Compounds > nitazoxanide
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nitazoxanide

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Description

Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide derivative with broad-spectrum antiprotozoal and antiviral activity. It has been used to treat various parasitic infections, including giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and amebiasis. Nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase enzyme in anaerobic protozoa, disrupting their energy metabolism. Its mechanism of antiviral activity is less understood but may involve inhibiting viral replication and interfering with viral attachment to host cells. Nitazoxanide is orally administered and is generally well-tolerated. It is currently being studied for its potential to treat other parasitic infections, viral infections, and inflammatory bowel disease.'

nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID41684
CHEMBL ID1401
CHEBI ID94807
SCHEMBL ID40981
MeSH IDM0123653

Synonyms (137)

Synonym
AC-1302
nitazoxanidum [inn-latin]
benzamide, 2-(acetyloxy)-n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-
alinia
salicylamide, n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-, acetate (ester)
(2-((5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)acetat
2-(acetolyloxy)-n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide
nsc 697855
n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)salicylamide acetate (ester)
brn 1225475
n-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)salicylamide acetate ester
nitazoxanida [inn-spanish]
o-(n-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate
einecs 259-931-8
HMS3393L04
AB00639988-09
NCI60_034935
NCIMECH_000843
OPREA1_263587
nitazoxanide (usan/inn)
alinia (tn)
D02486
NCGC00090774-01
MLS001424074
55981-09-4
alinia(tm)
NSC697855 ,
nitazoxanide
phavic-1
NTZ ,
salicylamide, n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)- acetate (ester)
2-acetyloxy-n-[(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)]benzamide
[2-[(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl] acetate
smr000466367
MLS000759492
cpd000466367
DB00507
nsc-697855
azt + nitazoxanide
2-[(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl acetate
STK395664
HMS2051L04
colufase
heliton
daxon
cryptaz
[2-[(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]phenyl] acetate
ph 5776
CHEMBL1401
nsc-760057
ph-5776 ,
A830877
NCGC00090774-04
NCGC00090774-02
NCGC00090774-03
zox
tox21_201226
NCGC00258778-01
pharmakon1600-01503843
nsc760057
cas-55981-09-4
dtxcid3013757
tox21_111018
dtxsid5033757 ,
nitazoxanid
CCG-35851
nitazoxanidum
soa12p041n ,
nitazoxanide [usan:inn:ban]
nitazoxanida
unii-soa12p041n
nitazoxamide
FT-0601547
nitazoxanide [usan]
nitazoxanide [mi]
nitazoxanide [orange book]
nitazoxanide [mart.]
nitazoxanide [green book]
nitazoxanide [usp-rs]
nitazoxanide [vandf]
nitazoxanide [who-dd]
nitazoxanide [inn]
s1627 ,
AKOS015915393
AB00639988-07
HY-B0217
MLS006010127
NC00246
SCHEMBL40981
NCGC00090774-05
tox21_111018_1
KS-1160
Q-201475
2-((5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate
AB00639988_11
AB00639988_10
mfcd00416599
bdbm50075050
Z1514087129
2-(acetyloxy)-n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide
nitazoxanide, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
CHEBI:94807
acetic acid [2-[[(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)amino]-oxomethyl]phenyl] ester
HMS3655M11
nitazoxanide, >=98% (hplc)
HMS3715F10
mmv688991
SW197626-2
2-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl acetate
ntz;nsc 697855
nitrazoxanide
Q2943789
toza
kidonax
nitax
paramix
nitazoxanide (alinia, annita)
dexidex
pacovanton
nitazox
N1031
BCP13918
nitrazoxanide 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
SR-01000759418-9
sr-01000759418
2-(acetyloxy)-n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-benzamide
BN164151
nitazoxanide- bio-x
EN300-220095
salicylamide, n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-, acetate(ester)
nitazoxanidum (inn-latin)
nitazoxanide (usp-rs)
nitaxozanide
nitaxozanid
p01ax11
nitazoxanide (mart.)
nitazoxanida (inn-spanish)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum drug with promising immunomodulatory effects. It is an emerging cancer therapy and its targeted GSTP1 evidence remains a knowledge need.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antiviral drug (thiazole). "( Nitazoxanide induced myocardial injury in zebrafish embryos by activating oxidative stress response.
Che, X; Fan, G; Gong, F; Huang, Y; Jia, K; Li, X; Lu, H; Shen, T; Wang, X; Xu, Z; Zhang, J, 2021)		3.51
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum drug with promising immunomodulatory effects."( Nitazoxanide Exerts Immunomodulatory Effects on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
Bernal-Fernández, G; Castillo-Salazar, M; García-Jiménez, S; Hernández-DiazCouder, A; Mojica-Cardoso, C; Navarrete-Vázquez, G; Sánchez-Muñoz, F; Springall Del Villar, R; Toledano-Jaimes, C, 2021)		2.79
"Nitazoxanide is an antimicrobial compound that was originally developed as an antiprotozoal drug. "( A specific turn-on fluorescence probe for determination of nitazoxanide based on feasible oxidation reaction with hypochlorite: Applying cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for pre-concentration and extraction of its metabolite from real urine samples.
Abdel-Lateef, MA; Abu-Hassan, AA; Almahri, A; Alzahrani, E; El Hamd, MA; Mohammad, BS; Pashameah, RA, 2022)		2.41
"Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic that has been tested for COVID-19 due to its anti-inflammatory effects and in vitro antiviral activity. "( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.
Barreto-Alves, JA; do Nascimento-Júnior, EM; Fakhouri, R; Ferreira, LC; Martins-Filho, PR, 2022)		2.47
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an emerging cancer therapy and its targeted GSTP1 evidence remains a knowledge need."( The GSTP1/MAPKs/BIM/SMAC modulatory actions of nitazoxanide: Bioinformatics and experimental evidence in subcutaneous solid Ehrlich carcinoma-inoculated mice.
Abd El-Moneam, SM; Abdelmaogood, AKK; Elaidy, SM; Elkholy, SE; Faisal, S; Imbaby, S; Mansour, BSA; Mehana, AE, 2023)		1.89
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum immunomodulatory drug, and little information is about the immunotoxicity of aquatic organisms induced by NTZ. "( Immunotoxicity and transcriptome analysis of zebrafish embryos exposure to Nitazoxanide.
An, J; Hu, B; Jian, S; Lu, H; Lu, W; Meng, Y; Wen, C; Yang, F; Yang, G, 2023)		2.58
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum drug used in intestinal infections, but still poorly explored in the treatment of parasitic tissular infections. "( In vitro nitazoxanide exposure affects energetic metabolism of Taenia crassiceps.
Alves, DSMM; Costa, TL; Fraga, CM; Isac, E; Lima, NF; Lino Junior, RS; Picanço, GA; Vinaud, MC, 2020)		2.42
"Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum, anti-parasitic, anti-protozoal, anti-viral drug, whose mechanisms of action have remained elusive."( Anti-infective nitazoxanide disrupts transcription of ribosome biogenesis-related genes in yeast.
Xu, S; Yamamoto, N, 2020)		2.35
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a host-targeted antiviral that is currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of influenza."( Host-targeted nitazoxanide has a high barrier to resistance but does not reduce the emergence or proliferation of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses in vitro or in vivo when used in combination with oseltamivir.
Barr, IG; Hurt, AC; Koszalka, P; Mifsud, E; Rossignol, JF; Tilmanis, D, 2020)		1.64
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a synthetic form of nitrothiazole with a broad range of applications as an antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral agent. "( Enhancing the solubility of nitazoxanide with solid dispersions technique: formulation, evaluation, and cytotoxicity study.
Alam, A; Aldawsari, HM; Foudah, AI; Garg, AK; Kesharwani, P; Maddiboyina, B; Rawat, P; Riadi, Y; Singh, S; Sood, S, 2021)		2.36
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an orally active drug with significant postmarketing experience including more than 75 million adults and children. "( Role of nitazoxanide as a repurposed drug in the treatment and management of various diseases.
Bharti, C; Goswami, N; Kumar, S; Rabbani, SA; Sharma, H; Sharma, S, 2021)		2.5
"Nitazoxanide is an anti-infective drug with demonstrated activity against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria including H. pylori."( Randomized controlled study of a novel triple nitazoxanide (NTZ)-containing therapeutic regimen versus the traditional regimen for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Abd-Elsalam, S; Elmesseri, H; Shehata, MA; Soliman, S; Talaat, R, 2017)		1.43
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an anti-parasitic drug that also has activity against bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. "( Nitazoxanide is active against Mycobacterium leprae.
Bailey, MA; Duthie, MS; Gillis, TP; Lahiri, R; Na, H; Parish, T, 2017)		3.34
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an FDA-approved drug for parasitic infections, and has been recently shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activities."( Inhibition of rubella virus replication by the broad-spectrum drug nitazoxanide in cell culture and in a patient with a primary immune deficiency.
Adebayo, A; Hautala, T; Icenogle, J; Perelygina, L; Seppänen, M; Sullivan, KE, 2017)		1.41
"Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide compound that was originally developed as an anti-parasitic agent, but has recently been repurposed for the treatment of influenza virus infections. "( The susceptibility of circulating human influenza viruses to tizoxanide, the active metabolite of nitazoxanide.
Hurt, AC; Oh, DY; Rossignol, JF; Tilmanis, D; van Baalen, C, 2017)		2.11
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an FDA-approved anti-protozoal drug that inhibits several bacteria and viruses as well. "( Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by nitazoxanide.
Geballe, AP; Hickson, SE; Hockenbery, DM; Margineantu, D; Simon, JA, 2018)		2.18
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an antifolate containing the pyrrolopyrimidine-based nucleus that exerts its antiprotozoal activity due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism."( Oral nitazoxanide treatment of experimental neurocysticercosis induces gluconeogenesis in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci.
Alves, DSMM; Costa, TL; Isac, E; Lima, NF; Lino Junior, RS; Picanço, GA; Silva, LD; Vinaud, MC, 2019)		1.75
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of chronic HCV infection, both in HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients."( Analysis of sequences of hepatitis C virus NS5A genotype 1 in HIV-coinfected patients with a null response to nitazoxanide or peg-interferon plus ribavirin.
Cahn, P; Gun, A; Laufer, N; Ojeda, D; Quarleri, J; Sede, M, 2013)		1.32
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a thiazolide anti-infective licensed for the treatment of parasitic gastroenteritis."( Nitazoxanide inhibits the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus in cultured cells and in a mouse model.
Deng, X; Li, B; Li, S; Ma, Z; Qiu, Y; Shao, D; Shi, Z; Wang, X; Wei, J; Xue, F; Zhang, K, 2014)		2.57
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a highly hydrophobic nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide that displays antimicrobial activity against a variety of parasites, anaerobic bacteria and viruses. "( Encapsulation of the antimicrobial and immunomodulator agent nitazoxanide within polymeric micelles.
Glisoni, RJ; Sosnik, A, 2014)		2.09
"Nitazoxanide is an antimicrobial that has been shown to be effective against a broad range of enteropathogens."( Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012.
Bowen, AC; Carapetis, JR; McLeod, C; Morris, PS; Snelling, TL, 2014)		2.57
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a nitrothiazole benzamide compound with a broad activity spectrum against parasites, Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and viruses. "( Metabolism of nitazoxanide in rats, pigs, and chickens: Application of liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometer.
Chen, Z; Guo, C; He, L; Huang, X; Li, S; Liu, Y; Pan, G; Yan, C; Zeng, Z, 2015)		2.22
"Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent undergoing clinical development for treatment of influenza and other viral respiratory infections. "( Nitazoxanide, a new drug candidate for the treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Rossignol, JF, )		3.02
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug used against a wide variety of protozoans and helminthes. "( Nitazoxanide induces in vitro metabolic acidosis in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci.
da Costa, TL; de A Picanço, G; de Lima, NF; de S Lino Junior, R; de S M M Alves, D; Fraga, CM; Isac, E; Vinaud, MC, 2016)		3.32
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad spectrum antiparasitic drug, proposed recently as a potential candidate to be added to the list of essential medicines for integrated neglected tropical disease control and elimination."( Antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide enhances parasitemia, tissue lesions and mortality caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in murine model.
Delgado-Enciso, I; Dobrovinskaya, O; Espinoza-Gómez, F; López-Lemus, UA; Melnikov, V; Pimientel-Rodrigez, V; Rodriguez-Hernández, A; Rueda-Valdovinos, G; Valle-Reyes, JS; Wookee-Zea, C, 2017)		1.5
"Nitazoxanide is an important treatment option for rotavirus diarrhea."( Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children.
Teran, CG; Teran-Escalera, CN; Villarroel, P, 2009)		2.52
"Nitazoxanide is a new broad-spectrum, antiparasitic drug agent. "( LC: analysis of photodegradation kinetics of nitazoxanide in pharmaceutical formulations.
Gonçalves, HM; Malesuik, MD; Paim, CS; Schapoval, EE; Steppe, M, 2009)		2.06
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent with activity against protozoa, nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes."( In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of nitazoxanide against Leishmania donovani.
Gao, H; Jin, H; Liu, Q; Ma, C; Shang, L; Wei, F; Wu, Y; Xia, Z; Zhang, R; Zhu, XQ, 2010)		1.34
"Nitazoxanide is an important advance in treatment of HIV negative patients."( Treatment of cryptosporidiosis: do we know what we think we know?
Cabada, MM; White, AC, 2010)		1.08
"Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide compound that exhibits antimicrobial properties against helminths, protozoa, anaerobic bacteria and also Helicobacter pylori. "( In-vitro transfer of nitazoxanide across the intestinal epithelial barrier.
Heyman, M; Matysiak-Budnik, T; Mégraud, F, 2002)		2.08
"Nitazoxanide is a new treatment option for blastocystosis in AIDS patients."( [Blastocystosis: nitazoxanide as a new therapeutic option].
Cimerman, S; Iuliano, WA; Ladeira, MC, )		1.19
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an antibiotic with microbiological characteristics similar to those of metronidazole but without an apparent problem of resistance. "( Nitazoxanide in treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a clinical and in vitro study.
Dusci, L; Guttner, Y; Marshall, BJ; Viiala, CH; Windsor, HM, 2003)		3.2
"Nitazoxanide is a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent that shows excellent in vitro activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths. "( Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent.
Fox, LM; Saravolatz, LD, 2005)		3.21
"Nitazoxanide is a member of the thiazolide class of drugs with a documented broad spectrum of activity against parasites and anaerobic bacteria."( Nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum thiazolide anti-infective agent for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
Esposito, M; Hemphill, A; Mueller, J, 2006)		2.5
"Nitazoxanide is an alternative treatment for fascioliasis and teniasis."( [Therapeutic alternatives in case of failure of first-line treatment of intestinal helminthiasis in adults].
Debonne, JM; Rey, P, 2006)		1.06
"Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C."( Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
Anderson, VR; Curran, MP, 2007)		2.5
"Nitazoxanide is a safe, effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection."( Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide.
Khan, AR; Lateef, M; Nazir, M; Shoukat, A; Zargar, SA, 2008)		2.01
"Nitazoxanide is a new compound with broad-spectrum activity against numerous intestinal protozoa, helminths and anaerobic bacteria. "( Nitazoxanide: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum anti-infective agent.
Aslam, S; Musher, DM, 2007)		3.23
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a promising treatment for cryptosporidia and microsporidia, but is apparently not for sale anywhere in the United States."( New products? What new products?
Young, A, 1996)		1.02
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an anthelminthic drug that has been available for several years in developing countries where tapeworm and liver fluke infestations are common, and physicians in Texas sometimes prescribe it because it is readily available in Mexican pharmacies."( Nitazoxanide for cryptosporidial diarrhea.
Bowers, M, 1998)		2.46
"Nitazoxanide (N) is a new broad-spectrum intestinal antiparasitic agent. "( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses.
Allemon, AM; De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Stockis, A, 2002)		3.2
"Nitazoxanide (N) is a new broad-spectrum intestinal antiparasitic agent. "( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.
De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)		3.2
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug that kills Helicobacter pylori and also many anaerobic bacterial, protozoan, and helminthic species. "( Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori.
Berg, DE; Goodwin, A; Hoffman, PS; Hughes, NJ; Mukhopadhyay, AK; Raudonikiene, A; Sisson, G, 2002)		2

Effects

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has a broad-spectrum activity against urease-producing bacteria. It decreases ammonia production and is therefore expected to reverse the symptoms of HE. And, nitazoxAnide has a prominent protoscolicidal effect.

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown efficacy in vitro against coronavirus infections (MERS, Sars, SARS-CoV-2). NitazoxAnide has a broad-spectrum activity against urease-producing bacteria, so it decreases ammonia production.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has a broad-spectrum activity against urease-producing bacteria, so it decreases ammonia production and is therefore expected to reverse the symptoms of HE."( A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nitazoxanide Plus Lactulose With Lactulose Alone in Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy.
Abd-Elsalam, S; Badawi, R; El-Kalla, F; Elfert, A; Elkhalawany, W; ElSawaf, MA; Elwan, N; Hawash, N; Soliman, S, 2019)		1.5
"And, nitazoxanide has a prominent protoscolicidal effect."( In vivo and in vitro efficacies of mebendazole, mefloquine and nitazoxanide against cyst echinococcosis.
Hu, W; Liu, C; Yin, J; Zhang, H, 2015)		1.11
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) 1 has performed well in clinical trials against HCV."( Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
Allman, SA; Bentley, J; Berry, NG; Edwards, G; Hellier, J; Helm, A; Iqbal, M; Korba, BE; Lawrenson, AS; Moores, SL; Pidathala, C; Rossignol, JF; Row, EC; Semple, JE; Sharma, R; Stachulski, AV, 2011)		1.09
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has been experimentally tested against this parasite."( Intraperitoneal and intracranial experimental cysticercosis present different metabolic preferences after treatment with isolated or combined albendazole and nitazoxanide.
Cristina Gomes, T; de Andrade Picanço, G; de Sousa Mendes Moreira Alves, D; Ferreira de Lima, N; Luísa da Costa, T; Vinaud, MC, 2022)		1.64
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown a promising antitumoral effect, the current study compared the anti-neoplastic effects of intravesical NTZ and BCG plus NTZ in NMIBC animal model."( Boosting bladder cancer treatment by intravesical nitazoxanide and bacillus calmette-guérin association.
Assalin, HB; Ferrari, KL; Ikari, O; Kiehl, IGA; Ossick, MV; Reis, LO; Riccetto, E; Salustiano, ACC, 2021)		2.32
"Nitazoxanide has powerful antiviral effects and proven efficacy against a range of viruses including SARS and MERS."( Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine vs Hydroxychloroquine + Nitazoxanide in COVID-19 patients with risk factors for poor prognosis: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Calderón, JM; Padmanabhan, S; Zerón, HM, 2020)		1.52
"Nitazoxanide has shown efficacy in vitro against coronavirus infections (MERS, SARS, SARS-CoV-2). "( Nitazoxanide against COVID-19 in three explorative scenarios.
Briones Garduño, JC; De la Cruz Ávila, L; Díaz Meza, S; Figueroa Flores, MDR; Mendieta Zerón, H; Meneses Calderón, J; Meneses Figueroa, J; Padmanabhan, S; Paniagua Coria, L; Ramírez Chacón, R; Vargas Contretas, MJ, 2020)		3.44
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has a broad-spectrum activity against urease-producing bacteria, so it decreases ammonia production and is therefore expected to reverse the symptoms of HE."( A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nitazoxanide Plus Lactulose With Lactulose Alone in Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy.
Abd-Elsalam, S; Badawi, R; El-Kalla, F; Elfert, A; Elkhalawany, W; ElSawaf, MA; Elwan, N; Hawash, N; Soliman, S, 2019)		1.5
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has been used empirically in the clinic and has demonstrated effectiveness against norovirus gastroenteritis."( Nitazoxanide Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication and Synergizes with Ribavirin by Activation of Cellular Antiviral Response.
Chang, KO; Chen, S; Dang, W; Ma, B; Pan, Q; Peppelenbosch, MP; Xu, L; Yin, Y, 2018)		2.64
"Nitazoxanide has limited in vivo anti-viral effects for immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived rubella. "( Outcomes for Nitazoxanide Treatment in a Case Series of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies and Rubella Virus-Associated Granuloma.
Buchbinder, D; Deripapa, E; Dorsey, MJ; Eloit, M; Hauck, F; Hautala, T; Icenogle, J; Moshous, D; Perelygina, L; Sullivan, KE; Uriarte, I, 2019)		2.33
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has bactericidal activity against the H37Rv laboratory strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a MIC of 16 μg/ml. "( Efficacy of nitazoxanide against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Fitzgerald, DW; Johnson, WD; Merveille, YM; Nathan, CF; Ocheretina, O; Pape, JW; Shigyo, K, 2013)		2.21
"Nitazoxanide has been proposed as a novel therapeutic agent for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) potentiating the effect of interferon and improving sustained virological response rates to up to 80% in genotype 4. "( Nitazoxanide plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin in the treatment of genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C, a randomized controlled trial.
Deraz, DM; Elbaz, TM; Shehab, HM, 2014)		3.29
"And, nitazoxanide has a prominent protoscolicidal effect."( In vivo and in vitro efficacies of mebendazole, mefloquine and nitazoxanide against cyst echinococcosis.
Hu, W; Liu, C; Yin, J; Zhang, H, 2015)		1.11
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has moderate mycobactericidal activity and is also an inducer of autophagy in mammalian cells. "( Inhalable Particles for "Pincer Therapeutics" Targeting Nitazoxanide as Bactericidal and Host-Directed Agent to Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis.
Gupta, A; Gupta, P; Gupta, UD; Kumar, S; Meena, J; Misra, A; Panda, AK; Sharma, D; Sharma, S, 2016)		2.12
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown good clinical anti-Giardia activity in humans, yet it has not been evaluated for the treatment of giardiasis in dogs."( Efficacy of nitazoxanide to treat natural Giardia infections in dogs.
Alcala-Canto, Y; Gutierrez, L; Moron-Soto, M; Sumano, H; Tapia, G, 2017)		1.56
"Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has proven its efficacy in vitro against C."( Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves.
Deplazes, P; Hemphill, A; Kohler, L; Schnyder, M, 2009)		1.34
"Nitazoxanide has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but data is limited in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. "( Nitazoxanide and probiotics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient.
Bardin, MC; Sher, G; Yangco, BG, 2009)		3.24
"Nitazoxanide has been suggested as potential drug candidate."( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized controlled trial.
Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2012)		1.41
"Nitazoxanide has been licensed for the treatment of Giardia intestinalis-induced diarrhea in patients >or=1 year of age and Cryptosporidum-induced diarrhea in children aged 1-11 years."( Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent.
Fox, LM; Saravolatz, LD, 2005)		2.49
"Nitazoxanide has high efficacy against Cryptosporodial diarrhea only."( Current status of anti-diarrheal and anti-secretory drugs in the management of acute childhood diarrhea.
Alam, S; Bhatnagar, S, 2006)		1.06

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nitazoxanide can inhibit M."( Nitazoxanide stimulates autophagy and inhibits mTORC1 signaling and intracellular proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Andersen, RJ; Anderson, HJ; Av-Gay, Y; Balgi, AD; Forestieri, R; Lam, KK; Nodwell, M; Roberge, M; Vollett, S; Zheng, X, 2012)		2.54

Treatment

Treatment with nitazoxanide, oral immunoglobulin, or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors has shown varying degrees of benefit in case reports and case series. Treatment was 71-100% effective in eliminating evidence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica/E. NitazoxAnide is a new treatment option for blastocystosis in AIDS patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The Nitazoxanide treated group showed 52.7% reduction."( Atorvastatin repurposing for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in experimentally immunosuppressed mice.
El-Sayed, SH; Ismail Negm, MS; Madbouly Taha, N; Salah A Yousof, HA; Younis, AI, 2017)		0.94
"Nitazoxanide or placebo treatment began after feeding 10 and when the fecal score was greater than 1 out of 3."( Effect of nitazoxanide on cryptosporidiosis in experimentally infected neonatal dairy calves.
Bellosa, ML; Bowman, DD; Divers, TJ; Linden, TC; Nydam, DV; Ollivett, TL; Zambriski, JA, 2009)		1.48
"Nitazoxanide is a new treatment option for blastocystosis in AIDS patients."( [Blastocystosis: nitazoxanide as a new therapeutic option].
Cimerman, S; Iuliano, WA; Ladeira, MC, )		1.19
"In nitazoxanide-treated and paromomycin-treated groups as compared with untreated animals (P<0.05), oocyst shedding was partially suppressed in a similar manner (P>0.05). "( Efficacy of nitazoxanide and paromomycin in biliary tract cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed gerbil model.
Baishanbo, A; Ballet, JJ; Duclos, C; Favennec, L; François, A; Gargala, G; Rossignol, JF, 2006)		1.33
"Nitazoxanide treatment reduced the duration of both diarrhea (P<.0001) and oocyst shedding (P<.0001)."( Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Nitazoxanide.
Ayers, MS; Ayoub, A; Rossignol, JF, 2001)		1.24
"Treatment with nitazoxanide, oral immunoglobulin, or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors has shown varying degrees of benefit in case reports and case series."( Metronidazole for treatment of norovirus in pediatric transplant recipients.
Muller, WJ; Newman, AM; Soneji, M; Toia, J, 2022)		1.06
"Treatment with nitazoxanide 600 mg twice daily for 5 days was associated with a reduction of the duration of symptoms in participants with acute uncomplicated influenza. "( Effect of nitazoxanide in adults and adolescents with acute uncomplicated influenza: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial.
Bardin, M; Ginocchio, C; Haffizulla, J; Hartman, A; Hoppers, M; Resnick, H; Rossignol, JF; Samudrala, S, 2014)		1.16
"Treatment with nitazoxanide and probiotics is effective in the management of children with acute rotavirus diarrhea. "( Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children.
Teran, CG; Teran-Escalera, CN; Villarroel, P, 2009)		2.15
"Treatment with nitazoxanide did not prevent weight loss or parasite stool shedding."( Cryptosporidium-malnutrition interactions: mucosal disruption, cytokines, and TLR signaling in a weaned murine model.
Costa, LB; Freire, RS; Guerrant, RL; Hoffman, PS; JohnBull, EA; Lima, AA; Oriá, RB; Reeves, JT; Roche, JK; Sevilleja, JE; Warren, CA, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment with nitazoxanide was well tolerated by the patients."( Nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa.
Dembele, TM; Diakite, M; Diallo, DA; Doumbo, O; Pichard, E; Rossignol, JF; Traore, F; Traore, HA, 1997)		2.08
"Treatment with nitazoxanide was 71-100% effective in eliminating evidence of infection with Entamoeba histolytica/E."( Nitazoxanide for the treatment of intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections in Mexico.
Geyne Cruz, A; Guerrero, LR; Muñóz García, MR; Romero Cabello, R, )		1.91

Toxicity

Children receiving nitazoxanide had significantly more adverse events compared to placebo recipients. Compared with the placebo or standard care, nitazOxanide were associated with a similar risk of any adverse event (RD, -0.0).

