glucagon-like peptide 1 profile

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	44290899
CHEMBL ID	428139
MeSH ID	M0160181
PubMed CID	16135499
MeSH ID	M0160181

Synonym
gtpl3544
glp-1-(7-37)
glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-37)
CHEMBL428139 ,
bdbm50121518
[125i]-glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37)
gtpl3784
[125i]glp-1-(7-37) (human)
[125i]glp-1(7-37)
[125i]-glp-1(7-37)
insulinotropin (human);peptide glp-1 (human glucose-lowering peptide-1)
glp-1 7-37
glucagon-like peptide 1
proglucagon (78-107)amide
89750-14-1
proglucagon (72-108)
glucagon-like peptide-1
glucagon-like-peptide-1
DTXSID701343589

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In subjects treated with NN2211 rather than placebo, there was a higher incidence of adverse events, most notably dizziness and adverse events related to the gastrointestinal system."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
"This study shows NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile supporting a daily dose in human beings, but also that subjects treated with NN2211 rather than placebo, had a higher incidence of adverse events, most notably dizziness and adverse events related to the gastrointestinal system."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
" Whereas no serious adverse events were observed, there was a higher incidence of adverse events after active treatment compared with placebo treatment (notably headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting)."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
" Careful postmarketing surveillance for adverse effects, especially among the DPP4 inhibitors, and continued evaluation in longer-term studies and in clinical practice are required to determine the role of this new class among current pharmacotherapies for type 2 diabetes."	( Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Amori, RE; Lau, J; Pittas, AG, 2007)	0.34
" This article reviews the profile of adverse effects for these agents in relation to their current (exenatide) and anticipated (liraglutide) role in the management of Type 2 diabetes."	( Safety and adverse effects associated with GLP-1 analogues. Bain, SC; Stephens, JW, 2007)	0.34
" Compared with placebo, sitagliptin had a neutral effect on body weight and did not significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Alba, M; Amatruda, JM; Chen, Y; Hussain, S; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Raz, I; Stein, PP; Wu, M, 2008)	0.35
" The frequency and severity of the most common adverse events, headache and nausea, were comparable with placebo controls."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2008)	0.35
" The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) was similar between placebo and albiglutide groups."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Gutierrez, M; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2009)	0.35
" Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with liraglutide, but most occurred early and were transient."	( Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Blonde, L; Buse, JB; Gerich, J; Hale, PM; Lewin, A; Raskin, P; Schwartz, S; Zdravkovic, M; Zinman, B, 2009)	0.35
"Safety parameters, including adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and 12-lead electrocardiogram; plasma concentrations of albiglutide; and pharmacodynamic parameters, including change from baseline and weighted mean AUC(0-4) in plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, and C-peptide levels."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of albiglutide, a long-acting GLP-1-receptor agonist, in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bush, MA; Kurita, T; Miyahara, H; Nakajima, H; Seino, Y; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2009)	0.35
" Incidence of adverse events was low and comparable to sc placebo in all albiglutide treatment arms except 100 mg sc monthly, where gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events were most common."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of albiglutide, a long-acting GLP-1-receptor agonist, in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bush, MA; Kurita, T; Miyahara, H; Nakajima, H; Seino, Y; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2009)	0.35
" The majority of adverse effects were gastrointestinal, the most frequent of which was nausea."	( The safety and efficacy of liraglutide with or without oral antidiabetic drug therapy in type 2 diabetes: an overview of the LEAD 1-5 studies. Blonde, L; Russell-Jones, D, 2009)	0.35
" Nausea was the most common adverse event observed with liraglutide treatment, reported by 5% to 29% of patients; however, nausea was generally mild and transient."	( A review of efficacy and safety data regarding the use of liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Montanya, E; Sesti, G, 2009)	0.35
" Subjects were monitored for adverse events (AEs) throughout the study and 4-week follow-up."	( Safety and tolerability of high doses of taspoglutide, a once-weekly human GLP-1 analogue, in diabetic patients treated with metformin: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Asnaghi, V; Balena, R; Boldrin, M; Kapitza, C; Nauck, M; Ratner, R, 2010)	0.36
"Established therapies for type-2 diabetes effectively reduce blood glucose, but are often associated with adverse effects that pose risks to patient's health or diminish adherence to treatment."	( The safety and tolerability of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Russell-Jones, D, 2010)	0.36
" Here we show effective and safe gene-based delivery of GLP-1 using chitosan/plasmid-DNA therapeutic nanocomplexes (TNCs) in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) animal model of T2D."	( Effective and safe gene-based delivery of GLP-1 using chitosan/plasmid-DNA therapeutic nanocomplexes in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Alameh, M; Buschmann, MD; Jean, M; Merzouki, A, 2011)	0.37
" Exenatide once-weekly was generally well tolerated and adverse events were predominantly mild or moderate in intensity."	( DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide. Bergenstal, R; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Taylor, K; Walsh, B; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2011)	0.37
"Therapeutic proteins/peptides can produce immunogenic responses that may increase the risk of adverse events or reduce efficacy."	( Liraglutide treatment is associated with a low frequency and magnitude of antibody formation with no apparent impact on glycemic response or increased frequency of adverse events: results from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) trials. Brett, JH; Buse, JB; Garber, A; Holst, J; Nauck, M; Rosenstock, J; Schmidt, WE; Videbæk, N, 2011)	0.37
"Although several classes of pharmacotherapy are available for type 2 diabetes, glycaemic control is often hampered by medication-related adverse effects and contraindications such as renal impairment."	( The safety and tolerability of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review. Aroda, VR; Ratner, R, 2011)	0.37
" Patient-level results from all completed phase 2 and 3 studies from the liraglutide clinical development programme were pooled to determine rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke."	( Cardiovascular safety of liraglutide assessed in a patient-level pooled analysis of phase 2: 3 liraglutide clinical development studies. Buse, JB; House, JA; Jensen, TM; Kennedy, KF; Lindsey, JB; Marso, SP; Martinez Ravn, G; Stolker, JM, 2011)	0.37
" Liraglutide treatment vs placebo was safe and well tolerated in patients with mild RI, as there were no significant differences in rates of renal injury, minor hypoglycemia, or nausea."	( Mild renal impairment and the efficacy and safety of liraglutide. Brett, J; Davidson, JA; Falahati, A; Scott, D, )	0.13
" They provide lesser effect on PPG, similar reduction in body weight, and result in a potentially favorable adverse event profile compared with exenatide twice daily."	( Efficacy and safety of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists compared with exenatide twice daily and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hurren, KM; Pinelli, NR, 2011)	0.37
" Most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disturbance such as nausea, vomit, diarrhea, and constipation."	( The efficacy and safety of liraglutide. Jeong, KH; Yoo, BK, 2011)	0.37
" GLP-1 agonists have been well tolerated, with the most common adverse effects being gastrointestinal related, which occurred early in therapy but typically resolved after 4-8 weeks."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in development for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Brackett, A; Harris, K; Tzefos, M, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse events overall were nausea (38."	( Exenatide twice daily: analysis of effectiveness and safety data stratified by age, sex, race, duration of diabetes, and body mass index. Anderson, PW; Blickensderfer, A; Brunell, SC; Li, Y; Pencek, R, 2012)	0.38
" Gastrointestinal events were the most common adverse events."	( Exenatide twice daily: analysis of effectiveness and safety data stratified by age, sex, race, duration of diabetes, and body mass index. Anderson, PW; Blickensderfer, A; Brunell, SC; Li, Y; Pencek, R, 2012)	0.38
" This meta-analysis was aimed at evaluating the risk of those serious adverse events associated with GLP-1 agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( A meta-analysis of serious adverse events reported with exenatide and liraglutide: acute pancreatitis and cancer. Alves, C; Batel-Marques, F; Macedo, AF, 2012)	0.38
" These rare and long-term adverse events deserve properly monitoring in future studies evaluating GLP-1 agonists."	( A meta-analysis of serious adverse events reported with exenatide and liraglutide: acute pancreatitis and cancer. Alves, C; Batel-Marques, F; Macedo, AF, 2012)	0.38
" Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, blood glucose, total daily insulin dose, body weight, waist circumference, and the number of hypoglycemic events and adverse events were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety comparison between liraglutide as add-on therapy to insulin and insulin dose-increase in Chinese subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity. Chen, R; Li, CJ; Li, J; Lv, CF; Lv, L; Yu, DM; Yu, P; Zhang, QM, 2012)	0.38
" Gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse events in the liraglutide added treatment, but were transient."	( Efficacy and safety comparison between liraglutide as add-on therapy to insulin and insulin dose-increase in Chinese subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity. Chen, R; Li, CJ; Li, J; Lv, CF; Lv, L; Yu, DM; Yu, P; Zhang, QM, 2012)	0.38
" There was no increased risk of adverse effects with this dose of gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin 100 mg qd."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor gemigliptin compared with sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Chung, CH; Jang, HC; Kim, JA; Kim, SW; Lee, WY; Min, KW; Nam-Goong, IS; Rhee, EJ; Shivane, VK; Sosale, AR, 2013)	0.39
" Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild, and all resolved by study end."	( Effects of multiple doses of albiglutide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of digoxin, warfarin, or a low-dose oral contraceptive. Bush, M; Lewis, E; Scott, R; Watanalumlerd, P; Zhi, H, 2012)	0.38
" In the meantime, much interest has recently been focused on the potential cardiovascular and oncological adverse effects of these new therapies."	( Thyroid safety in patients treated with liraglutide. Gallo, M, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 63."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Berk, A; Broedl, UC; Ferrannini, E; Hach, T; Hantel, S; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" There are limited available oral drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in this population owing to reduced renal function, potential interactions with immunosuppressive drugs and adverse effects such as hypoglycaemic events that may increase the cardiovascular risk."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were observed."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" The short-term treatment was well tolerated, and sitagliptin seems safe in this population."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of sitagliptin treatment in long-term stable renal recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Åsberg, A; Hartmann, A; Jenssen, T; Strøm Halden, TA; Vik, K, 2014)	0.4
" Alogliptin appears to be weight neutral and is relatively well tolerated with few adverse effects."	( Alogliptin: safety, efficacy, and clinical implications. Cole, SW; Marino, AB, 2015)	0.42
"Alogliptin alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents has shown a significant reduction in HbA1c while remaining safe and tolerable."	( Alogliptin: safety, efficacy, and clinical implications. Cole, SW; Marino, AB, 2015)	0.42
" Lastly, no visible adverse events were observed in cytotoxicity treatments on SH-SY5Y."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and cytotoxicity of recombinant orally-administrated long-lasting GLP-1 and its therapeutic effect on db/db mice. Abbas, SA; Chen, W; Hu, X; Li, C; Li, M; Ma, B; Ma, Z; Qu, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and P2BG), body weight, body mass index (BMI), episodes of hypoglycemia and adverse events were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety comparison of add-on therapy with liraglutide, saxagliptin and vildagliptin, all in combination with current conventional oral hypoglycemic agents therapy in poorly controlled Chinese type 2 diabetes. Ding, M; Li, CJ; Liu, XJ; Yu, DM; Yu, P; Yu, Q; Zhang, QM, 2014)	0.4
" Rates of serious adverse events in the albiglutide group were similar to comparison groups."	( HARMONY 3: 104-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo, sitagliptin, and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin. Ahrén, B; Cirkel, DT; Feinglos, MN; Johnson, SL; Perry, C; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events (AEs), including severe hypoglycemia, occurred."	( Liraglutide's safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in pediatric type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arslanian, S; Battelino, T; Chatterjee, DJ; Hale, PM; Jacobsen, LV; Klein, DJ, 2014)	0.4
" Results of safety assessments were similar between groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of the once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: a randomized phase III study. Carr, MC; Handelsman, Y; Jones-Leone, A; Leiter, LA; Scott, R; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2014)	0.4
" The recent results from the HARMONY 3 and HARMONY 6 trials suggest that albiglutide is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Diabetes: safety and efficacy of albiglutide-results from two trials. Derosa, G; Maffioli, P, 2014)	0.4
" However, in the existing studies PHEN/TPM ER had a superior weight loss profile to lorcaserin but the incidence of adverse effects was lower with lorcaserin."	( Tolerability and safety of the new anti-obesity medications. Aldhoon-Hainerová, I; Hainer, V, 2014)	0.4
"To show that albiglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is an effective and generally safe treatment to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose hyperglycaemia is inadequately controlled with pioglitazone (with or without metformin)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 1 trial): 52-week primary endpoint results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled Bode, BW; Cirkel, DT; Perkins, CM; Perry, CR; Reinhardt, RR; Reusch, J; Stewart, MW; Ye, J, 2014)	0.4
" With few exceptions, the results of safety assessments were similar between the groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 1 trial): 52-week primary endpoint results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled Bode, BW; Cirkel, DT; Perkins, CM; Perry, CR; Reinhardt, RR; Reusch, J; Stewart, MW; Ye, J, 2014)	0.4
" IDegLira was generally well tolerated; fewer participants in the IDegLira group than in the liraglutide group reported gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea 8·8 vs 19·7%), although the insulin degludec group had the fewest participants with gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea 3·6%)."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 di Bode, B; Buse, JB; Damgaard, LH; Gough, SC; Linjawi, S; Poulsen, P; Rodbard, HW; Woo, V, 2014)	0.4
" Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are the most frequently reported treatment-related AEs for GLP-1 RAs."	( Gastrointestinal adverse events of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chai, S; Ji, L; Quan, X; Shi, L; Sun, F; Wang, J; Wu, S; Yang, Z; Yu, K; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Available evidence about safety, tolerability and potential adverse events relative to GLP-1Rx agonists presently used."	( Potential side effects to GLP-1 agonists: understanding their safety and tolerability. Consoli, A; Formoso, G, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events (AE) noted during course of therapy were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of liraglutide therapy in 195 Indian patients with type 2 diabetes in real world setting. Gopalakrishnan, G; Jothydev, S; Kesavadev, J; Shankar, A, )	0.13
"28%) subjects reported adverse events (AE), the most common AEs being vomiting, tiredness, loose motion and nausea."	( Efficacy and safety of liraglutide therapy in 195 Indian patients with type 2 diabetes in real world setting. Gopalakrishnan, G; Jothydev, S; Kesavadev, J; Shankar, A, )	0.13
" Thus, if following the appropriate guidelines according to package labels, the practitioner can feel safe in prescribing these medications."	( Safety and tolerability of medications approved for chronic weight management. Fujioka, K, 2015)	0.42
" However, they are also associated with certain adverse effects."	( Adverse Effects Associated With Newer Diabetes Therapies. Adesoye, AA; Akiyode, OF, 2017)	0.46
" (5) No significant differences were observed in hypoglycemic episodes and adverse events between two groups."	( [The efficacy and safety of human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with glycosylated hemoglobin A1c > 9]. Chen, C; Chen, P; Huang, Q; Shao, Z; Wang, S; Xu, X; Yan, L, 2015)	0.42
" The primary endpoint was a composite of first occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (ie, cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke) or hospital admission for unstable angina."	( Cardiovascular safety of albiglutide in the Harmony programme: a meta-analysis. Ambery, PD; Donaldson, J; Fisher, M; McMurray, JJ; Petrie, MC; Ye, J, 2015)	0.42
