicity was reduced by polyamines that suppress calcium influx and by an inhibitor of calcium phosphatase."	( A non-excitatory paradigm of glutamate toxicity. Shen, W; Slaughter, MM, 2002)	0.31
" As GPx and GSH represent a major pathway in the cell for metabolizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), their depletion would be expected to allow H2O2 to accumulate to toxic levels."	( Phenolic antioxidants attenuate hippocampal neuronal cell damage against kainic acid induced excitotoxicity. Hemnani, T; Parihar, MS, 2003)	0.55
" The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether intraocular injection of methamphetamine (MA) is toxic to the healthy adult rat retina and to analyse its effects on the compromised retina after an injection of the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist, kainate, which is known to cause retinal neuropathology."	( Methamphetamine exacerbates the toxic effect of kainic acid in the adult rat retina. Osborne, NN; Rodrigues, LG; Schmidt, KG; Tavares, MA; Wood, JP, 2004)	0.58
" We investigated how an electrophysiological parameter, the extracellularly-recorded compound action potential ("population spike", PS) could be used as a marker of in vitro neurotoxicity in the case of two well-known toxic compounds, kainic acid (KA) and trimethyltin (TMT)."	( Changes in extracellular action potential detect kainic acid and trimethyltin toxicity in hippocampal slice preparations earlier than do MAP2 density measurements. Balestrino, M; Melani, R; Noraberg, J; Rebaudo, R; Zimmer, J, 2005)	0.77
" We show that leopard sharks possess the molecular target for DA but are resistant to doses of DA known to be toxic to other vertebrates."	( Absence of neurotoxic effects in leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, following domoic acid exposure. Casper, DR; Davis, CR; Reeves, C; Schaffer, P, 2006)	0.33
"2 we found that acidosis promotes increased toxic [Zn(2+)](i) levels as a result of a lethal combination of both enhanced Zn(2+) influx through Zn(2+) permeable AMPA/kainate channels and impaired intracellular buffering of the cation."	( Acidosis enhances toxicity induced by kainate and zinc exposure in aged cultured astrocytes. Canzoniero, LM; Rockabrand, E; Sensi, SL, )	0.13
" In order to evoke toxic effects, primary cultures were exposed to 150 munic acid (KA) for 24 h (hippocampus) or for 48 h (neocortex)."	( Neuroprotective effects of MTEP, a selective mGluR5 antagonists and neuropeptide Y on the kainate-induced toxicity in primary neuronal cultures. Domin, H; Kajta, M; Smiałowska, M, )	0.13
"Seafood in many parts of the world may become contaminated with high levels of domoic acid and domoic acid isomers, and such seafood has been shown to cause toxic effects in humans and in marine animals."	( Comparative toxicity to mice of domoic acid and isodomoic acids A, B and C. Holland, PT; McNabb, P; Munday, R; Rhodes, LL; Selwood, AI, 2008)	0.35
" The increased activities of AS and AL suggest the increased and effective recycling of citrulline to arginine in excitotoxicity, making NO production more effective and contributing to its toxic effects."	( Nitric oxide (NO), citrulline-NO cycle enzymes, glutamine synthetase, and oxidative status in kainic acid-mediated excitotoxicity in rat brain. Chandran, G; Sirajudeen, KN; Swamy, M, 2009)	0.57
" The increased cholesterol might predispose to increased formation of cholesterol oxidation products which have been shown to be toxic to neurons."	( Changes in cholesterol biosynthetic and transport pathways after excitotoxicity. Farooqui, AA; Jenner, AM; Jittiwat, J; Kim, JH; Ong, WY, 2010)	0.36
"In addition to supporting rapid nerve conduction, myelination nurtures and stabilizes axons and protects them from acute toxic insults."	( Myelin-associated glycoprotein protects neurons from excitotoxicity. Ahmad, AS; Doré, S; Lopez, PH; Mehta, NR; Rowland, EA; Schnaar, RL; Toner, M; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
"01 mM kept for 3h) is not toxic to cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) while kainate (0."	( Stimulation of kainate toxicity by zinc in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the role of mitochondria in this process. Alieva, IB; Arbeille, B; Isaev, NK; Lozier, ER; Novikova, SV; Stelmashook, EV; Uzbekov, RE; Zorov, DB; Zorov, SD, 2012)	0.38
" Our results suggest that the current ecosystem and human health impacts of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms could be greatly exacerbated by future ocean acidification and 'carbon fertilization' of the coastal ocean."	( High CO2 and silicate limitation synergistically increase the toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta. Fu, FX; Hutchins, DA; Tatters, AO, 2012)	0.38
" DA preferentially accumulated in the kidney and elicited marked renal vascular and tubular damage consistent with acute tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and renal tubular cell desquamation, with toxic vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling as hallmarks of the cellular damage."	( Characterization of renal toxicity in mice administered the marine biotoxin domoic Acid. Bell, PD; Bissler, JJ; Dillon, JC; Funk, JA; Janech, MG; Siroky, BJ, 2014)	0.4
"Cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are resistant to the toxic effect of ZnCl2 (0."	( Acidosis and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA) Attenuate Zinc/Kainate Toxicity in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Amelkina, GA; Genrikhs, EE; Isaev, NK; Ivashkin, EG; Khaspekov, LG; Novikova, SV; Stelmashook, EV, 2015)	0.42
"In multiple sclerosis (MS), a candidate downstream mechanism for neuronal injury is glutamate (Glu)-induced excitotoxicity, leading to toxic increases in intraneuronal Ca(2+) ."	( In vivo and in vitro effects of multiple sclerosis immunomodulatory therapeutics on glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Birkenstock, J; Ellwardt, E; Gollan, R; Luchtman, D; Robohm, K; Siffrin, V; Zipp, F, 2016)	0.43
"Excitotoxicity was originally postulated to be a late stage side effect of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD)-related neurodegeneration, however more recent studies indicate that it may occur early in AD and contribute to the neurodegenerative process."	( Mechanisms of tau and Aβ-induced excitotoxicity. Cook, A; DiMaio, J; Johnson, GVW; Nilsson, B; Pallo, SP, 2016)	0.43
" Neither ceftriaxone nor TBOA alone had adverse effects."	( Ceftriaxone-mediated upregulation of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 contrasts neurotoxicity evoked by kainate in rat organotypic spinal cord cultures. Bajrektarevic, D; Nistri, A, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, we examined the effects of the toxic gliadin peptide 31-43 in in vivo and in vitro models of kainate-induced-epilepsy."	( The gliadin peptide 31-43 exacerbates kainate neurotoxicity in epilepsy models. Calabrò, A; Gerace, E; Landucci, E; Mannaioni, G; Masi, A; Pellegrini-Giampietro, DE; Renzi, D; Resta, F, 2017)	0.46
" Murine hippocampal cells were exposed to toxic doses of KA (200μM) for 6hours (H) or 24H to induce excitotoxicity."	( HEK-293 secretome attenuates kainic acid neurotoxicity through insulin like growth factor-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases pathway and by temporal regulation of antioxidant defense machineries. Dhanushkodi, A; Pinnelli, VB; Prasad, YSHC; Shobha, K; Venugopal, C, 2018)	0.77
" Behavioral changes are the most significant adverse effects reported by patients taking LEV."	( Favorable adverse effect profile of brivaracetam vs levetiracetam in a preclinical model. Aboulamer, S; Bosoi, CM; Carmant, L; Desgent, S; Gagné, J; Messiet, E; Sanon, NT; Simard, A; Wolf, DC, 2018)	0.48
"The Benguela upwelling system, considered the world's most productive marine ecosystem, has a long record of potentially toxic diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia."	( Morphology and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the northern Benguela Upwelling System. Doucette, GJ; Louw, DC; Lundholm, N, 2018)	0.48
"KA disrupted the retinal cytoarchitecture and induced significant cell loss in several retinal layers, but the coaddition of GH effectively prevented these adverse effects."	( Growth Hormone Neuroprotection Against Kainate Excitotoxicity in the Retina is Mediated by Notch/PTEN/Akt Signaling. Arámburo, C; Ávila-Mendoza, J; Balderas-Márquez, JE; Carranza, M; Epardo, D; Fleming, T; Harvey, S; Luna, M; Martínez-Moreno, CG, 2019)	0.51
" These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of solTNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for safe treatment of CNS diseases."	( Fundamentally different roles of neuronal TNF receptors in CNS pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ promote microglial responses and tissue injury in demyelination while TNFR2 protects against excitotoxicity in mice. Boutou, A; Denis, MC; Fischer, R; Iliopoulou, L; Kambas, K; Karamita, M; Kollias, G; Kontermann, RE; Lassmann, H; Papazian, I; Probert, L; Tsoukala, E, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"0 mg/kg body weight, the pharmacokinetic parameters Clt, Clr, elimination-rate constant and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were not statistically different between doses."	( Renal clearance of domoic acid in the rat. Hierlihy, SL; Suzuki, CA, 1993)	0.29
"The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of kainic acid (KA)-induced acute seizures on the pharmacokinetic profiles of antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine (CBZ) in mice."	( Evaluation of carbamazepine pharmacokinetic profiles in mice with kainic acid-induced acute seizures. Honda, N; Nishimura, A; Shibata, N; Sugioka, N; Takada, K, 2008)	0.82

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This study evaluated the protective effects of CDDP alone and in combination with carbamazepine (CBZ) on kainic acid-induced TLE and cognitive impairment in rats."	( Protective effect of compound Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) dripping pills alone and in combination with carbamazepine on kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and cognitive impairment in rats. Cao, B; Chen, M; Dang, X; Han, S; Jia, C; Jiao, H; Liu, Y; Niu, Q; Wei, L, 2018)	0.9
"CDDP combined with CBZ significantly decreased seizure severity and frequency (p < 0."	( Protective effect of compound Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) dripping pills alone and in combination with carbamazepine on kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy and cognitive impairment in rats. Cao, B; Chen, M; Dang, X; Han, S; Jia, C; Jiao, H; Liu, Y; Niu, Q; Wei, L, 2018)	0.69
" This study is aimed to evaluate the ability of DDS, alone or in combination with DZP starting their administration once the SE is onset to evaluate the control of seizures in rats."	( Efficacy of dapsone administered alone or in combination with diazepam to inhibit status epilepticus in rats. Baron-Flores, V; Caballero-Chacón, S; Díaz-Ruiz, A; Farfán-Briseño, AC; Franco-Pérez, J; Manjarrez-Marmolejo, J; Méndez-Armenta, M; Nava-Ruiz, C; Ríos, C; Ruiz-Diaz, A, 2019)	0.51
"This study investigates the neuronal protective effect of SXC combined with carbamazepine (CBZ) on epilepsy and cognitive impairment in kainic acid-kindled SD rats."	( Neuronal protective effect of Songling Xuemaikang capsules alone and in combination with carbamazepine on epilepsy in kainic acid-kindled rats. Chen, M; Jia, C; Jiao, H; Wei, L; Yang, H; Yin, W; Zhang, R, 2019)	0.93
" Compared to vehicle controls, the most effective drug combination consisted of low doses of levetiracetam, atorvastatin and ceftriaxone, which markedly reduced the incidence of electrographic seizures (by 60%; p<0."	( Systematic evaluation of rationally chosen multitargeted drug combinations: a combination of low doses of levetiracetam, atorvastatin and ceftriaxone exerts antiepileptogenic effects in a mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Bergin, DH; Johne, M; Klein, P; Löscher, W; Schidlitzki, A; Twele, F; Welzel, L, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Although it has to be mentioned that the conclusion which can be drawn is limited, the bioavailability of the compounds could be different as well."	( Glutamate agonists activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus but not through vasopressinerg neurons. Makara, GB; Mergl, Z; Zelena, D, 2005)	0.33
" Together, these data support the idea that the synthesis of estrogen can be rapidly regulated in the brain, thus producing rapid changes in local estrogen bioavailability that could rapidly modify brain function with a time course similar to what has previously been described for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators."	( Rapid control of brain aromatase activity by glutamatergic inputs. Baillien, M; Ball, GF; Balthazart, J, 2006)	0.33
" Studies have shown that concomitant use of a COMT inhibitor is highly beneficial in controlling the wearing-off phenomenon by improving L-DOPA bioavailability as well as brain entry."	( Dual beneficial effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on levodopa methylation and hippocampal neurodegeneration: in vitro and in vivo studies. Bishop, SC; Fukui, M; Kang, KS; Wen, Y; Yamabe, N; Zhu, BT, 2010)	0.36
" Hence, our data support that the synthetic 4'-dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone and its lead both are orally bioavailable TrkB agonists and possess potent antidepressant effects."	( A synthetic 7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivative promotes neurogenesis and exhibits potent antidepressant effect. Chan, CB; France, S; He, K; Huang, J; Jang, SW; Jia, Y; Liu, X; Luo, HR; Phun, LH; Pradoldej, S; Xiao, G; Ye, K, 2010)	0.36
" The stronger in vivo effect of (+)-catechin on L-DOPA methylation compared to the other dietary compounds is due to its better bioavailability in vivo."	( Beneficial effects of natural phenolics on levodopa methylation and oxidative neurodegeneration. Fukui, M; Kang, KS; Wen, Y; Yamabe, N; Zhu, BT, 2013)	0.39
" We further show that kainic-acid treatment activates Notch signaling, which increases the bioavailability of CyclinD1 through Akt/GSK3β pathway, leading to aberrant CCR via activation of CyclinD1-Rb-E2F1 axis."	( Notch signaling in response to excitotoxicity induces neurodegeneration via erroneous cell cycle reentry. Alberi, L; Brai, E; Kaczarowski, M; Liu, S; Marathe, S, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, curcumin might be beneficial in patients with epilepsy disorders, if its bioavailability issues are resolved."	( Curcumin in epilepsy disorders. Dhir, A, 2018)	0.48
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" AMOA (150 microM) produced a nearly parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for kainate-induced currents."	( Stereoselective effects of AMOA on non-NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Hansen, JJ; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P; Miledi, R; Nielsen, B; Schousboe, A; Wahl, P, 1992)	0.28
"A morphometric study of kainic acid- (KA) induced lesions was designed for the study of the interaction of the diamines U-5449A and U-50488H with excitatory amino acids, and the dose-response relationship thereof."	( Antagonism of kainic acid lesions in the mouse hippocampus by U-54494A and U-50488H. Aaron, CS; Camacho Ochoa, M; Jackson, TA; Lahti, RA; Strain, GM; Von Voigtlander, PF, 1992)	0.95
" Dose-response studies using kainate indicated that at least two agonist molecules bind to gate the channel."	( The kinetics of the response to glutamate and kainate in neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus. Raman, IM; Trussell, LO, 1992)	0.28
" Dose-response measurements revealed a rank order of sensitivity to the Glu analogues in the presence of 1 microM glycine and zero extracellular Mg2+; QA greater than AMPA greater than NMDA greater than KA."	( Excitatory amino acid receptors on isolated retinal ganglion cells from the goldfish. Fain, GL; Yazejian, B, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response relationships of the mutant receptors were studied after expression in Xenopus oocytes by injection of the mutant alpha 1 subunit-specific mRNA together with the wild-type alpha 2-subunit-specific mRNA."	( Mutations in a putative agonist binding region of the AMPA-selective glutamate receptor channel. Mishina, M; Nagahari, K; Sakimura, K; Uchino, S, 1992)	0.28
" The reduction in food and water intake was fatal after a higher dosage of the drug."	( Fetal brain transplantation in kainic acid lesioned caudate nucleus of adult rats. Gopinath, G; Kumar, VM; Shetty, AK; Tandon, PN; Verma, S, )	0.42
" An enhancing dose of La3+ shifted the dose-response curve for kainate to lower concentrations of agonist without changing the maximum evoked current, and a similar leftward shift of the quisqualate dose-response curve occurred at non-saturating concentrations of quisqualate."	( Lanthanum actions on excitatory amino acid-gated currents and voltage-gated calcium currents in rat dorsal horn neurons. MacDermott, AB; Reichling, DB, 1991)	0.28
" An apparatus was constructed to allow agonist dose-response curves to be determined at high pressures using voltage-clamped oocytes."	( Effects of general anesthetics and pressure on mammalian excitatory receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Daniels, S; Inman, N; Price, DJ; Shelton, CJ; Smith, EB; Zhao, DM, 1991)	0.28
" 200 microM guanosine triphosphate (GTP) produced a decrease of 50% in L-[3H]glutamate binding activity and competition experiments produced an affinity shift to the right of the glutamate dose-response curve."	( Characterization of L-[3H]glutamate binding sites in bovine brain coated vesicles. Cubero, A; González-Calero, G; Martín, M, 1991)	0.28
" In the presence of 10 microM KA, the dose-response curve of QU became biphasic, whereas with 50 microM KA, a reduction of the response was seen around 1-100 microM QU."	( Interactions of glutamate receptor agonists coupled to changes in intracellular Ca2+ in rat cerebellar granule cells in primary culture. Akerman, KE; Holopainen, I; Louve, M, 1991)	0.28
" Injection of oocytes with both the mRNAs produces current responses larger than those induced by the GluR1-specific mRNA and the dose-response relations indicate a positively cooperative interaction between the two subunits."	( Functional expression from cloned cDNAs of glutamate receptor species responsive to kainate and quisqualate. Araki, K; Bujo, H; Kushiya, E; Meguro, H; Mishina, M; Numa, S; Sakimura, K; Warashina, A; Yamazaki, M, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response relationships for L-kainate were similar to those obtained with oocyte superfusion, but the L-kainate-induced currents exhibited desensitization."	( Concentration jump studies of intracellularly dialysed Xenopus oocytes show desensitization of kainate receptors. Arvanov, VL; Usherwood, PN, 1991)	0.28
" Analyses of dose-response curves of these inward currents indicate that both the QA and KA currents were competitively blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), while the NMDA current was blocked non-competitively."	( Glutamate receptor agonist-induced inward currents in spinal dorsal horn neurons dissociated from the adult rats. Arancio, O; MacDermott, AB; Murase, K; Yoshimura, M, 1991)	0.28
"To study the hypothesis that neural transplantations can alter seizure susceptibility in a chronic animal model of epilepsy 260 immature rats (30- to 32-days-old) were administered a convulsant dosage of kainic acid (KA)."	( Effect of neural transplants on seizure frequency and kindling in immature rats following kainic acid. Carl, GF; Holmes, C; Holmes, GL; Huh, K; Thompson, JL, 1991)	0.69
", allowing for better dosage control."	( 4-(Tetrazolylalkyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acids. Potent and selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists with a short duration of action. Arnold, MB; Elzey, T; Leander, JD; Lodge, D; Ornstein, PL; Paschal, JW; Schoepp, DD, 1991)	0.28
" Animals in the high dosage group acquired the response at rates superior to controls; the low dosage group performed at an intermediate level."	( Partial hippocampal pyramidal cell loss alters behavior in rats: implications for an animal model of schizophrenia. Port, RL; Sample, JA; Seybold, KS, 1991)	0.28
" Dose-response curves of motoneurons to L-glutamate, NMDA, and kainate demonstrated that motoneurons are sensitive to these agonists prior to the formation of synapses between afferents and motoneurons."	( NMDA receptors mediate poly- and monosynaptic potentials in motoneurons of rat embryos. Ziskind-Conhaim, L, 1990)	0.28
" Ethanol shifted the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dose-response curves to the right in a non-parallel manner."	( Ethanol inhibition of NMDA mediated depolarizations is increased in the presence of Mg2+. Bian, XP; Martin, D; Morrisett, RA; Swartzwelder, HS; Wilson, WA, 1991)	0.28
"25 and 200 mumol/kg as revealed by the dose-response curves obtained in both experiments."	( NMDA antagonist properties of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-aspartate demonstrated on chemically induced seizures in mice. De Barry, J; Mathis, C; Ungerer, A, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were well fit by the logistic equation, or by a model with 2 independent agonist binding sites."	( Structure-activity relationships for amino acid transmitter candidates acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate and quisqualate receptors. Mayer, ML; Patneau, DK, 1990)	0.28
" The antagonist properties of 6-cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline, kynurenate, and gamma-D-glutamylglycine were competitive in nature, inducing parallel rightward shifts of the KA dose-response curves."	( Kainate receptors coupled to the evoked release of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid from striatal neurons in primary culture: potentiation by lithium ions. Bauce, L; Kemp, DE; Tse, FW; Weiss, S, 1990)	0.28
" fascicularis) were dosed intraperitoneally (4 mg/kg) or intravenously (0."	( Acute parenteral neurotoxicity of domoic acid in cynomolgus monkeys (M. fascicularis) Iverson, F; Truelove, J; Tryphonas, L, 1990)	0.28
" The onset of scratching behaviour and time of death in mice were inversely related to the dosage of domoic acid."	( Relationship between domoic acid levels in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and toxicity in mice. Amend, JF; Brown, J; Grimmelt, B; Johnson, GR; Macnair, N; Nijjar, MS; Wagner, S, 1990)	0.28
" Although the dose-response curve is hyperbolic with an ED50 of 78 microM, glutamate apparently activates 2 types of receptors on motoneurons."	( Characterization of excitatory amino acid receptors expressed by embryonic chick motoneurons in vitro. Fischbach, GD; O'Brien, RJ, 1986)	0.27
" KA-activated currents (I(KA)) differ from QA-activated currents (I(QA)) in their dose-response characteristics, desensitization patterns, selective blockade with kynurenic acid and suppression by elevated [Ca2+]o, I(KA), but not I(QA), is significantly reduced by low levels of [Cl-]o, and the [Cl-]o-dependent shift of the reversal potential for I(KA) suggests that KA promotes a conductance decrease for Cl-."	( Separation of quisqualate- and kainate-selective glutamate receptors in cultured neurons from the rat superior colliculus. Grantyn, R; Perouansky, M, 1989)	0.28