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" At the end of the treatment we asked the parents if the children had presented any adverse events during the administration of the medication."( [Effectiveness and safety of mebendazole compared to nitazoxanide in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children].
Cruz del Castillo, AH; Rodríguez-García, R; Rodríguez-Guzmán, LM, )		0.38
" Adverse events were assessed and graded before treatment and four times after treatment."( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized controlled trial.
Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2012)		0.69
" Children receiving nitazoxanide had significantly more adverse events compared to placebo recipients."( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized controlled trial.
Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2012)		1.01
" We used recombinant technology and enzyme inactivation to demonstrate the capacity of omeprazole to inactivate giardial triosephosphate isomerase, with no adverse effects on its human counterpart."( Giardial triosephosphate isomerase as possible target of the cytotoxic effect of omeprazole in Giardia lamblia.
Castillo-Villanueva, A; de la Mora-de la Mora, I; Enríquez-Flores, S; Figueroa-Salazar, R; García-Torres, I; Gómez-Manzo, S; Gutiérrez-Castrellón, P; Hernández-Alcántara, G; López-Velázquez, G; Marcial-Quino, J; Méndez, ST; Oria-Hernández, J; Reyes-Vivas, H; Torres-Arroyo, A; Vanoye-Carlo, A; Yépez-Mulia, L, 2014)		0.4
"7%) participants in the NTZ and placebo groups, respectively, reported serious adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in Addition to Standard of Care for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Illness.
Araujo-Meléndez, J; Beigel, JH; Galindo-Fraga, A; Gamiño-Arroyo, AE; García-Andrade, LA; Guerrero, ML; Holley, HP; Hunsberger, S; Ibarra-González, V; Kapushoc, H; Llamosas-Gallardo, B; Martínez-López, J; McCarthy, S; Moreno-Espinosa, S; Ramírez-Venegas, A; Roldán-Aragón, Y; Ruiz-Palacios, GM; Smolskis, MC, 2019)		0.82
" No mortality or serious adverse events were recorded."( Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir in combination or nitazoxanide alone are safe and efficient treatments for COVID-19 infection: A randomized controlled trial for repurposing antivirals.
Abd Elghafar, MS; Abd-Elsalam, S; Abdelghaffar, H; Abdelghaffar, K; Al Shafie, A; Badr, M; El-Kassas, M; Esmael, HE; Ezz Eldin, AM; Ezzat, S; Hassany, SM; Kamal, DT; Karam-Allah, H; Medhat, MA; Moaz, I; Moustafa, E; Ossimi, A; Salama, M; Sayed, H; Shamseldeen, A, 2022)		0.99
" These drugs represent a safe and affordable treatment for COVID-19."( Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir in combination or nitazoxanide alone are safe and efficient treatments for COVID-19 infection: A randomized controlled trial for repurposing antivirals.
Abd Elghafar, MS; Abd-Elsalam, S; Abdelghaffar, H; Abdelghaffar, K; Al Shafie, A; Badr, M; El-Kassas, M; Esmael, HE; Ezz Eldin, AM; Ezzat, S; Hassany, SM; Kamal, DT; Karam-Allah, H; Medhat, MA; Moaz, I; Moustafa, E; Ossimi, A; Salama, M; Sayed, H; Shamseldeen, A, 2022)		0.99
"To describe the patient characteristics, treatment outcomes, and adverse events, especially the occurrence of PML in NTZ-treated patients."( A real world multi center study on efficacy and safety of natalizumab in Indian patients with multiple sclerosis.
Anand, B; Annadure, RK; Arulselvan, V; Deepalam, S; Gupta, S; Ichaporia, N; Iyer, RB; John, SK; Kamath, V; Kumar, S; Mathew, T; Murgod, U; Nadig, R; Nair, SS; Neeharika, ML; Netravathi, M; Parry, G; Raghavendra, S; Reddy, YM; Renukaradhya, U; Rohatgi, A; Sarma, GRK; Satishchandra, P; Sharath Kumar, GG; Shivakumar, R; Singh, P; Singhal, BS; Surya, N; Yareeda, S, 2022)		0.72
"Natalizumab is highly effective and safe in Indian MS patients, with no cases of PML identified at last follow up."( A real world multi center study on efficacy and safety of natalizumab in Indian patients with multiple sclerosis.
Anand, B; Annadure, RK; Arulselvan, V; Deepalam, S; Gupta, S; Ichaporia, N; Iyer, RB; John, SK; Kamath, V; Kumar, S; Mathew, T; Murgod, U; Nadig, R; Nair, SS; Neeharika, ML; Netravathi, M; Parry, G; Raghavendra, S; Reddy, YM; Renukaradhya, U; Rohatgi, A; Sarma, GRK; Satishchandra, P; Sharath Kumar, GG; Shivakumar, R; Singh, P; Singhal, BS; Surya, N; Yareeda, S, 2022)		0.72
" The following elements were used to define eligibility criteria: (1) Population: individuals with COVID-19; (2) Intervention: nitazoxanide; (3) Comparison: placebo; (4) Outcomes: primary outcome was death, and secondary outcomes were viral load, positive RT-PCR status, serum biomarkers of inflammation, composite measure of disease progression (ICU admission or invasive mechanical ventilation), and any adverse events; (5) Study type: blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials (RCTs)."( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.
Barreto-Alves, JA; do Nascimento-Júnior, EM; Fakhouri, R; Ferreira, LC; Martins-Filho, PR, 2022)		1.24
" Compared with the placebo or standard care, nitazoxanide were associated with a similar risk of any adverse event (RD, -0."( Clinical outcomes, virological efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chao, CM; Lai, CC; Wang, JH; Weng, TC; Weng, TS, 2022)		1.23
" Adverse events occurred in 55."( Safety and efficacy of four drug regimens versus standard-of-care for the treatment of symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19: A randomised, open-label, multi-arm, phase 2 clinical trial.
Abla, N; Arbe-Barnes, S; Chandiwana, N; Chughlay, MF; Dineka, Y; Duparc, S; Francois Venter, WD; Hill, A; Johnstone, H; Ju, C; Kim, B; Kruger, C; Marrast, AC; Miller, R; Owen, A; Windgassen, D, 2022)		0.72
" Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity assessments included adverse events, laboratory evaluations, and positivity for anti-John Cunningham virus antibodies and antinatalizumab antibodies."( Efficacy and Safety of Proposed Biosimilar Natalizumab (PB006) in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: The Antelope Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Hemmer, B; Höfler, J; Hornuss, C; Liedert, B; Roth, K; Selmaj, K; Wessels, H; Wiendl, H, 2023)		0.91
" No vaccine-related adverse events of any type nor varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections were observed."( Safety of anti-varicella zoster virus vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: A case series.
Boccia, VD; Cellerino, M; Inglese, M; Lapucci, C; Mikulska, M; Sirito, T; Sticchi, L, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The objectives of this phase IA study were to assess the tolerability and to determine the pharmacokinetic linearity of T and TG after single oral administration of increasing doses of N with and without food in healthy volunteer subjects."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses.
Allemon, AM; De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
" Tmax was not significantly modified."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.
De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
" Pharmacokinetic results were similar in both treatments, and pharmacodynamic parameters were similar in both treatments."( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin.
Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)		0.74
"Coadministration of nitazoxanide twice daily for six days did not affect the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of a single 25-mg dose of warfarin sodium."( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin.
Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)		1.07
" Pharmacokinetic study: Balb/C mice received FLBZ (5 mg/kg) orally either alone or co-administered with NTZ (100 mg/kg)."( Combined flubendazole-nitazoxanide treatment of cystic echinococcosis: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment in mice.
Carlos, L; Celina, E; Guillermo, D; Laura, C; Luis, A; Sergio, SB, 2015)		0.73
" The cocrystals exhibit faster dissolution rates and higher pharmacokinetic properties compared to the reference drug, and surprisingly the cocrystal alloy NTZ-PABA : NTZ-PASA (0."( Cocrystals and alloys of nitazoxanide: enhanced pharmacokinetics.
Mannava, MK; Nangia, A; Suresh, K, 2016)		0.74
" Pulmonary delivery of NTZ entrapped in particles increased the half-life of the drug by factors of 3, 12, and 200 in the plasma, lung tissue, and alveolar macrophages, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Partial Biodistribution of "Pincer Therapeutic" Nitazoxanide in Mice following Pulmonary Delivery of Inhalable Particles.
Bhatta, RS; Gupta, A; Misra, A; Tulsankar, SL, 2017)		0.68
" We aimed to investigate whether NTZ SC and sVCAM-1 could be suitable pharmacodynamic markers and whether they could predict disease activity on NTZ, improving the concept of personalized multiple sclerosis treatment."( Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Natalizumab Serum Concentration as Potential Biomarkers for Pharmacodynamics and Treatment Response of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Natalizumab.
Auer, M; Bauer, A; Berek, K; Berger, T; Bsteh, G; Deisenhammer, F; Di Pauli, F; Hegen, H; Oftring, A; Reindl, M; Rudzki, D; Zinganell, A, 2022)		0.72
"Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 is a suitable pharmacodynamic marker during treatment with NTZ, which is significantly reduced already after the first dose, remains stable in individual patients even on extended interval dosing, and strongly correlates with NTZ SC."( Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Natalizumab Serum Concentration as Potential Biomarkers for Pharmacodynamics and Treatment Response of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Natalizumab.
Auer, M; Bauer, A; Berek, K; Berger, T; Bsteh, G; Deisenhammer, F; Di Pauli, F; Hegen, H; Oftring, A; Reindl, M; Rudzki, D; Zinganell, A, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The in vitro activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin was investigated against four clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum."( Activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture.
Ancarani, F; Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 2000)		0.99
" albendazole and pyrantel, making it a good candidate for further studies on its use in drug combination therapy of STH infections."( Nitazoxanide: nematicidal mode of action and drug combination studies.
Aroian, RV; Ellis, BL; Hu, Y; Somvanshi, VS, 2014)		1.85
" Here we examined the use of TIZ in combination with oseltamivir, both in vitro and using the ferret model for influenza infection and found that the combination of the two drugs did not provide significant benefit in reducing the emergence or selection of oseltamivir-resistant virus."( Host-targeted nitazoxanide has a high barrier to resistance but does not reduce the emergence or proliferation of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses in vitro or in vivo when used in combination with oseltamivir.
Barr, IG; Hurt, AC; Koszalka, P; Mifsud, E; Rossignol, JF; Tilmanis, D, 2020)		0.92
"CCRT combined with NTZ presented favorable clinical outcomes for stage III-IVa NPC patients with good tolerance and similar toxicity compared to CCRT alone."( Concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with nimotuzumab in stage III-IVa nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective analysis.
Cai, Z; Chen, D; Guo, X; Huang, Y; Liang, C; Lv, X; Qiu, W; Xiang, Y; Zhan, Z; Zhou, J, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

Nitazoxanide is orally bioavailable and safe with extensive post-marketing experience involving more than 75 million adults and children. However, the bioavailability of nitazoxAnide is limited due to its poor water solubility.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Bioavailability is substantially increased by food."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses.
Allemon, AM; De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
" dose, the bioavailability of T and TG was only slightly influenced by repeated administration."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.
De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
" It is given by the oral route with good bioavailability and is well tolerated, with primarily mild gastrointestinal side effects."( Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent.
Fox, LM; Saravolatz, LD, 2005)		1.77
" An impressive number of clinical studies have shown that the drug has an excellent bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract, is fast acting and highly effective against gastrointestinal bacteria, protozoa and helminthes."( Nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum thiazolide anti-infective agent for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
Esposito, M; Hemphill, A; Mueller, J, 2006)		1.78
" However, no published data is available regarding the combined pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of this particular fixed dose combination."( Bioequivalence study of a fixed dose combination of nitazoxanide and ofloxacin in Indian healthy volunteers.
Agarwal, S; Chattaraj, TK; Ghosh, D; Gowda, KV; Pal, TK; Sarkar, AK; Selvan, PS; Solomon, WD, 2007)		0.59
" Here, the clinically used antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide with proven bioavailability has been shown to partially inhibit AR, potentially circumventing the negatives effects of complete enzyme inhibition."( Partial inhibition of aldose reductase by nitazoxanide and its molecular basis.
Chen, W; Chen, Y; Hu, X; Xie, W; Zhang, L; Zheng, X, 2012)		0.9
" Nitazoxanide is orally bioavailable and safe with extensive post-marketing experience involving more than 75 million adults and children."( Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
Rossignol, JF, 2014)		2.76
"25) exhibited 4 fold higher bioavailability of NTZ in Sprague Dawley rats."( Cocrystals and alloys of nitazoxanide: enhanced pharmacokinetics.
Mannava, MK; Nangia, A; Suresh, K, 2016)		0.74
"Most of the drugs used for the treatment of trichinellosis show a limited bioavailability and a high degree of resistance."( Nitazoxanide anthelmintic activity against the enteral and parenteral phases of trichinellosis in experimentally infected rats.
Abou Rayia, DM; Ashour, DS; El-Bakary, RH; Saad, AE, 2016)		1.88
" RM-5061 8a in rats showed 7-fold higher blood concentration compared to 1a: absolute bioavailability increased from 3 to 20%, with a good safety profile in animal safety pharmacology and toxicology."( Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
Cooper, M; Norton, D; Reynolds, S; Rossignol, JF; Slonecker, SD; Stachulski, AV; Swift, K, 2017)		0.46
" However, the bioavailability of nitazoxanide is limited due to its poor water solubility."( Laser-responsive liposome for selective tumor targeting of nitazoxanide nanoparticles.
Bayoumi, NA; Darwish, WM; El-Kolaly, MT, 2018)		1.01
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"00755 mg/mL and typically low bioavailability of 1%."( Enhancing the solubility of nitazoxanide with solid dispersions technique: formulation, evaluation, and cytotoxicity study.
Alam, A; Aldawsari, HM; Foudah, AI; Garg, AK; Kesharwani, P; Maddiboyina, B; Rawat, P; Riadi, Y; Singh, S; Sood, S, 2021)		0.92
"Theoretically, on account of improved local bioavailability of photosensitizers and attenuated systemic phototoxicity, intravesical instillation-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) for bladder cancer (BCa) would demonstrate significant advantages in comparison with the intravenous route."( Transmucosal Delivery of Self-Assembling Photosensitizer-Nitazoxanide Nanocomplexes with Fluorinated Chitosan for Instillation-Based Photodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Bladder Tumors.
Dai, Y; Deng, D; Jin, S; Li, G; Liu, Z; Shu, Q; Sun, H; Wang, S; Wu, S; Xiao, Z; Xie, L; Xu, M; Zhang, E; Zhang, S, 2021)		0.87