" Major adverse cardiovascular event alone was also not significantly different (52 events vs 53; HR, 0·99; 95% CI, 0·65-1·49)."	( Cardiovascular safety of albiglutide in the Harmony programme: a meta-analysis. Ambery, PD; Donaldson, J; Fisher, M; McMurray, JJ; Petrie, MC; Ye, J, 2015)	0.42
" Because the upper bound of the 95% CI for major adverse cardiovascular event plus hospital admission for unstable angina was greater than 1·3, a dedicated study with a cardiovascular endpoint is underway to confirm the safety of albiglutide."	( Cardiovascular safety of albiglutide in the Harmony programme: a meta-analysis. Ambery, PD; Donaldson, J; Fisher, M; McMurray, JJ; Petrie, MC; Ye, J, 2015)	0.42
" The main adverse effects of treatment included gastrointestinal and injection site reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)	0.42
"Additional safe and effective therapies for type 2 diabetes are needed, especially ones that do not cause weight gain and have a low risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 2): 52 week primary endpoint results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Jones-Leone, A; Nauck, MA; Perkins, C; Perry, C; Reinhardt, RR; Rendell, M; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2016)	0.43
" Other commonly reported adverse events included nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and hypoglycaemia; the incidences of these were generally similar across treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 2): 52 week primary endpoint results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Jones-Leone, A; Nauck, MA; Perkins, C; Perry, C; Reinhardt, RR; Rendell, M; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2016)	0.43
"Albiglutide is safe and effective as monotherapy and significantly lowered HbA1c levels over 52 weeks, did not cause weight gain, and had good gastrointestinal tolerability and a low rate of hypoglycaemia compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 2): 52 week primary endpoint results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Jones-Leone, A; Nauck, MA; Perkins, C; Perry, C; Reinhardt, RR; Rendell, M; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2016)	0.43
"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but consideration of benefits and potential adverse events is required."	( Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Update of Safety and Efficacy. Drab, SR, 2016)	0.43
"Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are the most frequently reported treatment-related AEs associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Gastrointestinal safety across the albiglutide development programme. Leiter, LA; Mallory, JM; Reinhardt, RR; Wilson, TH, 2016)	0.43
" This class of drugs may be a valuable medication in the treatment of HIV-associated metabolic adverse effects and extend the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV."	( Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists may ameliorate the metabolic adverse effect associated with antiretroviral therapy. Culha, MG; Inkaya, AC; Serefoglu, EC; Unal, S; Yildirim, E, 2016)	0.43
"The RCTs in the present analysis show that all GLP-1RAs improve glycaemic control, reduce body weight and increase the risk of adverse gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis. Davies, MJ; Htike, ZZ; Khunti, K; Papamargaritis, D; Webb, DR; Zaccardi, F, 2017)	0.46
"Studies of 32months (HARMONY 7), 1year (HARMONY 6), and 3years (HARMONY 1-5), reported similar rates of adverse events (AEs) (84."	( Albiglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An integrated safety analysis of the HARMONY phase 3 trials. Ahrén, B; Carr, MC; Johnson, S; Mallory, J; Murphy, K; Perkins, C; Rendell, M; Wilson, T, 2017)	0.46
" It has been studied and appears safe at all stages of renal failure."	( The safety of albiglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Rendell, MS, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs), vital signs, ECGs and routine laboratory variables were intensively monitored."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored and drug concentrations, fasting glycaemic variables, vital signs, ECG, antibody formation and routine laboratory variables were assessed."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 after single subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events were in line with those observed for other GLP-1 receptor agonists and no safety concerns were identified."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)	0.48
"Lipotoxicity cardiomyopathy is the result of excessive accumulation and oxidation of toxic lipids in the heart."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1 ameliorates cardiac lipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy via the PPARα pathway. Liu, L; Wang, DW; Wang, K; Wang, P; Wang, W; Wen, Z; Wu, L, 2018)	0.48
" However, there are key differences within this class of drugs in macrovascular, microvascular, gastrointestinal and injection-site reaction adverse events, and these should be considered when healthcare providers are prescribing therapy."	( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frias, JP, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred more frequently with MEDI0382 vs."	( MEDI0382, a GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist, meets safety and tolerability endpoints in a single-dose, healthy-subject, randomized, Phase 1 study. Ambery, PD; Hirshberg, B; Jermutus, L; Klammt, S; Petrone, M; Posch, MG; Pu, W; Rondinone, C, 2018)	0.48
" In the present study, we investigate the toxic effect of high glucose and FFA levels on rat pancreatic RINm5F β-cells and demonstrate that the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide restores the expression of PDX1 by inactivating Mst1, thus ameliorating β-cell impairments."	( Liraglutide protects against glucolipotoxicity-induced RIN-m5F β-cell apoptosis through restoration of PDX1 expression. Bai, YC; Chang, YZ; Chen, WJ; Huang, CN; Kornelius, E; Li, HH; Lin, CL; Liu, S; Peng, CH; Yang, YS, 2019)	0.51
" Following determination of the significant toxic doses of glucose and fructose, the cells were treated with various doses of exenatide (10-250 nM) in the presence or absence of glucose and fructose."	( The investigation of protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue exenatide against glucose and fructose-induced neurotoxicity. Khalilnezhad, A; Taskiran, D, 2019)	0.51
"Oral semaglutide was safe and well-tolerated in both trials."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)	0.51
" This treatment strategy is an effective and safe alternative to a basal-bolus insulin regimen."	( A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of treating patients with type 2 diabetes and highly elevated HbA1c levels with basal-bolus insulin or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist plus basal insulin: The SIMPLE study. Abreu, M; Adams-Huet, B; Dimachkie, P; Elhassan, A; Gunasekaran, U; Li, X; Lingvay, I; Meneghini, LF; Papacostea, O; Peicher, K; Pop, LM; Siddiqui, MS; Tumyan, A, 2019)	0.51
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."	( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management. Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)	0.56
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."	( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management. Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)	0.56
" The secondary aim was to compare reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with information described in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) and to generate knowledge about characteristics, like time to onset and outcome of ADRs."	( Insight in the safety profile of antidiabetic agents glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in daily practice from the patient perspective. Härmark, L; Hendriks, J; Rolfes, L; van der Horst, P; van Gorp, AM; Vorstenbosch, S, 2020)	0.56
" The case showed that liraglutide may be effective and safe used in patients with severe COVID-19 combined with type 2 diabetes, but more clinical trials are needed."	( Are glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues effective and safe in severe COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes?-a case report. Chen, G; Chen, L; Chen, S; Lin, W; Wen, J; Xie, B, 2021)	0.62
" Primary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (i."	( Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Versus Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Older Adults. Bessette, LG; Dave, C; Glynn, RJ; Kim, DH; Kim, SC; Munshi, MN; Patorno, E; Pawar, A; Schneeweiss, S; Wexler, DJ, 2021)	0.62
" Higher doses increased the adverse events risk."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of CJC-1134-PC in healthy Chinese subjects and type-2 diabetic subjects. Ding, Y; Li, C; Liu, X; Wu, M; Xie, Q; Yang, L; Yao, Z; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2021)	0.62
" Cell viability experiments with neutral red and resazurin revealed that STb was toxic in all but the GLUTag cells."	( A Protective Role for Glucagon-like Peptide-2 in Heat-stable Enterotoxin b (STb)-Induced L-Cell Toxicity. Butt, S; Gagnon, J; Saleh, M, 2022)	0.72
" Consistent with the GLP-1 RA class, gastrointestinal adverse events were most commonly reported; these were generally transient and mild/moderate in severity."	( Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Efpeglenatide Monotherapy Versus Placebo in Type 2 Diabetes: The AMPLITUDE-M Randomized Controlled Trial. Baek, S; Choi, J; Frias, JP; Muehlen-Bartmer, I; Niemoeller, E; Popescu, L; Rosenstock, J, 2022)	0.72
"GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) have shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), death and worsening nephropathy when added to standard of care."	( Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study. Baviera, M; Caruso, I; Colacioppo, P; Foresta, A; Fortino, I; Genovese, S; Giorgino, F; Macaluso, G; Roncaglioni, MC; Tettamanti, M, 2022)	0.72
" Serious adverse events were also evaluated."	( Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study. Baviera, M; Caruso, I; Colacioppo, P; Foresta, A; Fortino, I; Genovese, S; Giorgino, F; Macaluso, G; Roncaglioni, MC; Tettamanti, M, 2022)	0.72
" The incidence of serious adverse events was low in both cohorts (< 1%)."	( Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study. Baviera, M; Caruso, I; Colacioppo, P; Foresta, A; Fortino, I; Genovese, S; Giorgino, F; Macaluso, G; Roncaglioni, MC; Tettamanti, M, 2022)	0.72
"GLP-1RA showed to be equally safe and more effective than SGLT-2i in reducing the risk of MACE-3, MACE-4 and MI."	( Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study. Baviera, M; Caruso, I; Colacioppo, P; Foresta, A; Fortino, I; Genovese, S; Giorgino, F; Macaluso, G; Roncaglioni, MC; Tettamanti, M, 2022)	0.72
" Novak, CRNP; and Lawrence Blonde, MD, MACE, FACP, discuss the mechanisms of action and clinical trial data for use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in the safe and effective primary care management of individuals with T2D and macrovascular disease."	( Safe and Appropriate Use of GLP-1 RAs in Treating Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Macrovascular Disease. Blonde, L; LaSalle, J; Novak, LM, 2022)	0.72
"Gastrointestinal discomfort is the most common adverse event in metformin treatment for type 2 diabetes."	( Gut microbiota is correlated with gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bao, Z; Huang, Y; Ji, X; Jiang, C; Lou, X; Sun, J; Tao, X, 2022)	0.72
" The patients were divided into two groups according to whether gastrointestinal adverse events occurred (group B) or did not occur (group A) after treatment."	( Gut microbiota is correlated with gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bao, Z; Huang, Y; Ji, X; Jiang, C; Lou, X; Sun, J; Tao, X, 2022)	0.72
"Our data suggest that metformin promotes the secretion of intestinal hormones such as GLP-1 by increasing the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, which not only plays an anti-diabetic role, but also may causes gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Gut microbiota is correlated with gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bao, Z; Huang, Y; Ji, X; Jiang, C; Lou, X; Sun, J; Tao, X, 2022)	0.72
" However, real-world data concerning the difference in gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) among different GLP-1 RAs are still lacking."	( Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and gastrointestinal adverse reactions: A real-world disproportionality study based on FDA adverse event reporting system database. Chen, C; Chen, J; Chen, L; Liu, L; Wang, L, 2022)	0.72
"Disproportionality analysis was used to evaluate the association between GLP-1 RAs and gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and gastrointestinal adverse reactions: A real-world disproportionality study based on FDA adverse event reporting system database. Chen, C; Chen, J; Chen, L; Liu, L; Wang, L, 2022)	0.72
"A total of 21,281 reports of gastrointestinal toxicity were analyzed out of 81,752 adverse event reports, and the median age of the included patients was 62 (interquartile range [IQR] 54-70) years old."	( Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and gastrointestinal adverse reactions: A real-world disproportionality study based on FDA adverse event reporting system database. Chen, C; Chen, J; Chen, L; Liu, L; Wang, L, 2022)	0.72
" As compared with the placebo, GLP-1 RAs did not improve major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which include cardiovascular (CV) mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalizations, our primary outcome."	( The Safety and Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ahmed, M; Akram, M; Ansari, SA; Faryad, M; Fatima, Z; Mahboob, A; Mengal, A; Merza, N; Rashid, AM, 2023)	0.91
"The study aimed to determine whether GLP-1RAs are associated with increased detection of pancreatic carcinoma based on the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System and clarify its potential mechanisms through keyword co-occurrence analysis from literature database."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and the potential risk of pancreatic carcinoma: a pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and literature visualization analysis. Cao, M; Pan, C; Tian, Y; Wang, L; Zhao, Z; Zhu, B, 2023)	0.91
" The adverse events profile was consistent with other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs); gastrointestinal adverse events were most frequent in all three studies."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly efpeglenatide in people with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: The AMPLITUDE-D, AMPLITUDE-L and AMPLITUDE-S randomized controlled trials. Aroda, VR; Baek, S; Choi, J; Denkel, K; Espinasse, M; Frias, JP; Guo, H; Ji, L; Lingvay, I; Nguyên-Pascal, ML; Niemoeller, E, 2023)	0.91
" It is necessary to pay attention to its specific adverse events (hypoglycemia and discontinuation) at high doses (10mg or higher)."	( A systematic review of the safety of tirzepatide-a new dual GLP1 and GIP agonist - is its safety profile acceptable? Meng, Z; Wang, Y; Wen, H; Xiong, C; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)	0.91
"To discuss current literature and provide practical recommendations for the safe and effective use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or obesity."	( GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Considerations and Practical Recommendations for Safe and Effective Use. Arvanitakis, K; Doumas, M; Germanidis, G; Giouleme, O; Kotsa, K; Koufakis, T; Maltese, G; Mustafa, O; Popovic, D, 2023)	0.91
" In terms of safety, the incidence of any adverse events and adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation was higher in the tirzepatide group, but the incidence of serious adverse events and hypoglycaemia was lower."	( Weight loss efficiency and safety of tirzepatide: A Systematic review. Chen, J; Jie, X; Li, Y; Lin, F; Ling, B; Lv, G; Shang, H; Yu, B; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
" The most commonly reported adverse events were nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting."	( Efficacy and Safety of Oral Small Molecule Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Danuglipron for Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Birnbaum, MJ; Brown, LS; Frias, JP; Gorman, DN; Saxena, AR; Tsamandouras, N; Vasas, S, 2023)	0.91
" Participant safety was assessed through monitoring of biochemical parameters, including kidney and liver function, physical examination, and assessment for adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of Liraglutide, 3.0 mg, Once Daily vs Placebo in Patients With Poor Weight Loss Following Metabolic Surgery: The BARI-OPTIMISE Randomized Clinical Trial. Adamo, M; Adeleke, MO; Batterham, RL; Brown, A; Carnemolla, A; Devalia, K; Elkalaawy, M; Fakih, N; Firman, C; Jassil, FC; Jenkinson, A; Magee, CG; Makahamadze, C; Makaronidis, J; Marvasti, P; Mok, J; Omar, RZ; Pucci, A, 2023)	0.91
"Multicentre, randomized, clinical trials that included over 100 participants comparing antidiabetic agents with a placebo or a different antidiabetic agent and reporting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), or primarily reporting heart failure, were searched in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases."	( Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frias, JP; Lim, S; Sohn, M, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse events leading to drug discontinuation were higher with GLP-1 RAs and thiazolidinediones than placebo."	( Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frias, JP; Lim, S; Sohn, M, 2023)	0.91
" No adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes were reported."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and safety in the preconception period. Mahalingaiah, S; Minis, E; Stanford, FC, 2023)	0.91
" Studies focused on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes would provide additional information regarding a safe washout period."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and safety in the preconception period. Mahalingaiah, S; Minis, E; Stanford, FC, 2023)	0.91
"Tirzepatide (TZP) is a novel drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) is a limiting factor in clinical application."	( Gastrointestinal adverse events of tirzepatide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and trials sequential analysis. Hu, G; Liu, Z; Tong, K; Yang, X; Yin, S; Yu, Y; Zhang, F, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The pharmacokinetic properties of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1(7-37) were compared."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37) has a larger volume of distribution than glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide in dogs and is degraded more quickly in vitro by dog plasma. Carr, RD; Christensen, JV; Deacon, CF; Holst, JJ; Kirk, O; Pridal, L, )	0.13