" In the present study we examined dose-response effects of excitotoxins acting at the three subtypes of glutamate receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartate (AA1), quisqualate (AA2), and kainic acid (AA3)."	( Differential sparing of somatostatin-neuropeptide Y and cholinergic neurons following striatal excitotoxin lesions. Beal, MF; Ferrante, RJ; Kowall, NW; Martin, JB; Swartz, KJ, 1989)	0.47
" At a concentration of 10 microM, CNQX reversibly antagonized responses to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), quisqualate and kainate; it produced a parallel shift in their log dose-response curves."	( 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione as an excitatory amino acid antagonist in area CA1 of rat hippocampus. Blake, JF; Brown, MW; Collingridge, GL; Yates, RG, 1989)	0.28
" The NMDA receptor antagonists D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-AP5), phencyclidine and Mg2+ shifted the NMDA dose-response curve to the right in a parallel manner."	( A grease-gap method for studying the excitatory amino acid pharmacology of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Bowe, MA; Martin, D; Nadler, JV, 1989)	0.28
" A quantitative evaluation of the cell loss with the 5 nM dosage showed that 34% of spiral ganglion neurons were lost 10 days after treatment."	( The effects of kainic acid on the cochlear ganglion of the rat. Juiz, JM; Merchán, JA; Rueda, J; Sala, ML, 1989)	0.63
" In this preparation, all these antagonists shifted the NMDA dose-response curve to the right in a parallel manner."	( Quantitative studies on some antagonists of N-methyl D-aspartate in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Harrison, NL; Simmonds, MA, 1985)	0.27
" The implications of these results are that, in slices, cellular uptake is responsible for (i) the dose-response curves to L-glutamate, L- and D-aspartate bearing little or no relationship to the true (or relative) potencies of these amino acids; (ii) the potency of APV towards the actions of transported agonists acting at NMDA receptors being reduced and (iii) a differential sensitivity to APV of responses to L-glutamate and L-aspartate being created, the consequence being that a potent action of L-glutamate on NMDA receptors is disguised."	( Cellular uptake disguises action of L-glutamate on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. With an appendix: diffusion of transported amino acids into brain slices. Garthwaite, J, 1985)	0.27
" This dose-response curve of L-Glu was shifted to the left in the presence of D-Asp, although the maximal amount of release was unchanged."	( Effects of D-aspartate on excitatory amino acid-induced release of [3H]GABA from goldfish retina. Cha, JH; Dowling, JE; O'Brien, DR, 1986)	0.27
" We found that excitatory amino acid agonists evoked somatostatin release in the following order of potency: quisqualate greater than glutamate = N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) greater than kainate, as calculated from the dose-response curves."	( Glutamate stimulates somatostatin release from diencephalic neurons in primary culture. Astier, H; Tapia-Arancibia, L, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response relationship of EAA (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, quisqualate and glutamate)-induced activation revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in their pattern of action, suggesting that these agonists act at distinct receptors."	( Behavioral classification of excitatory amino acid receptors in mouse spinal cord. Raigorodsky, G; Urca, G, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response analysis reveals that the AA-gated cation conductance activated by kainate requires the binding of two agonist molecules."	( Properties of two classes of rat brain acidic amino acid receptors induced by distinct mRNA populations in Xenopus oocytes. Davidson, N; Fong, TM; Lester, HA, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves and IC50 values were determined for these antagonists against all four agonists."	( The action of quinolinate in the rat spinal cord in vitro. Curry, K; Magnuson, DS; McLennan, H; Peet, MJ, 1987)	0.27
" At six weeks, there is a significant dose-response relation (ANOVA, F(2,18) = 25."	( Kainic acid induced damage to the striatum increases DT diaphorase activity. Cohen, MR; Ramchand, CN; Sridhara, N, 1987)	1.72
" At the dosage used, the KA produced a 52% decline in the cell density of the inner nuclear layer (INL), a 37% decline in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGC), and no significant change in the density of cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL)."	( Cell-specific regulation of neuronal production in the larval frog retina. Reh, TA, 1987)	0.27
" A dose-response relationship existed: the duration of the EEG with pathological patterns increased whereas the latency of their appearance decreased with increase of the dose of kainic acid."	( Intraraphedorsal kainic acid induces paroxysmal electroencephalographic changes in some brain structures of cats. Dimov, S; Ivanova, A; Moyanova, S; Rousseva, S, 1986)	0.8
" The non-parallel shift of the NMDA dose-response curve suggests that ketamine is not acting as a competitive antagonist of NMDA."	( Effect of ketamine on amino acid-evoked release of acetylcholine from rat cerebral cortex in vitro. Johnston, GA; Lodge, D, 1985)	0.27
" However, the slope of the dose-response curves was very steep."	( Kainic acid-induced seizures: dose-relationship of behavioural, neurochemical and histopathological changes. Baran, H; Hornykiewicz, O; Lassmann, H; Seitelberger, F; Sperk, G, 1985)	1.71
" However, large differences were found when comparing apomorphine and pergolide dose-response curves as well as the patterns of rotational behaviour the compounds elicited."	( Evidence that apomorphine and pergolide induce rotation in rats by different actions on D1 and D2 receptor sites. Herrera-Marschitz, M; Ungerstedt, U, 1984)	0.27
" The slopes of the dose-response curves for these kainic acid analogues differed from that of L-glutamate."	( The excitatory actions of kainic acid and some derivatives at the crab neuromuscular junction. King, AE; Wheal, HV, 1984)	0.82
" Glutamate sensitivity was measured from the slope of the dose-response curves obtained by ionophoretic application of L-glutamate and expressed as mV/nC."	( Distribution and pharmacological properties of synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamate receptors on crayfish muscle. Onodera, K; Takeuchi, A, 1980)	0.26
"It was proposed that apomorphine and the ergot derivative pergolide induce rotation in 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)-denervated rats by different receptor mechanisms, since these dopamine agonists induce different patterns of rotational behaviour, have different dose-response curves and are differently inhibited by neuroleptics acting on D1 or D2 type receptors."	( Evidence that striatal efferents relate to different dopamine receptors. Herrera-Marschitz, M; Ungerstedt, U, 1984)	0.27
"Developmental dose-response curves for kainic-acid-induced seizures were generated in rats."	( Kainic-acid-induced seizures: a developmental study. Albala, BJ; Moshé, SL; Okada, R, 1984)	0.27
" No significant changes in dose-response curves were observed at either loci."	( Effects of kainic acid lesions of the striatum on self-stimulation in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Fibiger, HC; LePiane, FG; Phillips, AG, 1982)	0.65
"5 nmol) suggested a very steep dose-response relationship in the action of KA."	( Kainic acid: an evaluation of its action on cochlear potentials. Bledsoe, SC; Bobbin, RP; Chihal, DM, 1981)	1.71
" The dose-response curves established at 50 bar, 100 bar and 150 bar were shifted progressively to the right, with no effect on the maximal current."	( The effect of high pressure on glycine- and kainate-sensitive receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Daniels, S; Doyle, MG; Price, DJ; Shelton, CJ; Smith, EB, 1993)	0.29
" The effect of kynurenic acid could be blocked by a nonconvulsive dosage of kainic acid."	( The WAG/Rij rat model for nonconvulsive absence epilepsy: involvement of nonNMDA receptors. Coenen, AM; Peeters, BW; Ramakers, GM; Vossen, JM, 1994)	0.52
" After block of desensitization by concanavalin-A, dose-response analysis for activation of kainate-preferring receptors in DRG neurons gave the potency sequence trifluoromethyl > iodo > bromo approximately chloro > nitro approximately cyano > kainate > methyl > fluoro > (R,S)-AMPA >> willardiine; EC50 values for the most and least potent willardiine derivatives, 5-trifluoromethyl (70 nM) and 5-fluoro (69 microM), differed 1000-fold."	( Willardiines differentiate agonist binding sites for kainate- versus AMPA-preferring glutamate receptors in DRG and hippocampal neurons. Jane, DE; Mayer, ML; Watkins, JC; Wong, LA, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves for KA in oocytes injected with calf (EC50 = 96."	( Species-dependent functional properties of non-NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with mammalian and avian brain mRNA. Bowie, D; Smart, TG, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response curve of PS action showed significant potentiation above 250 nM and a half-maximal effect at approximately 29 microM."	( Pregnenolone sulfate potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons. Bowlby, MR, 1993)	0.29
" Cyclothiazide increased the maximum response to a saturating concentration of kainate by approximately 300% and produced a shift to the left in the kainate dose-response curve."	( Hippocampal neurons exhibit cyclothiazide-sensitive rapidly desensitizing responses to kainate. Mayer, ML; Patneau, DK; Vyklicky, L, 1993)	0.29
" Morphine, pethidine and fentanyl, which showed a biphasic dose-response relationship with respect to seizure modulation, abolished the anticonvulsant activity of propofol to exhibit their own intrinsic activity in proconvulsant doses."	( Interactions between opioid drugs and propofol in laboratory models of seizures. Ahmad, I; Pleuvry, BJ, 1995)	0.29
"This study reports comparative dose-response data for kainic acid (KA) induced seizures in juvenile (35-40 days old) and adult (70-90 days old) Wistar-Furth (WF), Fisher 344 (F344), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans Hooded (LEH) rats."	( Rat strain and age differences in kainic acid induced seizures. Ferraro, TN; Golden, GT; Reyes, PF; Smith, GG, 1995)	0.82
" Dose-response curves showed that DCG-IV was weaker than NMDA but more potent than glutamate in eliciting agonist-gated currents."	( Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist DCG-IV as NMDA receptor agonist in immature rat hippocampal neurons. Opitz, T; Pidoplichko, VI; Reymann, KG; Shinozaki, H; Wilsch, VW, 1994)	0.29
" Bath-application of kainate, quisqualate and L-glutamate elicited concentration-dependent membrane depolarizations in both cell types as demonstrated by dose-response curves."	( Effects of glutamatergic agonists and antagonists on membrane potential and intracellular Na+ activity of leech glial and nerve cells. Dörner, R; Schlue, WR; Zens, M, 1994)	0.29
" The actions of the hepoxilins showed a sharp dose-response relationship, with minimal threshold or no effect at 3 nM (n = 21) and maximal effects at 10 nM (n = 33)."	( Formation and electrophysiological actions of the arachidonic acid metabolites, hepoxilins, at nanomolar concentrations in rat hippocampal slices. Carlen, PL; Gurevich, N; Pace-Asciak, CR; Reynaud, D; Wu, PH; Zhang, L, 1994)	0.29
" In the presence of 300 microM cyclothiazide a 6-fold leftward shift in the kainate dose-response curve for GluR-Aflip but not GluR-Aflop additionally contributes to a difference in potentiation for these splice variants."	( Cyclothiazide differentially modulates desensitization of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor splice variants. Mayer, ML; Partin, KM; Patneau, DK, 1994)	0.29
" Rats receiving phenobarbital had therapeutic concentrations during most of the 24-hour dosing period, but also experienced supratherapeutic peak concentrations."	( Phenobarbital modifies seizure-related brain injury in the developing brain. Chronopoulos, A; Gatt, A; Holmes, GL; Hyde, P; Liu, Z; Mikati, MA; Stafstrom, CE; Thurber, S; Werner, S, 1994)	0.29
" We administered FBM (100 or 300 mg/kg) to 30-day-old rats 1 h after they received a convulsant dosage of kainic acid (KA)."	( Neuroprotective effect of felbamate after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Chronopoulos, A; Holmes, GL; Hyde, P; Mikati, M; Stafstrom, C; Thurber, S, )	0.61
" A dose-response relationship was observed between kainate concentration and the amount of NSE released (r = -0."	( Neuron-specific enolase as a marker of in vitro neuronal damage. Part I: Assessment of neuron-specific enolase as a quantitative and specific marker of neuronal damage. Bonhomme, V; Collette, J; Hans, P; Moonen, G, 1993)	0.29
" Analysis of the dose-response relation for whole cell NMDA-activated currents indicated that propofol caused no significant change in the apparent affinity of the receptor for NMDA."	( Inhibition by propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor in cultured hippocampal neurones. Bertlik, M; MacDonald, JF; Orser, BA; Wang, LY, 1995)	0.29
" Agonist dose-response curves were generated in the presence and absence of various concentrations of ethanol."	( Ethanol inhibition of AMPA and kainate receptor-mediated depolarizations of hippocampal area CA1. Martin, D; Swartzwelder, HS; Tayyeb, MI, 1995)	0.29
" Whereas the mechanism for this nicotine effect is currently not known, future experiments will look at dose-response relationships, the role of nicotine receptors, and possible neuroprotective potential of nicotine in this KA-induced syndrome."	( Nicotine blocks kainic acid-induced wet dog shakes in rats. Borlongan, CV; Sanberg, PR; Shytle, RD, 1995)	0.64
" Dose-response curves show that the potentiation by 17 beta-estradiol was evident at a concentration as low as 10 nM and saturated at 10 microM."	( 17 beta-Estradiol potentiates kainate-induced currents via activation of the cAMP cascade. Gu, Q; Moss, RL, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response analysis for GluRCflop revealed that 100 microM PEPA produced a sevenfold increase in AMPA receptor affinity for glutamate."	( A novel allosteric potentiator of AMPA receptors: 4--2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio--2,6-difluoro-phenoxyaceta mide. Chiba, Y; Fleck, MW; Mayer, ML; Sekiguchi, M; Takeo, J; Wada, K; Yamashita, S, 1997)	0.3
" After the 30-day dosing period, the treated monkeys were killed."	( 30-day oral toxicity study of domoic acid in cynomolgus monkeys: lack of overt toxicity at doses approaching the acute toxic dose. Fernie, S; Iverson, F; Martin, L; Mueller, R; Pulido, O; Truelove, J, 1997)	0.3
" Evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were decreased by kainate by up to 90%, showing a bell-shaped dose-response curve similar to that of native kainate-selective receptors."	( Kainate receptors presynaptically downregulate GABAergic inhibition in the rat hippocampus. Herreras, O; Lerma, J; Rodríguez-Moreno, A, 1997)	0.3
" External H-7 shifted the dose-response curve of GABA-activated currents downward without changing the EC50 significantly (from 15."	( Modulation of nicotinic ACh-, GABAA- and 5-HT3-receptor functions by external H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, in rat sensory neurones. Hu, HZ; Li, ZW, 1997)	0.3
" YM90K induced a parallel and rightward shift of both kainate and AMPA dose-response curves."	( The AMPA-receptor antagonist YM90K reduces AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures. Ohno, K; Okada, M; Sakamoto, S; Tsutsumi, R; Yamaguchi, T, 1998)	0.3
" Cyclothiazide produced a leftward shift of the kainate dose-response curve and enhanced the maximum response of kainate excitotoxicity."	( Characterization of cyclothiazide-enhanced kainate excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures. Matsumoto, N; Ohno, K; Okada, M; Tsutsumi, R; Yamaguchi, T, 1998)	0.3
" We therefore examined the kainate dose-response relationship and the time-course of specific histopathological changes in C57/BL mice, a commonly used founder strain for transgenic technology."	( Neuronal stress and injury in C57/BL mice after systemic kainic acid administration. Cole, AJ; Hu, RQ; Koh, S; Torgerson, T, 1998)	0.55
" In dose-response curves, KA potentiated IGly without significantly changing glycine binding affinity."	( Modulation of the glycine response by Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in rat spinal neurones. Akaike, N; Jin, YH; Li, JS; Xu, TL, 1999)	0.3
"0 mg/kg dosage of 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP."	( Prenatal stress reduces the effectiveness of the neurosteroid 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP to block kainic-acid-induced seizures. Bayon, LE; Frye, CA, 1999)	0.3
" To calculate the dose-response curves we calibrated the relationship between the dye concentration and the photometer voltage output."	( Measurement of concentration-response relationships by concentration-ramp application of agonists. Schmandt, G; Schmidt, KF, 1999)	0.3
" Analysis of kainic acid dose-response curves showed the existence of two types of functional agonist binding sites governing AMPAR activation."	( Functional high- and low affinity agonist binding sites at native dorsal horn AMPA receptors. Rybalchenko, V; Schlichter, R, 1999)	0.67
" The dose-response curves indicated IGF-I was more potent than insulin, favoring the assignment of the former as the physiological protective agent."	( Insulin-like growth factor I prevents the development of sensitivity to kainate neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells. Baer, JD; Coyle, JT; Leski, ML; Valentine, SL, 2000)	0.31
" Prolonged infusion of very small amounts of DCG-IV showed a bell-shaped dose-response relationship with regard to protection against kainate-induced neurotoxicity."	( [Pharmacology of the glutamate receptor]. Shinozaki, H, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response curves (DRCs) for toxicity produced by domoic acid (DOM) were generated using animals on postnatal days (PND) 0, 5, 14, and 22, using a behavioural rating scale."	( Comparative behavioural toxicity of domoic acid and kainic acid in neonatal rats. Allen, GV; Doucette, TA; Ryan, CL; Strain, SM; Tasker, RA, )	0.38
" Similarly, a dosage of KA that did not increase glial fibrillary acidic protein in lean mice increased the hippocampal content of this protein (93%) in ob/ob mice."	( Obesity exacerbates chemically induced neurodegeneration. Benkovic, SA; Miller, DB; O'Callaghan, JP; Sriram, K, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response studies indicated a 60-fold activation of AP-1 transcription factor in cells treated with 100 ng/ml of the peptide."	( Neuroprotective effects of a new synthetic peptide, CMX-9236, in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. Adams, DS; Boyer-Boiteau, A; Cornell-Bell, A; Fisher, M; Li, F; Shashoua, VE, 2003)	0.32
" Glutamate depressed the GABA dose-response curve without shifting the curve laterally or altering the voltage dependence of the current."	( Glutamate modulation of GABA transport in retinal horizontal cells of the skate. Andersen, KA; Kreitzer, MA; Malchow, RP, 2003)	0.32
" We show that at therapeutic dosage (or at micromolar range), flavopiridol almost completely prevents colchicine-induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurones."	( Neuroprotective action of flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in colchicine-induced apoptosis. Bravo, R; Bruna, A; Caelles, C; Camarasa, J; Camins, A; Canudas, AM; Escubedo, E; Jiménez, A; Jorda, EG; Pallàs, M; Pubill, D; Verdaguer, E, 2003)	0.32
" D-aspartate concentration-dependently shifted the dose-response curve of kainate to the right."	( D-aspartate and NMDA, but not L-aspartate, block AMPA receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. Bai, D; Frandsen, A; Gong, XQ; Lu, WY; Pickering, DS; Wan, Y; Zabek, RL, 2005)	0.33
" All three agonists achieve micromolar concentrations measured in whole brain after dosing with 10 mg/kg SC."	( Locomotor activity detects subunit-selective effects of agonists and decahydroisoquinoline antagonists at AMPA/kainic acid ionotropic glutamate receptors in adult rats. O'neill, MF; Ornstein, PL; Osborne, DJ; Sanger, G; Woodhouse, SM, 2005)	0.54
" Following recovery, the phencyclidine dose-response curve was repeated in the fixed-interval paradigm."	( Effects of phencyclidine on schedule-controlled responding following neurotoxic lesions of the striatum. Carlson, KM; Wagner, GC, 2005)	0.33
" The dose-response curve for cocaine-induced convulsions was significantly shifted to the right in NET-KO mice, indicating higher seizure thresholds."	( Genetic deletion of the norepinephrine transporter decreases vulnerability to seizures. Kaminski, RM; Rocha, BA; Shippenberg, TS; Witkin, JM, )	0.13
" Kinetic and dose-response analyses suggest that the effect of stargazin on glutamate desensitization results from an allosteric interaction that destabilizes the desensitized state of the receptor and that potentiation of kainate responses reflects increased efficacy rather than a change in affinity."	( Stargazin modulates native AMPA receptor functional properties by two distinct mechanisms. Garringer, E; Patneau, DK; Turetsky, D, 2005)	0.33
" The latter group suffered approximately 30% mortality, which increased to approximately 75% at dosage of 30 mg/kg KA, compared with 10-14% for the other two genotypes at the latter dosage."	( Enhanced susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures, neuronal apoptosis, and death in mice lacking gangliotetraose gangliosides: protection with LIGA 20, a membrane-permeant analog of GM1. Ledeen, RW; Lu, ZH; Meyenhofer, MF; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wu, G; Xie, X, 2005)	0.33
" Adult animals were dosed with 35 mg/kg KA, while aged animals received a dose of 20 mg/kg in order to prevent excessive mortality."	( Regional neuropathology following kainic acid intoxication in adult and aged C57BL/6J mice. Benkovic, SA; Miller, DB; O'Callaghan, JP, 2006)	0.61
" Therefore, safinamide may be used in PD to reduce l-dopa dosage and also represents a valuable therapeutic drug to test disease-modifying potential."	( Safinamide: from molecular targets to a new anti-Parkinson drug. Caccia, C; Calabresi, M; Curatolo, L; Faravelli, L; Fariello, RG; Maestroni, S; Maj, R; Salvati, P, 2006)	0.33
" We used transgenic mice (mouse GFAP promoter-human GFAP cDNA with R239H mutation) in which the dosage of the GFAP transgene could be manipulated within the same genetic locus."	( Murine model of Alexander disease: analysis of GFAP aggregate formation and its pathological significance. Ikenaka, K; Itohara, S; Iwasato, T; Kato, H; Naruse, M; Ono, K; Takebayashi, H; Tanaka, KF; Yamazaki, Y, 2007)	0.34
"The present study aimed at establishing the CD50 and CD99 doses along with complete dose-response profile of two convulsants, namely, kainic acid and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), in mice and evaluating the modulatory role of the cerebroselective dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nimodipine."	( Evaluation of the modulatory role of nimodipine in seizures induced by kainic acid and pentylenetetrazole in mice. Chakrabarti, A; Hota, D; Sahai, AK; Shitak, R, )	0.57