Dosage Studied

The standard formulation and dosage of nitazoxanide is not effective in providing antiviral therapy for Covid-19. The reported dosing strategies provide a rational basis for design of clinical trials with nitazOxanide for the treatment or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" As we have previously reported, PRM was effective at markedly reducing the parasite burden in piglets at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day."( Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models.
D'Onfro, J; Fairfield, A; Griffiths, JK; Theodos, CM; Tzipori, S, 1998)		0.68
" dosing of N in healthy volunteer subjects."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.
De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
" Blood samples were collected during the first and last dosing intervals for plasma determination of T and TG."( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.
De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)		1.76
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosing recommendations, and clinical efficacy of nitazoxanide, a new antiprotozoal/anthelmintic/antibacterial agent."( Nitazoxanide treatment for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children.
Bailey, JM; Erramouspe, J, 2004)		1.97
"Thirty-four patients received metronidazole at a dosage of 250 mg 4 times per day for 10 days, 40 patients received nitazoxanide at a dosage of 500 mg 2 times per day for 7 days, and 36 patients received nitazoxanide at a dosage of 500 mg 2 times per day for 10 days."( Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis.
Dupont, HL; Gupta, A; Hamill, RJ; Lentnek, A; Logan, N; Musher, DM; Rossignol, JF, 2006)		1.99
" The therapeutic group received the same dosage of NTZ for 10 days from the appearance of diarrhoea (between 1 and 5 dpi)."( Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves.
Deplazes, P; Hemphill, A; Kohler, L; Schnyder, M, 2009)		0.62
" Randomised trials will further direct its use and determine optimal dosing regimens."( Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012.
Bowen, AC; Carapetis, JR; McLeod, C; Morris, PS; Snelling, TL, 2014)		1.85
" A new dosage formulation of nitazoxanide is presently undergoing global Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of influenza."( Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
Rossignol, JF, 2014)		2.14
" Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility."( Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges.
Ryan, U; Squire, SA, 2017)		0.46
" Dosing is based on age-based dosing."( The NICE-GUT trial protocol: a randomised, placebo controlled trial of oral nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of acute gastroenteritis among Australian Aboriginal children.
Andrews, R; Baird, R; Bowen, A; Carapetis, J; Fearon, D; Francis, J; Green, D; Grimwood, K; Kirkwood, CD; Marsh, JA; McLeod, C; Morris, P; Naunton, M; Robins-Browne, R; Snelling, T; Waddington, CS, 2018)		0.71
" The reported dosing strategies provide a rational basis for design of clinical trials with nitazoxanide for the treatment or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection."( Dose prediction for repurposing nitazoxanide in SARS-CoV-2 treatment or chemoprophylaxis.
Aljayyoussi, G; Arshad, U; Biagini, GA; Boffito, M; Box, H; Bray, PG; Curley, P; David, C; Hill, A; Hong, WD; Khoo, SH; Liptrott, NJ; Neary, M; O'Neill, PM; Owen, A; Pennington, SH; Pertinez, H; Rajoli, RKR; Rannard, SP; Sharp, J; Tatham, L; Valentijn, A; Ward, SA, 2021)		1.13
" These findings provide new insights in the design of novel small molecular proteasome inhibitors as anti-tumor agents suitable for solid tumor treatment in an oral dosing form."( Nitazoxanide and related thiazolides induce cell death in cancer cells by targeting the 20S proteasome with novel binding modes.
Brunner, T; Li, K; Li, X; Lü, Z; Niu, Y; Ripani, P; Shi, X; Wang, M; Xu, F; Xu, P; Zhang, L, 2022)		2.16
"These preclinical results suggest, if directly applicable to humans, that the standard formulation and dosage of nitazoxanide is not effective in providing antiviral therapy for Covid-19."( Pre-clinical evaluation of antiviral activity of nitazoxanide against SARS-CoV-2.
Barthélémy, K; Chatelain, E; Chotsiri, P; Cochin, M; de Lamballerie, X; Driouich, JS; Escudié, F; Fraisse, L; Gilles, M; Hoglund, RM; Laprie, C; Moureau, G; Mowbray, CE; Nougairède, A; Petit, PR; Scandale, I; Sjö, P; Solas, C; Tarning, J; Touret, F; Wattanakul, T, 2022)		1.19
" In the context of rare progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and extended interval dosing as a treatment option, biomarkers for treatment monitoring are required."( Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Natalizumab Serum Concentration as Potential Biomarkers for Pharmacodynamics and Treatment Response of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Natalizumab.
Auer, M; Bauer, A; Berek, K; Berger, T; Bsteh, G; Deisenhammer, F; Di Pauli, F; Hegen, H; Oftring, A; Reindl, M; Rudzki, D; Zinganell, A, 2022)		0.72
" The suggested technique was successful in analyzing commercially available NTZ dosage forms."( A Turn-On-Type Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Eco-friendly Method for Nitazoxanide Quantification in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Spiked Plasma: Evaluation of Greenness Profile Using Different Assessment Tools.
Batakoushy, HA; El-Didamoony, MA; Elkady, EF; Mostafa, EA, 2023)		1.14
" Sensitivity analyses were conducted in patients who completed yearly dosing schedule according to Food and Drug Administration approved prescribing information."( Real-world cost of care and site of care in patients with multiple sclerosis initiating infused disease-modifying therapies.
Alvarez, E; Deshpande, C; Gabler, NB; Maiese, EM; Nair, KV; Rathi, K; Shao, Q; Tan, H, )		0.13
" While extended interval dosing (EID) of NTZ reduces the risk for PML, the minimal dose of NTZ required to maintain its therapeutic efficacy remains unknown."( High levels of endothelial ICAM-1 prohibit natalizumab mediated abrogation of CD4
Bär, A; Engelhardt, B; Glavin, D; Goelz, S; Gosselet, F; McGrath, JL; Nishihara, H; Soldati, S; Vladymyrov, M, 2023)		0.91
" Unlike many other candidates being investigated, tizoxanide plasma concentrations achieve antiviral levels after administration of the approved dose, although higher doses are expected to be needed to maintain these concentrations across the dosing interval in the majority of patients."( Quantitation of tizoxanide in multiple matrices to support cell culture, animal and human research.
Arshad, U; Biagini, GA; Box, H; Curley, P; Neary, M; Owen, A; Pertinez, H; Rajoli, RKR; Rannard, SP; Sharp, J; Tatham, L; Valentijn, A, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
carboxylic esterAn ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
benzamides
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (103)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseGiardia intestinalisPotency14.09190.140911.194039.8107AID2451
Chain A, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.025120.237639.8107AID886
Chain B, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.025120.237639.8107AID886
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency2.96140.007215.758889.3584AID1224835; AID588342; AID624030
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency45.75300.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347399
pregnane X receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency44.66840.025127.9203501.1870AID651751
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency50.11870.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunitHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.07053.189029.884159.4836AID1224846
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.22060.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.61200.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
PPM1D proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.36170.00529.466132.9993AID1347411
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.61200.173734.304761.8120AID1346859; AID1346924
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.28850.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.82470.000714.592883.7951AID1259368; AID1259369; AID1259392
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.22020.180013.557439.8107AID1460
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.42210.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID588515; AID588516; AID743035; AID743036; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054; AID743063
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.01190.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.27100.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377; AID1259378
hypothetical protein, conservedTrypanosoma bruceiPotency2.81840.223911.245135.4813AID624173
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.91640.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.85560.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.31470.01237.983543.2770AID1346984; AID1645841
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.89560.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.22560.000214.376460.0339AID588533; AID720692
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.17340.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.09460.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531; AID588544
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.07140.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.12640.375827.485161.6524AID588526; AID588527
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.46740.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.97780.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259383; AID588514; AID743069; AID743075; AID743078; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency2.75400.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.70900.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2BHomo sapiens (human)Potency79.43280.707936.904389.1251AID504333
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.38430.001024.504861.6448AID588534; AID743212; AID743215
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.43840.001019.414170.9645AID588537; AID743094; AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.77350.023723.228263.5986AID743222
pyruvate kinaseLeishmania mexicana mexicanaPotency12.58930.398113.744731.6228AID1721; AID1722
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.51540.035520.977089.1251AID504332
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.88230.000723.06741,258.9301AID651777; AID743085; AID743122
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.79670.001723.839378.1014AID743083
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.72650.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency9.520519.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency42.50260.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845; AID1224896
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.50120.01262.451825.0177AID485313
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.00000.316212.443531.6228AID902
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.354828.065989.1251AID504847
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency9.58770.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.39470.037617.082361.1927AID1259364; AID1259388
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.80380.042027.378961.6448AID743210; AID743228
huntingtin isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.000618.41981,122.0200AID1688
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.12540.04017.459031.6228AID1631; AID1634
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.039816.784239.8107AID1454
ras-related protein Rab-9AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.50120.00022.621531.4954AID485297
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.83360.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency19.41740.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency13.33590.004611.374133.4983AID624296
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.93490.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.45480.005612.367736.1254AID624032
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.125912.234435.4813AID1458
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.94330.031610.279239.8107AID884; AID885
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.91250.00419.962528.1838AID2675
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.251215.843239.8107AID504327
lethal factor (plasmid)Bacillus anthracis str. A2012Potency1.25890.020010.786931.6228AID912
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.91250.891312.067628.1838AID1487
neuropeptide S receptor isoform AHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.16230.015812.3113615.5000AID1461
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.22090.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.20980.00339.158239.8107AID1347411; AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.75400.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.76130.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID651743; AID720552
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.22090.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Endothelin receptor type BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency12.58930.562315.160931.6228AID1721
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Endothelin-1 receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency12.58930.562315.160931.6228AID1721
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.21630.026622.448266.8242AID651802
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency9.20640.009610.525035.4813AID1479145; AID1479148
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.75400.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.89910.011917.942071.5630AID651632; AID720516
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.75450.011912.222168.7989AID651632
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.94331.000012.224831.6228AID885
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.75400.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)8.22000.00101.191310.0000AID1199062
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)9.89000.02304.13789.9800AID1709758; AID1709794
Anoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.42400.02800.62641.6000AID1868416
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (321)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell maturationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasisAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of urine volumeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
fructose biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular hyperosmotic salinity responseAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric collecting duct developmentAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
eye photoreceptor cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorylationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
sexual reproductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
leptin-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
somatic stem cell population maintenanceSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-9-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-11-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to leptin stimulusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to leptinSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Notch signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glycolytic processSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
radial glial cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
retinal rod cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of feeding behaviorSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 type immune responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell lineage commitmentSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
energy homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-17Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to woundingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-10-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of primary miRNA processingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to peptide hormoneSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwayNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterolNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue developmentNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
chloride transportAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
iodide transportAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to heatAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of painAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
mucus secretionAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization to membraneAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transportAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell projection elongationAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to peptideAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transportAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (105)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling adaptor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein dimerization activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
primary miRNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
lncRNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA sequestering activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
oxysterol bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-activated cation channel activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellularly calcium-gated chloride channel activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated chloride channel activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
iodide transmembrane transporter activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (55)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
nucleoplasmAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
cell projectionAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complexAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAnoctamin-1Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (475)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745854NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745855NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID535250Antimicrobial activity against Eggerthella lenta by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535194Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium nexile by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID704586Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as disruption of membrane potential after 20 mins at pH 7.4 by DiOC2-based spectrofluorimetric analysis
AID535246Antimicrobial activity against Colinsella aerofaciens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709743Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as viable cells at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 92.45%)
AID535212Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium sporogenes by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1067357Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by SRB assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID546730Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate 5179-R1 derived from PNAG negative, icaA::IS257 mutant 5179 strain produces a proteinaceous biofilm dependent on a truncated 140-kDa isoform of Aap by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709742Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 40 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 11.81%)
AID1709788Inhibition of Src phosphorylation at Tyr416 in human Hela cells upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID535184Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium fallax by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID642456Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1b infected in Ava5 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication after 3 days by blot hybridization analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID535450Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus plantarum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535452Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus reuteri by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534722Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides ovatus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1404380Antiparasitic activity against Cryptosporidium parvum BGF infected in human HCT8 cells incubated for 48 hrs by FITC/DAPI staining based fluorescence assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity.
AID1364935Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for BHK-21 cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID598314Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Plasmodium berghei2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID546979Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth at 12.5 ug/ml after 16 hrs by spectrophotometry in presence of 10 uM Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534714Antimicrobial activity against Parabacteroides distasonis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535462Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium propionicum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1431079Tmax in female Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID546725Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS1 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID546703Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 5179 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID535456Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus sp. by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535446Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus fermentum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535230Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium bifidum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534724Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535182Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium disporicum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1486938Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells incubated for 24 to 48 hrs by SRB assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID534720Antimicrobial activity against Parabacteroides goldsteinii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534994Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium butyricum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1194392Inhibition of Giardia intestinalis fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase at 400 nM after 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Synthesis of nitro(benzo)thiazole acetamides and in vitro antiprotozoal effect against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.
AID1431018Drug metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as tizoxanide-glucuronide formation in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose measured after 5 mins2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID534996Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium cadaveris by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534966Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella loescheii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535448Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus jensenii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535444Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus catenaformis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1486935Antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania mexicana MHOM/MX/ISETGS incubated for 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber based cell counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID1717750Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero E6 cells to EC50 for 2019-nCoV Beta CoV/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID283185Inhibition of PFOR Trichomonas vaginalis2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID535200Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium rectum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1409466Induction of apoptosis in human HET-1A cells assessed as increase in caspase 3/7 activity after 6 hrs by caspase glo 3/7 assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-08, Volume: 61, Issue:21
Pathway-Based Drug Repositioning for Cancers: Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation.
AID535210Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium spiroforme by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709748Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 40 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 2.84%)
AID511248Antiparasitic activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in human HTC8 cells after 46 hrs by immunofluorescence method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Evaluation of new thiazolide/thiadiazolide derivatives reveals nitro group-independent efficacy against in vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum.
AID546718Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus S33208 assessed as growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534718Antimicrobial activity against Parabacteroides merdae by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID572369Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in SCID mouse assessed as reduction in parasite burden at 200 mg/kg/day, po for 10 days2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Efficacy of pyrvinium pamoate against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model.
AID546705Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 at 25 ug/ml under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID535454Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus rhamnosus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1409611AUC (cytotoxicity %) of compound against Vero E6 cells by MTT assay.2020Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID534992Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium bolteae by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546717Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534978Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium orbiscindens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546738Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation at 12.5 ug/ml by spectrophotometry in presence of EDTA2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534930Antimicrobial activity against Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535470Antimicrobial activity against Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1454213Antiprolferative activity against human Caco2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine incorporation at 1 mM incubated for 48 hrs by liquid scintillometry2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
In vitro studies on the inhibition of colon cancer by amino acid derivatives of bromothiazole.
AID534734Antimicrobial activity against Bilophila wadsworthia by Wadsworth agar dilution method in presence of 1% pyruvic acid2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534932Antimicrobial activity against Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534990Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium bifermentans by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID283179Activity of PFOR in Entamoeba histolytica at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID534715Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides fragilis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID598289Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Trichomonas vaginalis GT32011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID546710Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis CAV1005 under microaeration condition at 10 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1067348Antimicrobial activity against promastigote stage of Leishmania amazonensis IFLA/BR/67/PH-8 clinical isolate after 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber analysis2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID535244Antimicrobial activity against Catenibacterium mitsuokai by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535440Antimicrobial activity against Holdemania filiformis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535432Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium cylindroides by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709753Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as necrotic cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.02%)
AID534950Antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas sp. by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535224Antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces viscosus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID283194Inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica PFOR cloned in Escherichia coli assessed as [14C]pyruvate decarboxylation by BV assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID534952Antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas asaccharolyticus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1431013Drug excretion in po dosed human urine2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID533317Cytotoxicity against human NTZ-11 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b after 4 days by neutral red dye uptake assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID598285Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa epimastigotes after 72 hrs by neubauer chamber2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID535480Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus gnavus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535488Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus productus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534960Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella corporis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1364937Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for BHK-21 cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus 0810bTw2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID535430Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium callanderi by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534988Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium beijerinckii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1854971Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 24 hrs and measured by MTT assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-01, Volume: 71Drug screening approach against mycobacterial fatty acyl-AMP ligase FAAL32 renews the interest of the salicylanilide pharmacophore in the fight against tuberculosis.
AID534980Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535476Antimicrobial activity against Peptostreptococcus micros by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1431025AUC (0 to t) in male Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID283189Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID1709747Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 2.84%)
AID1761179Giardicidal activity against nitazoxanide-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID535206Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium sordellii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535460Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium avidum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1070215Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase using 5-fluorouridine as substrate at 0.04 to 200 uM after 40 mins by NMR spectrometric analysis2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Identification of proton-pump inhibitor drugs that inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase.
AID283184Activity of PFOR in Campylobacter jejuni at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID546728Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS4 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID606884Antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus infected in human HepG2(2.2.15) cells assessed as decrease in intracellular viral DNA measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID763546Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by WST-1 assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica.
AID535214Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium subterminale by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535426Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium alactolyticum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709728Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 upto 80 uM measured 15 to 120 mins by Western blot analysis
AID535466Antimicrobial activity against Anaerococcus tetradius by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535434Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium limosum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535482Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus lactaris by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535232Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium breve by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID325506Reduction of nitroreductase 1 expression level in Giardia lamblia trophozoites at 25 uM after 3 hrs by RT-PCR assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID546729Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS5 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709736Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 40 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 54.16%)
AID534954Antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas somerae by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535240Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535436Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium rectale by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534728Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides nordii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID432006Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID534946Antimicrobial activity against Fusobacterium varium by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID533319Selectivity Index, ratio of CC50 for RP7 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b to EC50 for HCV genotype 1b in RP7 replicon cell2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID598290Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Entamoeba histolytica HM1-IMSS2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID535202Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium scindens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535226Antimicrobial activity against Atopobium minutum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID618735Antimicrobial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 4-arylthiazol-2-amino derivatives as potent growth inhibitors of replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv.
AID533321Selectivity Index, ratio of CC50 for TIZ-9 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b to EC50 for HCV genotype 1b in TIZ-9 replicon cell2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID1709793Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 cells pretreated with Na3VO4 phosphatase inhibitor measured at 80 uM incubated for 1 hr by Western blot analysis
AID1067358Antimicrobial activity against epimastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa clinical isolate after 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber analysis2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID1431073Tmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID534938Antimicrobial activity against Desulfovibrio sp. by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534970Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium clostridioforme by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535242Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium pseudolongum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709759Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID534972Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID484859Antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter jejuni2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Biological activity of modified and exchanged 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole amide analogues of nitazoxanide.
AID546986Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534948Antimicrobial activity against Fusobacterium sp. by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535220Antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces meyeri by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546980Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap up to 10 hrs by microdilution method in presence of 10 uM Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1067352Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Trichomonas vaginalis GT32014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID1431015Drug excretion in po dosed human faeces2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID535458Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1067350Antimicrobial activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:1 incubated for 48 hrs followed by compound washout measured after 48 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID534730Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides stercoris by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1364932Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 0611aTw infected in BHK-21 cells by RT-qPCR analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID535218Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium tertium by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1752140Anti-cryptosporidial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in HCT-8 cells assessed as rate of parasite elimination at above EC90 concentration pre-infected for 24 hrs followed by compound treatment2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Optimization of the Urea Linker of Triazolopyridazine MMV665917 Results in a New Anticryptosporidial Lead with Improved Potency and Predicted hERG Safety Margin.
AID1709754Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as necrotic cells at 40 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.02%)
AID534976Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium innocuum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID606886Selectivity index, ratio CC50 for human HepG2(2.2.15) cells to EC90 for decrease in intracellular viral DNA in Hepatitis B virus infected human HepG2(2.2.15) cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID341089Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile clinical isolates by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8
In vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004.
AID535248Antimicrobial activity against Coprobacillus cateniformis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID598287Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID1431021Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID533311Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1a in replicon system2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID534943Antimicrobial activity against Fusobacterium mortiferum by Wadsworth agar dilution method in presence of beta-lactamase inhibitor Sulbactam2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1199062Inhibition of human AR2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 58, Issue:5
Targeting aldose reductase for the treatment of diabetes complications and inflammatory diseases: new insights and future directions.
AID535228Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium adolescentis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535490Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus torques by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535442Antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus acidophilus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709789Inhibition of Jak2 phosphorylation at Tyr1007/1008 in human Hela cells upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID535198Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium ramosum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534982Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium acetobutylicum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709733Inhibition of STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HeLa cells assessed as downregulation of survivin expression upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by western blot analysis
AID1072531Antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75A review of non-nucleoside anti-hepatitis B virus agents.
AID260534Reduction of oocyst in stools of Cryptosporidium parvum infected gerbils treated with 200 mg/kg at day 82006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4
Identification of isoflavone derivatives as effective anticryptosporidial agents in vitro and in vivo.
AID534964Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella intermedia by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534732Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides uniformis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1486947Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Leishmania mexicana MHOM/MX/ISETGS2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID606883Antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus infected in human HepG2(2.2.15) cells assessed as decrease in extracellular viral DNA measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID1709783Absolute bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID535222Antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces odontolyticus by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534984Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium aminobutyricum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1431022Elimination half life in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID534934Antimicrobial activity against Desulfovibrio piger by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546726Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS2 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534962Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella disiens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535472Antimicrobial activity against Peptoniphilus harei by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID283180Activity of PFOR in Giardia intestinalis at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID535464Antimicrobial activity against Anaerococcus prevotii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1404378Antiparasitic activity against Cryptosporidium parvum SPL infected in human HCT8 cells incubated for 48 hrs by FITC/DAPI staining based fluorescence assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity.
AID535208Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium sp. by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1431019Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1709752Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as necrotic cells at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.02%)
AID283182Activity of PFOR in Clostridium perfringens at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID546983Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 at 25 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID534726Antimicrobial activity against Bacteroides caccae by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535486Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus obeum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535238Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium longum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534958Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella bivia by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535438Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium saburreum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534986Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium bartlettii by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546706Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 5179 at 25 ug/ml under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1364931Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus infected in BHK-21 cells by RT-qPCR analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID535188Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium hastiforme by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535216Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium symbiosum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535478Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus flavefaciens by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1717749Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells by the CCK8 assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID1709773Elimination Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID283183Activity of PFOR in Helicobacter pylori at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID546713Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis CAV1005 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 24 hrs by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709760Cytotoxicity against human HEK 293T cells assessed as cell growth inhibition at 50 uM measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1761176Giardicidal activity against metronidazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID534940Antimicrobial activity against Fusobacterium nucleatum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID283193Inhibition of Escherichia coli JVQ2 PDH at 20 uM2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID1709769Antiproliferative activity against human HT29 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID431996Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 125 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL after 4 days relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID511249Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells at 1.96 to 22.7 uM2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Evaluation of new thiazolide/thiadiazolide derivatives reveals nitro group-independent efficacy against in vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum.
AID642459Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1a infected in Huh7.5 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication after 3 days by blot hybridization analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID1709763Antiproliferative activity against human Caco-2 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1709751Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 40 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 4.7%)
AID1709776Apparent oral clearance in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID260527Antiparasitic activity against Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT8 cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4
Identification of isoflavone derivatives as effective anticryptosporidial agents in vitro and in vivo.
AID546727Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS3 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1486932Antiprotozoal activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:1 (genotype A) trophozoites incubated for 48 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID535196Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium paraputrificum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709761Cytotoxicity against human HEK 293T cells assessed as cell growth inhibition at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1404381Cytotoxicity against human HEK293T cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo reagent based luminescence assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity.
AID534956Antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas uenonis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534968Antimicrobial activity against Prevotella melaninogenica by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546716Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus S33208 assessed as growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709744Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as viable cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 92.45%)
AID283178Activity of PFOR in Trichomonas vaginalis at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID606894Protein binding in human plasma2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID606885Selectivity index, ratio CC50 for human HepG2(2.2.15) cells to EC90 for decrease in extracellular viral DNA in Hepatitis B virus infected human HepG2(2.2.15) cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID283192Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli pBSK after 16 hrs2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID546712Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus S33208 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 24 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID535192Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium leptum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID598288Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:12011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID1752138Anti-cryptosporidial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in HCT-8 cells pre-infected for 3 hrs followed by compound treatment and measured after 45 hrs by fluorescence microscopy analysis2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Optimization of the Urea Linker of Triazolopyridazine MMV665917 Results in a New Anticryptosporidial Lead with Improved Potency and Predicted hERG Safety Margin.
AID1444851Antiviral activity against HBV infected in human HepG2(2.2.15) cells assessed as inhibition of extracellular viral DNA level2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-10, Volume: 60, Issue:15
Past, Current, and Future Developments of Therapeutic Agents for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.
AID535190Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium lactatifermentans by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID535428Antimicrobial activity against Eubacterium biforme by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709734Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 10 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 54.16%)
AID535474Antimicrobial activity against Peptostreptococcus anaerobius by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID431992Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in 7H9 liquid medium after 7 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1709772Elimination Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID534974Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium hathewayi by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534944Antimicrobial activity against Fusobacterium necrophorum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709731Inhibition of STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HeLa cells assessed as downregulation of cyclin D1 expression upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by western blot analysis
AID1454211Antiprolferative activity against human Caco2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine incorporation incubated for 48 hrs by liquid scintillometry2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
In vitro studies on the inhibition of colon cancer by amino acid derivatives of bromothiazole.
AID535234Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium dentium by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1194390Giardicidal activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:1 compound treated for 48 hrs followed by incubation for 48 hrs in compound-free medium by cell counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Synthesis of nitro(benzo)thiazole acetamides and in vitro antiprotozoal effect against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.
AID534998Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium cocleatum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID546977Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth at 12.5 ug/ml by spectrophotometry in presence of 10 uM Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID533313Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1b in RP7 replicon cell after 4 days by blot hybridization analysis2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID1486934Antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania amazonensis IFLA/BR/67/PH-8 incubated for 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber based cell counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID1709745Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as viable cells at 40 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 92.45%)
AID598312Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Leishmania mexicana MHOM/MX/ISETGS2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID1409468Induction of apoptosis in human Caco2 cells assessed as increase in caspase 3/7 activity after 6 hrs by caspase glo 3/7 assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-08, Volume: 61, Issue:21
Pathway-Based Drug Repositioning for Cancers: Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation.
AID704583Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as disruption of membrane potential at 0.002 to 20 ug/ml after 20 mins at pH 5.5 by DiOC2-based spectrofluorimetric analysis
AID325503Growth inhibition of Giardia lamblia2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID1709791Inhibition of STAT3 in human Hela cell lysate assessed as inhibition of protein and DNA interaction upto 200 uM incubated 30 mins by electrophoretic mobility shift assay
AID572367Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in neonatal ICR swiss mouse assessed as reduction in oocyst shedding at 150 mg/kg/day, po measured on day 62008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Efficacy of pyrvinium pamoate against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model.
AID432003Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 8 days in absence of BSA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID546733Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial primary attachment to plastics at 15 ug/ml under shaking condition for 3 hrs by microscopic analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID535468Antimicrobial activity against Finegoldia magna by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID534936Antimicrobial activity against Desulfovibrio vulgaris by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1486948Antigiardial activity against Giardia intestinalis WB trophozoites infected in CD1 mouse dosed intragastrically 6 days after infection and measured 48 hrs post dose2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID546985Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial attachment to plastics at 10 ug/ml under static condition for 3 hrs by microscopic analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID431998Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 62 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID546978Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap by microdilution method in presence of 10 uM Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1717748Antiviral activity against 2019-nCoV BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 infected in African green monkey VeroE6 cells assessed as reduction in viral yield preincubated with virus for 1 hr followed by cell infection and measured after 2 hrs by qRT-PCR method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Chinese Therapeutic Strategy for Fighting COVID-19 and Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
AID546724Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate 5179-R1 derived from PNAG negative, icaA::IS257 mutant 5179 strain produces a proteinaceous biofilm dependent on a truncated 140-kDa isoform of Aap assessed as inhibition of biofil2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID598284Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania mexicana MHOM/MX/ISETGS promastigotes after 72 hrs by neubauer chamber2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID1194389Trichomonicidal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis GT3 compound treated for 48 hrs followed by incubation for 48 hrs in compound-free medium by cell counting2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Synthesis of nitro(benzo)thiazole acetamides and in vitro antiprotozoal effect against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.
AID1709792Inhibition of STAT3 in human Hela cell lysate assessed as inhibition of protein and DNA interaction upto 100 uM cells preincubated 1 hr by electrophoretic mobility shift assay
AID535236Antimicrobial activity against Bifidobacterium infantis by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID1709785Inhibition of STAT5 (unknown origin)
AID1709766Antiproliferative activity against human U87MG cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID533314Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1b in NTZ-11 replicon cell after 4 days by blot hybridization analysis2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID1709746Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 2.84%)
AID432001Antimycobacterial activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 62 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL after 6 days relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1486936Potency index, ratio of IC50 for benznidazole to IC50 for test compound for antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa incubated for 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber based cell counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID535484Antimicrobial activity against Ruminococcus luti by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID484858Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Biological activity of modified and exchanged 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole amide analogues of nitazoxanide.
AID535186Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium glycolicum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID704591Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
AID1067349Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis GT3 incubated for 48 hrs followed by compound washout measured after 48 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID1409608AUC (viral infection %) for SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line at 48 h by immunofluorescence-based assay (detecting the viral NP protein in the nucleus of the Vero E6 cells).2020Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID1364934Cytotoxicity against BHK21 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 16 hrs by CCK-8 assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID543628Antimicrobial activity against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces assessed as reduction in protoscoleces viability at 10 uM by trypan blue exclusion assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo treatments of echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives.
AID1709730Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 after 24 hrs by western blot analysis
AID1431026Tmax in female Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID704590Drug uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 1 to 10 fold MIC after 16 hrs by LC/MS analysis
AID719007Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cellular growth at 25 uM by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Development of 5-nitrothiazole derivatives: identification of leads against both replicative and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID535204Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium septicum by Wadsworth agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora.
AID283191Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli CC104 expressing rdxA gene after 16 hrs2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID546736Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial accumulation on catheters treated for 12 hrs post biofilm formation measured after 24 hrs by crystal voilet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709770Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID1709765Antiproliferative activity against human A375 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID546735Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial attachment to plastics at 15 ug/ml under static condition for 3 hrs by microscopic analysis in presence of 10 uM Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709729Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 measured after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID1709740Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 10 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 11.81%)
AID1431078Tmax in male Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID598286Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei schizonts isolated from parasitized erythrocytes infected Wistar rat measured 16 hrs post compound exposure2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID598283Antiprotozoan activity against Entamoeba histolytica HM1-IMSS trophozoites after 48 hrs2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID546988Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis CAV1005 under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1486945Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Giardia intestinalis Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:1 (genotype A)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID546708Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 under microaeration condition at 10 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1431023Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1709771Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID1709737Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 10 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 34.04%)
AID1709777Apparent clearance in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID546723Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS5 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 16 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1431074Bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rat at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID546721Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS3 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 16 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1431020AUC (0 to t) in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1364936Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for BHK-21 cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus 0611aTw2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID431994Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in 7H11 solid medium after 7 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1431024Tmax in male Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID546987Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 5179 under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID546702Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID533318Cytotoxicity against human TIZ-9 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b after 4 days by neutral red dye uptake assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID1431077Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID484857Inhibition of Helicobacter pyroli PFOR expressed in Escherichia coli at 40 uM2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Biological activity of modified and exchanged 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole amide analogues of nitazoxanide.
AID283188Inhibition of PFOR Campylobacter jejuni2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID546715Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID260530Deparasitization of Cryptosporidium parvum infected gerbils treated with 200 mg/kg at day 82006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4
Identification of isoflavone derivatives as effective anticryptosporidial agents in vitro and in vivo.
AID1709750Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 4.7%)
AID283187Inhibition of PFOR Helicobacter pylori2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID431997Antimycobacterial activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 125 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL after 4 days relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID546709Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 5179 under microaeration condition at 10 ug/ml by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1409613Selectivity ratio: ratio of AUC (viral infection %) of SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line compared to AUC (cytotoxicity %) of compound against Vero E6 cells by MTT assay.2020Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID533315Antiviral activity against HCV genotype 1b in TIZ-9 replicon cell after 4 days by blot hybridization analysis2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID546720Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS2 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 16 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID704582Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as disruption of membrane potential at 0.002 to 20 ug/ml after 20 mins at pH 4.5 by DiOC2-based spectrofluorimetric analysis
AID572366Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in human HCT-8 cells2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Efficacy of pyrvinium pamoate against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model.
AID642461Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human Huh7.5 cells to EC50 for HCV genotype 1a infected in human Huh7.5 cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID1871982Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Tuberculosis drug discovery: Progression and future interventions in the wake of emerging resistance.
AID484860Antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 20, Issue:12
Biological activity of modified and exchanged 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole amide analogues of nitazoxanide.
AID1761178Giardicidal activity against albendazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID325508Reduction of ACT1 expression level in Giardia lamblia trophozoites at 25 uM after 3 hrs by RT-PCR assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID546711Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 24 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID572368Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum infected in SCID mouse assessed as reduction in parasite burden at 100 mg/kg/day, po for 10 days2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Efficacy of pyrvinium pamoate against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model.
AID325507Reduction of GDH expression level in Giardia lamblia trophozoites at 25 uM after 3 hrs by RT-PCR assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID431995Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis var. bovis BCG in 7H11 solid medium after 7 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1761175Giardicidal activity against Giardia intestinalis WB ATCC 30957 incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1486946Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Trichomonas vaginalis GT32017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID533320Selectivity Index, ratio of CC50 for NTZ-11 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b to EC50 for HCV genotype 1b in NTZ-11 replicon cell2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID546719Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS1 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 16 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID432005Antimicrobial activity against Giardia2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1431028Tmax in female Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID283181Activity of PFOR in Clostridium difficile at anaerobic condition2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID1709794Inhibition of IL-6 induced STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HEK-Blue IL-6 cells assessed as secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter gene expression by microplate reader
AID1852704Binding affinity to RED-NHS labelled Mycobacterium tuberculosis LpqY expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 10 mins by Microscale thermophoresis analysis2022RSC medicinal chemistry, Oct-19, Volume: 13, Issue:10
Interrogation of the Pathogen Box reveals small molecule ligands against the mycobacterial trehalose transporter LpqY-SugABC.
AID718942Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cellular growth at 100 uM by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Development of 5-nitrothiazole derivatives: identification of leads against both replicative and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1709739Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 40 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 34.04%)
AID1709782Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID1868416Inhibition of YFP tagged ANO1 (unknown origin) expressed in FRT cells incubated for 24 hrs by fluorescence plate reader assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237Optimization of 4-arylthiophene-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of ANO1: Lead optimization studies toward their analgesic efficacy for inflammatory pain.
AID1709735Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 20 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 54.16%)
AID1486933Antiprotozoal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis GT3 trophozoites incubated for 48 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID1709764Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID763547Antiamoebic activity against trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica HM-1:IMSS assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by microdilution method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1709758Inhibition of IL-6 induced STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HEK-Blue IL-6 cells assessed as secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter gene expression measured after 20 hrs by microplate reader
AID1709768Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1709786Effect on Src level in human Hela cells upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID1709755Inhibition of IL-6 induced STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HEK-Blue IL-6 cells assessed as secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase reporter gene expression at 10 uM by microplate reader
AID1409470Induction of apoptosis in human PC3 cells assessed as increase in caspase 3/7 activity after 6 hrs by caspase glo 3/7 assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-08, Volume: 61, Issue:21
Pathway-Based Drug Repositioning for Cancers: Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation.
AID1709762Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1709738Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 20 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 34.04%)
AID1409467Induction of apoptosis in human A549 cells assessed as increase in caspase 3/7 activity after 6 hrs by caspase glo 3/7 assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-08, Volume: 61, Issue:21
Pathway-Based Drug Repositioning for Cancers: Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation.
AID1409469Induction of apoptosis in human AsPC1 cells assessed as increase in caspase 3/7 activity after 6 hrs by caspase glo 3/7 assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-08, Volume: 61, Issue:21
Pathway-Based Drug Repositioning for Cancers: Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation.
AID1364940Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human U2OS cells to EC50 for Chikungunya virus2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID642460Cytotoxicity against human Huh7.5 cells after 3 days by neutral red dye assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID704576Drug metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as tizoxanide formation at 1 to 10 fold MIC after 16 hrs by LC/MS analysis
AID431999Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 62 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL after 4 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID546740Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation at 12.5 ug/ml by spectrophotometry in presence of magnesium ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1364938Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus infected in human U2OS cells by RT-qPCR analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID546737Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation at 12.5 ug/ml by spectrophotometry in presence of Zn ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709749Induction of apoptosis in human HeLa cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 4.7%)
AID1709806Cytotoxicity against human HEK-Blue IL-6 cells assessed as cell death at 80 uM
AID598313Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID606882Cytotoxicity against human HepG2(2.2.15) cells after 24 hrs by neutral red dye uptake assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID432002Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 8 days in presence of 0.04 to 5 mg/mL of BSA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1709726Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 after 1 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID1194391Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Synthesis of nitro(benzo)thiazole acetamides and in vitro antiprotozoal effect against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis.
AID422949Antiparasitic activity against Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex at 5 uM after 5 days by trypan blue staining2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 52, Issue:1
Anaerobic NADH-fumarate reductase system is predominant in the respiratory chain of Echinococcus multilocularis, providing a novel target for the chemotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis.
AID546739Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 expressing surface protein Aap assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation at 12.5 ug/ml by spectrophotometry in presence of calcium ions2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1404382Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by CellTiter-Glo reagent based luminescence assay2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity.
AID1709784Inhibition of STAT3 in human HeLa cells assessed as decrease in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 upto 80 uM measured after 6 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID1709778AUC (0 to infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID618736Antimicrobial activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 4-arylthiazol-2-amino derivatives as potent growth inhibitors of replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv.
AID618738Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 11 days using [14]C labeled palmitic acid as substrate by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 4-arylthiazol-2-amino derivatives as potent growth inhibitors of replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv.
AID546734Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial attachment to plastics at 15 ug/ml under static condition for 3 hrs by microscopic analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1364933Antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus 0810bTw infected in BHK-21 cells by RT-qPCR analysis2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID598282Antiprotozoan activity against Trichomonas vaginalis GT3 trophozoites after 48 hrs2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID598281Antiprotozoan activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:1 trophozoites after 48 hrs2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity.
AID432000Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 62 ug/mL assessed as reduction of log10CFU/mL after 10 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID1709787Effect on Jak2 level in human Hela cells upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID546714Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus hominis F13532 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 24 hrs by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1431081AUC (0 to t) in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 6 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID719008Antitubercular activity against log phase culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by agar dilution method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Development of 5-nitrothiazole derivatives: identification of leads against both replicative and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1709727Effect on STAT3 expression in human HeLa cells assessed as total STAT3 level upto 80 uM upto 24 hrs by Western blot analysis
AID546984Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 at 1 to 5 ug/ml by microplate assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID325504Inhibition of Giardia lamblia recombinant nitroreductase 1 (EAA43030.1) expressed in Escherichia coli2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID1709780Tmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID1709779AUC (0 to infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID1709775Apparent volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat at 5 mg/kg, iv
AID325505Inhibition of Giardia lamblia recombinant nitroreductase 1 (EAA43030.1) expressed in Escherichia coli at 5 uM2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
A novel Giardia lamblia nitroreductase, GlNR1, interacts with nitazoxanide and other thiazolides.
AID1709732Inhibition of STAT3 transcriptional activity in human HeLa cells assessed as downregulation of c-Myc expression upto 80 uM after 24 hrs by western blot analysis
AID606892Metabolic stability in human plasma assessed as plasma esterase-induced compound deacetylation2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 1. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
AID546722Antimicrobial activity against biofilm-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate ICS4 assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation after 16 hrs by crystal violet staining2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID283186Inhibition of PFOR Entamoeba histolytica2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3
Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni.
AID1486937Antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa incubated for 72 hrs by Neubauer chamber based cell counting method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 27, Issue:15
Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum.
AID546707Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis CAV1005 at 25 ug/ml under aerobic condition by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709757Selectivity index, ratio of inhibition of IL-6 induced STAT3 transcriptional activity to inhibition against HeLa cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 10 uM
AID704580Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv expressing pH sensitive ratiometric GFP assessed as reduction of intrabacterial pH after 16 hrs at pH 7.5 by spectrofluorimetric analysis
AID1409609Cytotoxicity of compound against Vero E6 cells by MTT assay.2020Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID1067351Ratio of benznidazole IC50 to compound IC50 for epimastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa clinical isolate2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID642457Cytotoxicity against human Ava5 cells after 3 days by neutral red dye assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID1431017Oral bioavailability in human2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1709767Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID533316Cytotoxicity against human RP7 cell harboring HCV genotype 1b after 4 days by neutral red dye uptake assay2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
Potential for hepatitis C virus resistance to nitazoxanide or tizoxanide.
AID546732Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial primary attachment to plastics during 3 hrs at 15 ug/ml by microscopic analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID546731Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis 9142 assessed as inhibition of bacterial accumulation on catheters after 24 hrs by catheter adherence model2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709741Induction of cell cycle arrest in human HeLa cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 20 uM measured after 24 hrs by flow cytometry analysis (Rvb = 11.81%)
AID1431027Tmax in male Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as Tizoxanide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1364939Cytotoxicity against human U2OS cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 16 hrs by CCK-8 assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16
The medicinal chemistry of Chikungunya virus.
AID1709781Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 25 mg/kg, IG
AID1404379Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells2018Journal of natural products, 04-27, Volume: 81, Issue:4
Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity.
AID1431080AUC (0 to t) in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as tizoxanide-glucuronide level in plasma at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs.
AID1761177Giardicidal activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS isolate incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1067354Ratio of pentamidine IC50 to compound IC50 for promastigote stage of Leishmania amazonensis IFLA/BR/67/PH-8 clinical isolate2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID642458Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human Ava5 cells to EC50 for HCV genotype 1b infected in human Ava5 cells2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Thiazolides as novel antiviral agents. 2. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication.
AID1409607IC50 for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line at 48 h by immunofluorescence-based assay (detecting the viral NP protein in the nucleus of the Vero E6 cells).2020Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID1743093Half-life of the compound2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22
Anti-
AID1709756Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 10 uM measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay
AID763545Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for trophozoite stage of Entamoeba histolytica HM-1:IMSS2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica.
AID1709790Binding affinity to GST-tagged human STAT3 using 5-carboxyfluorescein labelled peptide incubated for 1 hr by fluorescence polarization assay
AID431993Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis var. bovis BCG in 7H9 liquid medium after 7 days2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Nitazoxanide kills replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and evades resistance.
AID546704Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis CAV1005 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Nitazoxanide inhibits biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis by blocking accumulation on surfaces.
AID1709807Cytotoxicity against human HEK-Blue IL-6 cells assessed as cell death at > 10 uM
AID1067353Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to IC50 for Giardia intestinalis IMSS:0696:12014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
2-acylamino-5-nitro-1,3-thiazoles: preparation and in vitro bioevaluation against four neglected protozoan parasites.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347412qHTS assay to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: Counter screen cell viability and HiBit confirmation2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (541)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (0.37)18.7374
1990's26 (4.81)18.2507
2000's140 (25.88)29.6817
2010's220 (40.67)24.3611
2020's153 (28.28)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 93.14