" However, the pharmacokinetic profile of native GLP-1 with a rapid elimination has limited its therapeutic potential."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
" administration the half-life of NN2211 was found to be 12."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
"This study shows NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile supporting a daily dose in human beings, but also that subjects treated with NN2211 rather than placebo, had a higher incidence of adverse events, most notably dizziness and adverse events related to the gastrointestinal system."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
"This study provides evidence that NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
"In the present work, the pharmacodynamic glucose and insulin response was modeled by fitting glucose and insulin data simultaneously with a nonlinear model incorporating known carbohydrate regulation mechanisms."	( Pharmacodynamics of NN2211, a novel long acting GLP-1 derivative. Agersø, H; Vicini, P, 2003)	0.32
" However, the development of a GLP-1-based pharmaceutical agent has a severe limitation due to its very short half-life in plasma, being primarily degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme."	( Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies of PEGylated glucagon-like peptide-1. Byun, Y; Chae, SY; Lee, KC; Lee, S; Lee, SH; Na, DH; Youn, YS, )	0.13
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties and tolerability of multiple oral once-daily or twice-daily doses of sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The area under the liraglutide plasma concentration curve from time 0 to last quantifiable concentration adjusted for body weight (significant covariate; P = ."	( An open-label, parallel group study investigating the effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of the once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide. Damholt, B; Ekblom, M; Golor, G; Pedersen, P; Wierich, W; Zdravkovic, M, 2006)	0.33
" This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of sitagliptin in obese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. Bergman, A; Blum, R; Chen, L; Dilzer, S; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Lasseter, K; Liu, F; Meehan, AG; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Zeng, W, 2006)	0.33
"As part of the clinical development of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with other antihyperglycemic agents used in managing patients with type 2 diabetes are being carefully evaluated."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and tolerability of vildagliptin at doses of 10 mg, 25 mg and 100 mg twice daily following oral administration in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Campestrini, J; Deacon, CF; He, YL; Holst, JJ; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Nielsen, JC; Riviere, GJ; Schwartz, S; Serra, D; Wang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Blood and urine were collected over 72 hours after dosing for pharmacokinetic analysis and determination of plasma DPP-4 inhibition and active glucagon-like peptide -1(GLP-1) concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of single increasing doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in healthy male subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Mekki, QA; Wann, ER, 2008)	0.35
" Liraglutide showed dose-dependent increases in the pharmacokinetic parameters of AUC0-24 h, C(max) and C(trough), while t(max), t(1/2) and V(d/F) were constant."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the once-daily human GLP-1 analog liraglutide in Japanese healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study. Irie, S; Jacobsen, LV; Kageyama, S; Matsumura, Y; Zdravkovic, M, 2008)	0.35
" Despite clear pharmacodynamic effects in this euglycemic cohort, a low risk for hypoglycemia was suggested together with good gastrointestinal tolerability."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the once-daily human GLP-1 analog liraglutide in Japanese healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study. Irie, S; Jacobsen, LV; Kageyama, S; Matsumura, Y; Zdravkovic, M, 2008)	0.35
" These analogs had higher metabolic stabilities in rat plasma, liver and kidney homogenates, and extended pharmacokinetic profiles with the greater circulating half-lives (26."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of site-specific PEGylated glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs as flexible postprandial-glucose controllers. Chae, SY; Chun, YG; Jin, CH; Lee, ES; Lee, KC; Lee, S; Youn, YS, 2009)	0.35
"Conjugation to albumin led to a major prolongation of the half-life of GLP-1."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, CJC-1131, in healthy and diabetic subjects. Castaigne, JP; Dreyfus, JF; Kruizinga, HH; Nemansky, M; Tiessen, RG; van Vliet, AA, 2008)	0.35
" Albiglutide's long half-life may allow for once-weekly or less frequent dosing."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and tolerability profiles of a single dose of LC15-0444 in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LC15-0444 in healthy Korean men: a dose-block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending single-dose, Phase I study. Cho, JY; Choi, YJ; Hong, JH; Hwang, DM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, KP; Kwon, OH; Lim, KS; Shin, HS; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2008)	0.35
"Albiglutide had a terminal elimination half-life (T(1/2)) of 6-8 days and time to maximum observed plasma drug concentration (T(max)) of 3-4 days."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Gutierrez, M; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2009)	0.35
"Albiglutide has a half-life that favours once weekly or less frequent dosing with an acceptable safety/tolerability profile in non-diabetic subjects."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Gutierrez, M; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2009)	0.35
"Safety parameters, including adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and 12-lead electrocardiogram; plasma concentrations of albiglutide; and pharmacodynamic parameters, including change from baseline and weighted mean AUC(0-4) in plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, and C-peptide levels."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of albiglutide, a long-acting GLP-1-receptor agonist, in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bush, MA; Kurita, T; Miyahara, H; Nakajima, H; Seino, Y; Stewart, MW; Yang, F, 2009)	0.35
"The study objectives were to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as safety and tolerability, of single doses of taspoglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of taspoglutide, a once-weekly, human GLP-1 analogue, after single-dose administration in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Balena, R; Birman, P; Heise, T; Jallet, K; Kapitza, C; Ramis, J, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of liraglutide and mechanisms behind its protracted action, which in turn enables enhanced glycemic control, are reviewed."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of liraglutide, a long-acting, potent glucagon-like peptide-1 analog. Meece, J, 2009)	0.35
"75 mg subcutaneously, and completed serial blood sampling for plasma liraglutide measurements for pharmacokinetic estimation."	( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. Hindsberger, C; Jacobsen, LV; Robson, R; Zdravkovic, M, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of this work is to estimate the population pharmacokinetics of liraglutide and make a comparison to the pharmacokinetic profile of exenatide."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, in healthy volunteers and subjects with type 2 diabetes, and comparison to twice-daily exenatide. Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Jonker, DM; Watson, E, 2010)	0.36
" These molecules, called CovX-Bodies, maintain both the pharmacologic properties of a given peptide and the pharmacokinetic properties of a monoclonal antibody."	( Combined use of immunoassay and two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the detection and identification of metabolites from biotherapeutic pharmacokinetic samples. Del Rosario, J; Kinhikar, AG; Levin, N; Murphy, RE; Preston, R; Shields, MJ; Ward, GH, 2010)	0.36
"Vildagliptin demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in Japanese patients to those observed previously in non-Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. He, YL; Ito, H; Sekiguchi, K; Terao, S; Yamaguchi, M, 2010)	0.36
"To compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) [area under the curve (AUC₀(-)₂₄ (h), C(max))] and pharmacodynamic (PD) (AUC(GIR) ₀(-)₂₄ (h), GIR(max)) properties of single-dose insulin detemir in the presence or absence of steady-state liraglutide (1."	( Co-administration of liraglutide with insulin detemir demonstrates additive pharmacodynamic effects with no pharmacokinetic interaction. Chang, D; Chatterjee, DJ; Guthrie, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic and safety effects of single-dose subcutaneous administration of exenatide ER (2."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of exenatide extended-release after single and multiple dosing. Aisporna, M; Cirincione, B; Diamant, M; Fineman, M; Flanagan, S; Kothare, P; Li, WI; MacConell, L; Mace, KF; Shen, LZ; Taylor, K; Walsh, B, 2011)	0.37
" However, the half-life of GLP-1 is short in vivo due to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance."	( A novel GLP-1 analog exhibits potent utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with an extended half-life and efficient glucose clearance in vivo. Gong, M; Li, Y; Tang, L; Xu, W; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
" The terminal elimination half-life was ~13 h when administered as an oral suspension formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of JNJ-38431055, a novel GPR119 receptor agonist and potential antidiabetes agent, in healthy male subjects. Gambale, JJ; Katz, LB; Polidori, DC; Rothenberg, PL; Sarich, TC; Stein, PP; Vaccaro, N; Vanapalli, SR; Vets, E; Xi, L, 2011)	0.37
" Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic variables were evaluated."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ericsson, H; Hompesch, M; Knutsson, M; Leonsson-Zachrisson, M; Morrow, LA; Norjavaara, E; Wollbratt, M, 2012)	0.38
" An active metabolite was formed which had a longer half-life than AZD1656, but showed ∼15% of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to 24 h compared with that of AZD1656."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ericsson, H; Hompesch, M; Knutsson, M; Leonsson-Zachrisson, M; Morrow, LA; Norjavaara, E; Wollbratt, M, 2012)	0.38
" Serial blood samples were collected up to 120 hours after drug administration for pharmacokinetic analysis and the assessment of DPP IV activity, and blood samples were collected up to 2 hours after each meal until the next morning of drug administration to evaluate active GLP-1, glucose, and insulin levels."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, food effect, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of DA-1229, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, in healthy volunteers: first-in-human study. Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kim, TE; Lim, KS; Park, MK; Shin, SG; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
" The GLP-1-RA are administered subcutaneously and differ substantially in pharmacokinetic profiles."	( GLP-1 agonists for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Christensen, M; Jespersen, MJ; Knop, FK, 2013)	0.39
" The difference in chemical structure have strong implications for key pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption and clearance, and eventually the safety and efficacy of the individual GLP-1-RA."	( GLP-1 agonists for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Christensen, M; Jespersen, MJ; Knop, FK, 2013)	0.39
" Three open-label phase 1 studies were conducted in healthy human participants to investigate potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between albiglutide and medications that may be used concomitantly."	( Effects of multiple doses of albiglutide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of digoxin, warfarin, or a low-dose oral contraceptive. Bush, M; Lewis, E; Scott, R; Watanalumlerd, P; Zhi, H, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the extent of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between vildagliptin, a potent and selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) enzyme, and voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor widely prescribed in Japan, when coadministered in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of vildagliptin and voglibose in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Furihata, K; He, YL; Kulmatycki, K; Mita, S; Saji, T; Sekiguchi, K; Yamaguchi, M, 2013)	0.39
" Co-administration led to significantly better pharmacodynamic response compared with each treatment alone, including higher active GLP-1 and lower glucose levels."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of vildagliptin and voglibose in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Furihata, K; He, YL; Kulmatycki, K; Mita, S; Saji, T; Sekiguchi, K; Yamaguchi, M, 2013)	0.39
" In the present work, in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of GLP-1(9-36)amide have been characterized in dogs, since this preclinical species has been used as an animal model to demonstrate the in vivo vasodilatory and cardioprotective effects of GLP-1(9-36)amide."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-derived metabolite GLP-1(9-36)amide in male Beagle dogs. Eng, H; Kalgutkar, AS; Landis, MS; McDonald, TS; Sharma, R; Stevens, BD, 2014)	0.4
" This study evaluated possible pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between gemigliptin and metformin and investigated their tolerability."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gemigliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Ahn, JY; Cho, JY; Cho, YM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
" Blood samples were drawn over 24 h on the seventh day of each period for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations, including plasma DPP-4 activity and total/active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gemigliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Ahn, JY; Cho, JY; Cho, YM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
"Coadministration of gemigliptin and metformin showed beneficial anti-diabetic effects without pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gemigliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Ahn, JY; Cho, JY; Cho, YM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
" The results showed that the half-life of rolGLP-1 in db/db mice was 68."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and cytotoxicity of recombinant orally-administrated long-lasting GLP-1 and its therapeutic effect on db/db mice. Abbas, SA; Chen, W; Hu, X; Li, C; Li, M; Ma, B; Ma, Z; Qu, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
"Liraglutide was well tolerated in youth with T2D, with safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profiles similar to profiles in adults."	( Liraglutide's safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in pediatric type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arslanian, S; Battelino, T; Chatterjee, DJ; Hale, PM; Jacobsen, LV; Klein, DJ, 2014)	0.4
" Liraglutide is a fatty-acid derivative of GLP-1 with a protracted pharmacokinetic profile that is used in people for treatment of type II diabetes mellitus and obesity."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy cats. Adin, CA; Borin-Crivellenti, S; Gilor, C; Hall, MJ; Lakritz, J; Rajala-Schultz, P; Rudinsky, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic properties of liraglutide enable 24-h exposure coverage, a requirement for 24-h glycaemic control with once-daily dosing."	( Liraglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Flint, A; Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Olsen, AK, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of omarigliptin in obese participants with and without T2DM."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Multiple-dose Administration of Omarigliptin, a Once-weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, in Obese Participants With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Addy, C; Aubrey Stoch, S; Gendrano, IN; Glasgow, XS; Gutierrez, M; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kauh, E; Martucci, A; Matthews, CZ; Selverian, D; Tatosian, D; Wagner, JA, 2016)	0.43
" The half-life of plasma DPP-4 inhibition with saxagliptin 5 mg is ~27 h, which supports a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Saxagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor. Boulton, DW, 2017)	0.46
"In order to better understand the therapeutic mechanism of dual-function peptide 5rolGLP-HV in treatment of treat diabetes and its complication of thrombosis, the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of 5rolGLP-HV were conducted in this study."	( Pharmacological Effects and Pharmacokinetic Properties of a Dual-Function Peptide 5rolGLP-HV. Duan, H; Jiang, P; Li, M; Li, X; Ma, X; Ni, Z; Tu, P; Wang, B; Wang, H; Zhao, Q; Zhu, J, 2017)	0.46
" To determine the rate of DPP-4 inhibition induced by these inhibitors, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were used to theoretically examine the relationship between the rate of DPP-4 inhibition and clinical efficacy following the administration of four different DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin) by focusing on the increase in the level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced by their administration."	( Evaluation of drug efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors based on theoretical analysis with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Kimura, K; Takayanagi, R; Uchida, T; Yamada, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of this article is to outline the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of albiglutide including the clinical efficacy and safety data underlying the approval of albiglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in both Europe and USA."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Albiglutide. Brønden, A; Christensen, MB; Knop, FK, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic steady-state was achieved within 1 week."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic data supported once-daily dosing and pharmacodynamic effect displayed dose-dependent reductions in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Evidence of glycaemic effect and pharmacokinetic profiles consistent with once-daily dosing render this drug candidate suitable to be further tested in multiple-dose clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 after single subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