"0001 to 10 microM, resulting in a nonlinear dose-response curve."	( Immunomodulatory effects upon in vitro exposure of California sea lion and southern sea otter peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. De Guise, S; Draghi, A; Gulland, FM; Jessup, D; Joshi, D; Levin, M, 2010)	0.36
" The results indicate that pretreatment with Parawixin 10 prevents the onset of seizures induced with kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and pentylenetetrazole in a dose-response manner."	( Neurobiological activity of Parawixin 10, a novel anticonvulsant compound isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom (Araneidae: Araneae). Beleboni, RO; Coutinho-Netto, J; Cunha, AO; dos Santos, WF; Fachim, HA; Gobbo-Neto, L; Lopes, NP; Pereira, AC, 2011)	0.58
"The study had evaluated the dose-response curves for nicotine and KA and for KA in nicotine-pretreated mice and for topiramate against KA-induced seizures."	( Nicotine reversal of anticonvulsant action of topiramate in kainic acid-induced seizure model in mice. Chakrabarti, A; Hota, D; Sahai, AK; Sood, N, 2011)	0.61
" In a recent Sprague Dawley rat model, domoic acid dosing induced a state of status epilepticus which, after a symptom-free latent period without further dosing, progressed to recurrent spontaneous seizures, a hallmark of epilepsy."	( Domoic acid induced status epilepticus promotes aggressive behavior in rats. Fuquay, JM; Muha, N; Pennington, PL; Ramsdell, JS, 2012)	0.38
" After KA administration, seizure scores and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were inversely related to (R+)WIN 55,212 dosage whereby higher doses were associated with high seizures scores and synchronous epileptiform activity and low doses with low seizure scores and diminished spiking in the EEG."	( Inverse relationship of cannabimimetic (R+)WIN 55, 212 on behavior and seizure threshold during the juvenile period. Friedman, LK; Leheste, JR; Rafiuddin, A; Rudenko, V, 2012)	0.38
" Rat pups were treated with daily injections of trans-resveratrol under three dosage regimens (1-15 mg/kg and 20-50mg/kg)."	( Lack of resveratrol neuroprotection in developing rats treated with kainic acid. Friedman, LK; Friedman, S; Goldstein, B; Rafiuddin, A; Roblejo, P, 2013)	0.63
" Male Wistar rats were infused with Kainic acid (KA) intra-cisternally for 5 days at the dosage of 50 fmol/day and 150 fmol/day."	( Effect of intra-cisternal application of kainic acid on the spinal cord and locomotor activity in rats. Bala Krishnan, T; Goh, TE; Mitra, NK; Nadarajah, VD; Soga, T; Vasavaraj, AK, 2013)	0.93
"Using depth electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings, we tested the dose-response effects of acute injection of nine AEDs on the occurrence of hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs) as well as on ictal and interictal power spectra in the MTLE mouse model."	( Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Focal Seizures in the Intrahippocampal Kainate Mouse Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Bouyssières, C; Bressand, K; Chabrol, T; Depaulis, A; Duveau, V; Pouyatos, B; Roche, Y; Roucard, C, 2016)	0.43
" Although there was no difference in kainate dosing or seizure count between them, the metabolic pattern of injury was different."	( Metabolic injury in a variable rat model of post-status epilepticus. de Lanerolle, N; Kelly, KM; Pan, JW; Pearce, PS; Rapuano, A; Wu, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Nonadherence to prescribed dosing regimens is a significant problem in the treatment of pediatric and adult chronic epilepsy, and can result in severe consequences to patient outcomes."	( The impact of nonadherence to antiseizure drugs on seizure outcomes in an animal model of epilepsy. Glauser, TA; Modi, AC; Rausch, JR; Steve White, H; Thomson, KE, 2017)	0.46
"In study 1, three different patterns of nonadherence were modeled in newly diagnosed epileptic rats treated with carbamazepine: perfect adherence (100% of pellets contained carbamazepine), variable nonadherence (50% of pellets contained carbamazepine with different dosing patterns between animals), and complete nonadherence (0% of pellets contained carbamazepine)."	( The impact of nonadherence to antiseizure drugs on seizure outcomes in an animal model of epilepsy. Glauser, TA; Modi, AC; Rausch, JR; Steve White, H; Thomson, KE, 2017)	0.46
" Frequency questionnaires can capture accumulated doses over time and this data can be used to examine dose-response relationships with periodic studies of memory and learning."	( Dietary assessment of domoic acid exposure: What can be learned from traditional methods and new applications for a technology assisted device. Ahmad, Z; Boushey, CJ; Delp, EJ; Grattan, LM; Roberts, SM; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" CPD-4645 (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or vehicle was dosed 1 and 7 h after status epilepticus onset in video-electroencephalography (EEG) recorded mice."	( Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase terminates diazepam-resistant status epilepticus in mice and its effects are potentiated by a ketogenic diet. Butler, CR; Guilmette, E; Pauletti, A; Piro, JR; Porcu, L; Rizzi, M; Salamone, A; Samad, TA; Sheehan, MJ; Terrone, G; Vezzani, A; Villa, BR, 2018)	0.48
"Clinical factors contributing to benzodiazepine failure in treating status epilepticus (SE) include suboptimal dosing and seizure duration."	( Status epilepticus: Role for etiology in determining response to benzodiazepines. Chester, SJ; Goodkin, HP; Hawk, KM; Joshi, S; Rajasekaran, K, 2018)	0.48
" In addition, a dose-response study of topiramate (20-600 mg/kg/d) demonstrated that this compound reduced seizure burden at both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses."	( Evaluation of subchronic administration of antiseizure drugs in spontaneously seizing rats. Edwards, SF; Huff, J; Metcalf, CS; Newell, TG; Thomson, KE; West, PJ; Wilcox, KS, 2020)	0.56
" Treatments consisted of one daily injection of the mentioned dosage for seven consecutive days until the day of the excitotoxic lesion."	( Prolactin neuroprotective action against excitotoxic insult in the hippocampus of male mice. Anagnostou, I; Morales, T; Muñoz-Mayorga, D, 2021)	0.62
" Doses and dosing intervals were based on previous pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies in mice."	( Systematic evaluation of rationally chosen multitargeted drug combinations: a combination of low doses of levetiracetam, atorvastatin and ceftriaxone exerts antiepileptogenic effects in a mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Bergin, DH; Johne, M; Klein, P; Löscher, W; Schidlitzki, A; Twele, F; Welzel, L, 2021)	0.62
" Dose-response curves for growth and photosynthesis inhibition were determined."	( Capacity of the potentially toxic diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia mannii and Pseudo-nitzschia hasleana to tolerate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Andree, KB; Ben Othman, H; de la Iglesia, P; Diogène, J; Fernández-Tejedor, M; Hlaili, AS; Kouki, A; Lafabrie, C; Meddeb, M; Mejri, K; Melliti Ben Garali, S; Pringault, O; Sahraoui, I, 2021)	0.62

Role	Description
antinematodal drug	A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
excitatory amino acid agonist	An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
dicarboxylic acid	Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
L-proline derivative	A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.6310	35.7641	100.0000	AID504339
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Potency	12.5893	5.6234	17.2929	31.6228	AID485281
endonuclease IV	Escherichia coli	Potency	15.8489	0.7079	12.4324	31.6228	AID1708
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.3768	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347395
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.3548	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	Bacillus subtilis	Potency	26.2000	0.1413	37.9142	100.0000	AID1490
GLS protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.6234	0.3548	7.9355	39.8107	AID624146
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.3176	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.9526	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1259	0.5406	17.6392	96.1227	AID2364; AID2528
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0018	15.6638	39.8107	AID894
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	13.3332	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743066
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540263
snurportin-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	5.8048	36.1306	65.1308	AID540263
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	35.4813	0.0079	8.2332	1,122.0200	AID2546
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.7308	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624296
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.8214	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631; AID720552
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927	Potency	33.8078	0.0601	10.7453	37.9330	AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glutamate receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	16.2500	0.0001	1.6179	10.0000	AID1553721; AID31459; AID92212; AID92342; AID92354; AID92487; AID92946
Glutamate receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.4770	0.0000	0.4105	2.7800	AID391442
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	16.2500	0.0001	1.7000	10.0000	AID1553721; AID31459; AID92212; AID92342; AID92354; AID92487; AID92946
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	4.9950	0.0000	0.6853	6.3000	AID391443; AID723868
Glutamate receptor 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	16.2500	0.0001	1.7000	10.0000	AID1553721; AID31459; AID92212; AID92342; AID92354; AID92487; AID92946
Glutamate receptor 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	1.9800	0.0000	0.7177	7.4000	AID391444
Glutamate receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	16.2500	0.0001	1.7000	10.0000	AID1553721; AID31459; AID92212; AID92342; AID92354; AID92487; AID92946
Glutamate receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	3.5700	0.0000	0.5277	3.5700	AID391445
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0126	0.0070	0.9821	7.0000	AID91466; AID93552; AID93557; AID93558; AID93564; AID93569; AID93570; AID95528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0742	0.0007	1.7175	8.1800	AID339927; AID391446
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.6003	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839; AID145264
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.8666	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0770	0.0770	2.6442	5.0000	AID255267
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1770	0.0007	1.7508	4.8000	AID93247; AID93250
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0126	0.0070	1.0132	7.0000	AID91466; AID93552; AID93557; AID93558; AID93564; AID93569; AID93570; AID95528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0103	0.0037	0.8025	4.1000	AID339928; AID391447; AID93405
Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	7.4663	0.0147	2.5037	9.2000	AID92951; AID92952; AID92953
Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	12.2070	0.0168	1.2772	5.0000	AID92962; AID92963; AID92964
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0126	0.0070	1.0132	7.0000	AID91466; AID93552; AID93557; AID93558; AID93564; AID93569; AID93570; AID95528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0183	0.0038	0.7975	4.1000	AID339929
Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.7113	0.0400	1.2335	8.8500	AID93111; AID93112; AID93113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.6306	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.6805	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0006	1.5257	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.7071	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.7472	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.8196	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0126	0.0070	1.0132	7.0000	AID91466; AID93552; AID93557; AID93558; AID93564; AID93569; AID93570; AID95528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0047	0.0047	1.5919	4.1000	AID339936
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	AID255267
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0391	0.0012	0.3344	1.1060	AID93265; AID93266; AID93392
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0770	0.0770	2.0385	4.0000	AID255267
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0100	0.0100	0.3995	0.7890	AID93407; AID93408
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	AID255267
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	0.0770	AID255267
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0883	0.0080	0.7155	2.1440	AID74822; AID93254; AID93411
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0126	0.0070	1.0132	7.0000	AID91466; AID93552; AID93557; AID93558; AID93564; AID93569; AID93570; AID95528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0150	0.0150	1.5945	4.1000	AID339937
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0007	1.7411	10.0000	AID144470; AID144607; AID144768; AID144838; AID144839
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	68.7667	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1553723; AID478464; AID723868
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.1600	0.1600	4.9000	12.8000	AID977611
Chain A, Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.1600	0.1600	4.9000	12.8000	AID977611
Chain C, Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.1600	0.1600	4.9000	12.8000	AID977611
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	299.0000	0.0550	2.2786	4.9000	AID439883
Glutamate receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	24.3333	0.0041	1.8963	8.7000	AID422606; AID477117; AID477138
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	380.0000	0.0041	1.6251	7.6000	AID422608; AID477139
Glutamate receptor 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	37.0000	0.0041	1.1706	3.5000	AID422610; AID477118; AID477140
Glutamate receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	47.0000	0.0041	1.1339	3.5000	AID422612; AID477141
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	37.0000	0.6600	0.6600	0.6600	AID422614
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	1.2903	8.3000	AID144320
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	33.6000	0.0019	0.6145	4.1000	AID439882
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	1.8000	1.8000	1.8000	1.8000	AID422616
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0390	0.0390	0.0390	0.0390	AID257202
Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	49.5025	0.3800	4.1138	10.0000	AID477119; AID477135; AID477146; AID477557
Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	34.0350	0.1500	3.0560	7.6000	AID477146; AID477558
Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	26.6100	1.6600	4.4067	7.9000	AID477559
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	1.0222	6.8600	AID144320
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	0.8669	6.8600	AID144320
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	1.1127	6.8600	AID144320
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	AID74818; AID93262
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	1.3937	8.3000	AID144320
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	0.9051	6.8600	AID144320
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	25.0000	0.0030	0.9051	6.8600	AID144320
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of visible light	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eye	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system development	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse organization	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-beta	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recycling	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse assembly	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term memory	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lithium ion	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spinal cord development	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex development	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor internalization	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiol	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substance	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to electrical stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiation	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depression	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fungicide	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ammonium ion	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dsRNA	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amine stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulus	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerization	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterotetramerization	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiation	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor clustering	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of JNK cascade	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of cold stimulus involved in thermoception	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
A2A adenosine receptor binding	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase binding	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
immunoglobulin binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
small GTPase binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
myosin V binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein beta-subunit binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
beta-2 adrenergic receptor binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase A binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic cation channel activity	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
SNARE binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly glutamate-gated ion channel activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein binding	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate-gated receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor activity	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
Golgi membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
new growing cell tip	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte projection	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junction	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junction	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
axonal spine	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron spine	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory synapse	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynapse	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density, intracellular component	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
perisynaptic space	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapse	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory synapse	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic endocytic zone	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membrane	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular vesicle	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
AMPA glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Glutamate receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite cytoplasm	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
terminal bouton	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
mossy fiber rosette	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite cytoplasm	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
terminal bouton	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
kainate selective glutamate receptor complex	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID93549	Antagonism of Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate action was measured as [Ca2+] influx in rat cerebellar granule neurons at 50 uM concentration	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-07, Volume: 41, Issue:10	Synthesis and biology of the conformationally restricted ACPD analogue, 2-aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid-I, a potent mGluR agonist.
AID95528	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of binding of [3H]-Kainic acid to kianic acid receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID611792	Agonist activity at Non-desensitized homomeric rat GluK1(Q)1b mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes at 1 mM by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID74819	Agonistic activity of compound on Glutamate receptor 6 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells was expressed as percentage Rmax	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID187656	Effect on fractional [3H]GABA release from rat forebrain neurons in culture in the presence of [3H]GABA	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 33, Issue:6	Synthesis and bioactivity of a new class of rigid glutamate analogues. Modulators of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
AID93408	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 3 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID92041	Percent control measured by evaluating the inhibition of 3 nM [125I]PhTX-343-lysine binding to glutamate receptors in rat cortical membranes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	Synthesis and binding of [125I2]philanthotoxin-343, [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-lysine, and [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-arginine to rat brain membranes.
AID1553723	Displacement of [3H]CGP39653 from NMDA receptor in rat brain synaptic cortical membranes after 60 mins by scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9	Use of the 4-Hydroxytriazole Moiety as a Bioisosteric Tool in the Development of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligands.
AID611794	Antagonist activity at non-desensitized homomeric rat GluK3 mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of (S)-glutamate-induced current by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID330946	Upregulation of P2Y6 receptor mRNA signals in Wistar rat hippocampal CA3 region assessed as increase in number of microglia by in situ hybridization after 3 days	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID547622	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes infected in BESM cells measured after 88 hrs postinfection by HTS assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8	Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID611795	Agonist activity at non-desensitized homomeric rat GluK3 mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes at 1 mM by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID93405	Inhibition of [3H]kainate binding at rat forebrain ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 39, Issue:19	Synthesis of a series of aryl kainic acid analogs and evaluation in cells stably expressing the kainate receptor humGluR6.