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index93.14 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.02 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index166.02 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (93.14)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials85 (14.83%)5.53%
Reviews74 (12.91%)6.00%
Case Studies46 (8.03%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.35%)0.25%
Other366 (63.87%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (97)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Hyperproteic and Fiber-rich Diet Plus Probiotics (Lactobacillus Reuteri) and Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. [NCT01135628]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Pilot Study to Explore a Potential Role of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) in the Prevention of Recurrent Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation [NCT01074203]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Early Treatment of Vulnerable Individuals With Non-Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multi-Arm Multi-Stage Randomized Trial (MAMS) to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Several Specific Treatments in Reducing the Risk of Clinical Worsening or Death in Sub-Saharan [NCT04920838]Phase 2/Phase 3600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-12Recruiting
A Triple Combination Antiviral Coronavirus Therapy (TriACT) RCT Comparing Nitazoxanide, Ribavirin and Hydroxychloroquine vs. Placebo [NCT04605588]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-02Terminated(stopped due to Lack of participants willing to enroll)
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Colds Due to Enterovirus/Rhinovirus Infection [NCT03605862]Phase 31,756 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-11Completed
Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Nitazoxanide Suspension in the Treatment of Rotavirus Disease in Children [NCT01328925]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT03336619]Phase 31,030 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-17Completed
Effect of the Nutritional Support System (NSS) on Neuromotor Alterations in Patients With Cerebral Palsy [NCT05648422]144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-16Recruiting
AGILE: Seamless Phase I/IIa Platform for the Rapid Evaluation of Candidates for COVID-19 Treatment [NCT04746183]Phase 1/Phase 2600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-03Active, not recruiting
Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide Suspension in the Treatment of Prolonged Diarrhea in Children [NCT01326338]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Favipiravir and/or Nitazoxanide: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Early Antiviral Therapy in COVID-19 (FANTAZE) [NCT04918927]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-12Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial Comparing Nitazoxanide Plus Lactulose With Lactulose Alone Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy [NCT02464124]Phase 2/Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-31Recruiting
Study of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) Based New Therapeutic Regimens for Helicobacter Pylori [NCT02422706]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Open Label Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide Plus Atazanavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19: a Pilot Study [NCT04459286]Phase 257 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-09Terminated(stopped due to IDSMB recommendation)
Efficacy and Safety Study of Nitazoxanide (NTX) in the Treatment of Patients With SARS-CoC-2 Virus Infection (COVID-19). A Pilot, Randomized, Simple Blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study [NCT04463264]Phase 2/Phase 3135 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-26Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) for Pre- and Post Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 and Other Viral Respiratory Illnesses (VRI) in Healthcare Workers and Others at Increased Ris [NCT04359680]Phase 31,407 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-13Active, not recruiting
A Phase III Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT02612922]Phase 3325 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Nitazoxanide 600 mg to Treat Ambulatory Adult Subjects Diagnosed With COVID-19 With Mild Symptoms Assisted in the Public Health System of the [NCT04441398]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Sponsor's strategic decision)
A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Nitazoxanide Versus Rifaximin in Adult Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome Without Constipation [NCT05453916]Phase 1/Phase 284 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Recruiting
Impact of Nitazoxanide on Virologic Responses in Chronic HCV Infected Patients With Genotype 4: A Placebo-controlled Randomized Trial [NCT01197157]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 and Other Viral Respiratory Illnesses in Elderly Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCF) [NCT04343248]Phase 3190 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-12Terminated(stopped due to Study recruitment was halted prematurely as widespread vaccination of the study population made completion infeasible.)
Efficacy of Adding Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir Combination, or Nitazoxanide to the Standard of Care in Treatment of COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04498936]Phase 4240 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-15Completed
The Activity of Nitazoxanide in Addition to Peginterferon Alfa-2a and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment-Naive Genotype 1 Subjects With HIV Coinfection [NCT00991289]Phase 268 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
An Open-label, Phase 1, Multiple-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Nitazoxanide 500 mg Twice Daily for 7 Days in Adult Subjects With Moderate and Severe Hepatic Impairment and Adult Healthy Control Subjects [NCT05116826]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-11-05Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide and Nitazoxanide Plus Oseltamivir in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT01610245]Phase 31,941 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial of Oral Nitazoxanide for the Empiric Treatment of Acute Gastroenteritis Among Australian Indigenous Children [NCT02165813]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-11-30Recruiting
The C3 Nitazoxanide for Mild to Moderate COVID-19 in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Adults With Enhanced Risk: a Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial in a Resource-poor Setting [NCT04523090]Phase 2/Phase 3322 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-27Terminated(stopped due to Signal of futility at interim analysis)
A Monocentric, Open-Label, Proof of Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Nitazoxanide at 500mg Twice Daily on Collagen Turnover in Plasma in NASH Patients With Fibrosis Stage 2 or 3 [NCT03656068]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-04Completed
A Phase II Double-blind Randomised, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Oral Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Bronchiolitis in Infants Presenting to Hospital Emergency Departments [NCT02452905]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to The drug manufacture were unable to produce liquid formulation of the IMP within a reasonable time frame so the funding was relinquished.)
A 14 Day Early Bactericidal Activity Study of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Tuberculosis [NCT02684240]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Nitazoxanide vs Probiotics in the Treatment of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhea in Children: A Randomized Single Blind Controlled Trial in Bolivian Children [NCT00683982]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
A Multi-center, Randomised, Open Label Study of Nitazoxanide (NTZ), or Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir (SOF/DCV), Compared to no Pharmacological Intervention for the Prevention of COVID-19 Disease in Healthcare Workers and Inner City Inhabitants at High Risk o [NCT04561063]Phase 21,950 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-08Completed
Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer [NCT06049901]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Nitazoxanide in Combination With Peginterferon Alfa-2a and Ribavirin in Patients With Hepatitis C Who Have Failed to Respond to a Prior Course of Peginterferon and Ribavirin [NCT00495391]Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in Preventing Recurrence of Hepatic Encephalopathy [NCT04161053]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-01Recruiting
Multicenter, Double Blind, Metronidazole Controlled, Dose Range Finding Study of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Colitis [NCT00417872]Phase 2114 participants Interventional2004-01-31Completed
A Two Week Nitazoxanidebased Quadruple Regimen for Helicobacter Pylori Therapy After Failure of Standard Triple Therapy: A Single Center Experience [NCT02621359]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
Role of Intestinal Protozoa and Helminths in the Course of Ulcerative Colitis [NCT03441893]Phase 1/Phase 2300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-01Active, not recruiting
Compassionate Use of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Colitis in Patients Who Have Failed Conventional Therapy [NCT00304356]Phase 322 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Phase 2, Exploratory, Single Center, Randomized, Open Label, Adaptive Clinical Trial to Compare Safety and Efficacy of Four Different Experimental Drug Regimens to Standard of Care for the Treatment of Symptomatic Outpatients With COVID-19 [NCT04532931]Phase 2192 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-03Completed
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Evaluation and Treatment in Primary Care [NCT01641341]Phase 461 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Study of a 4-Week Lead-In With Nitazoxanide Followed By 36 Weeks of Nitazoxanide Plus Peginterferon Alfa-2a in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C [NCT00763568]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Finding Treatments for COVID-19: A Phase 2 Multi-centre Adaptive Platform Trial to Assess Antiviral Pharmacodynamics in Early Symptomatic COVID-19 (PLATCOV) [NCT05041907]Phase 23,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Nitazoxanide 600 mg Three Times a Day for Post Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Subjects From Vulnerable Communities [NCT04435314]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Sponsor's strategic decision)
Development of an Effective Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Bangladeshi Children [NCT04103216]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-01Completed
Open Label, Multi-Center Evaluation of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Subjects With AIDS in the United States [NCT00004986]Phase 330 participants Interventional2000-02-29Terminated
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide in Adults With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT01056380]Phase 279 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient enrollment during 2009-2010 flu season, new study initiated.)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide in Adults and Adolescents With Acute Uncomplicated Influenza [NCT01227421]Phase 2/Phase 3624 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
A Phase 2 Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Assess the Clinical and Antiviral Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Norovirus in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients [NCT03395405]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-15Completed
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Nitazoxanide Tablets in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Active Crohn's Disease in Adults [NCT00130390]Phase 298 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Terminated(stopped due to terminated due to slow recruitment)
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C [NCT00418639]Phase 250 participants Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Phase II, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Nitazoxanide Tablets Combined With Peginterferon Compared to Peginterferon Monotherapy in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C [NCT00418054]Phase 240 participants Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Clinical Trial Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Ivermectin and Nitazoxanide Combination as Adjuvant Therapy in COVID-19 Newly Diagnosed Egyptian Patients: A Tanta University Hope [NCT04360356]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-31Not yet recruiting
Nitazoxanide as a New Local Adjunctive to Nonsurgical Treatment of Moderate Periodontitis: Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation [NCT04768530]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-20Completed
Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin Plus Nitazoxanide in Individuals With Chronic Hepatitis Due to HCV Genotype 4 and Coinfected by HIV [NCT01529073]Phase 245 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-02-29Active, not recruiting
Phase I/II Open Label Evaluation of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS Patients [NCT00002444]Phase 128 participants Interventional1995-10-31Completed
A Phase III, Multicentre, Parallel, Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide 600 mg Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Non-critical Condition [NCT04423861]Phase 3380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-22Recruiting
Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine vs Nitazoxanide + Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With COVID-19 With Risk Factors for Poor Outcome [NCT04341493]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-06Terminated(stopped due to Concerns about safety of Hydroxychloroquine)
Prevention of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreaks by Prophylactic Treatment With Nitazoxanide [NCT04406246]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-21Completed
A Phase I/II Open Label Study of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) for the Treatment of Cryptosporidium Parvum in HIV Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents [NCT00055107]Phase 1/Phase 26 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
Early Antiandrogen Treatment (EAT) With Dutasteride for COVID-19 (EAT-DUTA AndroCoV Trial) [NCT04729491]Phase 2/Phase 3138 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-30Completed
Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide Suspension in the Treatment of Diarrhea Caused by Entamoeba Histolytica in Children [NCT00366730]Phase 350 participants Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Nitazoxanide for Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: a Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial [NCT04561219]Phase 2500 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-19Completed
Effects of Nitazoxanide Administration to Patients in the Initial Phase of COVID-19 [NCT04552483]Phase 2392 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-08Completed
Multi-center, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Nitazoxanide Suspension in the Treatment of Diarrhea Caused by Enteric Viruses in Children [NCT00302640]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Randomized Study of Nitazoxanide-Peginterferon, Nitazoxanide-Peginterferon-Ribavirin and Peginterferon-Ribavirin in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C [NCT00421434]Phase 2/Phase 3121 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide for Treatment of Mild or Moderate COVID-19 in Subjects at High Risk of Severe Illness [NCT05157243]Phase 32,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-08-31Not yet recruiting
Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Nitazoxanide and Escitalopram as Adjuvant Therapies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT05480878]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-12-02Completed
Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Mild or Moderate COVID-19 [NCT04486313]Phase 31,092 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-13Completed
Open-Label Compassionate Use of Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS Patients [NCT00002158]0 participants InterventionalActive, not recruiting
A Clinical Study Evaluating the Potential Benefit of Nitazoxanide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT06010992]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Recruiting
Proof of Concept, Multicentre, Parallel, Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Nitazoxanide 600 mg Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Moderate Condition. [NCT04348409]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-25Completed
Effect of a Combination of Nitazoxanide, Ribavirin and Ivermectin Plus Zinc Supplement on the Clearance of COVID-19: a Pilot Sequential Clinical Trial [NCT04392427]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-31Not yet recruiting
Effect of a Combination of Nitazoxanide, Ribavirin and Ivermectin Plus Zinc Supplement on the Clearance of COVID-19: Extension Study [NCT04959786]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-01Recruiting
A Single Center, Prospective Phase IV, Open-Label, Randomized Trial Comparing the Efficacy , Tolerability, and Safety of Quadritherapy Regimen (Reiferon Retard® + Ribavirin + Nitazoxanide + Alfacalcidol ( Bon-One ®) ) Versus Triple Therapy Regimen (Reifer [NCT01896609]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Recruiting
The Role Of Nitazoxanide, Interferon Alfa And Ribavirin In Treatment Of Hepatitis C Infected Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01770483]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
An Open-Label Safety and Tolerability Study of Nitazoxanide, Pegylated-Interferon Alfa 2a and Ribavirin in HIV/HCV Co-Infected Genotype 1 Prior Treatment Relapsers and Non-Responders [NCT01185028]Phase 1/Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Phase II/III Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) For Persons With AIDS and Cryptosporidiosis [NCT00001081]Phase 260 participants InterventionalCompleted
Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide Tablets in the Treatment of Diarrhea Caused by Entamoeba Histolytica in Adults and Adolescents [NCT00366236]Phase 350 participants Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Efficacy of Potassium Competitive Acid Blockers (P-CABs) Versus Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the First and the Second Lines Eradication Regimens for H. Pylori in Egyptian Patients [NCT06101420]Phase 3232 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
Randomized Double-Blind Study of Nitazoxanide Compared to Placebo in Subjects With HBeAG-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Virologically Suppressed for at Least Twelve Months on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Tenofovir Alafenamide or Entecavir [NCT03905655]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-22Completed
Clinical Study to Investigate the Effect of Doxycycline, Pentoxifylline, and Nitazoxanide in Sexually Active Men [NCT05897034]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-20Not yet recruiting
The Clinical Effects of Nitazoxanide in Hepatic Encephalopathy Patients: A Pilot Study [NCT02334163]Phase 236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Recruiting
Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Nitazoxanide in Combination With Peginterferon Alfa-2a and Ribavirin in Treatment-Naive Patients With Hepatitis C [NCT00637923]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Clinical Trial Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Nitazoxanide Combination as Adjuvant Therapy in Covid-19 Newly Diagnosed Egyptian Patients: A Tanta University Hope [NCT04361318]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-31Not yet recruiting
Study of Novel Triple Nitazoxanide (NTZ) Based New Therapeutic Regimens for Helicobacter Pylori in Children [NCT04415983]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-01Recruiting
An Open-label, Phase 1, Multiple-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Nitazoxanide 500 mg Twice Daily for 7 Days in Adult Subjects With Mild, Moderate, and Severe Renal Impairment and Adult Healthy Control Subjects [NCT05368935]Phase 177 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-25Completed
Randomized Study for the Assessment of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 4 [NCT01276756]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Pilot Study of Safety and Efficacy of Nitazoxanide in Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Household Contacts of Patients With Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection [NCT04788407]Phase 4456 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-01Recruiting
Multicenter, Double-blind Study of Nitazoxanide Compared to Vancomycin in the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile-associated Disease [NCT00384527]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early due to slow recruitment.)
Nitazoxanide in Treatment of COVID-19 [NCT04382846]Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-08Recruiting
Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Nitazoxanide and Atazanavir/Ritonavir in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05680792]17 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-10Completed
Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development In Tanzania [NCT03268902]Phase 2/Phase 31,188 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-05Completed
Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Mild COVID-19 in Subjects Not at High Risk of Severe Illness [NCT05157269]Phase 3600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-08-31Not yet recruiting
Clinical Study to Evaluate the Possible Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in Secondary Prevention of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhotic Patients [NCT04746937]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-31Not yet recruiting
Phase 3, A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Colds Due to Enterovirus/Rhinovirus Infection [NCT04489381]Phase 3800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-13Recruiting
A Randomized Double-Blind Phase 2 Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Nitazoxanide Versus Placebo in Addition to Standard Care for the Treatment of Hospitalized Subjects With Severe Acute Respiratory Illness [NCT02057757]Phase 2260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00304356 (1) [back to overview]Nitazoxanide
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Sustained Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Rapid Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]End of Treatment Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Early Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00495391 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Rapid Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]End of Treatment Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Early Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Changes in ALT
NCT00637923 (8) [back to overview]Sustained Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fasting Insulin Level From Study Entry
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) From Study Entry
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Complete Early Virologic Response (cEVR)
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events of Grade 2 or Higher
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Change in log10 HCV Viral Load After 4 Weeks of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) Monotherapy.
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With HCV Genotype 1
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Early Virologic Response (EVR)
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Rapid Virologic Response (RVR)
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Sustained Virologic Response (SVR)
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin Level From Study Entry
NCT00991289 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fasting Glucose Level From Study Entry
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Complications of Influenza Including Secondary Illnesses, Antibiotic Use and Hospitalizations (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Change in Influenza Virus Titer Assessed by Quantitative RT-PCR (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Overall Severity of Disease Score
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (Subjects Infected With Any Respiratory Virus)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time Lost From Work (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (All Treated Subjects)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza Infection)
NCT01056380 (9) [back to overview]Time to Return to Normal Daily Activity (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)
NCT01185028 (3) [back to overview]Sustained Viral Response Rate
NCT01185028 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT01185028 (3) [back to overview]Tolerability of Study Drug Measured as Discontinuation.
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Patients With Influenza A H3N2
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Patients With Influenza A 2009 H1N1
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Influenza B
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Complications of Influenza
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Time to Return to Normal Daily Activities
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza as Reported by the Subjects
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Measure by 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50)
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Time Loss From Work
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Symptom Severity Score Hours
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response: Influenza B
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response: Influenza A H3N2
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Influenza Antibody Response Titer Change: Influenza A 2009 H1N1
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Time to Resolution of Each Individual Symptom of Influenza as Reported by the Subjects
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Mean Change in RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) Viral Titer From Baseline
NCT01227421 (15) [back to overview]Mean Change (Standard Deviation)in 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) Viral Titer From Baseline
NCT01276756 (5) [back to overview]Rapid Virological Response
NCT01276756 (5) [back to overview]Safety of Nitazoxanide (Number of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events)
NCT01276756 (5) [back to overview]Sustained Virologic Response
NCT01276756 (5) [back to overview]Early Virological Response
NCT01276756 (5) [back to overview]End-of-treatment Response
NCT01770483 (2) [back to overview]Sustained Viral Response,
NCT01770483 (2) [back to overview]Normalization of Alanine Transferase Test
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Chemistry Laboratory Assessments (Creatinine, Total Bilirubin) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Duration (Days) Until Affirmative Global Assessment (e.g., Answered Yes) by Study Participants (e.g., Adults, Children)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Hematologic Laboratory Assessment (Hemoglobin) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Hematologic Laboratory Assessments (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, and Hematocrit) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Hematologic Laboratory Assessments (WBC, Platelets) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Chemistry Laboratory Assessment (CRP) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Hospitalized on Days 3, 7, 14, and 28
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Using Antibiotics/Antivirals During Hospitalization
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Re-hospitalized Within 28 Days
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Died Within the First 5 Days
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Use of Systemic Corticosteroids
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Require Oxygen Use
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Study Participants (e.g., Adult and Children) Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) by Time Point (Anytime, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Study Participants With the Presence of Complications (Pneumonia, Respiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [ARDS], Sepsis, or Bronchiolitis) During Study
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Duration of Fever in Study Participants
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Presence of Virus on Nasopharyngeal (NP) Swab at Day 3 (Same Virus as Day 0)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Study Participants (e.g., Adults, Children) Requiring Mechanical Ventilation at Study Time Points (Any Time, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Clinical Symptoms
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Time to Hospital Discharge
NCT02057757 (22) [back to overview]Chemistry Laboratory Assessments (ALT, AST, LDH) on Days 3, 7, and 28
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing One or More Complications of Influenza
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time From First Dose to Ability to Perform All Normal Activities
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time From First Dose to Symptom Response
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Return to Usual Health
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Return to Usual Health, Placebo-Treated Subjects by Baseline Antibody Status
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery by Antibody Status, Placebo-Treated Subjects
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, mITTI Population Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, Subjects Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Symptom Response Excluding the FLU-PRO Gastrointestinal and Eye Domains
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Proportion of Diaries Misclassified by Novel Response Definition
NCT03336619 (12) [back to overview]Correlation Coefficient for Sustained Response and Return to Usual Health
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Change in Viral Titer (Day 1 to Day 180)
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Change in Viral Titer (Day 1 to Day 180)
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Protocol-Specified SAEs
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Hospitalization
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Time to Initial Clinical Resolution of Norovirus Symptoms
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Unsolicited Non-Serious Adverse Events
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Laboratory Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT03395405 (8) [back to overview]Time to First Negative Viral Load
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time to Return to Usual Health, Modified ITTI Population
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, Modified ITTI Population
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Analysis of Change From Baseline to Days 2, 3 and 7 in EV/RV Virus Titer
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Proportion Positive for EV/RV by RT-PCR at Days 2, 3 and 7
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Correlation Coefficient for Sustained Response and Return to Usual Health
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Proportions Experiencing Complications of EV/RV Infection
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Response Misclassification Rate Compared to Usual Health
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time From First Dose to Ability to Perform All Normal Activities
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time From First Dose to Symptom Response Over 21 Days of Follow up Based Upon the FLU-PRO Instrument (Novel Endpoint)
NCT03605862 (11) [back to overview]Time to Return to Usual Health
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Lumican Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to Week 12 as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) Score From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Transforming Growth Factor Beta-induced Protein (TGFBI) FSR From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in M30 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Lumican Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to Week 12 as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) Score From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Transforming Growth Factor Beta-induced Protein (TGFBI) FSR From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Number of NTZ Treated Participants Presenting Any Study Drug Related TEAE
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Number of NTZ Treated Participants Presenting Any Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to Week 12
NCT03656068 (74) [back to overview]Percent Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Change in FibroScan Score
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Mean Change in Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg)
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Hepatitis B Virus DNA Suppression
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Change in Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Score
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Change in Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg) From Baseline to Different Time Points on Treatment
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Loss
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Seroconversion
NCT03905655 (8) [back to overview]Sustained HBsAg Loss With Suppression of HBV DNA for 24 Weeks After the End of Treatment