"A short-acting (GUB09-123) and a half-life extended (GUB09-145) GLP-1/GLP-2 co-agonist were generated using solid-phase peptide synthesis and tested for effects on food intake, body weight, glucose homeostasis, and gut proliferation in lean mice and in diabetic db/db mice."	( Novel GLP-1/GLP-2 co-agonists display marked effects on gut volume and improves glycemic control in mice. Fosgerau, K; Hansen, G; Jelsing, J; Jeppesen, PB; Mannerstedt, K; Pedersen, PJ; Pedersen, SL; Vrang, N; Wismann, P, 2018)	0.48
" In contrast to GUB09-123, sub-chronic administration of a half-life extended GUB09-145 to lean mice caused marked dose-dependent effects on body weight while maintaining its potent intestinotrophic effect."	( Novel GLP-1/GLP-2 co-agonists display marked effects on gut volume and improves glycemic control in mice. Fosgerau, K; Hansen, G; Jelsing, J; Jeppesen, PB; Mannerstedt, K; Pedersen, PJ; Pedersen, SL; Vrang, N; Wismann, P, 2018)	0.48
" Effects on body weight and gastric emptying are also observed depending on the pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule."	( Novel GLP-1/GLP-2 co-agonists display marked effects on gut volume and improves glycemic control in mice. Fosgerau, K; Hansen, G; Jelsing, J; Jeppesen, PB; Mannerstedt, K; Pedersen, PJ; Pedersen, SL; Vrang, N; Wismann, P, 2018)	0.48
" Similarly, there was no apparent effect of renal impairment on the semaglutide half-life (geometric mean range 152-165 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)	0.48
" Molecular structure and pharmacokinetic properties vary among GLP-1 RAs, with some more closely related than others to native glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."	( The Pharmacokinetic Properties of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Their Mode and Mechanism of Action in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Anderson, J, 2018)	0.48
" The half-life of semaglutide was approximately 1 week in all groups."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic results supported that oral semaglutide is suitable for once-daily dosing."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)	0.51
" For the pharmacodynamic evaluation, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted predose and on day 5 after the target dose, during which plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon concentrations were analyzed."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of JY09 in healthy Chinese subjects: A titrating, dose-escalating study. Bai, Y; Cao, B; Geng, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Lin, H; Weng, Z; Yang, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
"JY09 has a long half-life of ~ 9."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of JY09 in healthy Chinese subjects: A titrating, dose-escalating study. Bai, Y; Cao, B; Geng, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Lin, H; Weng, Z; Yang, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
" GIP half-life following intravenous injection amounted to 93 ± 2 s, which was extended to 5 ± 0."	( Pharmacokinetics of exogenous GIP(1-42) in C57Bl/6 mice; Extremely rapid degradation but marked variation between available assays. Boer, GA; Hartmann, B; Holst, JJ, 2021)	0.62
" Blood samples were collected and analysed for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo and positive-controlled study in healthy volunteers to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of cetagliptin. Chen, J; Ding, J; Lu, J; Shao, F; Tang, D; Tian, X; Wang, L; Wang, T; Xie, D; Xie, L; Yu, Q; Zhou, C; Zhou, S, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of the current analysis was to evaluate the effects on the gastric emptying rate caused by semaglutide on pharmacokinetic model parameters of paracetamol and atorvastatin in healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide. Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)	0.72
"This pilot study provides validation for the value of a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (including minimal model analysis) to provide primary data for our ongoing pharmacogenomic study of pharmacodynamic effects of semaglutide (NCT05071898)."	( Acute pharmacodynamic responses to exenatide: Drug-induced increases in insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness. Beitelshees, AL; Fan, H; Mitchell, BD; Montasser, ME; Muniyappa, R; Shuldiner, AR; Streeten, EA; Taylor, SI; Whitlatch, HB; Yazdi, ZS; Yuen, AH, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Under these circumstances sub-chronic administration of exendin-4 alone or particularly when combined with N-AcGIP significantly (P<0."	( Antidiabetic effects of sub-chronic activation of the GIP receptor alone and in combination with background exendin-4 therapy in high fat fed mice. Flatt, PR; Frizzell, N; Hunter, K; Irwin, N, 2009)	0.35
"8 mg) or liraglutide placebo in combination with metformin (1 g twice daily) and rosiglitazone (4 mg twice daily)."	( Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Blonde, L; Buse, JB; Gerich, J; Hale, PM; Lewin, A; Raskin, P; Schwartz, S; Zdravkovic, M; Zinman, B, 2009)	0.35
"Liraglutide combined with metformin and a thiazolidinedione is a well-tolerated combination therapy for type 2 diabetes, providing significant improvements in glycemic control."	( Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Blonde, L; Buse, JB; Gerich, J; Hale, PM; Lewin, A; Raskin, P; Schwartz, S; Zdravkovic, M; Zinman, B, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus vs placebo and insulin glargine (A21Gly,B31Arg,B32Arg human insulin), all in combination with metformin and glimepiride."	( Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial. Antic, S; Lalic, N; Ravn, GM; Russell-Jones, D; Schmitz, O; Sethi, BK; Simó, R; Vaag, A; Zdravkovic, M, 2009)	0.35
"8 mg once daily (n = 232), liraglutide placebo (n = 115) and open-label insulin glargine (n = 234), all in combination with metformin (1 g twice daily) and glimepiride (4 mg once daily)."	( Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial. Antic, S; Lalic, N; Ravn, GM; Russell-Jones, D; Schmitz, O; Sethi, BK; Simó, R; Vaag, A; Zdravkovic, M, 2009)	0.35
"When combined with lifestyle modification, exenatide treatment led to significant weight loss, improved glycemic control, and decreased blood pressure compared with lifestyle modification alone in overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes on metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment."	( Effects of exenatide combined with lifestyle modification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Apovian, CM; Bergenstal, RM; Cuddihy, RM; Glass, LC; Lenox, S; Lewis, MS; Qu, Y, 2010)	0.36
"To assess and compare the efficacy and safety of liraglutide with those of glimepiride, both in combination with metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Asian population from China, South Korea and India."	( Liraglutide provides similar glycaemic control as glimepiride (both in combination with metformin) and reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure in Asian population with type 2 diabetes from China, South Korea and India: a 16-week, randomized, doubl Bech, OM; Bhattacharyya, A; Chen, L; Ji, Q; Kim, KW; Kumar, A; Liu, X; Ma, J; Tandon, N; Yang, W; Yoon, KH; Zychma, M, 2011)	0.37
"8 mg once daily or glimepiride 4 mg once daily all in combination with metformin: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1)."	( Liraglutide provides similar glycaemic control as glimepiride (both in combination with metformin) and reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure in Asian population with type 2 diabetes from China, South Korea and India: a 16-week, randomized, doubl Bech, OM; Bhattacharyya, A; Chen, L; Ji, Q; Kim, KW; Kumar, A; Liu, X; Ma, J; Tandon, N; Yang, W; Yoon, KH; Zychma, M, 2011)	0.37
" Herein, the results of clinical trials assessing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of liraglutide when used in combination with either one or two oral antidiabetic therapies are summarised, then contrasted with the effects of exenatide and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibitors."	( Liraglutide in oral antidiabetic drug combination therapy. Garber, AJ, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study was to verify metabolic effects of liraglutide in combination with other antidiabetic drugs."	( Efficacy and tolerability of liraglutide in combination with other antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes. Zenari, L, 2011)	0.37
"0 pmol/kg/min (pkm) and placebo, given by continuous subcutaneous infusion over 3 months in combination with metformin and sulphonylurea (SU), to lower haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose and weight in 95 type 2 diabetes patients with inadequate glycaemic control."	( Dose response of continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 in combination with metformin and sulphonylurea over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ehlers, MR; Holst, JJ; Torekov, SS, 2014)	0.4
"Administration of rGLP-1 by CSCI over a 12-week period in combination with metformin and an SU had a dose dependent effect in lowering HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose."	( Dose response of continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 in combination with metformin and sulphonylurea over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ehlers, MR; Holst, JJ; Torekov, SS, 2014)	0.4
" GLP-1 RA are effective in combination with insulin, and even slightly superior or at least equal to short-acting insulin in T2D; however, since they work in the incretin system, they may not be effective in long-standing disease."	( A new angle for glp-1 receptor agonist: the medical economics argument. Editorial on: Huetson P, Palmer JL, Levorsen A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the once-daily glp-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide compared to bolus insulin both in combination with basa Florez, HJ; Valencia, WM, 2015)	0.42
" Compound 4d, a novel TGR5 agonist, in combination with Sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, has demonstrated an adequate GLP-1 secretion and glucose lowering effect in animal models, suggesting a potential clinical option in treatment of type-2 diabetes."	( Evaluation of novel TGR5 agonist in combination with Sitagliptin for possible treatment of type 2 diabetes. Agarwal, S; Bhayani, H; Deshmukh, P; Giri, P; Giri, S; Jain, M; Kulkarni, N; Kumar, J; Sasane, S; Soman, S, 2018)	0.48
" Here, we investigated behavioral and neurochemical effects of liraglutide (LIRA), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, alone or combined with LEV in mice subjected to PTZ-induced kindling."	( Prevention of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities in mice by levetiracetam combined with the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide: Involvement of brain antioxidant and BDNF upregulating properties. Chaves Filho, AJM; de Carvalho, MAJ; de França Fonteles, MM; de Lima, KA; de Souza, AG; de Souza, DAA; Florenço Sousa, FC; Lopes, IS; Macedo, D; Mendes Vasconcelos, SM; Souza Oliveira, JV, 2019)	0.51
"Five clinical pharmacology studies evaluated the potential drug-drug interaction between multiple subcutaneous taspoglutide doses and a single dose of lisinopril, warfarin, and simvastatin and multiple doses of digoxin and an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel."	( Assessment of Drug-Drug Interactions between Taspoglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist, and Drugs Commonly Used in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results of Five Phase I Trials. Bogman, K; Brumm, J; Giraudon, M; Hofmann, C; Mangold, B; Niggli, M; Sauter, A; Schmitt, C; Sturm, S; Sturm-Pellanda, C, 2019)	0.51
" A mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) was used to investigate the potential metabolic benefits of chronic dosing of each antagonist, alone or in combination with liraglutide."	( Chronic peptide-based GIP receptor inhibition exhibits modest glucose metabolic changes in mice when administered either alone or combined with GLP-1 agonism. Bewick, GA; Ghosh, SS; Grønlund, RV; Maggs, D; Parkes, DG; Pedersen, PJ; Rajagopalan, H; Tsakmaki, A; West, JA, 2021)	0.62
"Guidelines do not offer recommendations regarding the use of GLP-1 RAs in combination with MDII regimens."	( Evaluation of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Combination With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections for Type 2 Diabetes. Phillips, BB; Sassenrath, K; Stone, RH, 2022)	0.72
"While some studies did demonstrate an improvement in A1c and reduction in insulin doses without increased hypoglycemia, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to adequately assess the benefit and safety of GLP-1 RAs in combination with MDII."	( Evaluation of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Combination With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections for Type 2 Diabetes. Phillips, BB; Sassenrath, K; Stone, RH, 2022)	0.72
"To engineer and screen a novel GLP-1/anti-apolipoprotein B (apoB) bifunctional fusion protein with therapeutic potential on alleviating diabetes and diabetic complication in combination with low-intensity ultrasound."	( Novel GLP-1/anti-apolipoprotein B bifunctional fusion protein alleviates diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound. Bai, L; Li, X; Liu, H; Shi, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"A novel long-lasting bifunctional fusion molecule, aBG-8, was designed with the enormous potential on alleviating diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound."	( Novel GLP-1/anti-apolipoprotein B bifunctional fusion protein alleviates diabetes and diabetic complications in combination with low-intensity ultrasound. Bai, L; Li, X; Liu, H; Shi, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Currently, evidence regarding pharmacological interventions for diabetes combined with AMI and I/R injury is lacking."	( Research progress on the effects of novel hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes combined with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Yang, T; Zhang, D, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" administration, the maximum plasma concentration was reached after 15 +/- 5 and 19 +/- 4 min and the absolute bioavailability was 48 +/- 7 and 49 +/- 13% for GLP-1(7-36)amide and GLP-1(7-37), respectively."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37) has a larger volume of distribution than glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide in dogs and is degraded more quickly in vitro by dog plasma. Carr, RD; Christensen, JV; Deacon, CF; Holst, JJ; Kirk, O; Pridal, L, )	0.13
"l-1, consistent with a relative bioavailability of 7% versus intravenous injection and 47% versus subcutaneous injection."	( Potential therapeutic levels of glucagon-like peptide I achieved in humans by a buccal tablet. Ahrén, B; Gutniak, MK; Heiber, SJ; Holst, JJ; Juneskans, OT; Larsson, H, 1996)	0.29
" Being a peptide GLP-1 requires parenteral administration, but because of rapid enzymatic degradation its bioavailability is low."	( GLP-1 in NIDDM. Holst, JJ, 1996)	0.29
" The mean placebo-adjusted area under the curve was 5,334 min pmol/l, consistent with a relative bioavailability of 6% vs."	( GLP-1 tablet in type 2 diabetes in fasting and postprandial conditions. Ahrén, B; Gutniak, MK; Holst, JJ; Juneskans, O; Larsson, H; Sanders, SW, 1997)	0.3
"To utilize an acylated peptide as a model system to investigate the relationships among solution peptide conformation, non-covalent self-association, subcutaneous absorption and bioavailability under pharmaceutically relevant solution formulation conditions."	( Effects of non-covalent self-association on the subcutaneous absorption of a therapeutic peptide. Brader, ML; Clodfelter, DK; Destrampe, KA; Havel, HA; Myers, SR; Pekar, AH; Rebhun, DM, 1998)	0.3
" Hydrophobic aggregation mediated by seemingly innocuous solution formulation conditions can have a dramatic effect on the subcutaneous bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a therapeutic peptide and in the extreme, can totally preclude its absorption."	( Effects of non-covalent self-association on the subcutaneous absorption of a therapeutic peptide. Brader, ML; Clodfelter, DK; Destrampe, KA; Havel, HA; Myers, SR; Pekar, AH; Rebhun, DM, 1998)	0.3
" (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models."	( (2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Beconi, M; Eiermann, GJ; Fisher, MH; He, H; Hickey, GJ; Kim, D; Kowalchick, JE; Leiting, B; Lyons, K; Marsilio, F; McCann, ME; Patel, RA; Patel, SB; Petrov, A; Roy, RS; Scapin, G; Thornberry, NA; Wang, L; Weber, AE; Wu, JK; Wyvratt, MJ; Zhang, BB; Zhu, L, 2005)	0.33
"Sitagliptin was well absorbed (approximately 80% excreted unchanged in the urine) with an apparent terminal half-life ranging from 8 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Absolute oral bioavailability of alogliptin in rats, dogs, and monkeys was 45%, 86%, and 72% to 88%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Asakawa, T; Christopher, RJ; Kassel, DB; Lee, B; Shi, L; Takeuchi, K, 2008)	0.35
" All three meals contained [(13)C]glucose (3 mg/kg body wt) to assess the bioavailability of ingested glucose."	( Reducing dietary fat from a meal increases the bioavailability of exogenous carbohydrate without altering plasma glucose concentration. Horowitz, JF; Knuth, ND; Shrivastava, CR, 2009)	0.35
" ASP8497 exhibited good oral bioavailability with potent inhibition of plasma DPP-IV activity."	( Evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor ASP8497 in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Hayakawa, M; Matsuyama-Yokono, A; Nakano, R; Shibasaki, M; Someya, Y; Tahara, A, 2009)	0.35
" The absolute bioavailability (BA (%)) values depend on the physichochemical characters of drugs, stereoisomer character of penetratin, and site of administration."	( Efficiency of cell-penetrating peptides on the nasal and intestinal absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Eda, Y; Ikeno, Y; Kamei, N; Khafagy, el-S; Morishita, M; Takayama, K, 2009)	0.35
" No clinically relevant reduction in bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel occurred."	( Treatment with liraglutide--a once-daily GLP-1 analog--does not reduce the bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel taken as an oral combination contraceptive drug. Hindsberger, C; Jacobsen, LV; Vouis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2011)	0.37