AID422607	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR1 flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID129532	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for tonicity in presence alone in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID93250	Binding affinity against human ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 1 in HK293 cells using [3H]kainate as radioligand	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID1594728	Toxicity in ddY mouse assessed as induction of spasms at 1.1 nmol dosed via intracerebroventricular injection	2019	Journal of natural products, 06-28, Volume: 82, Issue:6	Possible Biosynthetic Products and Metabolites of Kainic Acid from the Red Alga Digenea simplex and Their Biological Activity.
AID129534	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for tonicity in presence along with the radioligand [3H]- CPP in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID697853	Inhibition of horse BChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID93111	Displacement of [3H]AMPA from human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 4 expressed in HEK293 cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 40, Issue:22	Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes.
AID257202	Displacement of [3H]kainate from rat GLUK6 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 48, Issue:24	Synthesis and pharmacology of willardiine derivatives acting as antagonists of kainate receptors.
AID144768	In vitro inhibition of [3H]CPP binding to NMDA receptor.	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 39, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacology of highly selective carboxy and phosphono isoxazole amino acid AMPA receptor antagonists.
AID144187	Agonistic activity at N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor was measured as [Ca2+] influx in rat cerebellar granule neurons at 50 uM concentration	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-07, Volume: 41, Issue:10	Synthesis and biology of the conformationally restricted ACPD analogue, 2-aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid-I, a potent mGluR agonist.
AID92952	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 1 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID422610	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR3 flip isomer expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID129533	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for tonicity in presence along with the antagonist GYKI 52466 in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID338171	Displacement of [3H]kainic acid from kainate receptor assessed as specific binding relative to total binding	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID477141	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA4 receptor flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on cyclothiazide-induced calcium flux by Fluo-4/AM staining-based fluorescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID129400	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for the Clonic seizure presence along with the antagonist GYKI 52466 in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID129396	Convulsant property on icv (intracervical) injection measured as clonus seizures in mouse.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID477146	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA1A2 receptor flip isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID93247	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 1 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID439882	Agonist activity at recombinant GluR5	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Substituted 2-aminothiopen-derivatives: a potential new class of GluR6-antagonists.
AID611796	Antagonist activity at Non-desensitized homomeric rat GluK1(Q)1b mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of (S)-glutamate-induced current by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID57548	Compound was tested for agonistic activity on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (thought to express GluR5 receptors)	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID439883	Agonist activity at recombinant GluR6	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1	Substituted 2-aminothiopen-derivatives: a potential new class of GluR6-antagonists.
AID477118	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA3 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID74818	Compound was tested for agonistic activity at Glutamate receptor 6 using HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID175858	In vitro stimulation of norepinephrine release from hippocampal nerve endings.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Structure--activity studies for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropanoic acid receptors: acidic hydroxyphenylalanines.
AID330950	Increase in UTP level in Wistar rat hippocampal neuron at 10 mg/kg, ip by microdialysis	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID92212	Binding affinity against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA using [3H]AMPA as radioligand.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID330945	Increase in P2Y6 receptor protein expression in Wistar rat neurons	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID422613	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR4 flip isomer expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID144839	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of binding of [3H]- MK-801 to NMDA receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID477138	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA1 receptor flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on cyclothiazide-induced calcium flux by Fluo-4/AM staining-based fluorescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID31459	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of binding of [3H]AMPA to the AMPA receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID92953	Compound was tested for binding affinity against human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 1 in HEK293 cells using [3H]-AMPA as radioligand	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID521220	Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay	2007	Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5	Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID422615	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR5(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID422609	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR2(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID93552	Ability to inhibit [3H]-KA binding to Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate from rat cortical membranes.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-07, Volume: 38, Issue:14	Synthesis, resolution, and biological evaluation of the four stereoisomers of 4-methylglutamic acid: selective probes of kainate receptors.
AID1594724	Toxicity in ddY mouse assessed as death time at 1.1 nmol dosed via intracerebroventricular injection	2019	Journal of natural products, 06-28, Volume: 82, Issue:6	Possible Biosynthetic Products and Metabolites of Kainic Acid from the Red Alga Digenea simplex and Their Biological Activity.
AID1553721	Displacement of [3H]AMPA from AMPA receptor in rat brain synaptic cortical membranes after 30 mins by scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9	Use of the 4-Hydroxytriazole Moiety as a Bioisosteric Tool in the Development of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligands.
AID977599	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID93252	Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from HEK293 cells stably transfected with Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 1.Results are expressed as % of maximum inward current evoked	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID611784	Agonist activity at rat GluK2 mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes at 1 mM by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID422614	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR5(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID257201	Displacement of [3H]SYM2081 from kainate receptor in rat brain membrane	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 48, Issue:24	Synthesis and pharmacology of willardiine derivatives acting as antagonists of kainate receptors.
AID339937	Binding affinity to rat cloned KA2 receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: new insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7.
AID93401	Electrophysiological activity at 10 uM domoate from HEK293 cells transfected with Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 39, Issue:19	Synthesis of a series of aryl kainic acid analogs and evaluation in cells stably expressing the kainate receptor humGluR6.
AID74816	Compound was tested for agonistic activity at Glutamate receptor 5 using HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID477117	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA1 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID339936	Binding affinity to rat cloned KA1 receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: new insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7.
AID93407	Ability to bind to Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 3 was evaluated	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID92487	In vitro inhibition of [3H]AMPA binding to Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA.	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 39, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacology of highly selective carboxy and phosphono isoxazole amino acid AMPA receptor antagonists.
AID129522	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for the Clonic seizure presence of the compound along with the antagonist NBQX in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID330949	Reversal of increase drug-induced phagocytosis in Wistar rat microglia assessed as uptake of microspheres by FACS in presence of MRS2578	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID231243	Potency ratio (the ratio between the CD50 value of the drug in the presence of antagonist versus its CD50 value) for compound in presence of GYKI 52466; range 4.7-7.2	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID92498	Inhibition of specific binding of [3H]AMPA to Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA in rat brain membranes; Not Determined	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Structure--activity studies for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropanoic acid receptors: acidic hydroxyphenylalanines.
AID144470	Binding affinity against N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor using [3H]-CPP as radioligand.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID93262	Effective concentration against human GluR6 expressed in HEK293 cells	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID57553	Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons and Rmax value is reported.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID145264	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of binding of [3H]glycine to NMDA receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID144838	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of binding of [3H]- CPP to NMDA receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID337887	Displacement of [3H]kainic acid from kainate receptor	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID422612	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR4 flip isomer expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID330940	Increase in P2Y6 receptor protein expression in Wistar rat brain at 10 mg/kg, ip after 72 hrs by Western blotting	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID697852	Inhibition of electric eel AChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22	Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID93392	Binding affinity against human ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 2 in HEK293 cells using [3H]kainate as radioligand	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID330951	Induction of neuronal loss in Wistar rat neurons at 10 mg/kg, ip after 2-3 days	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID93113	Compound was tested for binding affinity against human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 4 in HEK293 cells using [3H]AMPA as radioligand	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID26365	pKa value by 1H NMR titration experiments; pK1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Syntheses and conformational analyses of glutamate analogs: 2-(2-carboxy-3-substituted-cyclopropyl)glycines as useful probes for excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID205942	Repolarization time for compound was measured by pattern firing by APN and KVN blockade	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Synthesis, resolution, and absolute configuration of the isomers of the neuronal excitant 1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid.
AID478463	Displacement of [3H]KA from KA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 53, Issue:10	4-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and molecular pharmacological characterization at ionotropic glutamate receptors of compounds related to glutamate and its homologues.
AID93411	Ability to bind to Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate (kainate 2) was evaluated.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID92795	Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]AMPA radioligand to Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA in rat brain membranes.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-02, Volume: 41, Issue:14	Heteroaryl analogues of AMPA. 2. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, photochemistry, and structure-activity relationships.
AID605077	Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as inhibition of kainic acid-induced caspase 3 activation in hippocampus region at 5 mg/kg, po administered 2 to 8 hrs prior to kainic acid challenge measured after 2 hrs by immunoblotting	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-09, Volume: 53, Issue:23	A synthetic 7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivative promotes neurogenesis and exhibits potent antidepressant effect.
AID180197	Neuroprotective effect evaluated for excitatory amino acid receptor antagonism with the concentration at 1 uL in the corpus striatum of 7 rats with choline acetyltransferase as the marker enzyme.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1	Novel class of amino acid antagonists at non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid excitatory amino acid receptors. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, and neuroprotection.
AID180198	Neuroprotective effect evaluated for excitatory amino acid receptor antagonism with the concentration at 1 uL in the corpus striatum of 7 rats with glutamic acid decarboxylase as the marker enzyme.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1	Novel class of amino acid antagonists at non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid excitatory amino acid receptors. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology, and neuroprotection.
AID330948	Increase in phagocytosis in Wistar rat microglia assessed as uptake of microspheres by FACS	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID478462	Displacement of [3H]AMPA from AMPA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 53, Issue:10	4-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and molecular pharmacological characterization at ionotropic glutamate receptors of compounds related to glutamate and its homologues.
AID326373	Excitotoxicity against C57BL/6N mouse hippocampal neurons after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5	Structure-activity study of 2,3-benzodiazepin-4-ones noncompetitive AMPAR antagonists: identification of the 1-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-3,5-dihydro-7,8-ethylenedioxy-4H-2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one as neuroprotective agent.
AID339927	Displacement of [3H]SYM2081 from rat recombinant iGluR5	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: new insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7.
AID26848	The dissociation constant at omega-carboxyl or hydroxyl group in water at 20 degree Centigrade. (evaluated by Madsen. U et. al.)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID26873	The dissociation constant at ammonium group in water at 20 degree Centigrade. (evaluated by Madsen. U et. al.)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID196268	Depolarizing potency in new born rat spinal cord	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Syntheses and conformational analyses of glutamate analogs: 2-(2-carboxy-3-substituted-cyclopropyl)glycines as useful probes for excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID391444	Displacement of (R,S)-[5-methyl-3H]AMPA from rat recombinant flop iGluR3 expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID91466	In vitro inhibition of [3H]KAIN binding to Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate.	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 39, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacology of highly selective carboxy and phosphono isoxazole amino acid AMPA receptor antagonists.
AID187655	Effect on fractional [3H]GABA release from rat forebrain neurons in culture	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 33, Issue:6	Synthesis and bioactivity of a new class of rigid glutamate analogues. Modulators of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
AID196569	Electropharmacology on rat cortical slice preparation for EAA-evoked depolarizations; Depolarization evoked by the compound is not antagonised by 5 uM of NBQX but fully antagonised by 20 uM of NBQX.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID129535	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for tonicity in presence of the compound along with the antagonist NBQX in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID478464	Displacement of [3H]CGP39653 from NMDA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 53, Issue:10	4-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and molecular pharmacological characterization at ionotropic glutamate receptors of compounds related to glutamate and its homologues.
AID129397	Convulsant property on icv (intracervical) injection measured as tonus seizures in mouse.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID92963	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 2 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID1553722	Displacement of [3H]KA from KA receptor in rat brain synaptic cortical membranes after 60 mins by scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9	Use of the 4-Hydroxytriazole Moiety as a Bioisosteric Tool in the Development of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligands.
AID391445	Displacement of (R,S)-[5-methyl-3H]AMPA from rat recombinant flop iGluR4 expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID93254	Displacement of [3H]kainate from human Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 1 expressed in HEK293 cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 40, Issue:22	Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes.
AID255267	Percent inhibition against Kainate receptor at a compound concentration of 1 uM	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-03, Volume: 48, Issue:22	2-n-Butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine and analogues as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization.
AID339929	Displacement of [3H]SYM2081 from rat recombinant iGluR7	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: new insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7.
AID231239	Potency ratio (the ratio between the CD50 value of the drug in the presence of antagonist versus its CD50 value) for compound in presence of CPP; range 1.6-2.2	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID547804	Selectivity window, ratio of EC50 for BESM cells to EC50 for Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes infected in BESM cells	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8	Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID93399	Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from HEK293 cells stably transfected with human Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 2.Results are expressed as % of maximum inward current evoked	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID91444	Depolarizing potency in Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate sensitive neurons in the immature rat dorsal roots	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Syntheses and conformational analyses of glutamate analogs: 2-(2-carboxy-3-substituted-cyclopropyl)glycines as useful probes for excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID477557	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA1 receptor flip isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing gamma2-TARP	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID196183	The compound was tested for anticonvulsive activity expressed as seizure score after 4 hr of injection of kainic acid (10 mg/kg) in 15 rats	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-09, Volume: 11, Issue:13	Anticonvulsant effects of new morphinan derivatives.
AID330941	Induction of neuronal loss in Wistar rat hippocampal CA1 region assessed as increase in number of microglia by immunohistochemical analysis	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID330953	Reversal of drug-induced phagocytosis in Wistar rat hippocampal CA3 region assessed as increase in number of microglia at 10 mg/kg, ip in presence of MRS2578	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID197546	The compound was evaluated for agonist sensitivity to antagonist NBQX	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID93266	Inhibition of [3H]kainate binding at ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 39, Issue:19	Synthesis of a series of aryl kainic acid analogs and evaluation in cells stably expressing the kainate receptor humGluR6.
AID339928	Displacement of [3H]SYM2081 from rat recombinant iGluR6	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of a series of 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues: new insight into the structure-activity relation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 5, 6, and 7.
AID93265	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 2 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID477139	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA2 receptor flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on cyclothiazide-induced calcium flux by Fluo-4/AM staining-based fluorescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID26366	pKa value by 1H NMR titration experiments; pK2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Syntheses and conformational analyses of glutamate analogs: 2-(2-carboxy-3-substituted-cyclopropyl)glycines as useful probes for excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID92951	Displacement of [3H]AMPA from human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 1 expressed in HEK293 cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 40, Issue:22	Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes.
AID330942	Induction of neuronal loss in Wistar rat hippocampal CA3 region assessed as increase in number of microglia by immunohistochemical analysis	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID1594727	Toxicity in ddY mouse assessed as induction of scratching at 1.1 nmol dosed via intracerebroventricular injection	2019	Journal of natural products, 06-28, Volume: 82, Issue:6	Possible Biosynthetic Products and Metabolites of Kainic Acid from the Red Alga Digenea simplex and Their Biological Activity.
AID57552	Effective concentration required for evoking response in HEK293 cell	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID92962	Displacement of [3H]AMPA from human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 2 expressed in HEK293 cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 40, Issue:22	Synthesis of willardiine and 6-azawillardiine analogs: pharmacological characterization on cloned homomeric human AMPA and kainate receptor subtypes.
AID26367	pKa value by 1H NMR titration experiments; pK3	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2	Syntheses and conformational analyses of glutamate analogs: 2-(2-carboxy-3-substituted-cyclopropyl)glycines as useful probes for excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID93719	Inhibition of specific binding of [3H]kainate to Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate in rat brain membranes	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Structure--activity studies for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropanoic acid receptors: acidic hydroxyphenylalanines.
AID93558	Binding affinity against Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate using [3H]KAIN as radioligand.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID74822	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Glutamate receptor (KA2) using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID93554	Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]-kainic acid radioligand to Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate in rat brain membranes.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-02, Volume: 41, Issue:14	Heteroaryl analogues of AMPA. 2. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, photochemistry, and structure-activity relationships.
AID422608	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR2(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID477559	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA3 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing gamma2-TARP	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID391447	Displacement of [3H]kainic acid from rat recombinant iGluR6(V,C,R) receptor expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID144607	Compound was evaluated for binding affinity at N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor using [3H]CPP as radioligand	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID566256	Inhibition of rat kainate receptor	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21	Discovery of {1-[4-(2-{hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]cyclooctyl}methanol, systemically potent novel non-peptide agonist of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor as analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain: de
AID93243	Effective concentration against GluR5 expressed in HEK293 cells	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID74817	Agonistic activity of compound on Glutamate receptor 5 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells was expressed as percentage Rmax	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID330943	Increase in P2Y6 receptor protein expression in Wistar rat microglia	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID92964	Compound was tested for binding affinity against human Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 2 in HK293 cells using [3H]AMPA as radioligand	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-18, Volume: 43, Issue:10	4-Alkyl- and 4-cinnamylglutamic acid analogues are potent GluR5 kainate receptor agonists.
AID330947	Increase in UTP level in Wistar rat hippocampal neuron at 100 uM after 1 hr by microdialysis in presence of ARL67156	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID92354	Compound was evaluated for binding affinity at Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA using [3H]AMPA as radioligand	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID422606	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR1 flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID231235	Potency ratio (the ratio between the CD50 value of the drug in the presence of antagonist versus its CD50 value) for compound in presence of CPP compound in presence of NBQX; range 6.3-14.6	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID611793	Antagonist activity at non-desensitized homomeric rat GluK2 mutant expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of (S)-glutamate-induced current by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-14, Volume: 54, Issue:13	Selective kainate receptor (GluK1) ligands structurally based upon 1H-cyclopentapyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: synthesis, molecular modeling, and pharmacological and biostructural characterization.
AID93112	Binding affinity of compound was determined against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA 4 using cell membranes prepared from HEK293 cells	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID330952	Induction of phagocytosis in Wistar rat hippocampal CA3 region assessed as increase in number of microglia at 10 mg/kg, ip	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID129398	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for the Clonic seizure presence alone in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID93400	Electrophysiological activity at 1 uM domoate from HEK293 cells transfected with ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 39, Issue:19	Synthesis of a series of aryl kainic acid analogs and evaluation in cells stably expressing the kainate receptor humGluR6.
AID26635	The dissociation constant at alpha-carboxyl group in water at 20 degree Centigrade. (evaluated by Madsen. U et. al.)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-07, Volume: 42, Issue:20	Synthesis and enantiopharmacology of new AMPA-kainate receptor agonists.
AID723868	Binding affinity to rat GluA2-LBD (GluR2-S1S2J)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4	Chemoenzymatic synthesis of new 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues and structure-activity relationship studies at ionotropic glutamate receptors and excitatory amino acid transporters.
AID197547	The compound was evaluated for agonist sensitivity to antagonist R-APPA	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 37, Issue:7	Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and pharmacology of the S-(+)- and R-(-)-isomers of the apparent partial AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(R,S)-APPA].
AID547621	Cytotoxicity against BESM cells after 88 hrs by HTS assay	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8	Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID477560	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA4 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing gamma2-TARP	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID144320	Compound was evaluated for the affinity of the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor at 10 uM, partially antagonized by 5 uM NBQX and fully antagonized by 20 uM NBQX.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID422616	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR6(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID179409	Concentration that produces 50% displacement of [3H]-kainic acid from nerve cell membrane receptor sites	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 27, Issue:1	Palladium (II)-catalyzed olefin-coupling reactions of kainic acid: effects of substitution on the isopropenyl group on receptor binding.
AID391442	Displacement of (R,S)-[5-methyl-3H]AMPA from rat recombinant flop iGluR1 expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID477558	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA2 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing gamma2-TARP	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID93570	Compound was evaluated for binding affinity at Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate using [3H]- KAIN as radioligand	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID477135	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA1 receptor flip isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID477119	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA1 receptor flop isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID144459	Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]CPP radioligand to N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in rat brain membranes.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-02, Volume: 41, Issue:14	Heteroaryl analogues of AMPA. 2. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, photochemistry, and structure-activity relationships.
AID92946	In vitro inhibition of [3H]CNQX binding to Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA.	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 39, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacology of highly selective carboxy and phosphono isoxazole amino acid AMPA receptor antagonists.