Nitazoxanide

stopping of diarrhea (NCT00304356)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Nitazoxanide27

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Sustained Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection 24 weeks after the end of treatment. All others were considered non-responders. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR339
Placebo+PR022

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Rapid Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection after 4 weeks of combination therapy. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: After 4 weeks combination treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR240
Placebo+PR022

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End of Treatment Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection at the end of treatment. All others were considered non-responders. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: At end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR636
Placebo+PR121

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Early Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection after 12 weeks of combination therapy. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks combination treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR339
Placebo+PR022

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 8

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR14791
Placebo+PR8291

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 16

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR66120
Placebo+PR2261

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR0150
Placebo+PR0010

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00495391)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of follow up

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR0141
Placebo+PR0010

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 8

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR2329163
Placebo+PR511172

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Rapid Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection after 4 weeks of combination therapy. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: After 4 weeks combination treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR966
Placebo+PR730

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End of Treatment Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection at the end of treatment. All others were considered non-responders. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: At end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR4629
Placebo+PR1819

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: From baseline to week 16

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR1238171
Placebo+PR411151

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Early Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection after 12 weeks of combination therapy. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks combination treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR4530
Placebo+PR1819

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of follow up

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR923130
Placebo+PR2781

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Changes in ALT

This analysis was conducted using a comparison of changes in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline through week 8, week 16, end of treatment and end of follow up. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Remains ElevatedElevated to NormalRemains NormalNormal to Elevated
NTZ+PR428130
Placebo+PR3690

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Sustained Virologic Response (HCV RNA Below Lower Limit of Detection)

Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) below lower limit of detection 24 weeks after the end of treatment. All others were considered non-responders. (NCT00637923)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after end of treatment

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
NTZ+PR3243
Placebo+PR1324

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Percent Change in Fasting Insulin Level From Study Entry

Percent Change in fasting insulin (FINS) was calculated as FINS at later time point (16, 28, 52, 76) minus FINS at study entry, divided by FINS at study entry x 100%. Study protocol required fasting for at least 8 hours (nothing by mouth except medications and water) prior to specimen collection for fasting insulin testing. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 16, 28, 52, and 76

Interventionpercentage of FINS at study entry (Median)
Percent change in FINS at Week 16Percent change in FINS at Week 28Percent change in FINS at Week 52Percent change in FINS at Week 76
NTZ/PEG/RBV08.828.28.3

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Percent Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) From Study Entry

HOMA-IR was calculated as [fasting glucose (mg/dL) x fasting insulin (uIU/mL)]/405. Percent Change in HOMA-IR was calculated as HOMA-IR at later time point (16, 28, 52, 76) minus HOMA-IR at study entry, divided by HOMA-IR at study entry x 100%. Study protocol required fasting for at least 8 hours (nothing by mouth except medications and water) prior to specimen collection for fasting insulin and fasting glucose testing. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 16, 28, 52, and 76

Interventionpercentage of HOMA-IR at study entry (Median)
Percent change in HOMA-IR at Week 16 (n=56)Percent change in HOMA-IR at Week 28 (n=39)Percent change in HOMA-IR at Week 52 (n=27)Percent change in HOMA-IR at Week 76 (n=22)
NTZ/PEG/RBV-13.0-6.323.29.5

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Percentage of Participants With Complete Early Virologic Response (cEVR)

Complete early virologic response (cEVR) was defined as undetectable HCV viral load (<43 IU/ml) at week 16, where 43 is the lower limit of quantification of the assay (Cobas AmpliPrep/Taqman HCV Test). (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV38.8

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events of Grade 2 or Higher

Number of participants who experienced an adverse event of Grade 2 or higher at any time after study entry. Grading of adverse events (signs and symptoms and laboratory toxicities) was according to Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Version 1.0, December 2004. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: From study entry to up to week 76

Interventionparticipants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV65

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Change in log10 HCV Viral Load After 4 Weeks of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) Monotherapy.

Change in log10 HCV viral load was calculated as log10-transformed HCV viral load at Week 4 minus log10-transformed HCV viral load at study entry. HCV viral load testing was done using Cobas AmpliPrep/Taqman HCV Test. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4

Interventionlog10 IU/mL (Median)
NTZ/PEG/RBV-0.12

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Number of Participants With HCV Genotype 1

Confirmatory HCV genotyping was performed on stored plasma from entry using VERSANT HCV Genotype assay v2.0 (LiPA, RUO, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY). (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Week 0

Interventionparticipants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV67

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Percentage of Participants With Early Virologic Response (EVR)

Early virologic response (EVR) was defined as undetectable HCV viral load (<43 IU/ml) at Week 16 or at least a 2-log10 decrease in HCV viral load from study entry at Week 16, where 43 is the lower limit of quantification of the assay (Cobas AmpliPrep/Taqman HCV Test). (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV65.7

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Percentage of Participants With Rapid Virologic Response (RVR)

Rapid virologic response (RVR) was defined as undetectable HCV viral load (<43 IU/ml) at Week 8 where 43 is the lower limit of quantification of the assay (Cobas AmpliPrep/Taqman HCV Test). (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV10.4

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Percentage of Participants With Sustained Virologic Response (SVR)

Sustained virologic response (SVR) was defined as undetectable HCV viral load (<43 IU/ml) at 24 weeks after treatment discontinuation, where 43 is the lower limit of quantification of the assay (Cobas AmpliPrep/Taqman HCV Test). Participants who failed to achieve EVR or had detectable HCV RNA at Week 28 and per protocol discontinued study, and participants without HCV RNA from 24 weeks after treatment discontinuation, were considered non-responders. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after treatment discontinuation

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NTZ/PEG/RBV32.8

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Change in Hemoglobin Level From Study Entry

Change in hemoglobin (HGB) was calculated as HGB at later time point (Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 76) minus HGB at study entry. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 76.

Interventiong/dL (Median)
Change in HGB at Week 4Change in HGB at Week 8Change in HGB at Week 12Change in HGB at Week 16Change in HGB at Week 20Change in HGB at Week 24Change in HGB at Week 28Change in HGB at Week 32Change in HGB at Week 36Change in HGB at Week 40Change in HGB at Week 44Change in HGB at Week 48Change in HGB at Week 52Change in HGB at Week 76
NTZ/PEG/RBV-0.1-2.1-2.5-2.5-2.5-2.4-2.5-2.7-2.5-2.6-2.6-2.7-2.9-0.9

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Percent Change in Fasting Glucose Level From Study Entry

Percent Change in fasting glucose (FGLUC) was calculated as FGLUC at later time point (16, 28, 52, 76) minus FGLUC at study entry, divided by FGLUC at study entry x 100%. Study protocol required fasting for at least 8 hours (nothing by mouth except medications and water) prior to specimen collection for fasting glucose testing. (NCT00991289)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 16, 28, 52, and 76

Interventionpercentage of FGLUC at study entry (Median)
Percent change in FGLUC at Week 16Percent change in FGLUC at Week 28Percent change in FGLUC at Week 52Percent change in FGLUC at Week 76
NTZ/PEG/RBV-3.2-5.31.10

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Complications of Influenza Including Secondary Illnesses, Antibiotic Use and Hospitalizations (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide1
Placebo1

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Change in Influenza Virus Titer Assessed by Quantitative RT-PCR (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: 4 days

,
InterventionQuantitative PCR RNA Copies (Mean)
BaselineDay 2Day 3Day 4
Nitazoxanide0000
Placebo0-175183057-176973304-176946354

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Overall Severity of Disease Score

Subjects recorded a severity score for 10 flu symptoms on a 0-3 scale BID for 7-14 days.The severity score for each symptom was multiplied by the number of hours scored at that severity for the entire time the subject maintained a diary (a sneezing score of 1 for 12 hours and 0 for 10 hours =1*12 + 0*10=12). This is symptom severity score*hours.Symptom severity score*hours for each of the symptoms were added for an overall symptom severity score*hours (if symptom severity score*hours for 10 symptoms were 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 10, 10, 10, 5, 5, overall symptom severity score*hours=86).Overall symptom severity score*hours were divided by the number of hours that the subject kept a diary for a standardized continuous measure of severity of the course of illness (if overall symptom severity score*hours=86 and the subject maintained a diary for 100 hours Overall Severity of Disease Score=0.86). Overall Severity of Disease Score can range 0-30 with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. (NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 14 days

Interventionoverall severity score (Mean)
Nitazoxanide5.4
Placebo6.2

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Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (Subjects Infected With Any Respiratory Virus)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide118.0
Placebo88.8

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Time Lost From Work (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Nitazoxanide3.64
Placebo4.36

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Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: 28 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide95.5
Placebo83.3

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Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (All Treated Subjects)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide119.8
Placebo102.6

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Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza Infection)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide55.0
Placebo91.5

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Time to Return to Normal Daily Activity (Subjects With Confirmed Influenza)

(NCT01056380)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide48.5
Placebo57.5

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Sustained Viral Response Rate

Proportion of participants that are HCV negative 6 months after treatment completion (NCT01185028)
Timeframe: 1 year and 2 mos

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Nitazoxanide With Pegylated Interferon And Ribavirin8

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Adverse events determined and evaluated by patient reporting and the DAIDS toxicity table. (NCT01185028)
Timeframe: 1 year and 2 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Nitazoxanide With Pegylated Interferon And Ribavirin8

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Tolerability of Study Drug Measured as Discontinuation.

Proportion of individuals that discontinued study drug due to intolerability. (NCT01185028)
Timeframe: 1 year and 2 mos

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide With Pegylated Interferon And Ribavirin0

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Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Patients With Influenza A H3N2

Proportion of patients seroprotected and seroconverted at day 28 (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Seroprotected at day 28Seroconverted at day 28
Nitazoxanide 300mg1413
Nitazoxanide 600mg1212
Placebo1212

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Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Patients With Influenza A 2009 H1N1

Proportion of patients seroprotected or seroconverted at day 28 (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Seroprotected at day 28Seroconverted at day 28
Nitazoxanide 300mg1111
Nitazoxanide 600mg1211
Placebo1412

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Influenza Antibody Response: Seroprotection and Seroconversion for Influenza B

Proportion of patients seroprotected and seroconverted at day 28 (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Seroprotected at day 28Seroconverted at day 28
Nitazoxanide 300mg1412
Nitazoxanide 600mg1313
Placebo1310

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Complications of Influenza

Proportion of patients with a complication of influenza during the course of the study (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
BronchitisSinusitisPneumoniaPleurisyOtitis
Nitazoxanide 300mg106103
Nitazoxanide 600mg72101
Placebo36213

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Time to Return to Normal Daily Activities

Time in hours as reported by patient (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionHours (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg84.2
Placebo82.1
Nitazoxanide 600mg84.0

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Time to Resolution of All Clinical Symptoms of Influenza as Reported by the Subjects

The primary efficacy analysis for this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) administered as 300 mg b.i.d. for 5 days or 600 mg b.i.d. for 5 days in reducing the time to resolution of all clinical symptoms of influenza in patients with laboratory confirmed influenza infection (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

InterventionHours (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg109.1
Placebo116.7
Nitazoxanide 600mg95.5

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Time to Cessation of Viral Shedding Measure by 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50)

Median time in hours (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionHours (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg77.0
Placebo91.3
Nitazoxanide 600mg71.8

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Time Loss From Work

Time loss from work (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

Interventiondays (Mean)
Nitazoxanide 300mg2.6
Placebo3.0
Nitazoxanide 600mg3.3

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Symptom Severity Score Hours

Sum of the symptom severity score hours from first dose to resolution of symptoms. Patients rated each symptom's severity on a score from 0 to 3 (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). Total symptom severity score hours were calculated by multiplying the sum of the severity scores by duration of symptoms. (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

Interventionsymptom score *hour (Mean)
Nitazoxanide 300mg1035.1
Placebo1220.9
Nitazoxanide 600mg1125.2

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Influenza Antibody Response: Influenza B

Change in antibody titer for Influenza B (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionFold change in antibody titer (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg4
Placebo3
Nitazoxanide 600mg4

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Influenza Antibody Response: Influenza A H3N2

Change in antibody titer for Influenza A H3N2 (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionFold change in antibody titer (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg8
Placebo16
Nitazoxanide 600mg16

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Influenza Antibody Response Titer Change: Influenza A 2009 H1N1

change in influenza antibody titer for Influenza A 2009 H1N1 (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionFold change in antibody titer (Median)
Nitazoxanide 300mg2
Placebo2
Nitazoxanide 600mg2

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Time to Resolution of Each Individual Symptom of Influenza as Reported by the Subjects

Time in hours (Median and Interquartile range) (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: at least 28 days

,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Nasal CongestionRunny NoseSore ThroatCoughHeadacheMyalgiaFatigueSweats / ChillsFever
Nitazoxanide 300mg844863964246653636
Nitazoxanide 600mg604350843942603636
Placebo8142521044846693631

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Mean Change in RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) Viral Titer From Baseline

Change in viral titer logarithm with base 10 (log10) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)copies (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,
InterventionLOG10 RNA copies (Mean)
Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 7
Nitazoxanide 300mg-0.63-1.34-1.75-2.42-2.97
Nitazoxanide 600mg-0.73-1.64-2.21-2.44-3.08
Placebo-0.22-0.92-1.63-2.49-2.82

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Mean Change (Standard Deviation)in 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) Viral Titer From Baseline

Change in viral titer presented as logarithm with base 10 (log10) 50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose (TCID50) (NCT01227421)
Timeframe: 7 days

,,
InterventionLOG10 Titer (Mean)
Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 7
Nitazoxanide 300mg-0.58-1.26-1.86-2.46-2.82
Nitazoxanide 600mg-1.11-1.84-2.58-2.55-3.01
Placebo-0.03-1.21-1.65-2.41-2.79

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Rapid Virological Response

A rapid virologic response is defined as a negative HCV PCR 4 weeks after treatment (NCT01276756)
Timeframe: 28 - 33 days after start of Pegylated interferon and ribavirin

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard of Care30
Triple Therapy25

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Safety of Nitazoxanide (Number of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events)

The occurence of adverse events that could be linked temporally and reasonably to the administration of the tested drug. (NCT01276756)
Timeframe: throughout the period of treatment and up to 90 days after end of triple therapy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard of Care50
Triple Therapy47

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Sustained Virologic Response

sustained virological response is defined as a negative HCV PCR at 180 days after the end of treatment (End of treatment being at 48 weeks for Group A, 52 weeks for Group B). For any patient who stopped treatment prematurely (e.g. due to adverse events) SVR was defined as a negative HCV PCR (polymerase chain reaction) at 180 days after the last dose of all medications (interferon, ribavirin and nitazoxanide) (NCT01276756)
Timeframe: 180 days (+- 7 days) after the end of treatment. (48 weeks for Group A, 52 weeks for Group B, or after the last dose of treatment for patients who stopped prematurely).