" The absorption rate of acetaminophen added to the liquid meal was measured."	( Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. Falkén, Y; Hellström, PM; Holst, JJ; Näslund, E, 2011)	0.37
" The absorption rate of acetaminophen was twice as fast after GBP compared with before surgery and did not change over time."	( Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. Falkén, Y; Hellström, PM; Holst, JJ; Näslund, E, 2011)	0.37
" We used a formulation that increases oral bioavailability to assess the mechanisms involved in the glucoregulatory action of RSV in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed diabetic wild type mice."	( Resveratrol increases glucose induced GLP-1 secretion in mice: a mechanism which contributes to the glycemic control. Barra, Y; Barthélemy, S; Burcelin, R; Champion, S; Dao, TM; Drucker, DJ; Klopp, P; Pechere, L; Sérée, E; Serino, M; Vachoux, C; Waget, A, 2011)	0.37
" The individual estimates of absorption rate constants were used in the model for GLP-1 secretion."	( Mechanism-based population modelling for assessment of L-cell function based on total GLP-1 response following an oral glucose tolerance test. Gao, W; Hansen, T; Holst, JJ; Ingwersen, SH; Jusko, WJ; Madsen, H; Møller, JB; Overgaard, RV; Pedersen, O, 2011)	0.37
" However, native GLP-1 pharmacokinetics reveals low bioavailability due to degradation by the ubiquitous dipeptydil peptidase IV (DPP-IV) endoprotease."	( Chitosan-based therapeutic nanoparticles for combination gene therapy and gene silencing of in vitro cell lines relevant to type 2 diabetes. Alameh, M; Buschmann, MD; Darras, V; De Jesus, D; Jean, M; Lavertu, M; Merzouki, A; Nelea, M; Thibault, M, 2012)	0.38
" Poorly absorbed sweet tastants (TIM), which probably expose a greater length of gut to nutrients, result in delayed GLP-1 secretion but not in delayed GIP release."	( Effects of different sweet preloads on incretin hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and postprandial glycemia in healthy humans. Bellon, M; Bound, MJ; Checklin, HL; Horowitz, M; Jones, KL; Little, TJ; Rayner, CK; Wu, T; Young, RL; Zhao, BR, 2012)	0.38
" Although the oral bioavailability of such compounds still poses great challenges, the progress made so far encourages us to identify a truly 'druggable' small molecule agonist for GLP-1R."	( A continued saga of Boc5, the first non-peptidic glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist with in vivo activities. Chen, XY; Gao, WW; Ge, GB; Guan, N; He, M; Li, C; Liao, JY; Liu, Q; Ma, DW; Wang, MW; Wu, XY; Yang, L; Zhong, DF, 2012)	0.38
"In recent years, new and effective therapeutic agents for blood glucose control have been added to standard diabetes therapies: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which prolong the bioavailability of the endogenously secreted incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."	( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin attenuates inflammation and accelerates epithelialization in wounds of diabetic ob/ob mice. Engelmann-Pilger, K; Frank, S; Klein, T; Linke, A; Mark, M; Pfeilschifter, J; Schürmann, C; Steinmetz, C, 2012)	0.38
" We have recently described a series of 6-amino-1H-indan-1-ones as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable GPR119 agonists with an amino group that plays important roles not only in their drug-like properties, such as high aqueous solubility, but also in their potent agonistic activity."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of a 6-aminofuro[3,2-c]pyridin-3(2H)-one series of GPR 119 agonists. Harada, S; Inoue, M; Kataoka, D; Kogami, M; Kuno, Y; Makino, M; Miyazawa, T; Ohsawa, Y; Okamoto, R; Sakairi, M; Takahashi, N; Torii, M; Watanabe, N, 2012)	0.38
" A longer half-life was observed after oral administration of SPN-GLP-1, and its relative bioavailability was 35."	( A silica-based pH-sensitive nanomatrix system improves the oral absorption and efficacy of incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1. Dai, W; Hovgaard, L; Li, S; Li, Y; Qu, W; Wang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2012)	0.38
" bioavailability yet retaining its potency."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast to the orally bioavailable agonist RO5527239, we show that tauro-RO5527239 triggers PYY release only when applied intravenously."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability of preproglucagon (PPG) mRNA and GLP-1 peptide is reduced by exogenous or endogenous glucocorticoid secretion, perhaps as a mechanism to reduce GLP-1-mediated stress excitation."	( Role of central glucagon-like peptide-1 in stress regulation. Ghosal, S; Herman, JP; Myers, B, 2013)	0.39
" It acts mainly as catabolic enzyme for a number of circulating proteins involved in common pathological conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease and may represent a target to modulate bioavailability of crucial substrates."	( CD26: a multi-purpose pharmacological target. Carmine, C; Manfredi, T; Mario, R; Vincenzo, F, 2014)	0.4
" Orally bioavailable orthosteric small-molecule agonists are unlikely to be developed, whereas positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) may offer an improved therapeutic profile."	( A Duplexed High-Throughput Screen to Identify Allosteric Modulators of the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Glucagon Receptors. Days, EL; Lindsley, CW; Mi, D; Morris, LC; Niswender, KD; Turney, M; Weaver, CD, 2014)	0.4
" The subcutaneous bioavailability of GLP-1(9-36)amide in dogs was 57%."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-derived metabolite GLP-1(9-36)amide in male Beagle dogs. Eng, H; Kalgutkar, AS; Landis, MS; McDonald, TS; Sharma, R; Stevens, BD, 2014)	0.4
"Berberine is known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, but it poorly absorbed into the blood stream from the gut."	( Berberine moderates glucose metabolism through the GnRH-GLP-1 and MAPK pathways in the intestine. Li, M; Li, W; Ping, F; Wang, Z; Xiao, X; Yu, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, Q; Zheng, J, 2014)	0.4
" However, the underlying mechanism was not well-elucidated due to the low bioavailability of ginsenosides."	( Association of GLP-1 secretion with anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ginsenosides in high-fat diet fed rats. Guo, HF; Hu, MY; Li, F; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, C; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Xu, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
" ZYDPLA1 showed low clearance, large volume of distribution, and a long half-life with excellent oral bioavailability in all species."	( Pharmacological characterization of ZYDPLA1, a novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Bahekar, RH; Desai, RC; Jadav, P; Jain, MR; Joharapurkar, AA; Kshirsagar, SG; Patel, H; Patel, KN; Patel, PR; Patel, VJ; Ramanathan, VK, 2015)	0.42
" It achieves this through a number of mechanisms, including stimulating insulin release by pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner; inhibition of glucagon release by pancreatic α-cells (also in a glucose-dependent manner); induction of central appetite suppression and by delaying gastric empting thereby inducing satiety and also reducing the rate of absorption of nutrients."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1 and the cardiovascular system. Fava, S, 2014)	0.4
" Compared with the sham-operated rats, RYGB improved nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability resulting from higher endothelial Akt/NO synthase activation, reduced c-Jun amino terminal kinase phosphorylation, and decreased oxidative stress."	( Rapid and body weight-independent improvement of endothelial and high-density lipoprotein function after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: role of glucagon-like peptide-1. Bueter, M; Buhmann, H; Colin, S; Corteville, C; Dörig, C; Doytcheva, P; Hasballa, R; Landmesser, U; Lüscher, TF; Lutz, TA; Manz, J; Matter, CM; Osto, E; Pattou, F; Rohrer, L; Spliethoff, K; Staels, B; Stivala, S; Tailleux, A; Tona, F; Vanhoutte, PM; Vetter, D; Wolfrum, C, 2015)	0.42
" Through this approach peptides are expected to increase their bioavailability and efficiency in vivo both by their specific release at the intestinal level and also by the reduced enzymatic activity."	( Microfluidic Assembly of a Multifunctional Tailorable Composite System Designed for Site Specific Combined Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. Araújo, F; Granja, PL; Herranz-Blanco, B; Hirvonen, JT; Liu, D; Mäkilä, EM; Salonen, JJ; Santos, HA; Sarmento, B; Shahbazi, MA; Shrestha, N, 2015)	0.42
"Taking metformin with a meal has been shown to decrease bioavailability of metformin."	( Postprandial hyperglycemia was ameliorated by taking metformin 30 min before a meal than taking metformin with a meal; a randomized, open-label, crossover pilot study. Asano, M; Fukuda, T; Fukuda, Y; Fukui, M; Hamaguchi, M; Hasegawa, G; Hashimoto, Y; Kimura, T; Kitagawa, N; Majima, S; Mistuhashi, K; Nakamura, N; Oda, Y; Okada, H; Senmaru, T; Tanaka, M; Tanaka, Y; Yamada, S; Yamazaki, M, 2016)	0.43
" The present article reviews the bioavailability of milk protein-derived peptides in human studies to date, and examines the evidence on milk proteins and glycaemic management, including potential mechanisms of action."	( Bioavailability of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides: a glycaemic management perspective. Brennan, L; Drummond, E; Horner, K, 2016)	0.43
" Study 1 compared the bioavailability and effects on circulating glucose and gut hormones (glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY) of Metformin DR dosed twice-daily to twice-daily immediate-release metformin (Metformin IR)."	( Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials. Baron, A; Burns, C; Buse, JB; DeFronzo, RA; Fineman, M; Kim, T; Skare, S, 2016)	0.43
" In the evaluable population, Metformin DR administered once-daily in the morning had 28% (90% CI -16%, -39%) lower bioavailability (least squares mean ratio of metformin AUC0-24) compared with either once-daily in the evening or twice-daily, although the glucose-lowering effects were maintained."	( Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials. Baron, A; Burns, C; Buse, JB; DeFronzo, RA; Fineman, M; Kim, T; Skare, S, 2016)	0.43
" Peptidic analogs of GLP-1 have been successfully developed with enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological activity."	( Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Ahn, JM; Brown, AJ; Deng, J; Donnelly, D; Fletcher, MM; Graaf, Cd; Lau, J; Liao, J; Miller, LJ; Sexton, PM; Wang, MW; Wootten, D; Yang, D; Zhou, C, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, the rate of absorption and the intestinal regions exposed to sugars may affect the time course of appearance of glucose in the blood."	( Intestinal Adaptations after Bariatric Surgery: Consequences on Glucose Homeostasis. Bado, A; Cavin, JB; Le Gall, M, 2017)	0.46
" This review focuses on currently developed strategies to improve oral bioavailability of these peptide based drugs; evaluating their advantages and limitations in addition to discussing future perspectives on oral peptides delivery."	( Novel strategies in the oral delivery of antidiabetic peptide drugs - Insulin, GLP 1 and its analogs. Csóka, I; Ismail, R, 2017)	0.46
" Refinement of the risk-versus-benefit profile of GLP-1-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity has stimulated development of orally bioavailable agonists, allosteric modulators, and unimolecular multi-agonists, all targeting the GLP-1R."	( Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Drucker, DJ, 2018)	0.48
" In mice, GLP-1 fused to short-chain glycosphingolipids was rapidly and systemically absorbed after gastric gavage to affect glucose tolerance with serum bioavailability comparable to intraperitoneal injection of GLP-1 alone."	( Mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides by harnessing the endogenous sorting of glycosphingolipids. Chinnapen, DJ; Garcia-Castillo, MD; Gonzalez, RJ; Kahn, CR; Lau, J; Lencer, WI; Mrsny, RJ; Pacheco, M; Pentelute, BL; Softic, S; Te Welscher, YM; von Andrian, UH, 2018)	0.48
" However, their low bioavailability and short half-lives limit their massive potential as therapeutics."	( Hollow Microparticles as a Superior Delivery System over Solid Microparticles for the Encapsulation of Peptides. Dickescheid, A; Gautam, A; Kharel, S; Loo, SCJ, 2018)	0.48
" (2019) reported that gut intraepithelial T cells regulate GLP-1 bioavailability by capturing it on GLP-1 receptors and impacting L-cell numbers."	( Gut T Cells Feast on GLP-1 to Modulate Cardiometabolic Disease. Tsai, S; Winer, DA; Winer, S, 2019)	0.51
" It also seems that GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors can reverse polycystic ovary morphology in preclinical models and decrease serum concentrations of androgens and their bioavailability in women with PCOS."	( The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: from physiology to therapeutic perspective. DeVries, JH; Fliers, E; Janez, A; Jensterle, M; Siegelaar, SE; Vrtacnik-Bokal, E, 2019)	0.51
" This strategy increases the endogenous secretion of GLP-1 and the oral bioavailability of the GLP-1 analogue exenatide (4% bioavailability with our nanosystem)."	( Novel strategy for oral peptide delivery in incretin-based diabetes treatment. Beloqui, A; Cani, PD; Préat, V; Suriano, F; Van Hul, M; Xu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"We developed a novel nanosystem compatible with human use that synergizes its own biological effect with the effects of increasing the bioavailability of a GLP-1 analogue."	( Novel strategy for oral peptide delivery in incretin-based diabetes treatment. Beloqui, A; Cani, PD; Préat, V; Suriano, F; Van Hul, M; Xu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors increase the bioavailability of both GLP-1 and GIP but the dogma continues to be that it is the increase in GLP-1 that contributes to the improved glucose homeostasis."	( The role of GIP and pancreatic GLP-1 in the glucoregulatory effect of DPP-4 inhibition in mice. Augustin, R; D'Alessio, DD; Haller, A; Hutch, CR; Klein, T; Leix, K; Roelofs, K; Sandoval, DA; Seeley, RJ; Sorrell, J, 2019)	0.51
" Here, we further investigate the effects of MGAT2 inhibition on (a) fat-induced gut peptide release and fat intake in normal mice and (b) metabolic disorders in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed ob/ob mice, a model of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, using an orally bioavailable MGAT2 inhibitor Compound B (CpdB)."	( Inhibition of MGAT2 modulates fat-induced gut peptide release and fat intake in normal mice and ameliorates obesity and diabetes in ob/ob mice fed on a high-fat diet. Adachi, R; Kitazaki, T; Maki, T; Mochida, T; Nakakariya, M; Sato, K; Take, K; Takekawa, S, 2020)	0.56
"In rats, the absolute bioavailability of orally administered OHP2 was 20-fold greater than that of orally administered exendin-4."	( An orally available hypoglycaemic peptide taken up by caveolae transcytosis displays improved hypoglycaemic effects and body weight control in db/db mice. Gao, X; Ge, Y; Li, Y; Lu, W; Qian, P; Sai, W; Tian, H; Wang, Y; Yao, W, 2020)	0.56
" The present study tested the hypothesis that the bioavailability of intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is affected in HF, possibly contributing to disturbed glucose homeostasis."	( Postprandial increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 is blunted in severe heart failure. Antonio, EL; Arruda-Junior, DF; Crajoinas, RO; Dariolli, R; Dos Santos, L; Girardi, AC; Gowdak, LHW; Jensen, L; Krieger, JE; Martins, FL; Pereira, AC; Salles, TA; Tucci, PJF, 2020)	0.56
" This is an important feature of the pharmacology of this drug class that needs to be considered alongside selectivity, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics for rational optimization of new therapeutics."	( Evaluation of biased agonism mediated by dual agonists of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Chang, R; Dai, A; Darbalaei, S; Sexton, PM; Wang, MW; Wootten, D; Yang, D; Yuliantie, E; Zhao, P, 2020)	0.56
"This study examined the effects of a combination of soybean fiber and α-glycosyl-isoquercitrin (AGIQ) on improving quercetin bioavailability and glucose metabolism in rats fed an obesogenic diet."	( Combination of α-Glycosyl-Isoquercitrin and Soybean Fiber Promotes Quercetin Bioavailability and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion and Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Sucrose Diet. Hara, H; Hira, T; Trakooncharoenvit, A, 2021)	0.62
" The oral bioavailability of SHR-2042 was studied in rats and monkeys."	( Design and Development of a New Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist to Obtain High Oral Bioavailability. An, D; Cao, X; Chen, H; Kong, X; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Shi, S; Sun, L; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
"We believe that the design and development of oral SHR-2042 will provide a new way to design more and more GLP-1RAs with high oral bioavailability in the future."	( Design and Development of a New Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist to Obtain High Oral Bioavailability. An, D; Cao, X; Chen, H; Kong, X; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Shi, S; Sun, L; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
" Like other long-acting GLP-1 analogues, semaglutide reduces gastric emptying and, potentially, alters the rate of absorption of orally co-administered drugs."	( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide. Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)	0.72
" Relative bioavailability of the peptide was determined in minipigs via intraduodenal administration (ID) of enteric capsules."	( Identification of a Multi-Component Formulation for Intestinal Delivery of a GLP-1/Glucagon Co-agonist Peptide. -Mannan, AD; Aburub, A; ElSayed, MEH; Estwick, S; Patel, PJ; Sperry, A; Tran, H, 2022)	0.72
"76% bioavailability in minipigs relative to subcutaneous via ID administration using enteric capsules."	( Identification of a Multi-Component Formulation for Intestinal Delivery of a GLP-1/Glucagon Co-agonist Peptide. -Mannan, AD; Aburub, A; ElSayed, MEH; Estwick, S; Patel, PJ; Sperry, A; Tran, H, 2022)	0.72
" The subcutaneous bioavailability of semaglutide was 76."	( Novel LC-MS/MS analysis of the GLP-1 analog semaglutide with its application to pharmacokinetics and brain distribution studies in rats. An, Y; Choi, M; Kim, T; Kim, TH; Lee, TS; Oh, HS; Park, EJ; Shin, BS; Shin, S, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" dosing to mini-pigs."	( Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. Bloch, P; Gram, DX; Knudsen, LB; Knudsen, SM; Kofoed, J; Kruse, T; Lau, J; Madsen, K; McGuire, J; Nielsen, FS; Pettersson, I; Reedtz-Runge, S; Schäffer, L; Spetzler, J; Steensgaard, DB; Strauss, HM; Thygesen, P, 2015)	0.42