AID93564	Binding affinity was measured by [3H]- Ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate binding assay.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 35, Issue:1	Heterocyclic excitatory amino acids. Synthesis and biological activity of novel analogues of AMPA.
AID330944	Increase in P2Y6 receptor protein expression in Wistar rat astrocytes	2007	Nature, Apr-26, Volume: 446, Issue:7139	UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis.
AID93557	Binding affinity against Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate by displacing [3H]KA from purified rat synaptic membranes	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Synthesis and structure-activity studies on excitatory amino acids structurally related to ibotenic acid.
AID93402	Electrophysiological activity at 30 uM domoate from HEK293 cells transfected with ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate 2	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 39, Issue:19	Synthesis of a series of aryl kainic acid analogs and evaluation in cells stably expressing the kainate receptor humGluR6.
AID129519	In Vivo evaluation of the Compound administered through icv for the Clonic seizure presence along with the radioligand [3H]- CPP in mice.	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:20	Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity.
AID1594729	Toxicity in ddY mouse assessed as induction of sudden jumping at 1.1 nmol dosed via intracerebroventricular injection	2019	Journal of natural products, 06-28, Volume: 82, Issue:6	Possible Biosynthetic Products and Metabolites of Kainic Acid from the Red Alga Digenea simplex and Their Biological Activity.
AID143782	Binding affinity was measured by N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1/2A/2B/2C/2D binding assay.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 35, Issue:1	Heterocyclic excitatory amino acids. Synthesis and biological activity of novel analogues of AMPA.
AID93569	Compound tested for binding affinity towards Ionotropic glutamate receptor kainate	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Ibotenic acid analogues. Synthesis and biological and in vitro activity of conformationally restricted agonists at central excitatory amino acid receptors.
AID92342	Binding affinity at Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA, using [3H]AMPA receptor binding assay.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 35, Issue:1	Heterocyclic excitatory amino acids. Synthesis and biological activity of novel analogues of AMPA.
AID391443	Displacement of (R,S)-[5-methyl-3H]AMPA from rat recombinant flop iGluR2(R) expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID391446	Displacement of [3H]SYM2081 from rat recombinant iGluR5(Q)1b expressed in Sf9 cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20	1H-cyclopentapyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione-related ionotropic glutamate receptors ligands. structure-activity relationships and identification of potent and Selective iGluR5 modulators.
AID477147	Agonist activity at recombinant GluA2A4 receptor flip isoform expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID57550	Agonistic activity of compound on rat dorsal root ganglion cells was expressed as percentage Rmax	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-21, Volume: 10, Issue:16	4-Alkylidenyl glutamic acids, potent and selective GluR5 agonists.
AID422617	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR6(Q) RNA-edited isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID422611	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluR3 flip isomer expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level by Fluo-4/AM assay relative to glutamic acid	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization.
AID477140	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GluA3 receptor flip isoform expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on cyclothiazide-induced calcium flux by Fluo-4/AM staining-based fluorescence assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 18, Issue:4	Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2003	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May-13, Volume: 100, Issue:10	Tuning activation of the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 ion channel by genetic adjustment of agonist-induced conformational changes.
AID1811	Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB	2003	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May-13, Volume: 100, Issue:10	Tuning activation of the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 ion channel by genetic adjustment of agonist-induced conformational changes.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1831 (19.76)	18.7374
1990's	3104 (33.50)	18.2507
2000's	2344 (25.29)	29.6817
2010's	1611 (17.38)	24.3611
2020's	377 (4.07)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (0.03%)	5.53%
Reviews	212 (2.22%)	6.00%
Case Studies	7 (0.07%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	9,318 (97.67%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.44	2	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-ketoglutaric acid 2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.	2.08	1	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.15	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	3.42	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.71	10	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	3.35	7	0
4-aminobutyraldehyde 4-aminobutanal : An omega-aminoaldehyde that is butanal in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	7.37	2	0	aminobutanal; omega-aminoaldehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	13.7	543	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.36	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.9	4	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.88	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.44	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	3.12	5	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.1	5	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.24	6	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	4.78	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.02	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.69	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	4.02	13	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.71	3	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	3.98	4	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	7.02	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.05	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	5.81	30	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	1.98	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.47	58	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	7.89	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.52	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.07	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.07	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.9	12	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.45	2	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	4.71	30	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
taxifolin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; pentahydroxyflavanone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.95	38	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.88	12	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.41	2	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	8.05	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.92	4	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	13.43	178	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.41	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.71	3	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	3.78	11	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.08	5	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.38	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.51	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.02	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	4.86	11	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	9.48	7	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.38	2	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.1	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	3.11	5	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.11	5	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	3.98	13	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	8.38	51	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.1	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.12	15	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.7	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.67	9	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.38	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	4.09	3	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.4	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.17	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	4.57	8	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	7.38	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.36	2	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.04	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	8.86	12	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.02	1	0	pyrazole
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.44	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	7.67	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.46	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	7.83	92	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.03	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.13	1	0	selenium oxoacid
spermidine [no description available]	3.78	11	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	4.56	25	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.69	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
taurine [no description available]	7.22	74	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	8.25	6	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.51	8	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	7.71	3	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.73	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.4	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
epibatidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
2,4-methanoglutamate 2,4-methanoglutamate: structure given in first source; selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist; inhibits high affinity L-glutamic acid uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes; RN given for (trans)-isomer	1.99	1	0
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	12.72	247	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2	1	0	benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4.3	19	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	18.06	752	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzazepine
2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid 2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid: effective antagonist at all three types of excitatory amino acid receptors; does not depress responses to acetylcholine or substance P	3.91	13	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	4.79	32	0
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	3.07	5	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	11.15	319	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.69	3	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	5.1	17	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2.4	2	0	quinolone
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; glutamate receptor agonist	4.59	8	0	alpha-amino acid
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine: weak agonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors; occludes the action of 1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate in hippocampus	2.69	3	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
1,10-diaminodecane [no description available]	2.4	2	0
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.44	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.88	12	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	4.24	18	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.39	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.02	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: crosses the blood brain barrier & enhances synaptic responses in freely moving animals	1.98	1	0	N-acylpiperidine
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.61	9	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.03	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.21	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.45	2	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.43	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.67	3	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	2.92	4	0	organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	1.98	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.04	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
zopolrestat zopolrestat: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	4.07	4	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	1.96	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	7.38	2	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methoxytyrosine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tyrosine derivative
3-methoxymorphinan 3-methoxymorphinan: dextromethorphan metabolite; RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2	1	0
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2.43	2	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	8.53	8	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.89	4	0
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.03	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminobutylphosphonic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	10.64	29	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	4.46	23	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.	2.03	1	0	carbohydrazide; phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; benzenes; N-oxide; nitrile	geroprotector; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.03	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	5.53	22	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	3.09	5	0	quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid 5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	3.85	12	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	3.5	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.45	2	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7,8-dihydroxyflavone 7,8-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8. A naturally occurring flavonoid produced by several plants, including the weed Tridax procumbens (coalbuttons or tridax daisy) and the tree Godmania aesculifolia, In animal models, it has shown efficacy against several diseases of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	8.85	12	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	4.2	17	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.9	4	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	3.25	6	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.9	4	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	8.38	7	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.52	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
ag 127 tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon	2.03	1	0	nitrophenol
rtki cpd [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; geroprotector
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	catechols
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes	geroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.03	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.03	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	3.18	5	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amfonelic acid amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant	2.03	1	0
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.03	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	4.13	16	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.69	3	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	1.98	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.03	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
aniracetam [no description available]	4.01	14	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.93	4	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	5.05	42	0
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.4	2	0	guanidines
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	8.23	6	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.43	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.11	5	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.29	6	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist	4.15	16	0	alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	3.09	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.21	1	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	6.66	42	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.7	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	1.95	1	0	piperidones
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.65	3	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.43	2	0	benzamides
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.03	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
betaxolol [no description available]	7.03	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.7	3	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.25	6	0
bml 190 indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor	2.03	1	0	N-acylindole
brimonidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bu 224 BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker	2.13	1	0	quinolines
bumetanide [no description available]	5.17	10	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	7.11	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
caffeine [no description available]	4.2	17	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.93	13	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.69	3	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	5.82	34	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	benzenes
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.03	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	8.13	5	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cgp 37157 CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange	1.99	1	0	benzothiazepine
cgs 12066 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; pyrroloquinoxaline	serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.94	4	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.9	4	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.99	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.06	5	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.03	1	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.69	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.03	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.32	6	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.05	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	4.58	8	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.85	13	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	1.99	1	0
cx546 1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cyclocreatine cyclocreatine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	5.73	83	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	10.67	78	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.67	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid 2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid: RN given refers to DL-isomer	1.97	1	0
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.92	4	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	3.91	12	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	3.41	7	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.39	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	4.32	6	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	10.79	17	0	primary amine
racemethorphan 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; morphinane alkaloid; morphinane-like compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.67	3	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.64	93	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	3.25	6	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.46	2	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.55	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.99	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.03	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.07	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.03	1	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.41	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	5.84	30	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	9.68	29	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.07	5	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	3.48	2	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.08	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	6.95	1	0
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.05	1	0
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.41	2	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.43	2	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.46	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.76	3	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.91	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	6.52	58	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	7.7	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	3.26	6	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.09	5	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.42	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	1.96	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.38	2	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.53	8	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	4.33	20	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.46	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	9.21	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.5	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
formoterol fumarate N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides; phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
furafylline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.93	4	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.96	4	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	3.08	5	0	oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	2.03	1	0
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.69	3	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.17	1	0
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	7.46	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	8.62	9	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.07	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.95	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	10.4	59	0	benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.51	8	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	7.31	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	7.23	76	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.23	6	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	9.31	6	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride AM 374: a palmitylsulfonyl fluoride; inhibits anandamide amidase; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	acyl fluoride
hemicholinium 3 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.9	4	0	quaternary ammonium salt
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	1.98	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.39	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
homochlorocyclizine homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
huprine x huprine X: structure in first source	7.17	1	0
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ibudilast [no description available]	3.61	3	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
ic 261 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	9.53	24	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ici 118551 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	indanes
idebenone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
idra 21 IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzothiadiazine
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	4.22	17	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.2	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.03	1	0
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.07	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.14	16	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.09	5	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.53	8	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.79	10	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.69	10	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.38	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration	2.03	1	0
jl 18 JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine	2.03	1	0
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	3.11	5	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.46	2	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.78	32	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	4.8	10	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.51	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.07	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic amine kojic amine: author refers to above as GABA analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	6.78	80	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	3.59	9	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	4.48	23	0
lamotrigine [no description available]	8.96	13	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.46	2	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine
lavendustin b [no description available]	2.07	1	0
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	7.59	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	2.4	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.44	2	0	indoles
lomerizine lomerizine: used to treat migraines	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.45	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.14	5	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	7.81	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	8.03	4	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.5	8	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.42	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	3.4	7	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.07	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.41	2	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.66	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2.71	3	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoctramine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2.11	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
nocodazole [no description available]	2.72	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.66	3	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	3.08	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	7.9	4	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	8.43	7	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.25	6	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	7.75	91	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
n-bromoacetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.93	4	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	3.25	6	0	beta-carbolines
n-methyl-dl-aspartic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	aspartic acid derivative
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.42	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.24	6	0	purine nucleoside
n 0840 N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
naftopidil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	4.35	6	0
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.42	2	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	2.68	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	10.66	25	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.43	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	8.11	5	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	9	14	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.26	6	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.51	8	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.44	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	4.46	7	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.03	1	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	1.98	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.43	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028 NS 2028: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.42	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.42	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.03	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.95	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	7.01	101	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	8.36	7	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	3.38	7	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.03	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.99	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2.03	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.88	4	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.07	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.26	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	6.84	33	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	7.43	2	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.45	2	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	5.85	37	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.46	2	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.04	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2.03	1	0	benzamides
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.97	4	0	aromatic ketone
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.03	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.42	2	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
piperazine [no description available]	7.35	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	2.03	1	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.78	10	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenperone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.5	8	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.25	51	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.5	2	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.44	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	3.61	9	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.91	4	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	1.99	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.65	3	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.4	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propentofylline [no description available]	3.33	2	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	5.45	24	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	3.52	8	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.69	10	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.44	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.4	2	0	quinolines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.81	12	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	8.12	5	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	2.04	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	3.43	7	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
4-carboxyphenylglycine 4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0	alpha-amino acid
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.17	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.	2.03	1	0	ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.98	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.06	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.25	6	0	morpholines
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
sobuzoxane sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.9	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	2.1	1	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	8.76	3	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	11.46	35	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine spiroxatrine: structure	2.41	2	0	imidazolidines
sq 22536 9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	nucleoside analogue; oxolanes	EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.03	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.04	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	8.99	14	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.43	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	4.15	16	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
t0156 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	naphthyridine derivative
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	azepine
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	2.1	1	0	benzodiazepine
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.43	2	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.6	9	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydropapaverine tetrahydropapaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is norlaudanosoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; polyether; secondary amino compound
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.03	1	0	phosphoramide
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.63	27	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.03	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.73	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	7.93	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.05	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ici 136,753 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
tremorine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	2.21	1	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.03	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	1.97	1	0	amine
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	1.96	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	2	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	2.07	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	2.03	1	0	acetamides
tyramine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
urethane [no description available]	9	14	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0	piperidines
vigabatrin [no description available]	4.86	11	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.5	8	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.73	3	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.92	4	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.07	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	7.24	53	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	4.01	4	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	9.11	16	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.46	7	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.01	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
isoproterenol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.94	4	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.24	6	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	4.05	15	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	6.15	50	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.11	5	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.7	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.86	12	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.7	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.69	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine hydrochloride pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	9.95	130	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	8.91	158	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	1.97	1	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.38	7	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
racepinephrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2.03	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.88	4	0	dialkyl phosphate
hexamethonium bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.7	3	0	guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.46	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	potassium channel blocker
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.39	52	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	10.19	47	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	11.69	552	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.2	73	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	8.71	10	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.92	4	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	3.78	11	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.3	7	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.89	4	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	7.29	81	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.99	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
promethazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.77	3	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.4	7	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.41	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.44	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	5.4	57	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.35	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.09	5	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	7.24	21	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.51	8	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.58	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.9	4	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
veratramine veratramine: structure. veratramine : A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.	2.07	1	0	piperidine alkaloid
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	7.76	3	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.03	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.71	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.42	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.42	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.47	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.1	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	7.2	52	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.03	1	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	5.98	42	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.71	29	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.93	4	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.03	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	2	1	0	isoindoles
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	3.3	6	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
mannitol [no description available]	8.22	6	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cytarabine [no description available]	3.58	9	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.39	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	4.59	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.51	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	1.97	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
veratridine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	steroid	sodium channel modulator
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	6.22	55	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	9.8	10	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.49	59	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.21	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.4	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.07	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.12	41	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.89	4	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.05	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
3-buten-2-one buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.	2.06	1	0	enone; methyl ketone
acrylamide [no description available]	6.96	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.6	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
visnagin visnagin: from Musineon divaricatum. visnagin : A furanochromone that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one which is substituted at positions 4 and 7 by methoxy and methyl groups, respectively. Found in the toothpick-plant, Ammi visnaga.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; furanochromone; polyketide	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; phytotoxin; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.42	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.72	3	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
syrosingopine syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.15	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2.39	2	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.07	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
2-phenylbutyric acid 2-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	1.98	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	10.43	336	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.4	2	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.69	3	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.03	14	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.05	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
synephrine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
diethyl ketone diethyl ketone: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. pentan-3-one : A pentanone that is pentane carrying an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma infestans.	2.05	1	0	pentanone	animal metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	2.67	3	0	phosphonic ester
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	2.67	3	0	toluenes
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.95	12	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2.39	2	0
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.47	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.36	2	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.03	1	0	pyridinium salt
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	1.97	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide: activates caspase cascades; structure. 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide : The diepoxide of 4-vinylcyclohexene.	2.47	2	0	epoxide	carcinogenic agent
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	2.11	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
allyl chloride [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organochlorine compound
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.03	1	0	alkylamine
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.01	1	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	1.95	1	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
methyl malonate methyl malonate: do not confuse with methylmalonate, i.e., malonic acid substituted with a methyl group on C2; structure	2.31	1	0
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.76	11	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.23	6	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.07	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.45	2	0	bromide salt
edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	7.02	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.69	3	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
suramin sodium suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.72	3	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	1.99	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.07	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.38	2	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chelidamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	3.25	6	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	3.63	9	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.39	7	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.97	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	4.18	5	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.38	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.08	5	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	7.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	2.38	2	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.77	3	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
cysteamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.96	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.2	17	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.02	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.73	10	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.71	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.97	38	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.96	39	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.31	19	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.71	3	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	xanthenes
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	7.67	3	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	1.99	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
hydralazine hydrochloride hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
ethamivan ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pargyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
paraoxon [no description available]	2.67	3	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.39	2	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.37	7	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.07	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.41	2	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.72	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	10.98	20	0	ether
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	1.99	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
orphenadrine hydrochloride orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	3.36	7	0	aromatic ketone
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	7.06	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.4	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.68	3	0	ergoline alkaloid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	3.88	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.78	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.42	2	0
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
jervine jervine: teratogen from Veratrum grandiflorum; RN given refers to parent cpd(3beta,23beta)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
nuciferine nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	7.87	4	0
boldine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
indirubin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.84	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	8.91	162	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.54	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	1.96	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	indoles
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
formoguanamine [no description available]	6.97	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.4	7	0
octacosanoic acid octacosanoic acid: RN given refers to parent. octacosanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is octacosane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; ultra-long-chain fatty acid	plant metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	1.97	1	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.39	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.87	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.8	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.15	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid: a nonpermeable electron acceptor. 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is 1,2-naphthoquinone substituted at position 4 with a sulfonic acid group. Used principally as a reagent in colorimetric determinations.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; naphthalenone	colorimetric reagent
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	7.21	1	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.4	2	0	thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	1.99	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	3.7	10	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	4.01	14	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