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard of Care24
Triple Therapy25

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Early Virological Response

"A complete early virologic response is defined as a negative HCV PCR 90 days after the start of pegylated interferon.~A partial early virologic response is defined as a decrease of 2 or more log in HCV PCR at 90 days after the start of pegylated interferon" (NCT01276756)
Timeframe: 90 ± 7 days from the start of pegylated interferon and ribavirin

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Complete early virologic responsePartial early virologic responseNo early virologic response response
Standard of Care35510
Triple Therapy36014

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End-of-treatment Response

An end-of-treatment response is defined as a negative HCV PCR at 48 weeks after the start of pegylated interferon and ribavirin (NCT01276756)
Timeframe: 48 weeks +- 7 days after starting pegylated interferon and ribavirin

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Standard of Care31
Triple Therapy29

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Sustained Viral Response,

Sustained viral response ,is negative Hepatitis C Virus(PCR)RNA test six months after end of treatment. (NCT01770483)
Timeframe: 48 WEEK

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Control Group13
Study Group11

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Normalization of Alanine Transferase Test

Liver function test,showing resolution of the inflammation of liver parenchyma (NCT01770483)
Timeframe: 48week

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Control Group11
Study Group11

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Chemistry Laboratory Assessments (Creatinine, Total Bilirubin) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Laboratory values for chemistry laboratory assessments (e.g., Creatinine and Total Bilirubin) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day, 7 and Day 28

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Creatinine (mg/dL): Day 3Creatinine (mg/dL): Day 7Creatinine (mg/dL): Day 28Total Bilirubin (mg/dL): Day 3Total Bilirubin (mg/dL): Day 7Total Bilirubin (mg/dL): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)0.51.10.60.61.00.6
Placebo0.60.60.60.50.50.6

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Duration (Days) Until Affirmative Global Assessment (e.g., Answered Yes) by Study Participants (e.g., Adults, Children)

Study participant (e.g., adults and children) answers (e.g., yes) to global assessment questions measured daily through Day 14 and then again on Day 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured daily through Day 14 and on Day 28

,,,
Interventiondays (Mean)
Have you felt as good as you did before?Are you functioning as well as you were before?
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) - Adults >=18 Years10.212.6
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) - Children <18 Years3.33.6
Placebo - Adults >=18 Years7.09.4
Placebo - Children <18 Years3.53.1

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Hematologic Laboratory Assessment (Hemoglobin) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Hematology laboratory assessment (e.g., Hemoglobin) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day, 7 and Day 28

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Hemoglobin (g/dL): Day 3Hemoglobin (g/dL): Day 7Hemoglobin (g/dL): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)13.513.513.6
Placebo13.213.413.6

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Hematologic Laboratory Assessments (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, and Hematocrit) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Hematology laboratory assessments (e.g., Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, and Hematocrit) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day, 7 and Day 28

,
Interventionpercentage of blood (Mean)
Neutrophils (%): Day 3Neutrophils (%): Day 7Neutrophils (%): Day 28Lymphocytes (%): Day 3Lymphocytes (%): Day 7Lymphocytes (%): Day 28Eosinophils (%): Day 3Eosinophils (%): Day 7Eosinophils (%): Day 28Hematocrit (%): Day 3Hematocrit (%): Day 7Hematocrit (%): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)59.152.451.431.636.536.11.52.33.841.340.741.2
Placebo55.952.349.833.436.737.52.32.63.640.640.941.7

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Hematologic Laboratory Assessments (WBC, Platelets) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Lab values for hematology laboratory assessments (e.g., WBC and Platelets) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day, 7 and Day 28

,
Intervention10^3 cells/mcL (Mean)
WBC (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 3WBC (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 7WBC (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 28Platelets (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 3Platelets (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 7Platelets (10^3 cells/mcL): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)9.09.88.1301.3364.7269.0
Placebo8.29.18.2295.8393.3267.5

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Chemistry Laboratory Assessment (CRP) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Lab Values for chemistry laboratory assessment (e.g., CRP) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day, 7 and Day 28

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
CRP (mg/L): Day 3CRP (mg/L): Day 7CRP (mg/L): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)2.31.21.1
Placebo2.21.10.5

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Number of Participants Hospitalized on Days 3, 7, 14, and 28

The number of study participants (e.g., adults and children) who were hospitalized on Days 3, 7, 14, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured at Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 28

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 3Day 7Day 14Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)953973
Placebo963862

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Number of Participants Using Antibiotics/Antivirals During Hospitalization

Number of study participants taking an Antibiotic or Anti-Influenza Antiviral during first 5 days of hospitalization. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through participants' first 5 days of hospitalization

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic Use During First 5 Days of HospAntiviral Use During First 5 Days of Hosp
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)10046
Placebo8845

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Number of Participants Who Are Re-hospitalized Within 28 Days

Number of study participants (e.g., adults and children) who were re-hospitalized within 28 days (e.g., days from randomization). (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Adults >=18 YearsChildren >18 Years
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)11
Placebo22

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Number of Participants Who Died Within the First 5 Days

Total Deaths of Participants, including Deaths within First 5 Days (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured within First 5 Days

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Total DeathsDeaths within the First 5 Days (Adults >=18) YearsDeaths within the First 5 Days (Children<18) Years
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)200
Placebo100

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Use of Systemic Corticosteroids

Number of study participants taking Systemic Steroids during first 5 days. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured within First 5 Days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Subjects Taking Systemic Steroids - First 5 DaysDESMOPRESSINDEXAMETHASONEGLUCOCORTICOIDS (Fluticasone/Vilanterol)HYDROCORTISONELEVOTHYROXINELEVOTHYROXINE SODIUMMETHYLPREDNISOLONENOVOTHYRALPREDNISONE
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)7804056135043
Placebo7015138126135

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Number of Participants Who Require Oxygen Use

Number of study participants who require use of supplemental oxygen at time points (e.g., Any time, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 28) (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day of hospitalization

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any TimeDay 0Day 3Day 7Day 14Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)119114742866
Placebo118116802754

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Number of Study Participants (e.g., Adult and Children) Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) by Time Point (Anytime, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28)

Number of study participants (e.g., adult and children) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) by time point (Anytime, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28); worst case imputed. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day in the ICU

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any TimeDay 0Day 3Day 7Day 14Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)331100
Placebo211110

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Number of Study Participants With the Presence of Complications (Pneumonia, Respiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [ARDS], Sepsis, or Bronchiolitis) During Study

Number of study participants (e.g., adults and children) with the presence of a complication (pneumonia, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], sepsis, or bronchiolitis) during the study . (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day of hospitalization

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PneumoniaRespiratory Failure Requiring Mechanical Vent.Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)SepsisBronchitis
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)740602
Placebo730607

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Duration of Fever in Study Participants

Study participants' duration (hours) of fever measured daily through Day 14 and then again on Day 28. The total duration in hours from the visit when fever was registered for the study participant until the next visit when no fever was registered for the study participant. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured each day through Day 14 and on Day 28

Interventionhours (Mean)
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)11.3
Placebo20.6

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Presence of Virus on Nasopharyngeal (NP) Swab at Day 3 (Same Virus as Day 0)

Study participants with Detectable Virus on nasopharyngeal (NP) swab at Baseline and at Day 3. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 3

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Detectable Virus on Day 3Same Detectable Virus on Day 3Different Detectable Virus on Day 3
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)17566
Placebo19619

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Study Participants (e.g., Adults, Children) Requiring Mechanical Ventilation at Study Time Points (Any Time, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28)

Study participants (e.g., adults, children) requiring mechanical ventilation (e.g., intubation/extubation) at study time points (Any Time, Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28); worst case imputed. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day of hospitalization

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any TimeDay 0Day 3Day 7Day 14Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)421111
Placebo412111

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Clinical Symptoms

Measured daily through Study Day 14 and then again on Study Day 28 (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CoughSore ThroatFatigueNasal DischargeDifficulty BreathingHeadacheMuscle PainNauseaVomitingDiarrhea
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)71296040542128454
Placebo75235425511318875

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Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events (AEs)

Number of study participants with at least one Adverse Event During Study Duration (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day of hospitalization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)83
Placebo80

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Number of Participants Reporting Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

Number of study participants (e.g., adults and children) reporting at least one serious adverse events (SAEs). (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28 or participants' last day of hospitalization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)6
Placebo3

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Time to Hospital Discharge

The time to hospital discharge measured through Day 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured through Day 28

InterventionDays (Mean)
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)7.1
Placebo7.5

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Chemistry Laboratory Assessments (ALT, AST, LDH) on Days 3, 7, and 28

Chemistry laboratory assessments (e.g., ALT, AST, and LDH) on Days 3, 7, and 28. (NCT02057757)
Timeframe: Measured on Day 3, Day 7, and Day 28

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
ALT (SGPT) (U/L): Day 3ALT (SGPT) (U/L): Day 7ALT (SGPT) (U/L): Day 28AST (SGOT) (U/L): Day 3AST (SGOT) (U/L): Day 7AST (SGOT) (U/L): Day 28LDH (U/L): Day 3LDH (U/L): Day 7LDH (U/L): Day 28
Nitazoxanide (NTZ)32.733.126.732.733.233.0248.1250.3241.8
Placebo30.935.127.436.133.231.8266.8255.2249.7

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Number of Subjects Experiencing One or More Complications of Influenza

Complications of influenza infection included pneumonia, otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, worsening of pre-existing health conditions, systemic antibiotic use for infections secondary to influenza infection, hospitalization due to influenza or complications of influenza and death. (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide50
Placebo45

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Time From First Dose to Ability to Perform All Normal Activities

"Subjects completed a diary including rating ability to perform normal activities on a scale from 0 (able to perform no normal activities) to 10 (able to perform all normal activities) daily in the evening. The time from first dose to ability to perform all normal activities is the time in hours between the first dose of study medication and that time when the subject first reported a score of 10 (able to perform all normal activities) for two consecutive daily diary periods without use of symptom relief medication." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide201.8
Placebo200.8

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Time From First Dose to Symptom Response

Subjects used the FLU-PRO questionnaire once daily in the evening to score the severity of 32 FLU-PRO symptoms. Symptom response was deemed achieved when the rating for each of the 32 FLU-PRO symptoms was ≤ its assigned threshold for 2 consecutive daily diary periods without use of symptom relief medication. The symptom response thresholds were developed by applying an algorithm to blinded symptoms data to select the set of 32 symptom thresholds most closely associated with patient-reported usual health. (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide155.1
Placebo153.9

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Time to Return to Usual Health

"Subjects completed the FLU-PRO questionnaire including global assessment questions daily in the evening. The time from first dose to ability to return to usual health is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time when the subject answered Have you returned to your usual health? with yes for two consecutive daily diary periods without the use of symptom relief medication." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide176.6
Placebo202.1

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Time to Return to Usual Health, Placebo-Treated Subjects by Baseline Antibody Status

Survival analysis of Time to Return to Usual Health was repeated for subjects with laboratory-confirmed influenza (ITTI population) who were randomized to the placebo treatment group by whether the subjects had detectable anti-influenza antibodies at Baseline. (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo-Treated Subjects With Detectable Antibodies at Baseline224.1
Placebo-Treated Subjects Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline261.5

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery by Antibody Status, Placebo-Treated Subjects

"Alternative means of endpoint construction were pursued to strengthen the relationship between symptoms-based endpoint measures and subject global assessments of health. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is an endpoint based on evidence of meaningful within-subject change sustained for the duration of the study. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo-Treated Subjects With Detectable Antibodies at Baseline141.0
Placebo-Treated Subjects Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline247.0

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, mITTI Population Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline

"Alternative means of endpoint construction were pursued to strengthen the relationship between symptoms-based endpoint measures and subject global assessments of health. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is an endpoint based on evidence of meaningful within-subject change sustained for the duration of the study. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide170.3
Placebo263.8

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, Subjects Without Detectable Antibodies at Baseline

"Alternative means of endpoint construction were pursued to strengthen the relationship between symptoms-based endpoint measures and subject global assessments of health. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is an endpoint based on evidence of meaningful within-subject change sustained for the duration of the study. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide175.4
Placebo247.0

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Time to Symptom Response Excluding the FLU-PRO Gastrointestinal and Eye Domains

Subjects used the FLU-PRO questionnaire once daily in the evening to score the severity of 32 FLU-PRO symptoms. Symptom response was deemed achieved when the rating for each of the 25 FLU-PRO symptoms (excluding gastrointestinal and eye symptoms) was ≤ its assigned threshold for 2 consecutive daily diary periods without use of symptom relief medication. The symptom response thresholds were developed by applying an algorithm to blinded symptoms data to select the set of 25 symptom thresholds most closely associated with patient-reported usual health. (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide152.2
Placebo151.7

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery

"Alternative means of endpoint construction were pursued to strengthen the relationship between symptoms-based endpoint measures and subject global assessments of health. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is an endpoint based on evidence of meaningful within-subject change sustained for the duration of the study. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide172.2
Placebo176.4

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Proportion of Diaries Misclassified by Novel Response Definition

"The proportion of patient diaries misclassified by the response definition used for the primary efficacy analysis compared to patient reported usual health. A diary was considered misclassified if the response definition predicted responded and the patient reported not being at usual health or if the response definition predicted not responded and the patient reported being at usual health." (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventiondiaries (Number)
ITTI Population0.20131

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Correlation Coefficient for Sustained Response and Return to Usual Health

The correlation coefficient between sustained response and return to usual health was calculated for the pooled ITTI population (i.e., not by treatment group) as a measure of association between the primary endpoint response definition and its intended anchor, patient-reported return to usual health. (NCT03336619)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventioncorrelation coefficient (Number)
ITTI Population0.51

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Change in Viral Titer (Day 1 to Day 180)

Change in viral titer defined as the difference between the Day 180 viral titer and the Day 1 viral titer. Participants were analyzed for the viral load test type (Norovirus GII or Norovirus GI) that they tested positive for at baseline (Day 1). (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) and Day 180

Interventiontiter (Mean)
Norovirus GIINorovirus GI
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)-3.9-11.4

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Change in Viral Titer (Day 1 to Day 180)

Change in viral titer defined as the difference between the Day 180 viral titer and the Day 1 viral titer. Participants were analyzed for the viral load test type (Norovirus GII or Norovirus GI) that they tested positive for at baseline (Day 1). (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) and Day 180

Interventiontiter (Mean)
Norovirus GII
Placebo-4.2

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Number of Participants Reporting Protocol-Specified SAEs

Protocol-specified SAEs included any adverse event or suspected adverse reaction which, in the view of the investigator or sponsor, resulted in any of the following: death, life threatening adverse event, persistent or significant disability or incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life function, congenital anomaly or birth defect, or an important medical event that may jeopardize the participant and require medical or surgical intervention. Hospitalizations were collected as a secondary outcome measure and were not reported as SAEs. (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) through Day 60

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)0
Placebo2

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Number of Participants Reporting Hospitalization

Hospitalizations included any admission to a hospital for treatment and were not reported as Serious Adverse Events (SAEs). (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) through Day 60

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)4
Placebo7

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Time to Initial Clinical Resolution of Norovirus Symptoms

Time (in days) from randomization until the study day when clinical resolution occurred. Clinical resolution was assessed from participant's daily diaries and was defined as cessation of vomiting and no stools classified by the Bristol Stool Chart as diarrhea (Type 6 or 7) for at least 48 hours. (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: 48 hours through Day 180

Interventiondays (Median)
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)19
Placebo11

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Number of Participants Experiencing Unsolicited Non-Serious Adverse Events

Unsolicited adverse events were defined as any non-serious clinical adverse events that were not collected as clinical outcome measures and resulted in either modification in the administration of study drug or discontinuation of the study drug. (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) through Day 60

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)2
Placebo0

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Number of Participants Experiencing Laboratory Adverse Events (AEs)

Participants experiencing at least one new laboratory adverse event. Laboratory parameters include White Blood Cell (WBC), Hemoglobin, Platelet Count, Creatinine, Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Bilirubin. Laboratory results were considered AEs using the following thresholds : WBC greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN), hemoglobin less than the lower limit of normal (LLN), platelet count less than the LLN; creatinine greater than the ULN; alkaline phosphatase greater than the ULN; ALT greater than the ULN, AST greater than the ULN, BUN greater than or equal to the ULN, and bilirubin greater than the ULN. ULN and LLN values differed by site, sex, and age category. (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) through Day 60

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)11
Placebo13

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Time to First Negative Viral Load

Time (in days) from randomization until the first study day the participant had either a negative result or a result less than the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for the viral load test type (Norovirus GII or Norovirus GI) that they initially tested positive for at baseline. Participants were analyzed for the viral load test type (Norovirus GII or Norovirus GI) that they tested positive for at baseline (Day 1). (NCT03395405)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) and Day 180

,
Interventiondays (Median)
Norovirus GIINorovirus GI
Nitazoxanide (500 mg)NANA
PlaceboNA22

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Time to Return to Usual Health, Modified ITTI Population

"Examination of Baseline disease characteristics revealed many subjects reporting via the Baseline FLU-PRO questionnaire that they are at their usual state of health, that symptoms do not interfere with any usual activities, and/or that symptoms are already improving. The pre-specified analysis of Time to Return for Usual Health was repeated for the population with Baseline subject-reported assessment that symptoms are present, the symptoms are not consistent with the subject's usual health, the symptoms interfere with daily activities, and the symptoms have worsened or remained the same relative to the previous day. Time to Return to Usual Health is the time in hours between the first dose of study medication and the first time at which the subject answered Have you returned to your Usual Health today? via the daily FLU-PRO questionnaire with a yes for two consecutive diary periods without use of symptom relief medication." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide153.7
Placebo195.0

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery

"Alternative means of endpoint construction were pursued to strengthen the relationship between symptoms-based endpoint measures and subject global assessments of health. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is an endpoint based on evidence of meaningful within-subject change sustained for the duration of the study. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide171.4
Placebo221.5

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Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery, Modified ITTI Population

"Analysis of Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery was repeated for the population with Baseline subject-reported assessment that symptoms are present, the symptoms are not consistent with the subject's usual health, the symptoms interfere with daily activities, and the symptoms have worsened or remained the same relative to the previous day. Time to Sustained Clinical Recovery is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time at which the subject reports a decrease in total FLU-PRO score from the previous diary with assessment that symptoms are at least somewhat better than yesterday, no oral temperature ≥100.4 F in the prior 24 hours, and no future increase in any of the FLU-PRO domains except within validated background levels." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide150.3
Placebo244.1

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Analysis of Change From Baseline to Days 2, 3 and 7 in EV/RV Virus Titer

Changes from baseline to day 2, baseline to day 3, and baseline to day 7 in EV/RV virus titer measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Samples negative for EV/RV were assigned the value of the limit of detection for the RT-PCR assay. (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: Days 2, 3, and 7

,
Interventionlog10 RNA copies/mL (Mean)
Day 2Day 3Day 7
Nitazoxanide-0.2203-0.5577-1.5113
Placebo-0.4186-0.8282-1.6470

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Proportion Positive for EV/RV by RT-PCR at Days 2, 3 and 7

Proportion of subjects with nasopharyngeal swab collected testing positive for Enterovirus/Rhinovirus (EV/RV) infection by RT-PCR at each time point. (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: Days 2, 3, and 7

,
Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Day 2Day 3Day 7
Nitazoxanide0.810.790.66
Placebo0.810.790.76

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Correlation Coefficient for Sustained Response and Return to Usual Health

The correlation coefficient between sustained response and return to usual health was calculated for the pooled ITTI population (i.e., not by treatment group) as a measure of association between the primary endpoint response definition and its intended anchor, patient-reported return to usual health. (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventioncorrelation coefficient (Number)
ITTI Population0.43

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Proportions Experiencing Complications of EV/RV Infection

Complications of colds due to EV/RV infection include pneumonia, otitis media, bronchitis, sinusitis, exacerbations of asthma or COPD, worsening of pre-existing health conditions, secondary infections requiring systemic antibiotic use, hospitalization due to cold or complications of the cold, and death due to cold or complications of the cold. Proportions experiencing complications of EV/RV infection were compared across treatment groups. (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nitazoxanide12
Placebo20

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Response Misclassification Rate Compared to Usual Health

"The proportion of patient diaries misclassified by the response definition used for the primary efficacy analysis compared to patient reported usual health. A diary was considered misclassified if the response definition predicted responded and the patient reported not being at usual health or if the response definition predicted not responded and the patient reported being at usual health." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionn diaries misclassified/n diaries (Number)
ITTI Population0.21915

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Time From First Dose to Ability to Perform All Normal Activities

"Subjects completed a diary including rating ability to perform normal activities on a scale from 0 (able to perform no normal activities) to 10 (able to perform all normal activities) daily in the evening. The time from first dose to ability to perform all normal activities is the time in hours between the first dose of study medication and that time when the subject first reported a score of 10 (able to perform all normal activities) for two consecutive daily diary periods without use of symptom relief medication." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide174.3
Placebo175.4

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Time From First Dose to Symptom Response Over 21 Days of Follow up Based Upon the FLU-PRO Instrument (Novel Endpoint)

Subjects used the FLU-PRO questionnaire once daily in the evening to score the severity of 32 FLU-PRO symptoms. Symptom response was deemed achieved when the rating for each of the 32 FLU-PRO symptoms was ≤ its assigned threshold for 2 consecutive daily diary periods without use of symptom relief medication. The symptom response thresholds were developed by applying an algorithm to blinded symptoms data to select the set of 32 symptom thresholds most closely associated with patient-reported usual health. (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: Up to 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide122.5
Placebo137.1

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Time to Return to Usual Health

"Subjects completed the FLU-PRO questionnaire including global assessment questions daily in the evening. The time from first dose to ability to return to usual health is the time in hours from the first dose of study medication to the first time when the subject answered Have you returned to your usual health? with yes for two consecutive daily diary periods without the use of symptom relief medication." (NCT03605862)
Timeframe: 21 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Nitazoxanide154.1
Placebo174.9

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Percent Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.00

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Percent Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-5.48

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Percent Change in Lumican Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) From Baseline to End of Treatment

"Percent Change in Lumican FSR from baseline to end of treatment evaluated through the use of deuterated water.~Lumican is a marker indicative of hepatic fibrogenesis with its turnover assessed by Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR). This innovative method of metabolic labelling is based on the concept that liver status could be determined by measuring the ratio of newly synthesized/pre-existing proteins. The turnover rate of newly synthesized collagen and proteins represents the hepatic fibrogenic disease activity.~Patients were given heavy water to drink. Heavy water contains D20, deuterium being a stable isotope of hydrogen. Mass spectrometry was used to identify individual proteins and to quantify the ratio of labeled protein to total protein." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment (Visit 10, Week 24 or early termination)

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID15.46

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Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to Week 12 as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)