" GLP-1-related peptides were administered in a dosage of 400 pmol within 10 min into the pancreatic artery during glucose or arginine infusion and the changes in plasma insulin and glucagon in the pancreatic vein were studied."	( The structure-function relationship of GLP-1 related peptides in the endocrine function of the canine pancreas. Kawai, K; Koizumi, F; Ohashi, S; Ohneda, A; Ohneda, K; Ohneda, M; Suzuki, S, 1991)	0.28
" At reduced dosage (0."	( Glucagon-like peptide I reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in IDDM. Behme, MT; Dupre, J; Hramiak, IM; McDonald, TJ; McFarlane, P; Williamson, MP; Zabel, P, 1995)	0.29
" The binding of 125I-GLP-1(7-36)amide and the intensity of the cross-linked band were similarly inhibited in a dose-response manner by increasing concentrations of unlabeled GLP-1(7-36)amide."	( Structural characterization by affinity cross-linking of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide receptor in rat brain. Blázquez, E; Calvo, JC; Mora, F; Yusta, B, 1995)	0.29
" Analysis of glucose-insulin dose-response curves revealed a marked improvement of glucose sensitivity of the NOD endocrine pancreas in the presence of GLP-1 (half-maximal insulin output without GLP-1 15."	( Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (7-36) amide improves glucose sensitivity in beta-cells of NOD mice. Federlin, K; Göke, B; Linn, T; Schneider, K, 1996)	0.29
" Preexposure of the cells to GLP-1 induced a decrease in GLP-1-mediated cAMP production, as assessed by a 3- to 5-fold rightward shift of the dose-response curve and an approximately 20 percent decrease in the maximal production of cAMP."	( Desensitization and phosphorylation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by GLP-1 and 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Dolci, W; Thorens, B; Widmann, C, 1996)	0.29
" In the genetically obese Zucker rat, chronic dosing with GLP-1 (30 microg icv) once a day for 6 days caused significant reductions in food consumption each day and a reduction in body weight."	( Effect of chronic central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on food consumption and body weight in normal and obese rats. Compton, DS; Davis, HR; France, CF; Graziano, MP; Hoos, LM; Mullins, DE; Pines, JM; Strader, CD; Sybertz, EJ; Van Heek, M, 1998)	0.3
" We demonstrate here a gene dosage effect for the incretin action of GLP-1, as heterozygous GLP-1R +/- mice exhibit an abnormal glycemic response to oral glucose challenge in association with reduced circulating levels of glucose-stimulated insulin."	( Identification of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) actions essential for glucose homeostasis in mice with disruption of GLP-1 receptor signaling. Brubaker, PL; Cook, SM; Drucker, DJ; Marshall, BA; Scrocchi, LA, 1998)	0.3
" We concluded that low dosage GLP-1 improves the ability of the beta-cell to secrete insulin in both IGT and NIDDM subjects, but that the ability to sense and respond to subtle changes in plasma glucose is improved in IGT subjects, with only a variable response in NIDDM subjects."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1 improves the ability of the beta-cell to sense and respond to glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Arnold, R; Byrne, MM; Gliem, K; Göke, B; Katschinski, M; Polonsky, KS; Wank, U, 1998)	0.3
" We performed a dose-response study [ingestion of increasing amounts of glucose and complex carbohydrates (boiled rice and wheat bread), and the nonabsorbable disaccharide lactulose] in SB patients with an intact colon."	( Importance of colonic bacterial fermentation in short bowel patients: small intestinal malabsorption of easily digestible carbohydrate. Gudmand-Høyer, E; Holst, JJ; Jørgensen, S; Olesen, M, 1999)	0.3
" Time course dose-response studies indicate that the p38 MAPK induced inhibitory response may involve expression of immediate early genes (IEGs); maximum repression of rINS1 activity occurred after 4 h of treatment, comparable with regulatory responses by IEGs."	( Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) activation of insulin gene promoter inhibited by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Habener, JF; Kemp, DM, 2001)	0.31
" A high-dose graded glucose infusion protocol was used to explore the dose-response relationship between glucose and insulin secretion."	( GLP-1-induced alterations in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretory dose-response curve. Arnold, R; Brandt, A; Byrne, MM; Göke, B; Katschinski, M; Polonsky, KS, 2001)	0.31
" Subchronic multiple dosing of NN2211 (200 microg/kg) twice daily for 10 days to normal and MSG-treated rats caused profound inhibition of food intake."	( Systemic administration of the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 induces lasting and reversible weight loss in both normal and obese rats. Fledelius, C; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, PJ; Tang-Christensen, M, 2001)	0.31
" Dosing with NN2211 was performed on day 1, and days 5-11."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of NN2211, a new long-acting GLP-1 derivative, in healthy men. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Jensen, LB; Rolan, P; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
" After subcutaneous dosing with NN2211, 48-h pharmacokinetic, and 24-h glucose, insulin and glucagon profiles were assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
"This study provides evidence that NN2211 has a pharmacokinetic profile consistent with once-daily dosing in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of a single-dose of NN2211, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, in healthy male subjects. Agersø, H; Elbrønd, B; Hatorp, V; Jakobsen, G; Jensen, LB; Larsen, S; Rolan, P; Sturis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2002)	0.31
" However, the dose-response relationship between GLP-1 and basal and glucose-stimulated prehepatic insulin secretion rate (ISR) is currently not known."	( The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Holst, JJ; Kjems, LL; Madsbad, S; Vølund, A, 2003)	0.32
" A dose-response study of GLP-1 with glucose-stimulated islets showed that GLP-1 could overcome and completely restore the impaired insulin release in TPN islets, bringing about a marked increase in islet cAMP accumulation concomitant with heavy suppression of both glucose-stimulated increase in islet cGMP content and the activities of constitutive NOS (cNOS) and iNOS."	( Total parenteral nutrition-stimulated activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat pancreatic islets is suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1. Ekelund, M; Lundquist, I; Salehi, A, 2003)	0.32
" 9 h after NN2211 dosing; the insulin response would then be expected to be improved (higher) in the subjects dosed with NN2211."	( Pharmacodynamics of NN2211, a novel long acting GLP-1 derivative. Agersø, H; Vicini, P, 2003)	0.32
" GLP-1 increased the dose-response relationship between glucose concentration and insulin secretion (70 +/- 26 with GLP-1 versus 38 +/- 16 pmol insulin."	( Characterization of GLP-1 effects on beta-cell function after meal ingestion in humans. Ahrén, B; Holst, JJ; Mari, A, 2003)	0.32
"Administration of GLP-1 along with ingestion of a meal augments insulin secretion in humans by a dose-dependent potentiation of the dose-response relationship between plasma glucose and insulin secretion."	( Characterization of GLP-1 effects on beta-cell function after meal ingestion in humans. Ahrén, B; Holst, JJ; Mari, A, 2003)	0.32
" HbA(1c) decreased in all but the lowest liraglutide dosage group."	( Improved glycemic control with no weight increase in patients with type 2 diabetes after once-daily treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide (NN2211): a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Jakobsen, G; Madsbad, S; Matthews, DR; Ranstam, J; Schmitz, O, 2004)	0.32
" It was found that GLP-1 relaxed femoral artery rings in a dose-response manner."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1 relaxes rat conduit arteries via an endothelium-independent mechanism. Gonon, AT; Nyström, T; Pernow, J; Sjöholm, A, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curve revealed that the half-maximal effective dose (ED(50)) of VAPG was about 55 nm (25 nm for native GLP-1)."	( Synthesis, bioactivity and specificity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37)/polymer conjugate to isolated rat islets. Bae, YH; Kim, S; Wan Kim, S, 2005)	0.33
" This multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, double-dummy study explored the dose-response relationship of liraglutide effects on bodyweight and glycaemic control in subjects with Type 2 diabetes."	( Effects of liraglutide (NN2211), a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, on glycaemic control and bodyweight in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. An, B; Feinglos, MN; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Saad, MF; Santiago, O, 2005)	0.33
" This study examined acute (single dose) and chronic (once-a-day dosing for 21 days) effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin (0."	( Acute and chronic effects of the incretin enhancer vildagliptin in insulin-resistant rats. Balkan, B; Bolognese, L; Burkey, BF; Hughes, TE; Li, X; Mone, M; Russell, M; Wang, PR, 2005)	0.33
" These have different properties, in terms of their duration of action and anticipated dosing frequency, but data from protracted dosing studies is presently not available to allow comparison of their clinical efficacy."	( Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors: a promising new therapeutic approach for the management of type 2 diabetes. Deacon, CF; Holst, JJ, 2006)	0.33
" Sitagliptin possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Bergman, A; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Gottesdiener, KM; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Musson, D; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Van Dyck, K; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W, 2005)	0.33
" Multiple dosing of sitagliptin exhibited a PK/PD profile consistent with that of a QD regimen and was well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Bergman, AJ; Chen, L; Davies, MJ; De Smet, M; Herman, GA; Hilliard, D; Laethem, M; Ramael, S; Snyder, K; Stevens, C; Tanaka, W; Tanen, M; Wagner, JA; Wang, AQ; Winchell, G; Yi, B; Zeng, W; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The recommended dosage is 5 mug to 10 mug twice daily subcutaneously before breakfast and dinner."	( Exenatide: a novel incretin mimetic agent for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lam, S; See, S, )	0.13
"This article reviews available information on the clinical pharmacology, comparative efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, contraindications and precautions, dosage and administration, availability and storage, and cost of exenatide."	( Exenatide: an incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Baker, DE; Iltz, JL; Keith Campbell, R; Setter, SM, 2006)	0.33
" Following dosing on Day 7 of each treatment period, these pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for plasma sitagliptin and metformin: area under the plasma concentrations-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-12h)), maximum observed plasma concentrations (C(max)), and time of occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentrations (T(max))."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergman, A; Herman, GA; Kipnes, M; Yi, B, 2006)	0.33
"This randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled, 7-period crossover study assessed dose-response relationships following single oral doses (10-400 mg) of vildagliptin in 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes during OGTT. Bullock, JM; Deacon, CF; Dunning, BE; Foley, JE; He, YL; Holst, JJ; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Wang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Blood and urine were collected over 72 hours after dosing for pharmacokinetic analysis and determination of plasma DPP-4 inhibition and active glucagon-like peptide -1(GLP-1) concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of single increasing doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in healthy male subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Mekki, QA; Wann, ER, 2008)	0.35
" Across alogliptin doses, mean peak DPP-4 inhibition ranged from 93% to 99%, and mean inhibition at 24 hours after dosing ranged from 74% to 97%."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of single increasing doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in healthy male subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Mekki, QA; Wann, ER, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate dose-response efficacy and safety of once-daily human GLP-1 analog liraglutide in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes."	( Dose-dependent improvement in glycemia with once-daily liraglutide without hypoglycemia or weight gain: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Kaku, K; Rasmussen, MF; Seino, Y; Zdravkovic, M, 2008)	0.35
" Liraglutide also reduced, with significant dose-response (each p<0."	( Dose-dependent improvement in glycemia with once-daily liraglutide without hypoglycemia or weight gain: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Kaku, K; Rasmussen, MF; Seino, Y; Zdravkovic, M, 2008)	0.35
" In summary, these data suggest that alogliptin is a potent and highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor with demonstrated efficacy in Zucker fa/fa rats and potential for once-daily dosing in humans."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Asakawa, T; Christopher, RJ; Kassel, DB; Lee, B; Shi, L; Takeuchi, K, 2008)	0.35
" Additionally, these treatment modalities are often limited by inconvenient dosage regimens and safety and tolerability issues, the latter including hypoglycemia, bodyweight gain, edema, and gastrointestinal intolerance."	( Long-acting GLP-1 analogs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2008)	0.35
" The effect of 1 to 2 months of chronic dosing of BI 1356 in two different animal models was investigated."	( Chronic treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor BI 1356 [(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione] increases basal glucagon-like peptide-1 and improves glycemic contro Mark, M; Tadayyon, M; Thomas, L, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, doses >or=200 mg of LC15-0444 inhibited plasma DPP IV activity by >80% over a 24-hour dosing interval, and a 600-mg dose increased active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels after a standardized meal."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LC15-0444 in healthy Korean men: a dose-block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending single-dose, Phase I study. Cho, JY; Choi, YJ; Hong, JH; Hwang, DM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, KP; Kwon, OH; Lim, KS; Shin, HS; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2008)	0.35
"In dose-response (0."	( Dairy protein and leucine alter GLP-1 release and mRNA of genes involved in intestinal lipid metabolism in vitro. Chen, Q; Reimer, RA, 2009)	0.35
"Albiglutide has a half-life that favours once weekly or less frequent dosing with an acceptable safety/tolerability profile in non-diabetic subjects."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects. Bush, MA; De Boever, EH; Dobbins, RL; Gutierrez, M; Hodge, RJ; Holland, MC; Matthews, JE; Stewart, MW; Walker, SE, 2009)	0.35
" Subsequently, the effects of a 1-week chronic daily dosing of DPP-IV inhibitors and sulfonylureas were investigated."	( Antidiabetic effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors and sulfonylureas in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Hayakawa, M; Matsuyama-Yokono, A; Nakano, R; Shibasaki, M; Shiraki, K; Someya, Y; Tahara, A, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, current treatment modalities are often limited by inconvenient dosing regimens, safety and tolerability issues, the latter including hypoglycemia, body weight gain, edema and gastrointestinal side effects."	( Incretin-based therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2009)	0.35
" The aims of this study were (i) to design a controlled release (CR) mucoadhesive (in the intestine) formulation of miglitol which would inhibit the alpha-glucosidase enzyme for a longer duration of time (in comparison to the non-controlled release (IR) formulation) thus reducing the dosing frequency, and also controlling the postprandial glucose levels more effectively over a longer period of time; (ii) to assess the effect of different formulation parameters on the release of miglitol in vitro from the CR pellets; (iii) to evaluate the mucoadhesion of pellets in the intestine ex vivo; (iv) to study the effect of formulation parameters on plasma GLP-1 levels; and (v) to find out the effect of formulations on postprandial glucose levels."	( Design and evaluation of oral bioadhesive controlled release formulations of miglitol, intended for prolonged inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidases and enhancement of plasma glucagon like peptide-1 levels. Babu, RK; Deshpande, MC; Trivedi, RK; Venkateswarlu, V, 2009)	0.35
"To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of incremental doses of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, administered with three dosing schedules in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise or metformin monotherapy."	( Potential of albiglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial exploring weekly, biweekly, and monthly dosing. Bush, M; Reusch, J; Rosenstock, J; Stewart, M; Yang, F, 2009)	0.35
" The metabolic effects of these two peptides with respect to weight loss, caloric reduction, glucose control, and lipid lowering, were compared upon chronic dosing in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Adams, JR; Bianchi, E; Capito', E; Carrington, PE; Chicchi, GG; Du, X; Eiermann, G; Jiang, G; Lassman, ME; Liu, F; Marsh, DJ; Miller, C; Pessi, A; Petrov, A; Pocai, A; Santoprete, A; SinhaRoy, R; Sountis, MM; Thornberry, N; Tota, LM; Wright, M; Zhang, X; Zhou, G; Zhu, L, 2009)	0.35
"Maximum circulating GLP-1 concentrations were achieved at approximately 10 min after dosing with detectable levels at 40 min."	( Evaluation of novel particles as an inhalation system for GLP-1. Carrera, K; Cope, S; Daniels, S; Grant, M; Greene, S; Leone-Bay, A; Reyes, S; Richardson, P; Smithson, A; Stowell, G; Villanueva, S, 2009)	0.35