decamethonium dibromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.55	24	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.39	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.41	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
doxylamine succinate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
formestane [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.05	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
debrisoquin sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bethanechol chloride bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscarinic agonist
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	1.95	1	0	ketone
allyl acetate allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains	7.06	1	0
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	2.01	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	8.44	7	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	7.03	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.7	3	0
Berberine chloride (TN) [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
Mecamylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
boldenone boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid
vinblastine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.	2	1	0	cyclohexenone
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	4.31	7	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allylglycine Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.	7.88	4	0
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.43	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide : A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; salicylanilides	drug allergen
4-aminothiophenol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	3.59	3	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.03	1	0
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.1	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	5.14	14	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	1.99	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
laudanosine laudanosine: opium alkaloid	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	2.03	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.1	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.41	7	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.97	4	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.9	4	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.1	5	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.38	2	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.4	2	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
muscarine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.1	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	7.88	4	0	thioxanthenes
antazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.13	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
acadesine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,12-dodecamethylenediamine 1,12-dodecamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecane-1,12-diamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is dodecane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 12.	1.98	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.73	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.51	2	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.67	3	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.37	7	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	2.88	4	0
ecdysone [no description available]	2.43	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
meclofenoxate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.13	1	0	carbon oxoanion
biebrich scarlet Biebrich scarlet : An organic sodium salt having 2-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a plasma stain in Masson's trichrome.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	histological dye
clonidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure	1.98	1	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	7.41	2	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.72	3	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	3.97	4	0
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	1.97	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
mexiletine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.5	2	0	dioxolane
cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt	muscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	19.08	1,248	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.03	1	0
bipiperidyl mustard bipiperidyl mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	1	0
metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
isoetharine mesylate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2.73	3	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
n-deacetyl-n-formylcolchicine N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.05	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.37	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.86	12	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.37	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	1.97	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	3.11	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.11	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.16	5	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	7.01	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.15	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.69	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.44	2	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.6	9	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.95	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.06	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	7.74	3	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.41	2	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.04	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	7.9	4	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.38	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.06	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.04	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
propionylpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.12	5	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	1.99	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	2.21	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	6.96	1	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.06	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.41	2	0	dihydrogen
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	1.99	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	3.4	7	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.04	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
nsc-145,668 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.05	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.03	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.44	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	2.87	4	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.44	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2	1	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	2.36	2	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.69	3	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
benserazide hydrochloride benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.03	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.3	19	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	1.98	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	3.08	5	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	3.61	9	0
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.	1.97	1	0
n-n-propylnorapomorphine N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.65	3	0
iodine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	8.11	5	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
dexetimide Dexetimide: A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.	1.96	1	0	piperidines
disopyramide phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organoammonium phosphate
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.58	9	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	2.07	1	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.78	11	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.44	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
pyrrolidine [no description available]	3.31	6	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.64	9	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.4	2	0
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.61	9	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate: mobilizes metallothionein-bound cadmium from tissue; increases biliary excretion of cadmium in rats	2.92	4	0
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.44	2	0
clobetasol propionate Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid	anti-inflammatory drug
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	1.99	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	2.72	3	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	14.87	1,287	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.	1.96	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.1	5	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.38	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	1.99	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.94	4	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	5.77	17	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.75	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	2.05	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
etoposide [no description available]	2.71	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	6.39	65	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
etazolate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
butaclamol [no description available]	2.73	3	0	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.03	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	5.03	13	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
carbidopa [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	2.46	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.77	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.19	5	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.99	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.43	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	1.98	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.92	36	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	12.62	563	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.77	3	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.69	3	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid 1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.	1.96	1	0
flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.03	1	0	acetate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine	geroprotector
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	5.14	15	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.03	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	2.36	2	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.71	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	3.99	4	0
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	1.98	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	6.98	1	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.65	3	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.	2.03	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	6.72	29	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	6.46	57	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.07	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
alo 2145 apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.76	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	2	0	aminopyridine
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.92	1	0	carbazoles
milacemide milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2.07	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	8.02	4	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.41	2	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	4.77	12	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.96	4	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.52	8	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
quinpirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	2.03	1	0
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	4.93	37	0
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2	1	0	salicylamides
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.4	2	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	1.97	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.89	4	0	tetralins
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.42	2	0	imidazopyridine
opc 14117 OPC 14117: has both brain function activating effect & protective effect against cerebral ischemia; structure given in first source	2	1	0
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.07	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	2	1	0	stilbenoid
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.04	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
enadoline enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer	2.39	2	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	7.02	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.8	3	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.11	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
aptiganel hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	7.02	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.44	56	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	7.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
phenelzine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.57	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
f 7302 F 7302: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	piperidines
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	1.98	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	2.15	1	0
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	3.48	8	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
daunorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	anthracycline
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.38	2	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
fluoxetine hydrochloride fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride; N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
propranolol hydrochloride Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
terfenadine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	2.17	1	0
amantadine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.93	4	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.76	3	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.74	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.62	9	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.01	1	0	lignan
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.54	2	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.41	2	0
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	1.98	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.47	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	4.01	14	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
aspartate-beta-hydroxamate beta-aspartylhydroxamic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.39	2	0
dobutamine hydrochloride dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498	2.03	1	0	catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	1.98	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.96	13	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
baccatin iii [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; benzoate ester; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.92	4	0	purine nucleoside
taleranol taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)	2.07	1	0	macrolide
narasin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diterpene glycoside
quassin quassin: article discusses quassinoid principle; structure	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
tomatidine tomatidine: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-isomer; structure. tomatidine : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; azaspiro compound; oxaspiro compound
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
3-bromophenylsuccinimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
metrifudil [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.46	2	0	beta-carbolines
nerisopam Nerisopam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
mlv 6976 MLV 6976: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
iganidipine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
repaglinide [no description available]	7.1	1	0	piperidines
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	first generation antipsychotic; geroprotector
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
procainamide hydrochloride procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
siquil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
alprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.74	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluphenazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.96	4	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.73	10	0	1,2,3-triazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxyflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	flavones
1-hexacosanol 1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	hexacosanol; very long-chain primary fatty alcohol	insecticide; plant metabolite
dyclonine hydrochloride dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	topical anaesthetic
guanidinoethane sulfonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	guanidines; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
clomipramine hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	6.98	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3.54	8	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
lomefloxacin hydrochloride lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nilverm [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ropinirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	3.93	13	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
glutaurine glutaurine: recently deteccted hormone of parathyroid gland; structure; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. glutaurine : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of taurine with the gamma-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid. It was initially found in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals.	2.67	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; L-glutamine derivative; sulfonic acid	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; hormone; human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	1.99	1	0
plasmenylserine plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.	2.03	1	0	O-phosphoserine	EC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	2.02	1	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
triheptanoin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	3.35	1	0	quinolines
isoscopoletin isoscopoletin : A hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	plant metabolite
n-acetyltryptamine N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; indoles
D-serine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; D-alpha-amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
nefiracetam [no description available]	4.02	4	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
dihydroergotamine mesylate dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.68	3	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	1.98	1	0
vinburnine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
posatirelin posatirelin: stimulates oxygen consumption	2.43	2	0	oligopeptide
girisopam [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ranolazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
atipamezole [no description available]	1.98	1	0
bindarit [no description available]	2.13	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.39	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides	geroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
maprotiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
indorenate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans
siguazodan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyridazinone
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	1.96	1	0
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine 3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
6-hydroxyflavone 6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
hesperetin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	7.06	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.46	2	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.07	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
tetrahydroalstonine tetrahydroalstonine : A heteropentacyclic compound that is (20alpha)-16,17-didehydro-18-oxayohimban which is substituted at position 16 by a methoxycarbonyl group and at position 19 by a methyl group. It is a metabolite found in several plant species.	2.07	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; yohimban alkaloid	plant metabolite
hernandezine hernandezine: from Thalictrum glandulosissimum; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/91	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	2.07	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter	2.03	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calpeptin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	amino acid amide
madecassic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol	antioxidant; plant metabolite
ergocornine ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	ergot alkaloid
agroclavine agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
panaxadiol panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, (trans)-isomer [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	2.07	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	7.17	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.71	3	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
glutamic acid diethyl ester glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	4.27	19	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.15	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylamine: a metabolite of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine	1.98	1	0
s-methylisothiourea sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole [no description available]	2	1	0	organochlorine compound
4-hydroxyindole hydroxyindoles : Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	hydroxyindoles; phenols
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	2.08	1	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine 4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0	pyridines
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.05	1	0
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.17	1	0	tricine
methylenecyclopropane methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source	7.02	1	0
benzamidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
s20098 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	acetamides
eriocitrin eriocitrin: structure in first source. eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavanone	antioxidant
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	3.27	6	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	3.52	8	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.03	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.46	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
7,8-dihydromethysticin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	2.02	1	0
methionine sulfoximine L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine derivative; methionine sulfoximine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.03	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.43	37	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
cinchonine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
phentolamine mesylate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aucubin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
matrine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.44	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
2-tyrosine 2-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. o-tyrosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-o-tyrosine.. 2-hydroxyphenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2 on the benzene ring.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenols; phenylalanine derivative
mephentermine sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-bromouridine 5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	uridines	mutagen
oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
catalpol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	3.52	8	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	5.06	43	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
quinine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
nimustine nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
cordium bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrochloride
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sapogenin
L-2-aminoadipic acid L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.	2.03	1	0	2-aminoadipic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	hydroxy-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	local anaesthetic
mor-14 N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.02	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
corynanthine Corynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
prunin protein, prunus prunin protein, Prunus: a legumin-like type of globulin; structure given in first source. naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.	2.25	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; C21-steroid hormone	human metabolite; progestogen
podocarpic acid podocarpic acid: structure. podocarpic acid : An abietane diterpenoid lacking the isopropyl substituent with an aromatic C-ring and a hydroxy group at the 12-position.	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
phenylisopropyladenosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; benzenes; hydrocarbyladenosine; purine nucleoside; secondary amino compound	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
hexamethonium chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.1	1	0	pyrroline
harmol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
5-Methoxyflavone 5-methoxyflavone: DNA polymerase-beta inhibitor and neuroprotective agent against beta-amyloid toxicity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	ether; flavonoids
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.05	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2-methylglutamic acid 2-methylglutamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
sym 2081 [no description available]	3.12	5	0
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport	2.03	1	0
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid: C8-H6-O5; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
5-iodotubercidin 7-iodotubercidin: inhibits Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase	2.97	4	0	organoiodine compound
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.	2.42	2	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	GABAB receptor agonist
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.5	2	0
nipecotic acid ethyl ester nipecotic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2.43	2	0
zpck ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin	2.03	1	0
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleosides
gamma-glutamylglycine gamma-glutamylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; note that tau here is used by some publishers in place of gamma and so does not mean position 20 on the carbon skeleton	3.98	14	0
saframycin a saframycin A: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0
corydaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
demissidine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; steroid
n(6)-phenyladenosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.07	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	methyladenosine
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	6.35	51	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.4	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.71	10	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	5.75	85	0
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	3.48	2	0	organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.39	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	6.97	1	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	4.79	7	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.7	3	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	8.6	9	0
cp-55,940 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.4	2	0
vanoxerine vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.05	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.39	2	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.02	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	3.38	7	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
propidium iodide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic iodide salt
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	4.04	4	0	beta-carbolines
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.4	2	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	3.27	6	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	2.36	2	0	beta-carbolines
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	3.99	4	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	3.09	5	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.71	3	0
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.9	4	0	carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.7	3	0	oligopeptide
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	2.39	2	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	1.99	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	3.54	2	0	beta-carbolines
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.38	2	0
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	3.81	3	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.46	2	0
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.17	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
hypotaurine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide [no description available]	2.9	4	0
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	beta-carbolines
dihydrokainate [no description available]	6.47	171	0	dicarboxylic acid
gabazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	3.39	7	0	methoxybenzenes
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.42	2	0
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	2.89	4	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin (+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.	2.46	2	0	hydrate	geroprotector
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	2	1	0
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	serotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.	2.03	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.55	2	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	7.17	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.91	4	0	alpha-amino acid
ml 9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cafestol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
parthenolide [no description available]	2.46	2	0	germacranolide
acromelic acid a acromelic acid A: isolated from poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelaga; structure given in first source. acromelic acid A : A pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid that is siolated from the poisonous mushroom Clitocybe amoenolens.	6.72	31	0	pyridone; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	fungal metabolite; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor agonist
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	1.97	1	0
senktide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.69	3	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.26	52	0
metaphit metaphit: site-directed acylating agent of phencyclidine receptors in rat brain; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	2.03	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	catecholamine
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
monochlorobimane monochlorobimane: marker for glutathione	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.03	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tritium-labeled cpd	2	1	0
s-sulphocysteine S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.	1.99	1	0	organic thiosulfate; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; plant metabolite
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	piperazines
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	3.61	9	0
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
delta-philanthotoxin delta-philanthotoxin: from wasp Philanthus triangulum; blocks transmission postsynaptically at excitory synapses	3.08	5	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
4-bromo-a-23187 4-bromo-A-23187: ionophore with enhanced calcium ion transport specificity	1.99	1	0
2-iodomelatonin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
arcaine, sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	7.25	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
asiatic acid [no description available]	7.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
lithospermate b lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure	7.08	1	0
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	1.98	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid 1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid: barbiturate deriv whose activities are related to the optical properties; the (-)-deriv depresses CNS activities, while the (+)-deriv induces convulsion; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2	1	0
n-gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester [no description available]	2.46	2	0
afdx 384 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	2.41	2	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	1.99	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
gallopamil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid [no description available]	4.5	24	0
buthionine sulfoximine L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.	2.03	1	0	2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
jstx-3 JSTX-3: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
angustmycin a angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines
razadyne Razadyne: Name of the FDA approved preparation from J&J.	2.07	1	0
sb 204070a SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	3.16	5	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	geroprotector; serotonergic agonist
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.52	2	0
l 655240 L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd	2.03	1	0	methylindole
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	2.07	1	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
san 58035 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
kallidin, des-arg(10)- kallidin, des-Arg(10)-: includes both L and D isomers of Phe(8)	2	1	0
iodosulpride iodosulpride: 125I labeled; selective ligand for brain dopamine receptors; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
pk 14105 PK 14105: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
argiotoxin-636 argiotoxin-636: from the venom of Argiope aurantia; blocks neuromuscular transmission in insects; structure in first source.	3.49	8	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.07	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.05	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.14	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	1.99	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: binds specifically to brain benzodiazepine receptors	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.07	1	0	leucine derivative
rhod-2 rhod-2: calcium indicator	2	1	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.02	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	3.1	5	0
lhrh, gln(8)- [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	1.98	1	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.01	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
dihydrotetrabenazine dihydrotetrabenazine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	isoquinolines
nuclear yellow nuclear yellow: RN from 10th CI, Chem Subs Index; RN refers to tri-HCl	1.97	1	0
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid 2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2	1	0
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.91	4	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.41	2	0
lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine lysyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-leucine: retains type II surface membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum; RN refers to all (L)-isomer	2.04	1	0
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.44	2	0
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.71	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
substance p (5-11), pglu(5)-mephe(8)-megly(9)- [no description available]	2.39	2	0
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93	2.03	1	0
1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
1-(4-bromobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 1-(4-bromobenzoyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
phosphocyclocreatine phosphocyclocreatine: structure	1.97	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	1.96	1	0
2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: glutamate receptor antagonist; protects against kainic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebral cortex neurons	3.08	5	0
cyclo(prolylglycyl) cyclo(prolylglycyl): RN given is for 17O-labeled cpd	2.13	1	0
(hexadecanoyl)aminofluorescein [no description available]	2.1	1	0
(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (tetrazol-5-yl)glycine: potent NMDA receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	morpholines
lestaurtinib [no description available]	7.1	1	0	indolocarbazole
5-fluorowillardiine 5-fluorowillardiine: a glutamate agonist; RN given for (S)-isomer. 3-(5-fluorouracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).	3.41	7	0	L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organofluorine compound	AMPA receptor agonist
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	4.84	33	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
pyrrolidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.69	3	0
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
(3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine (3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine: inhibits kynurenine hydroxylase; structure in first source	2	1	0
2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: RN refers to (R-)-isomer; structure in first source; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	3.24	6	0
sdz 220-581 alpha-amino-2'-chloro-5-(phosphonomethyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-propanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.05	1	0
sr 2640 SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2	1	0
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	7.17	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
ici 204448 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-naphthylacetylspermine [no description available]	2.95	4	0	naphthalenes
cgp 36742 (3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)	2.01	1	0
5'-o-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine-3'-o-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) succinate 5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine-3'-O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) succinate: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide [no description available]	2	1	0
agatoxin-489 agatoxin-489: structure given in first source; anhydrous MW 489 Da; isolated from Agelenopsis aperta	1.98	1	0
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	4.43	2	0	amino acid amide
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride 4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
es 242-1 ES 242-1: from Verticillium sp. SPC-15898; binds to a site on N-methylaspartate receptor that is coupled to the channel domain	1.98	1	0
cgp 52432 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis	2.03	1	0	phenylindole
5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ethane sulfonate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	4.68	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	piperidines
n-aminomethylpiperazine 3,3-diethyl-2,4-pyridinedione [no description available]	2.37	2	0
nisoxetine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	3.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	2.65	3	0
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bh 3 BH 3: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.04	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
sinensetin sinensetin: isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on platelets. sinensetin : A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.07	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3',4'-dihydroxyflavone 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone: inhibitors of arachidonic acid peroxidation	2.05	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.93	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
harmalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
docetaxel [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
perifosine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
tariquidar [no description available]	2.48	2	0	benzamides
nsc-141549 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation 7/29/83	1.97	1	0
n-methylglucosamine N-methylglucosamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.03	1	0
o-phosphohomoserine O-phosphohomoserine: RN given refers to L-isomer	1.96	1	0	O-phosphorylhomoserine	Escherichia coli metabolite
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	2.03	1	0
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.31	1	0	organofluorine acaricide
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	2.07	1	0	tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isoguvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-methoxyhonokiol 4-methoxyhonokiol: an NSAID isolated from Magnolia obovata; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.07	1	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indoles
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
alpha-methylhistamine (R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).	2.05	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	H3-receptor agonist
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	9.9	11	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
schizandrin b (+)-schisandrin B : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is found in Fructus Schisandrae and Schisandra chinensis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic acetal; organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; tannin	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid [no description available]	4.81	10	0
acromelic acid b acromelic acid B: structure in first source	3.3	6	0
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.13	1	0	glycoside
philanthotoxin 343 philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3	3.09	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.25	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
acetyltaurine acetyltaurine: used in the treatment of magnesium deficiency. acetyltaurine : An amino sulfonic acid that is taurine substituted by an acetyl group at the N atom.	1.99	1	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
ketobemidone, n,n-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine drug combination ketobemidone, N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine drug combination: contains ketobemidone & N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine	2.03	1	0
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.43	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative; phthalimides
isosakuranetin isosakuranetin: structure in first source. 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite
stizolobic acid stizolobic acid: structure	1.98	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
gamma-glu-asp gamma-glutamylaspartic acid: found in pig brain	1.97	1	0	dipeptide
homocysteinesulfinic acid homocysteinesulfinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0	alpha-amino acid
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2'-hydroxyflavone 2'-hydroxyflavone: isolated from Daphnopsis sellowiana; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	flavones
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound
isovitexin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.07	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	2.05	1	0
opc 4392 OPC 4392: agonist of presynaptic dopamine D(2) receptor; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
1-methyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine monohydrochloride FPL 12495: ARL-12495AA is the (S,R)-isomer, monohydrochloride; a remacemide metabolite; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2	1	0
ly 300164 talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist	3.13	5	0	benzodioxoles
tanshinone ii a tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
serine o-sulfate serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine.	3.26	6	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-sulfoamino acid
potassium iron(iii) hexacyanoferrate (ii) potassium iron(III) hexacyanoferrate (II): used in treatment of thallium poisoning	2.01	1	0
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	2.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
leucodin leucodin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
n-n-propylnorapomorphine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
5-bromowillardiine 5-bromowillardiine: acts as a kainate-like agonist on chick EAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.92	4	0
urapidil monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chloropent chloropent: RN given refers to sulfuric acid magnesium salt combination of sodium pentobarbital & chloral hydrate	1.98	1	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.79	7	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	3.69	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
dipiperidinoethane-di-n-oxide dipiperidinoethane-di-N-oxide: oxidized neurotoxic dipiperidinoethane deriv; structure given in first source	3.75	3	0
abt 980 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gangliotetraose [no description available]	2.02	1	0
4-chlorokynurenine 4-chlorokynurenine: about 80x sweeter than sucrose; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
alpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid alpha-amino-3-(hydroxy)-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
gabaculine gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.	2.66	3	0	5-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
sk&f 75670 SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393	2.03	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	6.67	28	0
esatenolol esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol	beta-adrenergic antagonist
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2.17	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.66	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.43	2	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	3.26	6	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	9.72	30	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.69	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
agelastatin a agelastatin A: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
limonin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
(R)-atenolol (R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol
memantine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