Liver stiffness was assessed by MRE. It was recommended that each subject's radiological assessment was performed using the same procedure for each study visit. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-1.89

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Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)

Liver stiffness was assessed by MRE. It was recommended that each subject's radiological assessment was performed using the same procedure for each study visit. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-6.61

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Percent Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®

"FibroScan is a specialized ultrasound machine that measures fibrosis (scarring) and steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. It was required that each subject's FibroScan® assessments be done with the same type of probe at each study visit.~The fibrosis result is measured in kilopascals (kPa) It's normally between 2 and 6 kPa indicating the abscence of abscence of fibrosis (F0) or a potential fibrosis of stage 1 (F1). The highest possible result is 75 kPa indicating advanced liver fibrosis of stage 4 (F4)." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID8.77

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Percent Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. ELF score is a continuous (not a categorical) variable with < 9.8 indicative of low risk of progression to cirrhosis and >=9.8 to >11.3 indicative of mid-risk and >=11.30 indicative of higher risk. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-1.64

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Percent Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to Week 12

The Full Analysis Set consisted of all patients who met the eligibility criteria and enrolled into the study (Visit 1 Day 1). (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-2.80

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Percent Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. ELF score is a continuous (not a categorical) variable with < 9.8 indicative of low risk of progression to cirrhosis and >=9.8 to >11.3 indicative of mid-risk and >=11.30 indicative of higher risk. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.90

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Percent Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID10.93

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Percent Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID6.99

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Percent Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID8.90

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Percent Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID8.76

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Percent Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to Week 12

Fibrosis-4 score : FIB4 < 1.3 is not consistent with F3-F6 disease. FIB4 of 1.3 to <2.67 is indeterminate for F3-F6 disease. > 2.67 is consistent F3 to F6. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-11.53

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Percent Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to End of Treatment

Fibrosis-4 score : FIB4 < 1.3 is not consistent with F3-F6 disease. FIB4 of 1.3 to <2.67 is indeterminate for F3-F6 disease. > 2.67 is consistent F3 to F6. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-8.02

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Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.36

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Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-15.36

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Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID42.11

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Percent Change in Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) Score From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®

"FibroScan is a specialized ultrasound machine that measures fibrosis (scarring) and steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. It was required that each subject's FibroScan® assessments be done with the same type of probe at each study visit.~The CAP score is a measurement of fatty change in the liver, naming the steatosis grade.The CAP score is measured in decibels per meter (dB/m). It ranges from 100 to 400 dB/m. 100 to 237 dB/M indicates no hepatic steatosis, 238 to 260 dB/m indicates mild hepatic steatosis (steatosis S1), 260 to 290 dB/m indicates moderate steatosis (steatosis S2), and a CAP score greater than 290 dB/m indicates severe steatosis (steatosis S3)." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-1.65

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Percent Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-5.64

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Percent Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-4.85

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Change in Transforming Growth Factor Beta-induced Protein (TGFBI) FSR From Baseline to End of Treatment

"Change in transforming growth factor beta-induced-protein (TGFBI) Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) from baseline to end of treatment evaluated through the use of deuterated water.~TGFBI is a marker indicative of hepatic fibrogenesis with its turnover assessed by FSR.~This innovative method of metabolic labelling is based on the concept that liver status could be determined by measuring the ratio of newly synthesized/pre-existing proteins. The turnover rate of newly synthesized collagen and proteins represents the hepatic fibrogenic disease activity.~Patients were given heavy water to drink. Heavy water contains D20, deuterium being a stable isotope of hydrogen. Mass spectrometry was used to identify individual proteins and to quantify the ratio of labeled protein to total protein. The results were expressed as FSR of these proteins." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment (Visit 10, Week 24 or early termination)

Interventionpools per day (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.0014

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Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID10.50

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Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID13.40

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Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-1.560

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Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.180

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Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.40

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Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.20

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Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.80

[back to top]

Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-2.60

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Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to Week 12

NAFLD NFS : < -1.5 for low probability of fibrosis, > -1.5 to < 0.67 for intermediate probability of fibrosis, and > 0.67 for high probability of fibrosis. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.3665

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Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to End of Treatment

NAFLD NFS : < -1.5 for low probability of fibrosis, > -1.5 to < 0.67 for intermediate probability of fibrosis, and > 0.67 for high probability of fibrosis. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.2679

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Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionfold change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.0991

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Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionfold change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.5019

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Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionU/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-15.605

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Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionU/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-58.970

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Change in M30 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionU/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.000

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Change in M30 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionU/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-34.920

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Change in Lumican Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) From Baseline to End of Treatment

"Change in Lumican Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR) from baseline to end of treatment evaluated through the use of deuterated water.~Lumican is a marker indicative of hepatic fibrogenesis with its turnover assessed by Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR). This innovative method of metabolic labelling is based on the concept that liver status could be determined by measuring the ratio of newly synthesized/pre-existing proteins. The turnover rate of newly synthesized collagen and proteins represents the hepatic fibrogenic disease activity.~Patients were given heavy water to drink. Heavy water contains D20, deuterium being a stable isotope of hydrogen. Mass spectrometry was used to identify individual proteins and to quantify the ratio of labeled protein to total protein." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment (Visit 10, Week 24 or early termination)

Interventionpools per day (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.0046

[back to top]

Percent Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-3.52

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Percent Change in M65 Biomarker From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-11.56

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Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. ELF score is a continuous (not a categorical) variable with < 9.8 indicative of low risk of progression to cirrhosis and >=9.8 to >11.3 indicative of mid-risk and >=11.30 indicative of higher risk. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.090

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Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to Week 12 as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)

Liver stiffness was assessed by MRE. It was recommended that each subject's radiological assessment was performed using the same procedure for each study visit. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionkPa (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.12

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Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated Through the Use Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)

Liver stiffness was assessed by MRE. It was recommended that each subject's radiological assessment was performed using the same procedure for each study visit. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionkPa (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.35

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Change in Liver Stiffness From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®

"FibroScan is a specialized ultrasound machine that measures fibrosis (scarring) and steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. It was required that each subject's FibroScan® assessments be done with the same type of probe at each study visit.~The fibrosis result is measured in kilopascals (kPa) It's normally between 2 and 6 kPa indicating the abscence of abscence of fibrosis (F0) or a potential fibrosis of stage 1 (F1). The highest possible result is 75 kPa indicating advanced liver fibrosis of stage 4 (F4)." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventionkPa (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID0.38

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Change in Liver Fibrosis Score Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. ELF score is a continuous (not a categorical) variable with < 9.8 indicative of low risk of progression to cirrhosis and >=9.8 to >11.3 indicative of mid-risk and >=11.30 indicative of higher risk (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionscore (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.160

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Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID6.210

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Change in Hyaluronic Acid From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionµg/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID6.100

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Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID5423.0

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Change in Human Chitinase 3-like 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID5338.0

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Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to Week 12

Fibrosis-4 score : FIB4 < 1.3 is not consistent with F3-F6 disease. FIB4 of 1.3 to <2.67 is indeterminate for F3-F6 disease. > 2.67 is consistent F3 to F6. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.18

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Percent Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID38.74

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Change in Fibrosis-4 Score From Baseline to End of Treatment

Fibrosis-4 score : FIB4 < 1.3 is not consistent with F3-F6 disease. FIB4 of 1.3 to <2.67 is indeterminate for F3-F6 disease. > 2.67 is consistent F3 to F6. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.12

[back to top]

Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID2.40

[back to top]

Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-102.90

[back to top]

Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID28.0

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Change in Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionng/L (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID24.0

[back to top]

Change in Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) Score From Baseline to End of Treatment as Evaluated by FibroScan®

"FibroScan is a specialized ultrasound machine that measures fibrosis (scarring) and steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. It was required that each subject's FibroScan® assessments be done with the same type of probe at each study visit.~The CAP score is a measurement of fatty change in the liver, naming the steatosis grade. The CAP score is measured in decibels per meter (dB/m). It ranges from 100 to 400 dB/m. 100 to 237 dB/M indicates no hepatic steatosis, 238 to 260 dB/m indicates mild hepatic steatosis (steatosis S1), 260 to 290 dB/m indicates moderate steatosis (steatosis S2), and a CAP score greater than 290 dB/m indicates severe steatosis (steatosis S3)." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

InterventiondB/m (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID-8.1

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Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-11.0

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Change in Alpha-2 Macroglobulin From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-9.0

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Percent Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-0.75

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Percent Change in Pro-C6 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID1.98

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Percent Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID1.22

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Percent Change in Procollagen 3 N-terminal Pro-peptide From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-9.73

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Percent Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID3.78

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Percent Change in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID3.53

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Percent Change in Transforming Growth Factor Beta-induced Protein (TGFBI) FSR From Baseline to End of Treatment

"Percent Change in transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBI) FSR from baseline to end of treatment evaluated through the use of deuterated water.~TGFBI is a marker indicative of hepatic fibrogenesis with its turnover assessed by Fractional Synthesis Rate (FSR).~This innovative method of metabolic labelling is based on the concept that liver status could be determined by measuring the ratio of newly synthesized/pre-existing proteins. The turnover rate of newly synthesized collagen and proteins represents the hepatic fibrogenic disease activity.~Patients were given heavy water to drink. Heavy water contains D20, deuterium being a stable isotope of hydrogen. Mass spectrometry was used to identify individual proteins and to quantify the ratio of labeled protein to total protein. The results were expressed as FSR of these proteins." (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment (Visit 10, Week 24 or early termination)

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID3.20

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Number of NTZ Treated Participants Presenting Any Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)

To assess the safety and tolerability of NTZ after 24 weeks of treatment by assessing the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 28 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No of participants with at least one TEAETEAE maximum severity: Grade 1 (mild)TEAE maximum severity: Grade 2 (moderate)TEAE maximum severity: Grade 3 (severe)TEAE maximum severity: Grade 4 (life-threatening)TEAE maximum severity: Grade 5 (death)No of participants with no TEAE
NTZ 500 mg BID207103001

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Percent Change in Pro-C3 From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-12.70

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Percent Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to Week 12

NAFLD NFS : < -1.5 for low probability of fibrosis, > -1.5 to < 0.67 for intermediate probability of fibrosis, and > 0.67 for high probability of fibrosis. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID16.64

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Percent Change in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score From Baseline to End of Treatment

NAFLD NFS : < -1.5 for low probability of fibrosis, > -1.5 to < 0.67 for intermediate probability of fibrosis, and > 0.67 for high probability of fibrosis. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
NTZ 500 mg BID15.02

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Percent Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to Week 12

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-7.42

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Percent Change in miR34a Fold From Baseline to End of Treatment

Non-invasive Fibrosis Biomarkers were assessed in blood samples. (NCT03656068)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of change (Median)
NTZ 500 mg BID-24.90

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Change in FibroScan Score

Mean change in FibroScan score from Baseline to end of treatment. Fibroscan is a kind of liver elastography measuring liver stiffness in kilopascals (kPa). Higher results are consistent with liver disease (worse outcome). (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of treatment

Interventionkilopascals (kPa) (Mean)
Group 10.0
Group 22.0
Group 30.0
Group 41.3

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Mean Change in Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg)

Mean change in quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg) from Baseline (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionlog10 IU/mL (Mean)
Group 10.0
Group 20.0
Group 30.0
Group 40.0

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Hepatitis B Virus DNA Suppression

Proportion of participants with hepatitis B virus DNA suppression defined as hepatitis B virus DNA below the lower limit of quantitation (20 IU/mL) at Day 3, Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12 (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 3Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12
Group 1131313131313
Group 2131212121213
Group 3111111111111
Group 4131413131413

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Change in Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Score

Mean change in Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score from Baseline to Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12. FIB-4 score is calculated as (age in years * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in U/L)/(platelet count in 10^9 U/L * square root of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in U/L). FIB-4 scores under 1.45 have a negative predictive value of 90% for advanced fibrosis (better outcome) and FIB-4 scores >3.25 have a positive predictive value of 65% for advanced fibrosis (worse outcome). See Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et. al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. Hepatology 2006;43:1317-1325. (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionFIB-4 Score (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12
Group 1-1.7-1.4-1.7-1.70.0
Group 2-2.8-2.8-2.9-2.9-1.2
Group 3-2.9-2.9-2.9-2.8-1.0
Group 4-2.0-1.8-1.8-2.1-0.8

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Change in Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg) From Baseline to Different Time Points on Treatment

Change in mean Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (qHBsAg) from Baseline to Day 3, Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, and Week 8 (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,,
Interventionlog10 IU/mL (Mean)
Day 3Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8
Group 10.00.00.00.00.0
Group 20.00.00.00.00.0
Group 30.00.00.00.0-0.1
Group 40.00.00.10.10.0

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Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Loss

Proportion of participants with HBsAg loss defined as quantitative HBsAg below the lower limit of quantitation at Day 3, Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12 (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 3Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12
Group 1000000
Group 2000000
Group 3000000
Group 4000000

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Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Seroconversion

Proportion of participants with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion defined as HBsAg loss and gain of anti-hepatitis B antibodies at Day 3, Week 1, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12 (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 3Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12
Group 1000000
Group 2000000
Group 3000000
Group 4000000

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Sustained HBsAg Loss With Suppression of HBV DNA for 24 Weeks After the End of Treatment

Proportion of participants with sustained HBsAg loss with suppression of HBV DNA for 24 weeks after the end of treatment (NCT03905655)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks after the end of treatment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group 10
Group 20
Group 30
Group 40