" Electrocardiograms were recorded periodically over 24 hours at the end of placebo and highest dosing periods."	( Absence of QTc prolongation in a thorough QT study with subcutaneous liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analog for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Chatterjee, DJ; Khutoryansky, N; Litwin, JS; Sprenger, CR; Zdravkovic, M, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, current treatment modalities are often limited by inconvenient dosing regimens and safety and tolerability issues, the latter including hypoglycaemia, body weight gain, oedema and gastrointestinal side effects."	( The spectrum of antidiabetic actions of GLP-1 in patients with diabetes. Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2009)	0.35
" Advances in GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy include development of agents with longer durations of activity allowing for more convenient dosing of therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes, which should lead to better patient compliance, adherence, and overall clinical outcomes."	( Beyond glycemic control: treating the entire type 2 diabetes disorder. Brunton, S, 2009)	0.35
" We investigated the dose-response relationship for GLP-1-induced glucagon suppression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and healthy controls."	( Preserved inhibitory potency of GLP-1 on glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asmar, M; Deacon, CF; Hare, KJ; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Madsbad, S; Vilsbøll, T, 2009)	0.35
" * Whether dosing of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide should be modified in patients with renal impairment has not previously been studied."	( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. Hindsberger, C; Jacobsen, LV; Robson, R; Zdravkovic, M, 2009)	0.35
" It was concluded that pharmacokinetic profiles estimated by modeling showed that liraglutide has pharmacokinetic properties consistent with once-daily dosing in humans and provides better pharmacokinetic coverage in comparison with twice-daily exenatide."	( Population pharmacokinetics of liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, in healthy volunteers and subjects with type 2 diabetes, and comparison to twice-daily exenatide. Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Jonker, DM; Watson, E, 2010)	0.36
" The presence of impaired kidney function with reduced glomerular filtration rate should influence choices, dosing, and monitoring of hypoglycemic agents, as some agents require a dosing adjustment in patients with kidney disease and some are entirely contraindicated."	( Selection and dosing of medications for management of diabetes in patients with advanced kidney disease. Berns, JS; Reilly, JB, )	0.13
"To date, results of clinical trials suggest that albiglutide may provide a more attractive dosing profile compared with the currently available GLP-1 analogs."	( Albiglutide: a new GLP-1 analog for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Miller, SA; St Onge, EL, 2010)	0.36
" After the dosing period, HbA1c was measured and pancreatic damage was evaluated by biological and histological analyses."	( Chronic administration of DSP-7238, a novel, potent, specific and substrate-selective DPP IV inhibitor, improves glycaemic control and beta-cell damage in diabetic mice. Furuta, Y; Hochigai, H; Horiguchi, M; Kimura, H; Masui, Y; Nakagawa, T; Nakahira, H; Ono-Kishino, M; Otani, M; Sakai, M; Sato, Y; Sugaru, E; Taiji, M; Takubo, K; Tsuchida, A, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, adverse effects, and place in therapy of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, are reviewed."	( Liraglutide: a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Joffe, D, 2010)	0.36
"To use time trade-off (TTO) to compare patient preferences for profiles of two glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (liraglutide and exenatide) that vary on four key attributes - efficacy (as measured by hemoglobin A(1C)), incidence of nausea, incidence of hypoglycemia, and dosing frequency (QD vs."	( A comparison of preferences for two GLP-1 products--liraglutide and exenatide--for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Conner, C; Hammer, M; McDonald, S; Polster, M; Zanutto, E, 2010)	0.36
" Estimated preference scores from the conjoint analysis revealed that efficacy measured by hemoglobin A(1C) is the most important attribute, followed by nausea, hypoglycemia, and dosing schedule."	( A comparison of preferences for two GLP-1 products--liraglutide and exenatide--for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Conner, C; Hammer, M; McDonald, S; Polster, M; Zanutto, E, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, current treatment modalities are often limited by inconvenient dosing regimens, safety, and tolerability issues, the latter including hypoglycemia, body weight gain, edema, and gastrointestinal side effects."	( Incretin-based therapy and type 2 diabetes. Hare, KJ; Knop, FK, 2010)	0.36
" To date, GLP-1 analogs are only available as injectable dosage forms, and its oral delivery is expected to provide physiological portal/peripheral concentration ratios while fostering patient compliance and adherence."	( Novel glucagon-like peptide-1 analog delivered orally reduces postprandial glucose excursions in porcine and canine models. Arbit, E; Eldor, R; Greenberg-Shushlav, Y; Kidron, M, 2010)	0.36
" Further development of this drug class in an oral dosage form is expected to enhance diabetes control and patient compliance."	( Novel glucagon-like peptide-1 analog delivered orally reduces postprandial glucose excursions in porcine and canine models. Arbit, E; Eldor, R; Greenberg-Shushlav, Y; Kidron, M, 2010)	0.36
" Weekly dosing resulted in steady-state plasma exenatide concentrations after 6-7 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of exenatide extended-release after single and multiple dosing. Aisporna, M; Cirincione, B; Diamant, M; Fineman, M; Flanagan, S; Kothare, P; Li, WI; MacConell, L; Mace, KF; Shen, LZ; Taylor, K; Walsh, B, 2011)	0.37
" Blood samples for ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel measurements were drawn until 74 hours post dosing of the contraceptive during liraglutide and placebo treatments."	( Treatment with liraglutide--a once-daily GLP-1 analog--does not reduce the bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel taken as an oral combination contraceptive drug. Hindsberger, C; Jacobsen, LV; Vouis, J; Zdravkovic, M, 2011)	0.37
" These effects were seen after the first dose and were sustained through the weekly dosing cycle."	( A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Barrington, P; Chien, JY; Cui, S; Ellis, B; Hardy, TA; Schneck, K; Showalter, HD; Tibaldi, F, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, a hierarchical population modeling approach is used, together with a previously reported model relating glucose to insulin appearance, to determine quantitative in vivo dose-response relationships between GLP-1 dose level and both first- and second-phase insulin release."	( Effects of increasing doses of glucagon-like peptide-1 on insulin-releasing phases during intravenous glucose administration in mice. Ahrén, B; Chan, HM; D'Argenio, DZ; Jain, R; Pacini, G, 2011)	0.37
"0%), even at maximal dosage levels of one or two oral agents, and are at increased risk for diabetes-related complications."	( Cost-effectiveness of liraglutide versus rosiglitazone, both in combination with glimepiride in treatment of type 2 diabetes in the US. Conner, C; Hammer, M; Lee, WC, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate the dose-response relationship of the recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (rGLP-1) administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSCI) in subjects with type 2 diabetes, with respect to reductions in fasting, postprandial and 11-h serum glucose profiles."	( Dose response of subcutaneous GLP-1 infusion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ehlers, MR; Harley, RE; Holst, JJ; Kipnes, MS; Torekov, SS, 2011)	0.37
" Longer-acting GLP-1 agonists are dosed less frequently, appear to be associated with less nausea, and may be associated with better rates of adherence than shorter-acting agents."	( Optimizing outcomes for GLP-1 agonists. Freeman, JS, 2011)	0.37
" However, limited data with the intended once-daily 20 μg subcutaneous dosing necessitate further evaluation of lixisenatide as add-on to various antidiabetic treatments."	( Lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Christensen, M; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2011)	0.37
" To address the need to directly compare the food intake- and body weight-suppressive effects of these two GLP-1R ligands, acute and chronic dosing experiments were performed."	( Comparative effects of the long-acting GLP-1 receptor ligands, liraglutide and exendin-4, on food intake and body weight suppression in rats. Alhadeff, AL; Grill, HJ; Hayes, MR; Kanoski, SE, 2011)	0.37
"The objective was to investigate the dose-response effects of l-arabinose on intestinal sucrase activity in vitro and glucose tolerance, appetite, and energy intake in humans."	( The effects of L-arabinose on intestinal sucrase activity: dose-response studies in vitro and in humans. Andersen, JR; Bukhave, K; Hels, O; Holst, JJ; Krog-Mikkelsen, I; Tetens, I, 2011)	0.37
" Patients with normal renal function demonstrated decreases in body weight and systolic blood pressure with either dosage of liraglutide, whereas patients in either RI group also demonstrated a decrease in body weight and systolic blood pressure, but these differences were not significant compared with differences observed in the placebo group."	( Mild renal impairment and the efficacy and safety of liraglutide. Brett, J; Davidson, JA; Falahati, A; Scott, D, )	0.13
" Extended dosing periods have demonstrated the durability of response of liraglutide with respect to glycemic control, lack of weight gain, and blood pressure benefits."	( Liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a clinical update. Peters, KR, )	0.13
" Although promising, these agents are associated with limitations, including hypoglycaemia with insulin, gastrointestinal adverse events with GLP-1 receptor agonists and frequent dosing with both classes."	( Using albumin to improve the therapeutic properties of diabetes treatments. Ahrén, B; Burke, B, 2012)	0.38
"Liraglutide has been shown to improve glucose control and weight loss compared to other pharmacologic treatments with diabetes and may offer improved control with a decrease in daily dosing compared to exenatide."	( Place in therapy for liraglutide and saxagliptin for type 2 diabetes. Brock, M; McFarland, MS; Ryals, C, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of liraglutide are unaffected by age, sex, race, or ethnicity, and no special recommendations for altered dosing of liraglutide need apply to populations with hepatic or renal impairment."	( Liraglutide: clinical pharmacology and considerations for therapy. Sisson, EM, 2011)	0.37
" Finally, the action of GLP-1 on β-cell mass expansion is abolished in both transgenic mice and cultured β-cells with increased dosage of SirT1."	( Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibits the sirtuin deacetylase SirT1 to stimulate pancreatic β-cell mass expansion. Bastien-Dionne, PO; Buteau, J; Gu, W; Kon, N; Valenti, L, 2011)	0.37
" GLP-1R agonists-which can be dosed to pharmacologic levels-act directly upon the GLP-1R."	( The pharmacologic basis for clinical differences among GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. Morales, J, 2011)	0.37
" However, short-term treatment (14 weeks) with liraglutide increased b-cell maximal response capacity in a dose-response fashion."	( [Protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on beta-cells: preclinical and clinical data]. Consoli, A; Di Biagio, R, 2011)	0.37
" This article provides insights into the use of pharmacometric analyses for regulatory review with a focus on the dosing recommendations."	( Dosing rationale for liraglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pharmacometric assessment. Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Jonker, DM; Khurana, M; Le Thi, TD; Madabushi, R; Tornøe, CW; Watson, E, 2012)	0.38
" After the acute test, rats were dosed bi-daily for 14 days in which period food intake and body weight was monitored."	( Liraglutide: short-lived effect on gastric emptying -- long lasting effects on body weight. Hansen, G; Jelsing, J; Knudsen, LB; Raun, K; Tang-Christensen, M; Vrang, N, 2012)	0.38
"While both compounds exerted robust acute reductions in GE, the effect was markedly diminished following 14 days of dosing with liraglutide."	( Liraglutide: short-lived effect on gastric emptying -- long lasting effects on body weight. Hansen, G; Jelsing, J; Knudsen, LB; Raun, K; Tang-Christensen, M; Vrang, N, 2012)	0.38
" These agents allow for less-frequent dosing schedules, improved glycemic control throughout the day, and improved treatment satisfaction compared to some available agents."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in development for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Brackett, A; Harris, K; Tzefos, M, 2012)	0.38
"Once-weekly GLP-1 agonists provide similar glycemic control with weight reduction, as well as overall higher treatment satisfaction for patients because of their ease of use and need for less-frequent dosing compared to some available agents."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in development for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Brackett, A; Harris, K; Tzefos, M, 2012)	0.38
" Liraglutide dosing to mice was not found to activate RET."	( GLP-1 receptor agonists and the thyroid: C-cell effects in mice are mediated via the GLP-1 receptor and not associated with RET activation. Andersen, L; Andersen, S; Barlas, A; de Boer, AS; Fagin, JA; Gotfredsen, C; Knauf, JA; Knudsen, LB; Madsen, LW; Manova, K; Moelck, AM; Nyborg, NC; Pilling, A; Sjögren, I; Vundavalli, S, 2012)	0.38
" Neither pancreatitis nor preneoplastic proliferative lesions was found in monkeys dosed for 87 weeks, with plasma liraglutide exposure 60-fold higher than that observed in humans at the maximal clinical dose."	( The human GLP-1 analog liraglutide and the pancreas: evidence for the absence of structural pancreatic changes in three species. Knudsen, LB; Madsen, LW; Mølck, AM; Nyborg, NC, 2012)	0.38
" Multiple dosing of JNJ-38431055 increased post-meal total glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric insulinotropic peptide concentrations compared to baseline."	( Effects of JNJ-38431055, a novel GPR119 receptor agonist, in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Gambale, JJ; Katz, LB; Rothenberg, PL; Sarich, TC; Stein, PP; Vaccaro, N; Vanapalli, SR; Xi, L, 2012)	0.38
" Clinicians should be aware of this possible complication and closely follow liraglutide's dosage titration recommendations in the package insert."	( Liraglutide-induced acute kidney injury. Boone, K; Kaakeh, Y; Kanjee, S; Sutton, J, 2012)	0.38
" To improve gastrointestinal tolerability, an incremental dosing approach is used with liraglutide and exenatide twice daily."	( Non-glycaemic effects mediated via GLP-1 receptor agonists and the potential for exploiting these for therapeutic benefit: focus on liraglutide. Garber, AJ; Vilsbøll, T, 2012)	0.38
" The present model can be used to predict the effects of other dosage regimens of vildagliptin on DPP-4 inhibition, active GLP-1, glucose and insulin concentrations, or can be modified and applied to other incretin-related anti-diabetes therapies."	( Mechanism-based population modelling of the effects of vildagliptin on GLP-1, glucose and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. He, YL; Jusko, WJ; Landersdorfer, CB, 2012)	0.38
" In a single-center, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study, we evaluated safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in female patients with IBS-C."	( Effect of a glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, ROSE-010, on GI motor functions in female patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Boldingh, A; Burton, D; Camilleri, M; Iturrino, J; Kenny, E; Månsson, M; McKinzie, S; Rao, AS; Vazquez-Roque, M; Wong, BS; Zinsmeister, AR, 2012)	0.38
" Male and female ZDF rats were dosed for 13 wk with liraglutide (0."	( The effects of 13 wk of liraglutide treatment on endocrine and exocrine pancreas in male and female ZDF rats: a quantitative and qualitative analysis revealing no evidence of drug-induced pancreatitis. Jelsing, J; Jensen, AE; Knudsen, LB; Simonsen, L; Søeborg, H; Thorup, I; Vrang, N, 2012)	0.38
" The future may hold interesting developments in terms of reduced dosing frequency, oral formulations and alternative therapeutic uses."	( A comparison of currently available GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Montanya, E, 2012)	0.38
"7 years) were studied on two occasions following 2 days dosing with sitagliptin (100 mg/day) or placebo."	( The effects of sitagliptin on gastric emptying in healthy humans - a randomised, controlled study. Deacon, CF; Horowitz, M; Jones, KL; Nauck, M; Rayner, CK; Stevens, JE, 2012)	0.38
" Based on the present results, more extensive experimental studies in vivo, comparing dose-response characteristics and efficacy of curaglutide and exendin-4 appear warranted."	( Postconditioning with curaglutide, a novel GLP-1 analog, protects against heart ischemia-reperfusion injury in an isolated rat heart. Döhler, KD; Engstrøm, T; Salling, HK; Treiman, M, 2012)	0.38
"This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial randomized 167 patients who were anti-hyperglycaemic medication-naïve or had discontinued metformin monotherapy [mean baseline HbA(1c) 59 ± 8 to 61 ± 8 mmol/mol (7."	( Monotherapy with the once-weekly GLP-1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose-dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Botros, FT; Bsharat, R; Chang, A; Garcia Soria, G; Grunberger, G; Milicevic, Z, 2012)	0.38
"00 hours and then dosed with maltodextrin at 12."	( Dietary fibre fermentability but not viscosity elicited the 'second-meal effect' in healthy adult dogs. Beloshapka, AN; Deng, P; Swanson, KS; Vester Boler, BM, 2013)	0.39
" While the hypophagic effects of exogenous CCK are attenuated in food-deprived rats, CCK dose-response relationships for NTS and hypothalamic activation in fed and fasted rats are unknown."	( Overnight food deprivation markedly attenuates hindbrain noradrenergic, glucagon-like peptide-1, and hypothalamic neural responses to exogenous cholecystokinin in male rats. Maniscalco, JW; Rinaman, L, 2013)	0.39
" A sulfonylurea, pioglitazone, or exenatide can be added to maximally dosed metformin if additional glycemic control is necessary."	( Diabetes update: new drugs to manage type 2 diabetes. Erlich, DR; Shaughnessy, A; Slawson, DC, 2013)	0.39