3-hydroxyglutaric acid 3-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 3 hydroxy carboxylic acid that is glutaric acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a diagnostic marker for glutaric aciduria type I.	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
u 54494a U 54494A: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
pefabloc [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	3.86	12	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2.02	1	0	primary amine
pongidae [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-aminosuberic acid 2-aminosuberic acid: RN refers to (R)-isomer	1.95	1	0
succinylproline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
homoibotenic acid homoibotenic acid: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
4-aza-4-methylpregnane-3,20-dione 4-aza-4-methylpregnane-3,20-dione: progesterone 5 alpha-reductase antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	2.07	1	0
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.	2.02	1	0
aspergillomarasmine a [no description available]	3.35	1	0
latrepirdine latrepirdine: structure	2.01	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridoindole	geroprotector
aspalatone aspalatone: structure given in first source	6.99	1	0
sb 205384 SB 205384: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	thienopyridine
chelidonine chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid fundamental parent; benzophenanthridine alkaloid
hydrastine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
etiron monohydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
vesamicol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	3.27	6	0	L-alpha-amino acid
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	7.87	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
santonin Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	7.37	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; santonin	plant metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.92	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	2.44	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4'-hydroxyflavone 4'-hydroxyflavone: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.72	10	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	1.98	1	0
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	3.11	5	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.79	11	0
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
acetylstrophanthidin acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester	anti-arrhythmia drug
nsc 95397 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
Harringtonine harringtonin: alkaloid C from Caphalotaxus fortunei	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
acivicin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
ketopinic acid ketopinic acid: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.13	5	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	3.49	2	0
gitoxigenin gitoxigenin: structure	2.07	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 16beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
graveoline graveoline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	quinolines
4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en 4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,3abeta,4beta,8aalpha))-isomer; a natural benzyl ester of a carotyl type azulene sesquiterpenoid; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.89	4	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	1.96	1	0
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid 3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; a selective GABA-A agonist; a cyclopentane analog of GABA; RN given for (trans)-isomer	1.99	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	1.97	1	0
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.1	1	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	4.2	17	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.42	2	0
bradykinin [no description available]	3.42	7	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.5	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.	2.03	1	0	5-hydroxytryptophan; amino acid zwitterion; hydroxy-L-tryptophan; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.87	4	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.4	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.59	9	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4.66	28	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.9	4	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.03	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	4.66	28	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.	3.71	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.41	2	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
mimosine L-mimosine : An L-alpha-amino acid that is propionic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a 3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl group at position 3 (the 2S-stereoisomer). It a non-protein plant amino acid isolated from Mimosa pudica.	2.07	1	0	4-pyridones; amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.03	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	10.14	46	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.48	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
conessine conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.	2.07	1	0	steroid alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; H3-receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.07	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.4	2	0	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.07	1	0
amiodarone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
dicyclomine hydrochloride dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	2.03	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic tricyclic compound	geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.03	1	0
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.05	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
deltaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic acetal; diterpene alkaloid; organic polycyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	8.26	6	0
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.01	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
ingenol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	coumarins
picrotin picrotin: the less toxic component of PICROTOXIN lacking GABA activity. picrotin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is picrotoxinin in which the olefinic double bond has undergone addition of water to give the corresponding tertiary alcohol. It is the less toxic component of picrotoxin, lacking GABA activity.	2.07	1	0	diol; epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
genipin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	7.78	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.52	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.07	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	2.07	1	0	indolizines
Dubinidine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.76	3	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.14	5	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)	2.03	1	0	peptide
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydroxylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	2.06	1	0	peptide
sb 228357 SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.05	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; resorcinols
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.03	1	0
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	anthracycline
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.95	4	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
dihydroergocristine monomesylate dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.	2.74	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.01	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.44	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.63	9	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.8	17	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	1.98	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.55	8	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.54	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.41	7	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.57	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
geranyl pyrophosphate geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.	2.52	2	0	polyprenyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	8.49	8	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	3.11	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	3.8	11	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.89	12	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.03	1	0
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol 5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.	2.03	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent
lycopene [no description available]	7.21	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	2.71	3	0
(S)-ATPA (S)-ATPA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-isooxazol-4-yl group.	2.05	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	metabolite
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	3.24	6	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.42	2	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.07	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.46	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.8	11	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	1.97	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
acid fuchsin acid fuchsin: RN refers to disodium salt. acid fuchsin : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-amino-5-[(4-amino-3-sulfophenyl)(4-imino-3-sulfocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-3-methylbenzene-1-sulfonic acid. It is used in the Van Gieson method in conjunction with picric acid to demonstrate collagen fibres red, and in Masson's trichrome to colour smooth muscle in contrast to collagen.	2.91	4	0
decitabine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sm 8668 Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive	2.05	1	0
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	phorbol ester	metabolite
3,2'-dihydroxyflavone 3,2'-dihydroxyflavone: antimicrobial; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.03	1	0	purvalanol
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.38	7	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.07	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.03	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	7.05	63	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
posaconazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
(+)-usnic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	usnic acid
beta, beta-dimethylacrylshikonin, (+)-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.07	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.89	4	0	potassium salt
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	2.4	2	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
norlevorphanol [no description available]	2	1	0
cholestane-3,5,6-triol cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	1.97	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: GABA analog; RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0
2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.94	4	0	triterpenoid
rhapontin rhapontin: constituent of rhubarb rhizome	2.07	1	0	rhaponticin	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	2.42	2	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.18	5	0	isomethyleugenol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	7.93	4	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.55	8	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.8	3	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	4.48	7	0
rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.46	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.01	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.41	6	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	4.02	14	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.07	1	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.03	1	0	benzamides
calmidazolium calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.4	2	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.07	1	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	7.76	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.95	4	0
canrenoic acid Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.	2.06	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid
tropisetron hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	1.97	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
ly382884 [no description available]	2.94	4	0	benzoic acids
Reactive blue 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anthraquinone
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.99	4	0	anthracenes
hydrastine, (r-(r,s))-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	6.97	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.03	1	0
methamilane methiodide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pilocarpine nitrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	8.12	5	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.96	4	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	7	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.07	1	0
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	2.03	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.46	2	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	2.7	3	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.4	2	0
7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone 7,8,3'-trihydroxyflavone: a potent small molecule TrkB receptor agonist that protects spiral ganglion neurons from degeneration both in vitro and in vivo	2.05	1	0
(S)-(-)-pindolol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pindolol
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.03	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
7,8,4'-trihydroxyflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	8.14	5	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
4-methoxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cinnamic acids
rg108 RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine 4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	2.03	1	0	4-fluorophenylalanine; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	2.03	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.72	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
heliotrine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrrolizines
sclareolide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	naphthofuran
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.37	2	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.69	9	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hypocrellin b hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.02	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.03	4	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4.43	22	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cysteine sulfinic acid 3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.	2.03	1	0	organosulfinic acid; S-substituted L-cysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; mouse metabolite
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	2.07	1	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
d-ap7 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.07	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.95	4	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.34	21	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	1.99	1	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.03	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b2 fumonisin B2: produced by Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting ability. fumonisin B2 : A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).	2.07	1	0	diester; diol; fumonisin; primary amino compound	Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent
diphenyleneiodium chloride dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.4	2	0
4-bromohomoibotenic acid, (rs)-isomer [no description available]	2.05	1	0
tamoxifen citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	citrate salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.12	5	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is hexyl.	2.21	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
nadp [no description available]	3.14	5	0
pimagedine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
6-aminoquinolyl-n-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate: structure given in first source	2	1	0
eskazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.07	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.47	2	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.68	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.73	3	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid 6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid: antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and kainate receptors; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	3.04	4	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.47	37	0	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.08	5	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	1.99	1	0	salicylamides
bn 50730 BN 50730: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
aprikalim [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.13	5	0
12-deoxyphorbolphenylacetate-20-acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
mdl 72527 MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor	2.4	2	0
ici 154129 ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
brassinin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dithiocarbamic ester; indole phytoalexin
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87	2.03	1	0
7-chloro-thiokynurenate 7-chlorothiokynurenic acid: glycine site antagonist of NMDA receptor	2.4	2	0
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
cystine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	8.37	7	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.44	2	0	benzazepine
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.43	2	0
hirsutine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
dimemorfan dimemorfan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; synonym At 17 refers to phosphate[1:1] salt; structure	2.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
3-deoxyvasicine, hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	1.96	1	0
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	1.96	1	0
trequinsin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
emetine dihydrochloride emetine dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of emetine.. emetine dihydrochloride hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate of the dihydrochloride salt of emetine.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; protein synthesis inhibitor
ly 303070 GYKI 53784: a 2,3-benzodiazepine cpd	3.61	9	0
neboglamine neboglamine: potential memory enhancer	2.03	1	0
homoquinolinic acid homoquinolinic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.01	1	0
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium iii tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium III: RN refers to trichloride	2.02	1	0
gdpflrfamide GDPFLRFamide: encoded by an exon 3' to Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis	1.99	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.42	7	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	3.11	5	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
silybin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
4-methylglutamic acid, threo-(l)-isomer [no description available]	1.98	1	0
benzatropine methanesulfonate benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.03	1	0
sb 203186 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	7.49	120	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.03	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.09	5	0
3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine 3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: an antinociceptive agent and metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
ro 41-0960 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cgp 13501 CGP 13501: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.25	1	0
brl 15572 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; secondary alcohol	geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	9.57	313	0	quinoxaline derivative
l 152804 L 152804: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	xanthenes
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.53	2	0
or486 OR486: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	7.03	102	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.07	1	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.07	1	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.51	2	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
iik7 IIK7: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.43	2	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dm 235 DM 235: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.99	1	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
le 300 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
cfm 2 CFM 2: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzodiazepine
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
5-nitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo(g)indole-2,3-dione-3-oxime 5-nitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo(G)indole-2,3-dione-3-oxime: a non-NMDA receptor antagonist; shows selective displacement of low-affinity kainate binding; structure given in first source	3.38	7	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.93	4	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ly 367265 LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine; fluoroindole; tertiary amino compound; thiadiazoloquinoline	antidepressant; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.26	6	0
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
cgp 7930 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole 4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	phenols; pyrazoles	estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757 SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
methanethiosulfonate methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
5,6-dehydrokawain 5,6-dehydrokawain: from Alpinia speciosa rhizoma; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
9,10-dihydrolysergol 9,10-dihydrolysergol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0
geranylgeranic acid geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; diterpenoid; methyl-branched fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.93	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.38	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.32	17	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.94	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.07	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
prostaglandin b1 prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	1.99	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
vitexin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	7.49	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.01	4	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	7.76	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.99	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
quercitrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2	1	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.03	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.84	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.44	2	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
gossypetin gossypetin: inhibits activity of penicillinase enzyme in E coli. gossypetin : A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	2.68	3	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.15	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.03	4	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	3.51	2	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	2.07	1	0	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.17	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.41	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.49	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	8.29	6	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	7.07	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.03	1	0	fumarate salt	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ergoline alkaloid	geroprotector
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
butein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.48	2	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
chartreusin chartreusin: structure	2.07	1	0	benzochromenone; glycoside
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.03	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methysticin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
yangonin yangonin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.07	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	7.77	3	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.47	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
datiscetin datiscetin : A tetrahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 5.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone
diosmetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	7.11	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	7.78	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
norwogonin norwogonin : A trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -7 and -8.	2.05	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.07	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
robinetin robinetin: structure given in first source. robinetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
tamarixetin tamarixetin: isolated from Costsus spicatus. tamarixetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae.	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.07	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	7.17	1	0	oligosaccharide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.46	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.49	2	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
wedelolactone wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.03	1	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	hydroxyflavonoid
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	8.15	5	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	4.57	9	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
l 683590 immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
n-oleoyldopamine N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.	2.03	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
rhoifolin rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside	metabolite
vitexin rhamnoside 2''-O-rhamnopyranosylvitexin: has both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities; isolated from Alternanthera maritima; structure in first source. vitexin 2''-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside : A derivative of vitexin having an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue attached at the 2''-position of the glucitol moiety.	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; disaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	2.46	2	0
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.03	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.97	1	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	13.45	699	1	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	4.08	5	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
trimipramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	antidepressant
tocotrienol, alpha alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.	2.08	1	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.46	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
xylometazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
flunarizine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.03	1	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.8	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.13	5	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	1.99	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.03	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.03	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.46	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent	2.03	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.88	11	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.36	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	6.05	38	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.97	12	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	5.24	19	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.46	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.71	3	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.23	51	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
l-ccg iii [no description available]	1.99	1	0
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine, (1r-(1alpha(s*),2alpha))-isomer [no description available]	1.99	1	0
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist	2.43	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	2.41	2	0
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	7.37	2	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.07	1	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	2	1	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.41	2	0
istradefylline [no description available]	2.44	2	0	oxopurine
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	7.21	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	2	1	0	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.99	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	2.66	3	0
j 113397 J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
l 655,708 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
al 8810 AL 8810: a prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.05	1	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.07	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ro 41-1049 Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	7.1	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	2.9	4	0	polypeptide
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.94	4	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.	2.4	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
r 715 [no description available]	2	1	0
sb 200646a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
sib 1893 SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
u-44619 thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.	3.08	1	0
vinorelbine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.	2.05	1	0	morpholines; naphthyl ketone; organic heterotricyclic compound; synthetic cannabinoid	analgesic; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.41	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.4	2	0	piperazines
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.03	1	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.07	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source. isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	7.17	1	0	chalcones
3',4',7-trihydroxyflavone 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavone: from the Sudanese medicinal plant Albizia zygia; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	flavones
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	7.54	2	0
furazolidone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.41	1	0
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin ag-494 AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin b44 tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)	2.03	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112 [no description available]	2.43	2	0
ag 183 AG 183: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.09	5	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	2.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.31	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
8-hydroxy-11,12-epoxyeicosa-5,9,14-trienoic acid hepoxilin : Mono-hydroxy epoxy icosatrienoic acids which are generated along the 12-lipoxygenase pathway.	1.98	1	0
molsidomine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.03	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.09	5	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	4	14	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
flavokawain a flavokawain A: from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	chalcones
flavokawain b flavokawain B: from Piper methysticum Forst (Kava Kava) roots; structure in first source. flavokawain B : A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.	2.07	1	0	chalcones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
7-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin 7-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a hydroxy group at position 7 and a p-methoxyphenyl group at position 3 respectively.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin; monomethoxybenzene
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	4.16	5	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	8.11	5	0
nomifensine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.38	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	2.39	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.39	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	2.66	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.68	3	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.6	9	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.68	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalbuphine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.02	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.67	3	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
kavain [no description available]	2.07	1	0	racemate	glycine receptor antagonist
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.72	3	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
abscisic acid, (+,-)-isomer 2-cis-abscisic acid : A member of the class of abscisic acids in which the double bond betweeen positions 2 and 3 has cis- (natural) geometry.	2.07	1	0	abscisic acids	abscisic acid receptor agonist
7-hydroxyisoflavone 7-hydroxyisoflavone: effective against, Enterovirus 71; structure in first source. 7-hydroxyisoflavone : The simplest member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is isoflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 7.	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; metabolite
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	8.23	6	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
3,7-dihydroxyflavone 3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source. 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.05	1	0
catharanthine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid ester; bridged compound; methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2.07	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
cytochalasin d [no description available]	2.07	1	0
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	2.03	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.53	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.43	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
bleomycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	11.34	30	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.21	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.11	5	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.74	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	7.36	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrobromide
naloxone hydrochloride naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
metkephamid metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer	1.97	1	0
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.07	1	0
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.07	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
n-acetylalanyl-n-methylamide N-acetylalanyl-N-methylamide: an alanine dipeptide; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
naltrexone hydrochloride naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	3.6	9	0
licostinel licostinel: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	2.08	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	7.07	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
(1S,15S,17R,18R,19S,20S)-6,18-dimethoxy-17-[oxo-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1,3,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21-dodecahydroyohimban-19-carboxylic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.07	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	H1-receptor antagonist
famotidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenoterol fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.	2.03	1	0	benzamides
quipazine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
tulobuterol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
hp 029 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.42	2	0
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
2,3-n-octanoylsphingosine N-octanoylsphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as octanoyl.	2.05	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.6	1	0
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	3.08	5	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.23	6	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	7.1	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)piperazine: dopamine uptake inhibitor and indirect dopamine agonist	2.38	2	0
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	3.38	7	0
nf023 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nf 449 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.92	4	0
gr 46611 GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs	2.03	1	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.42	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.25	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.07	1	0
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	14.63	150	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2	1	0	organic anion
3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine: RN given refers to 3H-labeled parent cpd	1.97	1	0
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	8.08	5	0
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	2.41	2	0
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer) [no description available]	2.46	2	0
hydrocotarnine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
salsolinol hydrobromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
vancomycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
moxisylyte hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	9.76	285	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.07	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
ubp 310 UBP 310: a GluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
ubp 302 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
lasalocid sodium lasalocid sodium : The sodium salt of lasalocid. It is a veterinary ionophore antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.07	1	0	benzoates; organic sodium salt	coccidiostat; ionophore
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate	2.03	1	0
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	azoxy compound
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2.43	2	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
flupirtine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
zimelidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sclerotiorin sclerotiorin: isolated from monoverticillate Penicillia; RN given for (R-(R,S-(E,E)))-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	azaphilone
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.71	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
ebelactone b ebelactone B: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source; see also ebelactone A	2.07	1	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
pectenotoxin 2 pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	polycyclic ether; spiroketal	marine metabolite
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.7	10	0
pectenotoxin 1 pectenotoxin 1: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 4/87; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0	polycyclic ether; spiroketal	marine metabolite
3-o-methylbutein 3-O-methylbutein: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	chalcones
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.02	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
volkensin volkensin: a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein; 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp; from roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant); contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence	2.38	2	0
igmesine [no description available]	2	1	0
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	2.21	1	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thermozymocidin thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog	2.46	2	0	alpha-amino fatty acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sphingoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
9-o-methanoprostaglandin i 9-O-methanoprostaglandin I: shows weak inhibitory activity in rabbit platelet aggregation induced by ADP; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
liga 20 LIGA 20: a semisynthetic GM1 ganglioside with N-dichloroacetylsphingosine; about ten times more potent than the natural GM2 in protecting neurons in culture against glutamate toxicity	2.02	1	0
marein marein: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
diacetylcurcumin diacetylcurcumin: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
everolimus [no description available]	7.61	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
su 4312 SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.	2.03	1	0
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.44	2	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	3.08	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin [no description available]	2.92	4	0
protriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cb 34 CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
b 43 RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; cyclopentanes; primary amino compound; pyrrolopyrimidine	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane 3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide 4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source	2.93	4	0
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	2.03	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
l 162313 L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95	2.03	1	0
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
mdl 105519 MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
mrs 1754 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	3.6	9	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pd 404182 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quinolines
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.03	1	0
cr 2945 CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane, cis-(1s,3s)-isomer [no description available]	2.38	2	0
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid: metabolic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
am 404 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	anilide
sb 218795 SB 218795: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	quinolines
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0	naphthyridine derivative
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	3.4	7	0
dihydroceramide N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphinganine
hydroxyachillin hydroxyachillin: isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.05	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.46	2	0
butaclamol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.42	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.94	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.91	13	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	1.99	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.09	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
mdl 201053 MDL 201053: Immunosuppressive Agent; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.03	1	0
fumagillin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	3.22	6	0
a 38503 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	1.97	1	0
montirelin montirelin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 89976-a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.07	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2	1	0
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2.06	1	0
rwj-333369 S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	organochlorine compound
anisodamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.4	21	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.68	3	0
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.07	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.08	5	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-solanine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycoalkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; steroid saponin; trisaccharide derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nifursol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
naloxone benzoylhydrazone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
l 745337 L 745337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2	2.06	1	0
cgp 56999a CGP 56999A: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.08	1	0
dp-b99 DP-b99: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
acth (4-7), pro-gly-pro- [no description available]	2.11	1	0
biie 0246 BIIE 0246: a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
benzonitrile, 4-(2-(2-((2r)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl)-5-benzofuranyl)- [no description available]	2.1	1	0
rwj 68354 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	2	1	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
zd 7155 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
davunetide davunetide: AL-108 is a nasal systemic formulation; AL-208 is an intravenous formulation; associated with glial proteins regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide, are shown now to provide protective intervention in a model of fetal alcohol syndrome	2.44	2	0	oligopeptide
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.08	5	0	oligopeptide
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	2.17	1	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
dysiherbaine dysiherbaine: an exitotoxic amino acid; structure in first source. dysiherbaine : A furopyran that is (3aR,7aR)-hexahydro-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyran substituted by carboxy, (2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl, hydroxy and methylamino groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 7, respectively (the 2R,3aR,6S,7R,7aR-stereoisomer). A convulsant isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea that has high affinity for kainate ionotropic glutamate receptors.	4.57	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; furopyran; hydroxy carboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	animal metabolite; excitatory amino acid agonist; marine metabolite; neurotoxin
pd 150606 PD 150606: a calpain inhibitor; structure given in first source. (Z)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-mercaptoacrylic acid : An organoiodine compound that is acrylic acid in which the vinylic hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by mercapto and 4-iodophenyl groups respectively (the Z geoisomer).	2.44	2	0	cinnamic acids; organoiodine compound; thioenol	apoptosis inhibitor; calpain inhibitor
gt 2016 4-(1-cyclohexylpentanoyl-4-piperidyl)-1H-imidazole: structure given in first source	2	1	0
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	2.88	4	0
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
apigenin-7-o-rutinoside [no description available]	2.07	1	0
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.07	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