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.6104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		2.31106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4420acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.1510fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.2131amino-acid anion
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.610coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.610monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.25102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.07402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.2510
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
melatonin
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		7.1244pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.6320C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		3.8330phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.1710methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.79302-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.2510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.7320primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.9621isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pleconaril
WIN 63843: structure given in first source		2.610
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.610
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.7320imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.6120acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.9530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		9.85353aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.6120phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.5820secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.7320adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0810dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		3.6120dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.61201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.6120carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.8930dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.8220aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0810pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
arotinolol
arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer		3.5110aromatic amide;
thiophenes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.9530benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		4.2430benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.6120ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.6120aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		3.9530amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.610benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.61201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
berberine
[no description available]		3.2510alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.2310azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.6120methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		3.6120purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.4530aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		5.740benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.610bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.7320benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.6120dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.0420benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.6120carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.2310ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.610pyridinium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.6120aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.8930benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		10.17190aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.6840organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.6120isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.61201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.8730aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		3.3110cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.5820cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.1640aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		3.61202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		3.6220monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.6120aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.6120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.1540dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.2310clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
cloperastine
cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.0420diarylmethane
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.2310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		3.6120substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.6104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.6120dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.2310primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		3.61201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.6220amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.2510N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.9530piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.740organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		5.6440branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6120aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.7320aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.6120dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.610benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.6120aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		3.2510phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.73201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-hexyloxybenzamide
2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides		antifungal agent
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.95302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.6120aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.4630conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.1110aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.7320N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.6120ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.6120benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.450nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.2310fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		3.0340nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.6120chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.610benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.6120sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.610dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
go 6976
[no description available]		3.2510indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
granisetron
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.6120acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		5.7750aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		4.2430bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		9.2850phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.610resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.610cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.610thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.9530benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		16.43151aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.9530one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.2310hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.0630monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.6120benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		4.0420piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.6120ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.6120dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.6120bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.6120indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		5.7750aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		2.3110aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.6120carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.6840azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		5.5170carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.2310catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.6120benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.9530piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.6120cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2310benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.6104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2310benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.61201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		6.1831benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.610
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.6120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.7320monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		5.7750benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.7320biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide
4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.		2.610benzamides;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		2.610aromatic amine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.6120anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		7.49111aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.930aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.2310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.2310organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		621amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		6.3960guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2310benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.7320sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.7320aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.2310beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methixene
methixene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310piperidines;
thioxanthenes		antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.6120benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.6120aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		10.93515C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.6120aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.4110dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.6120imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		5.5640dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.6120benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.7320dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0810benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0810acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.610maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.7320methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		5.740benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.2310heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.6120aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.9530cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.9130benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		9.7680benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.8930C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.6120aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.61202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.8930C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4920C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.2310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.2310isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.6120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.6120organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		6.95423-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		13.6992aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.6120carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
osalmide
osalmide: structure		2.610organic molecular entity
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.6120acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.610endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.9530benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.61201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.350aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.9530oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.7320piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.4230N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0810acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		3.8620diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.7320monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.610acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.610benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.6120indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.5640aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
pj-34
PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.		2.610phenanthridines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		6.7191isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.6120aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.9430aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.6120pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.9530benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.610dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.6120benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.6120pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.6920phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.9530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.2310phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		3.9530naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0810aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.6120benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.7320alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.2310tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0810butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.610pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		3.710phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
scriptaid
scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source		2.610isoquinolines
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.6120pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fenofibrate
[no description available]		2.610benzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
imatinib
[no description available]		3.9530aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.9530dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4420isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.6120
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.110pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.6120sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.610aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4620N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.6120imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.6120furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.6120phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0810diarylmethane
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		9.0830phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thiethylperazine
Thiethylperazine: A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457). thiethylperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.		3.2510N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.8230phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.6120aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.7320monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		7.57101imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.6120benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.6120N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.2310aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.2310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		3.6120monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.9530pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.2310triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.7320N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.610organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.7320benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.140aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.6120chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.610alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.7320aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.6120cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0810aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.6120carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.6120nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.2310imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.064011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.4430alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.1710nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		4.2420benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.6120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.923011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		3.2510N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.610organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.2310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0810chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		1.9910cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		9.19110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		11.3960C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.081017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.6120aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.6120kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.610benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		9.19110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.610benzoxazole
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		8.9430alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		3.0640cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.610antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.610psoralensplant metabolite
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.610antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5820beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.610nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		4.1521L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.2310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.61206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.4620organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.610anthraquinone
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
salicylanilide
salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.		2.610benzanilide fungicide;
salicylamides;
salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		2.610aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.610aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.1710benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.610gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.610benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.0920mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0810biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		7.7830C-nitro compound;
thiazoles
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.110hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate
monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2510phthalic acid monoester
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		3.1910dihydroxybenzaldehyde
nithiamide
[no description available]		2.5120acetamides;
aromatic amide
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.610dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.930catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		2.0310organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.7430azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
thiazoles
[no description available]		22.4474771,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		10.52101diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.7320N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.6120benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.23101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.6920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.610thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		3.6920aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		3.6920dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		4.2240isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.610botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.610flavanones
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.0310thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
physcione
physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.		3.1910dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.610furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		4.4560C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.610carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
aminoacetonitrile
Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.		2.0610
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		210hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		2.110
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.582020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		7.0510antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.7320acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.5820
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.7320ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		2.0310bipyridines
metformin hydrochloride
metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochlorideenvironmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methdilazine
methdilazine : A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.		3.2510N-alkylpyrrolidine;
phenothiazines		antipruritic drug;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.610zinc molecular entity
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.5820benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		13.43121glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		3.3510enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source		2.610bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol
2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.		2.610benzyl alcohols;
dichlorobenzene		antiseptic drug
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		5.3730benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.0610organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
oxyclozanide
Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.		2.4110
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		3.3110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.9530dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-(alpha-thenoylamino)-2-nitro-5-thiazole
[no description available]		2.47201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.610adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.9530organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0810isoquinolines
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.610beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
lobendazole
[no description available]		2.3110benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.610
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.2510copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		4.9111f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.5820pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.4110chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.610diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
chloropyramine
chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610aminopyridine
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		3.7820benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.2310selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.6106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		5.3730monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
n'-nitrosonornicotine
N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals		2.610pyridines;
pyrrolidines
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
deslanoside
Deslanoside: Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.. deslanoside : A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.251012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolide glycoside;
tetrasaccharide derivative		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		4.04202-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		5.6440aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.2310indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rafoxanide
Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.		2.4110
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		3.0140C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		8.6963penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.6120timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0810tryptamines
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		2.1710diarylmethane
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.9530azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
flubendazole
flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		3.1640aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound		antinematodal drug;
teratogenic agent
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0810amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		8.9530taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		12.722561-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.6120alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
pyridoxal phosphate
[no description available]		2.610pyridinecarbaldehyde
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.61205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		7.4110pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		4.2220[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
oxfendazole
[no description available]		8.4311benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110dihydropyridinegeroprotector
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
closantel
closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.		2.6920aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organoiodine compound;
phenols
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.2310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.2310aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		5.7750alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.0810indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		2.6101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
benzamido-2-nitro-5-thiazole
[no description available]		2.4820
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
triclabendazole
[no description available]		7.4920aromatic ether
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		2.610
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8930cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.6120
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		5.7550delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
rimcazole
rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.0420carbazoles
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0810aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.6120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0810benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0810dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.23103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.6120N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4520hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.2310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		7.4520aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0810naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.7320aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		2.610biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.61203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.5820imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.73206-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.61201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.9530phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.8930aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celgosivir
celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs		2.610
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.7320organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.6420aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.6640monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.9530biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.23101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		5.231guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.6120oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.58206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.9530monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.8830adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.610gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.9530acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.740aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.08102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		2.110
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.610lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		4.0630dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.9530azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.9530carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		7.9871acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		5.570flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.610gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
cephalotaxine
[no description available]		2.610benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.610hydrochloridedrug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610hydrochloride
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0110adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.610epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
propazole
propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610benzimidazoles
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
prulifloxacin
prulifloxacin: structure given in first source		2.610fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.9530benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.610trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		1.99101,2,3-triazole
benzofuroxan
[no description available]		2.0810
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.95301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.830organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.5820sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		4.0640artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.610fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
oxprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
moroxydine
[no description available]		2.610biguanides
quinfamide
[no description available]		8.3911quinolines
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
secnidazole
[no description available]		9.3850C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
secondary alcohol		epitope
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
thioxolone
tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.		2.610benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
hesperetin
[no description available]		3.35103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
honokiol
[no description available]		2.610biphenyls
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		3.8620indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
pulsatilla saponin a
Pulsatilla saponin A: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis; structure in first source. kalopanaxsaponin A : A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.		3.3510disaccharide derivative;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.8630carbapenems
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
fangchinoline
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
macrocycle		anti-HIV-1 agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.7320hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5620indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.6120aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
albendazole sulfoxide
albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.7930sulfoxide
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		9.1573macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
loganin
[no description available]		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.08103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.7320peptide
aucubin
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
catalpol
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
alpha-curcumene
alpha-curcumene: active priniciple in essential oils of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. alpha-curcumene : A sesquiterpene that is 2-methyl-2-heptene in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is substituted by a p-tolyl group.		3.2510sesquiterpene
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		4.39302-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		9.26110amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		7.0510
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.610methyladenosine
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol: intermediate in conversion of phytol to phytanic acid		3.2510
alexidine dihydrchloride
[no description available]		2.4110
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		7.4110cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		7.5420imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.6120primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.5520
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.610N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.4620N-acyl-amino acid
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.8220aminoquinoline
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
geniposide
[no description available]		2.610terpene glycoside
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.0120hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.6107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
sophocarpine
[no description available]		2.610
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.610
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.4110carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
celastrol
[no description available]		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0810bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.610leucine derivative
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
bd 1008
BD 1008: structure in first source		4.0420primary amine
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.23105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4720penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		6.0440indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610amino acid amide
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.1710amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.9530secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.7320carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		12.1519-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.4130aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
vx 497
N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source		4.3930
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
bcx 1812
[no description available]		2.6103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
acetamides;
cyclopentanols;
guanidines		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.9530methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		5.0221organic sulfate salt
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.610biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.9530pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester
celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME		2.610carboxylic ester
pf 1022a
PF 1022A: structure given in first source; isolated from Mycelia Sterilia		3.110cyclooctadepsipeptide
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
tanshinone ii a
tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source		2.610abietane diterpenoid
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		6.86180amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pectolinarin
pectolinarin: antihemorrhagic principle from Chinese plant Cirsium japonicum DC.. pectolinarin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of pectolinarigenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.3510dimethoxyflavone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monohydroxyflavanone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.6120
migalastat
migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis		2.610piperidines
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.7320aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
helioxanthin
helioxanthin: structure in first source. helioxanthin : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-7(9H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at posiiton 10. It is a inhibitor of HBV, HCV and HSV-1 viruses.		4.1320benzodioxoles;
furonaphthodioxole;
lignan		anti-HBV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
limonin
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.610glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
etravirine
[no description available]		3.7320aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine
chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)		2.610alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid
(-)-gallocatechin gallate
(-)-gallocatechin gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-gallocatechin. A natural product found in found in green tea.		3.3510catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-n-butylresorcinol
4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source		2.610resorcinols
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.7320carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.610
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.6120benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0810
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		8.7120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
nsc 74859
NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.		2.610amidobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
tosylate ester		STAT3 inhibitor
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
berbamine
[no description available]		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		4.2230alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
t 1105
T 1105: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		3.2510
u-104
SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		5.1931
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.610glycoside
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.9530amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		15.951311,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tizoxanide
tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source		10.94424salicylamides
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
puromycin
[no description available]		2.1710puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.9530cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
conessine
conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.		2.610steroid alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
H3-receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.8630alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0810cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.9530L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.73202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
linezolid
[no description available]		9.240acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cephaelin
cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.		2.610pyridoisoquinoline
(-)-usnic acid
(-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.		2.610usnic acidEC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
chrysophanol 8-o-glucoside
chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; also has antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities; isolated from Rheum palmatum. chrysophanol 8-O-beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside in which the aglycone species is chrysophanol, the glycosidic linkage being to the hydroxy group at C-8.		3.1910beta-D-glucoside;
monohydroxyanthraquinone
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0310acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.8930retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.610resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.1340macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.2310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		6.88702-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.8330
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		4.0420
lycopene
[no description available]		2.610acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		10.69184macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		7.31103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.6104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.3930N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		1.9910oligopeptide
decitabine
[no description available]		3.61202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		3.2510phorbol estermetabolite
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		3.5110
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.2310actinomycinmutagen
bevirimat
bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoester;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		HIV-1 maturation inhibitor;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.6120L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.610amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.7320nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
u 100480
U 100480: structure given in first source		3.5110
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.9530aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		2.610
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.610hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610tropane alkaloid
cmx 001
[no description available]		2.610
amd 8664
[no description available]		2.610
dihydrochelerythrine
dihydrochelerythrine: trypanocidal and antileishmanial dihydrochelerythrine derivative from Garcinia lucida; structure in first source		3.1910benzophenanthridine alkaloid
bay 41-4109
BAY 41-4109: structure in first source		4.4830
bay 57-1293
pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor		2.610
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		16.55132hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		3.0840
isoxanthohumol
isoxanthohumol: structure in first source		2.610flavanones
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
5-nitrothiazole
5-nitrothiazole: structure in first source		2.1510
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
mecarbinate
[no description available]		2.610
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
tenatoprazole
Tenatoprazole: structure in first source		2.3110imidazopyridine
hirsutanone
hirsutanone: from methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Viscum cruciatum (Viscaceae)		3.3510diarylheptanoid
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.6120vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.610tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.610
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.6120pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.4920
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.8550aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
jrf 12
N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor		4.3930
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source		2.610
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		4.13401,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxycinnamic acid
isoferulic acid
isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.		2.610ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
cyclouridine
cyclouridine: structure given in third source		2.610
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.610aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.2310diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.61201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0810diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin
[no description available]		2.610methoxybenzenes;
phenols
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4110capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
nbd 556
[no description available]		2.610
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.610cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
4E2RCat
[no description available]		4.0420organic molecular entity
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.73202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.2310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1		2.610
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.6120stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
srpin340
SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor		2.610
pr-619
[no description available]		2.610
p5091
P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source		2.610
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		3.582011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		3.6420cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
trovirdine
trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.610
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.6120
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6120tropane alkaloid
fti 277
[no description available]		2.610
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.2310aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc
vicriviroc: structure in first source		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir
[no description available]		4.4130cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0810steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.740beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		4.4230cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.95301,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tribendimidine
tribendimidine: structure given in first source		3.6120
silybin
[no description available]		3.2510
yya-021
YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
1,8-dinitro-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone
1,8-dinitro-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure in first source		3.2510
hbf 0259
[no description available]		3.1910
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
idd 594
Idd 594: structure in first source		2.1110
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.9530triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.61202-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
sq 109
N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity		3.5110
tak-220
TAK-220: structure in first source		2.610
jtk-303
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557
[no description available]		2.610
quercetin
[no description available]		5.76507-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.2510trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.64203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.6120D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
herbacetin
herbacetin: from Ramose Scouring Rush Herb; structure in first source. herbacetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.		3.35107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid
trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.		2.610cinnamate ester;
cyclitol carboxylic acid		plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0810prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cyclosporine
[no description available]		2.610
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.8730antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.612011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate
Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.		2.1510organic molecular entity
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.6120
pyrvinium
pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.		2.0410quinolinium ionanthelminthic drug;
antineoplastic agent
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.9530dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.7120aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.740carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.95302-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
isobavachalcone
isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.		3.3510chalcones;
polyphenol		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.610biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		3.0120trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		3.25107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fisetin
[no description available]		3.25103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.610beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
orientin
orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.		2.6103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
C-glycosyl compound;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
quercetagetin
quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		3.6620flavonols;
hexahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
robustaflavone
robustaflavone: bis-apigenin coupled at 6 and 3' positions; a potential non-nucleoside anti-hepatitis B agent;. robustaflavone : A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-6 of the chromene ring. Isolated from Thuja orientalis and Rhus succedanea it exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-hepatitis B activity.		3.2510biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		anti-HBV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
scutellarein
scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.		2.610tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		3.1910dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol		2.610stilbenoid
polydatin
trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid
chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase		2.610organooxygen compoundgeroprotector;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.610catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
psoralidin
psoralidin : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.		3.3510coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
ginkgolic acid
[no description available]		2.0610hydroxybenzoic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
rhoifolin
rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.		3.3510dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
neohesperidoside		metabolite
plaunotol
plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.		3.1610diterpenoid;
primary alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		3.1610
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.8930retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.4230homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.6120acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.610sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.1710aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6120pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.6120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		5.7550antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.9530cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		3.2510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone
cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).		2.610
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.610carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
casticin
casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
neobavaisoflavone
neobavaisoflavone: isolated from Psoralea corylifolia; structure in first source. neobavaisoflavone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone with an additonal hydroxy group at position 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, it exhibits inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase and platelet aggregation.		3.35107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
resorcinols;
stilbenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.610
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.6120dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 151746
[no description available]		2.610
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.3510metal atom;
pnictogen
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		5.37306-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.6120morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.7750dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.6120azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.7320
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.9530dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
bedaquiline
bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.		3.5110aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
quinolines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antitubercular agent;
ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		2.2510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.5220cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
solanesol
solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).		2.610nonaprenol;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		4.3930pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
l 685458
L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.		2.610carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
peptide;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.9430gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
bms 806
BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002		2.610
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.610
famotidine
[no description available]		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.610aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
helioxanthin 8-1
helioxanthin 8-1: an antiviral agent; structure in first source		4.1320
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.3110chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.1610(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
rifaximin
[no description available]		4.0840acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		4.0420cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
germacrone
germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin		2.610germacrane sesquiterpenoid;
olefinic compound		androgen antagonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifeedant;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antitussive;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
insecticide;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid
(2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source		2.610
rhodoquinone
rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
lithospermic acid
[no description available]		2.610
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
laq824
LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor		2.610
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569
EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor		2.610aminoquinoline;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		protein kinase inhibitor
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.610aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one
[no description available]		2.610germacranolide
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.1710macrolide antibioticprodrug
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
[no description available]		2.610quinic acid
indigo carmine
3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.		2.610
escin ia
escin Ia: from seeds of Aralia elata; structure in first source		3.3510
opc-67683
OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent		3.5110piperidines
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		9.3730imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
methiazole
methiazole: a parasitostatic agent		7.0310benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.1510nitrofuran antibiotic
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.2310
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0810roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		4.1240artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.5520organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone
[no description available]		4.3930oligopeptide
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.5820amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
bay 44-4400
Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.		2.0610cyclooctadepsipeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antinematodal drug
belinostat
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
valopicitabine
valopicitabine: prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine; an anti-hepatitis C virus agent; structure in first source		3.1510
hdac-42
HDAC-42: structure in first source		2.610amidobenzoic acid
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.610biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
iniparib
[no description available]		2.610carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
tebipenem
tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source		3.5110
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.610
pri-2205
[no description available]		2.610
mk 0752
[no description available]		2.610
givinostat
[no description available]		2.610carbamate ester
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.0310
pd 144418
[no description available]		4.3930
6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol
6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol: a specific glutathione S-transferase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.3510
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		2.610
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		4.3930benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
lu 28-179
Lu 28-179: sigma(2) ligand and lysosomotropic agent; structure in first source		4.0420
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.610peptide
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.610aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.5820aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
sb 3ct compound
SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.610ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
sb 705498
SB 705498: structure in first source		2.4110
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.610organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cetilistat
cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)		2.610benzoxazine
ym 201636
6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic amide
bio 1211
BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1110
fidaxomicin
Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.		5.6570
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.610aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		3.3510
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		5.5640aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.610benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib
odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source		2.610
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
apilimod
[no description available]		2.610
apixaban
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.0410
leucamide a
leucamide A: a cytotoxic heptapeptide from the Australian sponge Leucetta microraphis; structure in first source		3.1910
betrixaban
betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.610benzamides;
guanidines;
monochloropyridine;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.610chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sotrastaurin
sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.		3.2510indoles;
maleimides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.610
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.110
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide
boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.		2.610tripeptide;
ureas		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
papyriflavonol a
papyriflavonol A: isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera; structure in first source. papyriflavonol A : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7, 3' and 4' and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 5'. Isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against phospholipase A2 and tyrosinase.		3.35103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
flavonols;
pentahydroxyflavone		EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
metabolite
ly 411575
[no description available]		2.610dibenzoazepine;
difluorobenzene;
lactam;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
galidesivir
[no description available]		2.8220
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		4.3930aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		8.5911
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.610
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.610morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.7320adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632
PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source		2.610
tmc 353121
[no description available]		2.610
amd 070
mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker		2.610aminoquinoline
danoprevir
[no description available]		2.610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
bms-626529
[no description available]		2.610
bms-663068
fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
amenamevir
ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source		2.610
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.610dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.610abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		2.610nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204
FR 180204: structure in first source		2.610pyrazoles;
ring assembly
alisporivir
alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source		3.1610homodetic cyclic peptideanticoronaviral agent
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.610indoles
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796
HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source		2.610
resminostat
resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
zk 756326
2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
balapiravir
balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source		2.610
trametinib
[no description available]		2.610acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
deoxyarbutin
4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.610benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
silvestrol
silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.610dioxanes;
ether;
methyl ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
narlaprevir
narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.		2.610azabicyclohexane;
cyclopropanes;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
at 13387
(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)methanone: structure in first source. onalespib : A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole in which the amino group has been acylated by a 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylbenzoyl group and in which position 5 of the isoidole moiety has been substituted by a (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl group. A second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor.		4.0420benzamides;
isoindoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
resorcinols;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		11.22191
veliparib
[no description available]		2.610benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.2310
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.610
alloin
[no description available]		2.610anthracenes;
C-glycosyl compound;
cyclic ketone;
phenols		laxative;
metabolite
rifamycins
[no description available]		6.9161
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		8.6120
astragaloside IV
[no description available]		3.1910pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
pro-angiogenic agent
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
pantoprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.110organic sodium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7620
bms-650032
asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus		2.610oligopeptide
rg 7128
2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source		2.610
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
oritavancin
oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.		3.6420disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		3.3510
pha 848125
N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor		2.4110
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		2.610cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
rep 3123
REP 3123: structure in first source		3.1510
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amide
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.0410
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
rosamultin
rosamultin: isolated from roots of Rosa multiflora; RN not in Chemline 3/87; RN from Chem Abstracts Index Guide 1985		3.1910
caudatin
caudatin: antineoplastic from Cynanchum; structure in first source		3.2510
chitosan
[no description available]		7.3110
tegobuvir
tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor		2.610
pf-429242
PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor		2.610
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.6120organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		3.3510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.110
olaparib
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cx 4945
[no description available]		4.3930
pci 34051
PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor		2.610indolecarboxamide
lomibuvir
lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity		2.610thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib
[no description available]		2.610C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
phenylpyridine;
secondary alcohol;
threonine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
proteasome inhibitor
ponatinib
[no description available]		4.0420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
acetylenic compound;
benzamides;
imidazopyridazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pitavastatin(1-)
pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
GRL-0617
GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).		2.610benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor		2.610carbamate ester
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		2.6102-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.610benzodioxoles
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.610phenylpyridine
oprozomib
ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
az 960
[no description available]		2.610
golgicide a
golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).		2.610diastereoisomeric mixturecis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
incb-018424
[no description available]		4.0420nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cobicistat
[no description available]		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		4.4931biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.610benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101
2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source		2.610
btz 043
[no description available]		3.5110
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.610aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
baricitinib
[no description available]		4.6430azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144
KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).		2.610acetamides;
benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
e-52862
[no description available]		4.3930
ly2811376
[no description available]		2.610
monepantel
monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.		2.5520(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
aryl sulfide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
nematicide
anagliptin
anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound		2.610amino acid amide
gardiquimod
[no description available]		2.610
grazoprevir
grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
carbamate ester;
cyclopropanes;
lactam;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
quinoxaline derivative		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
abt-450
paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610
letermovir
letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		2.610
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		5.132isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		4.3930benzoxazole
blz 945
[no description available]		2.610
azd3839
AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.610
unc 0638
UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
gs-9620
[no description available]		2.610
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.610
bms 708163
BMS 708163: structure in first source		2.610oxadiazole;
ring assembly
jq1 compound
[no description available]		4.3930carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.610benzodiazepine
2-hydroxybenzoyl-n-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)amide
2-hydroxybenzoyl-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)amide: an antiviral agent effective against hepatitis B virus; structure in first source		4.2850
ML240
ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).		4.3930aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.610dipeptide
ly2886721
[no description available]		2.610
nms-p118
NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
tubastatin a
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
pyridoindole;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat
pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.		2.610benzimidazole;
hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
spautin-1
[no description available]		2.610
isoquercitrin
[no description available]		2.1710
ldn 57444
LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source		2.610
gsk1210151a
GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
i-bet726
[no description available]		2.610
eliglustat tartrate
agalsidase beta: recombinant protein for treatment of Fabry disease. eliglustat tartrate : A tartrate that is the hemitartrate salt of eliglustat. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease.		2.0210tartrate saltEC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.2310ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.640
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.2310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.2310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.6220monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.6120benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.95301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		9.9721benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
pyrvinium pamoate
[no description available]		3.3510naphthoic acidanticoronaviral agent
oxytetracycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.7320sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod
tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source		2.610
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8630
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lymecycline
Lymecycline: A semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE. It is more readily absorbed than TETRACYCLINE and can be used in lower doses.. lymecycline : A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.		3.5110
gsk1265744
[no description available]		2.610difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
abt-267
ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic amide;
carbamate ester;
dipeptide;
pyrrolidines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333
dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
pyrimidone;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966
[no description available]		2.610
rg2833
RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.610
pi-1840
PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source		2.610
pbtz169
macozinone: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source		3.5110
acy-738
[no description available]		2.610
pelabresib
CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		4.3930monochlorobenzenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
primary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
gs-5806
presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor		2.610
doravirine
[no description available]		2.610
bananin
bananin: structure in first source		3.3510
gn6958
GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source		2.610
vx-787
pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs		2.610
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		9.2821azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816
velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.		2.610carbamate ester;
ether;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk
G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source		2.610
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		2.610
verdinexor
verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export		2.610
cb-839
[no description available]		2.610
mk-8742
elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610carbamate ester;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin
atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).		2.610
xen445
[no description available]		2.610
santacruzamate a
santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source		2.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0810
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
alisol f
[no description available]		3.1910
alisol a 24-acetate
alisol A 24-acetate: isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source		3.1910
ldc4297
LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazoles;
pyrazolotriazine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
PF-06446846
PF-06446846: inhibits translation of PCSK9 ;structure in first source. PF-06446846 : A triazolopyridine that is 3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridine substituted by a 4-{(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)[(3R)-piperidin-3-yl]carbamoyl}phenyl group at position 3. It is a potent inhibitor of PCSK9.		4.0420benzamides;
monochloropyridine;
piperidines;
tertiary carboxamide;
triazolopyridine		antilipemic drug;
EC 3.4.21.61 (kexin) inhibitor
enasidenib
[no description available]		2.6101,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
s 8932
[no description available]		9.47130aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
dBET6
[no description available]		4.0420organic molecular entity
moxidectin
moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity		3.110
MZ1
[no description available]		4.0420organic molecular entity
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.1610
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		3.5920
AZ3451
[no description available]		4.0420benzimidazoles;
benzodioxoles;
nitrile;
organobromine compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
autophagy inducer;
PAR2 negative allosteric modulator
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.95302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.17402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
nu 1025
NU 1064: structure in first source		2.610phenols;
quinazolines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.2310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.2960cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		3.6120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.6120dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.9530purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.95302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.5220organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.7320L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		5.5640benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		3.86202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.6120nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
4-hydroxyquinazoline
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.7320carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.610dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.7320N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.9530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.6120
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		2.6101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
hesperadin
[no description available]		2.610
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin
KRM 1648: structure in first source		2.0310phenoxazine
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection		2.610
febantel
febantel: structure		2.1510aryl sulfide
amg531
[no description available]		3.5110
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide
[no description available]		2.610catechols;
hydrazide;
hydrazone;
naphthols		EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
ver 52296
luminespib : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-4-[4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of ethylamine.		4.0420aromatic amide;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
resorcinols		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
XL413
XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.		2.610benzofuropyrimidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rvx 208
apabetalone: a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein (BET) inhibitor; prevents interactions between BET proteins and acetyl-lysine residues on histone tails to modify epigenetic regulation		4.0420
me0328
ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source		2.610
nvp-tnks656
[no description available]		2.610
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		3.110
molnupiravir
molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.		2.3110isopropyl ester;
ketoxime;
nucleoside analogue		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		2.0610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		013.959615
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		115.959615
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		08.34103
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		110.34103
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		05.9251
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.64270
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		06.61111
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		011.82217
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		113.82217
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.4220
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.8721
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.4220
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.8721
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		06.51101
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.0110
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.0110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.1110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.8730
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.1110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.8730
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		04.6840
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		16.6840
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.1340
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.1340
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		09.56303
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		09.56303
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		03.4620
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.460
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.460
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		014.73372
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		016.49606
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		014.73372
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		014.73372
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.		03.3310
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.4110
Ache
[description not available]		02.4110
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.4110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.7530
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		15.7530
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.6420
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.2310
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.2310
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.2310
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		04.6211
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		09.41174
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		04.6211
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.2743
Caliciviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.		04.06120
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.2450
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.8980
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		05.0361
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		05.0361
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		03.8980
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.5520
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.3110
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		03.2750
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		03.2750
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.8930
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.8930
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		09.4685
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		111.4685
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.4110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.2950
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.4110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.4110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.2950
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.4110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.4110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.9881
Recrudescence
[description not available]		08.3293
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		06.4752
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.9881
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		06.4752
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.4540
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.610
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		115.686117
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		110.76114
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.3310
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		03.7420
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3310
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.3310
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.3310
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		03.9911
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		03.9911
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		03.9911
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		09.6661
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.6661
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.9111
Infections, Microspora
[description not available]		02.7230
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.610
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.610
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.610
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.610
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine
[description not available]		02.610
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.610
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.610
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.610
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.610
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9330
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.610
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.2740
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.2740
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		07.610
Amnionitis
[description not available]		02.610
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		02.610
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.610
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		03.5120
Cyclospora Infection
[description not available]		02.5220
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.2110
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.2110
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.		02.2110
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.830
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		05.8881
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.830
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		05.8881
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis
[description not available]		03.2850
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)		03.2850
Astroviridae Infections
Infections with ASTROVIRIDAE, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.		02.6920
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.2510
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		06.6771
Setariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.		02.2510
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.5720
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		03.5720
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		03.1710
Indigestion
[description not available]		03.1710
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.1710
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.1710
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		15.1710
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.1710
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.1710
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		03.1710
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.2510
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		07.2510
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		06.38120
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		05.341
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		18.38120
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.131
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		03.6411
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		0421
Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		03.6411
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		03.6411
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		0421
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.6411
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.3110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.8621
Blastocystis hominis Infections
[description not available]		05.8642
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.8621
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.3110
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3110
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		02.3110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3110
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		04.622
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.7132
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		04.622
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		05.7132
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.711
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.8430
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.8430
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		07.8430
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		03.8620
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		05.13100
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		05.13100
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		06.0152
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.1510
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		02.1510
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.1510
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.1510
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.1510
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		02.1510
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		02.1510
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.5820
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8730
Measles, German
[description not available]		02.5820
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		07.5820
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.8730
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.3541
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.1710
Aura
[description not available]		02.5220
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.5220
Grippe
[description not available]		018.497710
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		120.497710
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.4320
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.4320
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1710
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.1710
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		014.09123
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		111.09123
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.1710
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		04.6932
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.5720
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.5720
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.1710
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.1710
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.1710
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.1710
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.1710
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		04.5111
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		17.9422
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.5320
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.7830
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		07.5320
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.2110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.2110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.2110
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.4620
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		14.4620
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.4820
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.4720
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.4720
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		19.4820
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		0310
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		0310
Co-infection
[description not available]		011.0652
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0810
Ciliophora Infections
Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.		03.4711
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.4711
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		03.4711
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.4711
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		05.0431
Lymphocytic Colitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Colitis, Lymphocytic
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).		02.0810
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.110
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.4820
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.4820
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.4420
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.110
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.131
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.110
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.4820
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.131
Encephalitis, Japanese B
[description not available]		02.110
Encephalitis, Japanese
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)		02.110
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.110
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		02.110
Leanness
[description not available]		02.110
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		014.73640
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		06.2451
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.1110
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1110
Cyst
[description not available]		07.1110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.1110
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		03.8521
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.1110
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba
[description not available]		02.1110
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.		02.1110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.7730
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		19.7730
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.6930
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.6930
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.1310
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1310
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.1310
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.1310
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		07.4620
Hymenolepiasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.		02.9440
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1510
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.4820
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.4820
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		02.4920
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		02.4920
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.1510
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		03.3620
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.0410
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		08.44234
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		02.0510
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		02.0510
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		02.0510
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid
[description not available]		03.4311
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		04.7221
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.0131
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		03.3620
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0510
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.9610
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.9610
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.0510
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		05.5832
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.		02.0510
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		03.3620
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		03.3620
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		02.9710
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.9710
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0610
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.4720
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.0610
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.0610
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.0610
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		03.3420
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.0610
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.0610
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4520
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.4520
Emesis
[description not available]		02.0610
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.0610
Trichocephaliasis
[description not available]		03.4611
Trichuriasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.		03.4611
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.9310
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.9310
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.0110
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0210
ADDH
[description not available]		02.0210
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0210
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.0210
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Lentigines
[description not available]		02.0210
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.0210
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.0210
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.0210
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.		02.0210
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0210
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0210
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.0210
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		05.4931
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		05.4931
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.9410
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.9410
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.0310
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.0310
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		02.9410
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.9410
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		04.9931
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.9410
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		04.9931
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		04.7421
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		04.7421
Megacolon, Toxic
An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.		02.9410
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0310
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		14.0310
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.0310
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.0310
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		02.0310
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.9510
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		04.3722
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		03.4211
Toxocariasis
Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.		02.0410
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.0410
Isospora Infection
[description not available]		0210
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		0210
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9610
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9610