st 1535 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.4	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
t 1032 T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
qx-314 bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
iem 1754 IEM 1754: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
sr 59230a 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
u 74389g [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-acetylcarnosine N-acetylcarnosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N-acetylcarnosine : A dipeptide that is the N-acetyl derivative of carnosine.	2	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
ro 48-8587 Ro 48-8587: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
bn 52020 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
mk 936 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	3.27	5	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
gyki 47261 [no description available]	2	1	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.08	1	0	diterpenoid
noscapine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	3.47	1	1	organochlorine compound
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	7.21	1	0	aromatic ether
a 77636 (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	2.71	3	0
z 338 Z 338: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	3.38	7	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
rs 102895 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzoxazine
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.03	1	0
ly 389795 LY 389795: a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
cynandione a cynandione A: isolated from Cynanchum wilfordii; structure in first source	2	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.25	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
losigame losigame: tetronic acid derivative	2.05	1	0
act 058362 1-(2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)urea: a urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
indantadol indantadol: NMDA antagonist and nonselective MAO inhibitor for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	2.41	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
benalfocin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	2	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
ro 16-0154 iomazenil: potential benzodiazepine receptor imaging tracer for SPECT; structure given in first source; RN given refers to 123I-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd not avail 10/90	2.43	2	0
carmine carminic acid : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone that is that is 1,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone substituted by a methyl group at position 8, a carboxy group at position 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 2 via a C-glycosidic linkage. It is a natural dye isolated from several insects such as Dactylopius coccus.	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid; tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	animal metabolite; histological dye
saracatinib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	9.09	4	0
lu 19005 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bavachinin bavachinin: do not confuse with bavachin	2.07	1	0	flavanones
benoxathian hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cgs 24012 CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor	1.99	1	0
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cay 10404 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazole: a cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor	2.11	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
substance p [no description available]	3.23	6	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	10.4	254	0
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	2.96	4	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.91	4	0
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	4.25	5	0	polyol	toxin
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.93	4	0
(+)-erythravine (+)-erythravine: erythrinian alkaloid derivative from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
rh 414 RH 414: voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye	1.99	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.4	2	0	nystatins
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.17	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.5	2	0	dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
psammaplysene a psammaplysene A: dimeric bromotyrosine alkaloid; specific inhibitor of FOXO1a nuclear export; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
neodysiherbaine a neodysiherbaine A: an exitotoxic amino acid; structure in first source. neodysiherbaine A : A furopyran that is (3aR,7aR)-hexahydro-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyran substituted by carboxy, (2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl, hydroxy and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 7, respectively (the 2R,3aR,6R,7R,7aR-stereoisomer). A convulsant isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea.	2.44	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; diol; furopyran; hydroxy carboxylic acid	animal metabolite; excitatory amino acid agonist; marine metabolite
rh 795 RH 795: a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye	2.03	1	0
GR 127935 hydrochloride GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	serotonergic antagonist
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
mrs 1845 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	11.94	37	0
ubp296 UBP296: potent and selective kainate receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	7.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
zj43 ZJ43: N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptidase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	7.53	13	0
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alaproclate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ubenimex [no description available]	2.03	1	0	peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dsp 4 hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.01	14	0	benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cirazoline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
adtn [no description available]	2.03	1	0
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
lilly 78335 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
efaroxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fenoldopam hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer, [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tele-methylhistamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
octoclothepine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
du 24565 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro 25-6981 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 77434 N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	dopamine agonist; prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.02	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.68	11	0
cinobufagin cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom	2.07	1	0	steroid lactone
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.92	13	0
demethylcantharidin demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.03	1	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
cannogenin thevetoside cannogenin thevetoside: from Thevetia neriifolia; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARDENOLIDES (77-84), CARDANOLIDES (75-76); RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.07	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.17	1	0
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eriodictyol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite; radical scavenger
yessotoxin yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound	3.18	5	0	ciguatoxin
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	2.21	1	0	ether
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	2.07	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2	1	0
jaw [no description available]	3.11	5	0	indolecarboxamide
win 62577 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.49	8	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
protectin d1 protectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress; structure in first source. protectin D1 : A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17S-stereoisomer). Protectin D1 is one of the specialised proresolving mediators. When produced in neural tissues, it is called neuroprotectin D1	2.17	1	0	dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; protectin; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; neuroprotective agent; PPARgamma agonist; specialised pro-resolving mediator
jorunnamycin a jorunnamycin A: structure in first source	3.35	1	0	isoquinolines
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.65	9	0
calcitonin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	4.47	23	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	5.38	19	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.03	1	0	polypeptide
cgp 23996 CGP 23996: nonreducible analog of somatostatin; used to test binding sites for somatostatin	1.98	1	0
preprotachykinin b (50-79) preprotachykinin B (50-79): amino acid sequence given in first source; found in both neurokinin B and preprotachykinin B	1.98	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	3.52	8	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	5.45	8	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.67	3	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	6.43	66	0
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	1.97	1	0
corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide: A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39.	2.07	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.7	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.7	3	0
m40 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.78	3	0
complestatin complestatin: compound extracted from Streptomyces lavendulae mycelia; on acid hydrolysis yields D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & D-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & acidic chromophore; inhibits gp120-CD4 binding. isocomplestatin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide which is a atropisomer of complestatin. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.. chloropeptin II : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of N-acylated trytophan, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycyl, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues joined in sequence and in which the side-chain of the central 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residue is attached to the side-chain of the tryptophan via a C3-C6 bond and to the side-chain of the tyrosine via an ether bond from C5. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.	2.41	2	0	cyclic ether; heterodetic cyclic peptide; indoles; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; peptide antibiotic; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antimicrobial agent; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; metabolite
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	5.07	5	0
quinine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrate
quercetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.7	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.38	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
rv 538, (r-(r,r))-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.71	9	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	3.91	12	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.46	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	7	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	7.05	1	0
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.28	6	0
dihydrorobinetin dihydrorobinetin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dinophysistoxin 1 dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.	2.79	3	0	ketal	animal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; toxin
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	5.13	44	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	3.78	11	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
succinyladenosine succinyladenosine: found in body fluids of children with severe psychomotor delay & autism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. succinyladenosine : An aspartic acid derivative that is L-aspartic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by a 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-yl group.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; amino dicarboxylic acid; L-aspartic acid derivative	metabolite
decarbamylsaxitoxin decarbamoylsaxitoxin : A pyrrolopurine that is 2,6-diiminodecahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]purine carrying an additional hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4 as well as two hydroxy substituents at position 10. A toxin that is isolated from marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria and is known to cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.01	1	0	alkaloid; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; primary alcohol; pyrrolopurine	bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; toxin; xenobiotic
azaspiracid azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source	4.44	6	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nnc 55-0396 NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; potassium channel blocker; T-type calcium channel blocker
septide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.92	4	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	2.36	2	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.01	1	0
u 63557a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	4.69	11	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bile salt
cefmetazole sodium cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	antimicrobial agent
monensin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
fusidate sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin; organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	8.76	11	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	4.44	20	0
phenytoin sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cr 1409 lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.	2.03	1	0
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt	2	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.39	2	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	6.71	74	0
ponatinib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.02	1	0	fumarate salt
lhrh, n-acetyl-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(1)-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(2)-tryptophyl(3)-arginyl(6)-alanine(10)- LHRH, N-acetyl-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(1)-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(2)-tryptophyl(3)-arginyl(6)-alanine(10)-: gonadorelin antagonist	1.98	1	0
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	1.98	1	0
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	1.97	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	3.36	7	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
nonaarginine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)- substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
substance p, pro(2)-phe(7)-trp(9)- substance P, Pro(2)-Phe(7)-Trp(9)-: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	purine nucleoside
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.4	2	0	organic anion
glycolipids [no description available]	2.1	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	9.85	63	1
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.7	3	0
tat-nr2b9c Tat-NR2B9c: a synthetic peptide consisting of the C-terminal 9 amino acids of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor fused to the cell membrane protein transduction domain of the HIV-1-Tat protein	2.21	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.03	1	0
inflachromene inflachromene: has anti-inflammatory activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.59	9	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.4	2	0
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	1.97	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.41	21	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.96	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	9.93	8	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.39	2	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13 LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; dibromobenzene; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; platelet aggregation inhibitor
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.81	3	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.07	1	0
l 701324 L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
antimycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.03	1	0
vulpinic acid vulpinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source; vulpinic acid refers to (E)-isomer	2.07	1	0	butenolide
sar127303 SAR127303: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.59	3	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2.42	2	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.99	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.25	6	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.31	1	0	peptide
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.03	1	0
brevetoxin brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis	4.84	10	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.4	7	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.03	1	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	6.93	28	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	6.11	38	0	ketal
naloxazone naloxazone: has high affinity for opiate receptor binding sites; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.66	3	0
8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine 8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine: psychotropic drug; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tg6-10-1 TG6-10-1: brain-permeant prostaglandin E receptor 2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	1.99	1	0
neurostatin neurostatin: from rat and bovine brain extracts; inhibits proliferation of cultured astrocytes	2.06	1	0
rta 408 omaveloxolone: has both anti-inflammatory and radiation protective activities	2.17	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	3.09	5	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	8.41	7	0
limbrel flavocoxid: a mixture of baicalin and catechin used as an NSAID	2.11	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.02	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.92	4	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	1.97	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.03	1	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	2.02	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.4	2	0
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	2.45	2	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
conantokin r conantokin R: isolated from Conus radiatus; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.03	1	0
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid: inhibits glyoxalase II; RN given refers to (?,Z)-isomer	1.99	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	5.41	2	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	7.41	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.21	1	0
gymnodimine gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species	2.47	2	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.95	4	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.02	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.4	7	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.25	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.02	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.26	6	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.39	2	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.43	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.41	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.94	4	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.18	4	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	2.71	3	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.36	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	6.64	70	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	2.03	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.4	7	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrofolate dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.	7.65	3	0	dihydrofolic acids	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.09	5	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.95	4	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.59	9	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.41	2	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.68	3	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	5.5	22	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cyclic imp Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.	1.95	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate	mammalian metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.87	12	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydroxypteridine
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.29	5	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.81	11	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.47	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.42	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pteroic acid pteroic acid: structure	1.96	1	0	pteroic acid
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.39	2	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.03	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	8.24	6	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	3.36	7	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid 4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid: a neuroprotective agent that has been shown to improve memory; induces NGF-dependent nociceptive nerve sprouting	2.92	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.68	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.11	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
spd 502 SPD 502: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
quazinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.4	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
ag-879 AG-879: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.68	3	0
ro 5-3663 Ro 5-3663: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.4	7	0	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	3.75	11	0
ns 257 NS 257: structure in first source; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
alpha-cyclopiazonic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alpha-cyclopiazonic acids
carbobenzoxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-alanine-d-diazomethane benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylalanine diazomethyl ketone: selective inhibitor of thiol proteinases	1.99	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
eye [no description available]	8.79	11	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.08	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	5.89	32	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.81	11	0
biphenylylacetic acid biphenylylacetic acid: metabolite of BHD 7538; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants for acetic acid moities	1.98	1	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.71	3	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.36	2	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	4.07	15	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.05	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.25	6	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.15	5	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Absence Seizure [description not available]	16.5	1,614	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	16.5	1,614	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.38	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.03	43	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.05	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.92	4	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.5	69	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.5	69	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.63	1,110	1
Itching [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.21	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.21	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	11.92	555	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	11.92	555	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	6.83	60	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.31	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	13.32	457	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).	2.98	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	6.83	60	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	13.32	457	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.58	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	4.54	9	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	4.54	9	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.31	1	0
Aura [description not available]	14.73	688	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	14.73	688	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	4.3	15	0
Epilepsy Syndromes [description not available]	3.04	3	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	10.94	99	0
Epileptic Syndromes EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).	3.04	3	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	9.3	15	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	6.2	14	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.15	33	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	8.36	63	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	6.86	60	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	6.86	60	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.85	31	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	3.44	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	6.7	51	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.41	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	4.12	10	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.12	10	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	5.11	10	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	5.11	10	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	8.46	72	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	8.46	72	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	3.41	6	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	5.03	38	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	3.43	5	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	3.23	5	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	5.03	38	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.6	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	8.09	72	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	8.09	72	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.46	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.46	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	12.15	493	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	5.67	30	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	3.08	4	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.29	18	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	7.34	18	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.09	4	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.09	4	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.96	4	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.29	18	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.34	18	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	3.22	5	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.85	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	6.38	38	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	2.25	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	8.94	13	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.83	3	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.25	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	10.88	13	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.25	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	15.59	151	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	7.37	78	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	7.37	78	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	5.59	28	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	5.59	28	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.25	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	5.38	22	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	5.38	22	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	5.65	30	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	5.65	30	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	2.58	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	4.18	16	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	10.08	105	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	10.08	105	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.72	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.28	39	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.28	39	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.94	4	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	12.32	24	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.81	12	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.31	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.81	12	0
Diathesis [description not available]	6.36	60	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	4.93	13	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	4.93	13	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.58	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	8.12	165	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	5.46	8	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	10.46	8	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	5.01	15	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.01	10	0
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	2.31	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	11.01	10	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.17	51	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	7.01	28	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.15	46	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.76	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	15.67	103	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	10.67	103	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	3.5	8	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.52	8	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	4.98	15	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.15	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	2.42	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	4.98	15	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	9.67	28	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.12	16	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.15	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	11.99	27	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	6.99	27	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	2.45	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.1	28	0
Ciguatera [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Ciguatera Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.	3.64	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.64	10	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.15	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	8.27	6	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.84	34	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	2.75	3	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	10.31	21	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.66	9	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.15	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.34	20	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	3.49	8	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.34	20	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	8.26	6	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	5.71	12	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	5.71	12	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	5.08	10	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	5.08	10	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.99	4	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	8.45	36	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	8.45	36	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	4.55	9	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.17	1	0
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	2.55	2	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.95	13	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3.95	13	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.61	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	3.5	8	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.57	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.95	4	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.21	1	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.21	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.92	4	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.92	4	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.72	10	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	4.66	10	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	4.34	20	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.72	3	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	3.15	5	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	4.78	2	1
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.14	5	0
4p Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.08	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.08	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.08	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.52	8	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.33	6	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4.13	16	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4.13	16	0
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Vestibular Neuronitis Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)	2.08	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	4.52	9	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	4.52	9	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.1	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.44	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.77	3	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	3.38	7	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.97	13	0
Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic 2 [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3.1	5	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	3.01	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.97	4	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.97	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	7.78	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.78	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	4.53	23	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.1	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.1	1	0
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.71	3	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	9.87	13	0
Ache [description not available]	7.45	46	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.45	46	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	6.08	16	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	6.08	16	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	3.61	9	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	2.49	2	0
Autism [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.52	2	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.11	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	2.41	2	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.48	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.11	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.11	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.48	2	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.11	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	3.16	5	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.46	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	3.13	5	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.5	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.11	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.11	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.11	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.91	4	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.13	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	5.22	19	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	5.22	19	0
11q Deletion Disorder [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.13	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.4	7	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	2.13	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.93	4	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.13	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.75	3	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	4.51	9	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.04	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4	14	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.04	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.04	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	5.95	14	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	2.4	2	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	7.68	3	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.04	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	3.26	6	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	3.38	7	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	2.05	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	9.21	76	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	14.21	76	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	6.8	28	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.39	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.45	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.05	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.7	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	4.01	5	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.41	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cranial Nerve XII Injury [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	3.24	6	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.1	5	0
Alexander Disease Rare leukoencephalopathy with infantile-onset accumulation of Rosenthal fibers in the subpial, periventricular, and subependymal zones of the brain. Rosenthal fibers are GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN aggregates found in ASTROCYTES. Juvenile- and adult-onset types show progressive atrophy of the lower brainstem instead. De novo mutations in the GFAP gene are associated with the disease with propensity for paternal inheritance.	2.45	2	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	2.44	2	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.46	2	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	2.44	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.05	1	0
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	2.06	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.06	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.06	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.06	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.06	1	0
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	2.98	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	8.1	5	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	7.06	1	0
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	2.06	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.06	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.06	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.44	2	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	7.44	2	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.07	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.07	1	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	3	1	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	3	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.38	7	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.41	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	5.08	6	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.92	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	4.84	34	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.01	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	4.25	2	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	4.25	2	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.01	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	4.55	25	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	4.55	25	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	8.37	7	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	2.01	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.41	2	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	2.01	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.22	6	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.43	2	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	1.93	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.01	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.01	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.02	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	2.93	1	0
Infection [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.31	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	4.53	3	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.02	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.02	1	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.93	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	4.29	7	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	4.29	7	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Astroblastoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.09	5	0
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)	2.02	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	3.31	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2.4	2	0
Acquired Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Emaciation Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).	2.02	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.02	1	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.5	8	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.37	7	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.02	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	2.4	2	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	2.02	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.02	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.03	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.69	3	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.41	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	2.91	4	0
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)	2.03	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.03	1	0
Cranial Nerve X Injury [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.04	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.39	2	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.04	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.05	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.05	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.38	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.37	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.36	2	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2.65	3	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.06	5	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	1.96	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	1.96	1	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	6.96	1	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	6.96	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	7.66	3	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.88	4	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.89	4	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	1.98	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	1.98	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.39	2	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	7.67	3	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.91	4	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	1.98	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	1.98	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.81	4	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.68	3	0
Emesis [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	3.49	8	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	7.39	2	0
ACY2 Deficiency [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Canavan Disease A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)	1.98	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	1.98	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	1.98	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	1.98	1	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Ametropia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	3.59	3	0
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	2.38	2	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	3.08	5	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	3.82	4	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	1.99	1	0
Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.	1.99	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	1.99	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.99	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.67	3	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.4	2	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	1.99	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	1.99	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.4	2	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	1.99	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1.99	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	2	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2	1	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	2	1	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	2	1	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	2	1	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	2	1	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	2	1	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	2	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.84	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.84	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.01	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.01	1	0
Childhood Torsion Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Agranulocytosis, Feline [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	1.98	1	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.66	3	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	1.97	1	0
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Buphthalmos [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	2.89	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	1.97	1	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	1.97	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	1.97	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.97	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	1.97	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	1.97	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.97	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.97	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	1.97	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	6.97	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.97	1	0
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.37	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	1.97	1	0
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0

kainic acid

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