" Exposure of MIN6 and GLUTag cells to MW1219 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and GLP-1 release; once-daily oral dosing of MW1219 for 6 weeks in diabetic db/db mice reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and improved plasma glucose, insulin and GLP-1 levels; it also increased glucose tolerance."	( High-throughput screening for GPR119 modulators identifies a novel compound with anti-diabetic efficacy in db/db mice. Boutin, J; Feng, Y; He, M; Li, T; Nosjean, O; Renard, P; Wang, J; Wang, MW; Yang, D; Zhang, M; Zhao, J, 2013)	0.39
" Comparisons performed among the dosing schedules indicated that dosing immediately before breakfast maximized the PD effects of LX4211 on both SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibition."	( Effects of LX4211, a dual sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 inhibitor, on postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine in a dose-timing study in healthy subjects. Banks, P; Boehm, KA; Frazier, K; Freiman, J; Ogbaa, I; Powell, D; Ruff, D; Sands, A; Turnage, A; Zambrowicz, B, 2013)	0.39
"This clinical study indicates that dosing of LX4211 immediately before breakfast maximized the PD effects of both SGLT1 and SGLT 2 inhibition and provided a convenient dosing schedule for future trials."	( Effects of LX4211, a dual sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 inhibitor, on postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine in a dose-timing study in healthy subjects. Banks, P; Boehm, KA; Frazier, K; Freiman, J; Ogbaa, I; Powell, D; Ruff, D; Sands, A; Turnage, A; Zambrowicz, B, 2013)	0.39
" However, extensive toxicology assessments in a substantial number of animals dosed up to 2 years at high multiples of human exposure do not support these concerns."	( Occurrence of spontaneous pancreatic lesions in normal and diabetic rats: a potential confounding factor in the nonclinical assessment of GLP-1-based therapies. Bonner-Weir, S; Chadwick, KD; Fletcher, AM; Graziano, MJ; Janovitz, E; Mangipudy, RS; Parrula, MC; Reilly, TP; Roy, D, 2014)	0.4
" Thus, we aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (rGLP-1) administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSCI) in subjects with type 2 diabetes."	( Dose response of continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 in combination with metformin and sulphonylurea over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ehlers, MR; Holst, JJ; Torekov, SS, 2014)	0.4
" Furthermore, during light-phase restricted feeding, repeated dosing of exendin-4 at the beginning of the dark phase profoundly influenced both the food intake and daily rhythms of clock gene expression in peripheral tissues."	( Indirect effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 on the peripheral circadian clocks in mice. Ando, H; Fujimura, A; Ushijima, K, 2013)	0.39
"Alternative dosing strategies for liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are described."	( Alternative dosing strategies for liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cole, SW; Marino, AB; Nuzum, DS, 2014)	0.4
" Due to dose-related adverse effects, it is reasonable to assume that smaller or slower dosage adjustments may improve tolerability and increase the likelihood that the patient will be able to continue therapy long term."	( Alternative dosing strategies for liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cole, SW; Marino, AB; Nuzum, DS, 2014)	0.4
"Alternative dosing strategies that allow for slower dosage adjustments or smaller dosages may offer improved tolerability and increase the likelihood that patients will be able to continue long-term therapy with liraglutide."	( Alternative dosing strategies for liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cole, SW; Marino, AB; Nuzum, DS, 2014)	0.4
" Novo Nordisk has conducted extensive toxicology studies, including data on pancreas weight and histology, in Cynomolgus monkeys dosed with two different human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists."	( The human GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide: absence of histopathological effects on the pancreas in nonhuman primates. Gotfredsen, CF; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, MO; Mølck, AM; Nyborg, NC; Salanti, Z; Thorup, I, 2014)	0.4
" Twenty-seven subjects received gemigliptin (50 mg once daily), metformin (1,000 mg twice a day), or both drugs for 7 days per dosing period."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gemigliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Ahn, JY; Cho, JY; Cho, YM; Jang, IJ; Kim, JA; Lee, H; Lee, S; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2014)	0.4
" Sitagliptin increased active GLP-1, but caused a profound suppression of total PYY, GLP-1, and GIP when dosed alone or with GSK263."	( Gut hormone pharmacology of a novel GPR119 agonist (GSK1292263), metformin, and sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from two randomized studies. Apseloff, G; Atiee, G; Bush, MA; Collins, DA; Corsino, L; Feldman, PL; Gillmor, D; McMullen, SL; Morrow, L; Nunez, DJ, 2014)	0.4
"A dose-response strategy may not only allow investigation of the impact of foods and nutrients on human health but may also reveal differences in the response of individuals to food ingestion based on their metabolic health status."	( A dose-response strategy reveals differences between normal-weight and obese men in their metabolic and inflammatory responses to a high-fat meal. Buri, C; Chollet, M; Egger, L; Gijs, MA; Kopf-Bolanz, KA; Laederach, K; McTernan, PG; Piya, MK; Portmann, R; Pralong, F; Schwander, F; Vergères, G; Vionnet, N, 2014)	0.4
"05) in blood glucose levels during 2-11 h post dosing and a significant increase in insulin AUC0-11h (2."	( Oral delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 by a recombinant Lactococcus lactis. Agarwal, P; Billack, B; Khatri, P; Low, WK; Shao, J, 2014)	0.4
" Advantages include once-weekly dosing and fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared with liraglutide, but it is less effective at reducing A1C and weight compared to liraglutide."	( Albiglutide: a new GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nuffer, W; Trujillo, JM, 2014)	0.4
" (Tanzeum™) and European Union (Eperzan®) for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes with a dosage of 30 mg once weekly, which may be increased to 50 mg if the glycemic response is inadequate."	( Albiglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Gastaldelli, A; Muscogiuri, G, 2014)	0.4
" It is an attractive option because it is dosed once-weekly, provides A1C lowering similar to liraglutide, weight reduction similar to exenatide, and has an adverse effect profile similar to exenatide and liraglutide."	( Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM, 2015)	0.42
" With a half-life of approximately 12 h, once daily dosing might be feasible; however, significant effects on appetite and weight loss may necessitate dosage or dosing frequency reductions."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy cats. Adin, CA; Borin-Crivellenti, S; Gilor, C; Hall, MJ; Lakritz, J; Rajala-Schultz, P; Rudinsky, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" Postmeal dosing had little impact, yet premeal dosing delayed and reduced 3-OMG absorption, with an AUC0-10 of 231±31 vs."	( Selective sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 inhibitors block glucose absorption and impair glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release. Andrews, SM; Breed, SL; Chen, L; Dobbins, RL; Greenway, FL; Liu, Y; Smith, CD; Wald, JA; Walker, A, 2015)	0.42
" We found that exendin-4 exerts its effect on failing human islet grafts in a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( The effects of exendin-4 treatment on graft failure: an animal study using a novel re-vascularized minimal human islet transplant model. Abadpour, S; Foss, A; Gorman, T; Hoeyem, M; Johansson, L; Korsgren, O; Sahraoui, A; Scholz, H; Skrtic, S; Smith, DM; Winzell, MS, 2015)	0.42
" The recent approval of insulin degludec/liraglutide administered in a fixed ratio combination is unique not simply for the additive benefits of the two agents, but because it now permits adjustable dosing of liraglutide together with insulin, providing better glucose control than with either agent alone at lower dose levels."	( First fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Rendell, M, 2015)	0.42
" Further long-term studies, preferably in patients with more impaired microvascular function and using a higher dosage of GLP-1 analogues, are needed to confirm these findings."	( Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide on coronary microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes - a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over pilot study. Faber, R; Michelsen, MM; Mygind, ND; Pena, A; Prescott, E; Zander, M, 2015)	0.42
"These data show that d-Ala(8) GLP-1(Lys(37) ) pentasaccharide exerts significant antidiabetic actions and has a projected pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile that merits further evaluation in humans for a possible once-weekly dosing regimen."	( Pharmacological characterization and antidiabetic activity of a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue conjugated to an antithrombin III-binding pentasaccharide. Bos, ES; de Kort, M; Dokter, WH; Flatt, PR; Irwin, N; Miltenburg, AM; Moffett, RC; Patterson, S, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, and place in therapy of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist albiglutide are reviewed."	( Albiglutide: A once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Davis, PN; Ndefo, UA; Oliver, A; Payton, E, 2015)	0.42
"GLP-1 at this dosage improves peripheric pulmonary vessel morphology in intra-acinar vessels with no effect on airway morphometry but with significant maternal and fetal side effects."	( The Effect of Transplacental Administration of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Fetal Lung Development in the Rabbit Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Deprest, JA; Eastwood, MP; Jimenez, J; Kampmeijer, A; Toelen, J; Vanbree, R; Verbist, G; Zia, S, 2016)	0.43
" We show that transient exposure to high glucose activates a multicomponent feedback loop that causes a stable left shift of the glucose concentration-reactive oxygen species (ROS) dose-response curve."	( GLP-1 Cleavage Product Reverses Persistent ROS Generation After Transient Hyperglycemia by Disrupting an ROS-Generating Feedback Loop. Brownlee, M; Carratú, A; D'Apolito, M; Divakaruni, AS; Du, X; Gerfen, GJ; Giacco, F; Giardino, I; Marin, O; Murphy, AN; Rasola, A; Shah, MS, 2015)	0.42
" dosing to mini-pigs."	( Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. Bloch, P; Gram, DX; Knudsen, LB; Knudsen, SM; Kofoed, J; Kruse, T; Lau, J; Madsen, K; McGuire, J; Nielsen, FS; Pettersson, I; Reedtz-Runge, S; Schäffer, L; Spetzler, J; Steensgaard, DB; Strauss, HM; Thygesen, P, 2015)	0.42
"We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing any GLP-1 RA licensed for once-weekly dosing (albiglutide, dulaglutide or exenatide extended release) with placebo or other antidiabetic agents."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)	0.42
"Given their dosing scheme and overall efficacy and safety profile, once-weekly GLP-1 RAs are a convenient therapeutic option for use as add-on to metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Boura, P; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Matthews, DR; Paschos, P; Rika, M; Tsapas, A; Vasilakou, D, 2015)	0.42
"Single oral dosing of encapsulated glutamine did not provoke consistent increases in GLP-1 and insulin secretion and was not associated with beneficial metabolic effects in healthy volunteers or patients with type 2 diabetes."	( The effect of encapsulated glutamine on gut peptide secretion in human volunteers. Gribble, F; Lewis, HB; Meek, CL; Park, A; Reimann, F; Vergese, B, 2016)	0.43
" The αAnalogue (100 nmol/kg) induced elevated energy expenditure and reduced food intake after single dosing in normal rats."	( Long acting analogue of the calcitonin gene-related peptide induces positive metabolic effects and secretion of the glucagon-like peptide-1. Clausen, TR; Hansen, TK; Hartmann, B; Kodra, JT; Lau, JF; Nilsson, C; Raun, K; Rosenquist, C; Sams, A, 2016)	0.43
" The median dosing period was 320 days."	( Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor, as a Second-line Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Do Not Respond to Incretin-Based Therapies Including Glucagon-like Pep Isogawa, A; Ohki, T; Tagawa, K; Toda, N, 2016)	0.43
" Within dosage groups, total GLP-1 concentrations were similar, but intact GLP-1 concentrations were much lower when infused via the mesenteric artery because of extensive degradation of GLP-1 in the splanchnic bed."	( The insulinotropic effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 is not affected by acute vagotomy in anaesthetized pigs. Christensen, LW; Deacon, CF; Hansen, M; Hartmann, B; Hjøllund, KR; Holst, JJ; Larsen, SA; Plamboeck, A; Veedfald, S, 2016)	0.43
" The dose-response study of the effect of PTU and Z7 on GLP-1 release using wild-type and TAS2R38 knockout HuTu-80 cells showed that the receptor TAS2R38 plays a major role in GLP-1 release due to these molecules."	( A bitter pill for type 2 diabetes? The activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 can stimulate GLP-1 release from enteroendocrine L-cells. Abrol, R; Cai, J; Goddard, WA; Hui, H; Knudsen, B; Levin, N; Morvaridi, S; Pandol, SJ; Pham, H; Tan, J; Wu, V; Zhang, S, 2016)	0.43
" Study 1 compared the bioavailability and effects on circulating glucose and gut hormones (glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY) of Metformin DR dosed twice-daily to twice-daily immediate-release metformin (Metformin IR)."	( Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials. Baron, A; Burns, C; Buse, JB; DeFronzo, RA; Fineman, M; Kim, T; Skare, S, 2016)	0.43
" The half-life of plasma DPP-4 inhibition with saxagliptin 5 mg is ~27 h, which supports a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Saxagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor. Boulton, DW, 2017)	0.46
" 26a displayed a robust and long-lasting hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice (once a day dosing (QD) and 18-day treatment) owing to sustained stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, which suggested that robust hypoglycemic effect could be achieved with activation of TGR5 in intestine alone."	( Intestinally-targeted TGR5 agonists equipped with quaternary ammonium have an improved hypoglycemic effect and reduced gallbladder filling effect. Cao, H; Chen, ZX; Feng, Y; Leng, Y; Ning, MM; Shen, JH; Wang, K; Ye, YL; Zou, QA, 2016)	0.43
"Short-term intake of a high-fat diet aggravates postprandial glucose metabolism; however, the dose-response relationship has not been investigated."	( Short-term high-fat diet alters postprandial glucose metabolism and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in healthy males. Endo, N; Kawano, H; Konishi, M; Numao, S; Sakamoto, S; Takahashi, M; Yamada, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Exercise-induced changes in appetite-regulating hormones may be intensity-dependent, however a clear dose-response relationship has not been established."	( Total PYY and GLP-1 responses to submaximal continuous and supramaximal sprint interval cycling in men. Copeland, JL; Hallworth, JR; Hazell, TJ; Islam, H, 2017)	0.46
" To conclude, GSPE inhibits food intake through GLP-1 signaling, but it needs to be dosed under optimal conditions to exert this effect."	( Defining Conditions for Optimal Inhibition of Food Intake in Rats by a Grape-Seed Derived Proanthocyanidin Extract. Ardévol, A; Blay, M; Casanova-Martí, À; Pinent, M; Serrano, J; Terra, X, 2016)	0.43
" On the basis of the relationship shown, changes in clinical efficacy in association with dose change were examined in order to discuss clinical dosage from the standpoint of proper usage."	( Evaluation of drug efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors based on theoretical analysis with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Kimura, K; Takayanagi, R; Uchida, T; Yamada, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Dosage form development should focus on overcoming the limitations facing oral peptides delivery as degradation by proteolytic enzymes and poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)."	( Novel strategies in the oral delivery of antidiabetic peptide drugs - Insulin, GLP 1 and its analogs. Csóka, I; Ismail, R, 2017)	0.46
" In healthy mice and rats treated with LX2761, blood glucose excursions were lower and plasma total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels higher after an oral glucose challenge; these decreased glucose excursions persisted even when the glucose challenge occurred 15 hours after LX2761 dosing in ad lib-fed mice."	( LX2761, a Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 1 Inhibitor Restricted to the Intestine, Improves Glycemic Control in Mice. Carson, KG; DaCosta, CM; Ding, ZM; Doree, DD; Goodwin, NC; Gopinathan, S; Greer, J; Harris, AL; Harrison, BA; Jeter-Jones, S; Mseeh, F; Powell, DR; Rawlins, DB; Smith, MG; Strobel, ED; Thompson, A; Wilson, A; Xiong, W; Zambrowicz, B, 2017)	0.46
"The method was established for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon (LLOQ: 15 pg/ml) and dosed GLP-1 (LLOQ: 25 pg/ml) in human plasma, and is the first such method avoiding immunoenrichment."	( Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS (SRM) method for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon and dosed GLP-1 from human plasma. Bloom, S; Cegla, J; Creaser, CS; Howard, JW; Jones, B; Kay, RG; Tan, T, 2017)	0.46
"The LC-MS/MS method offers a viable alternative to immunoassays for quantitation of endogenous glucagon, dosed glucagon and/or dosed GLP-1."	( Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS (SRM) method for the quantitation of endogenous glucagon and dosed GLP-1 from human plasma. Bloom, S; Cegla, J; Creaser, CS; Howard, JW; Jones, B; Kay, RG; Tan, T, 2017)	0.46
"0 nmol/kg), which ranged from subthreshold to maximal doses to stimulate first-phase insulin secretion as evident from initial dose-response studies."	( Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: effects alone and in combination on insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in mice. Ahrén, B; Pacini, G, 2017)	0.46
" In in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the half-life of BPI-3016 was more than 95h after single dosing in diabetic cynomolgus monkeys."	( BPI-3016, a novel long-acting hGLP-1 analogue for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, H; Ding, L; He, E; Long, W; Lu, S; Ma, C; Tan, F; Wang, Y; Yan, D, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic data supported once-daily dosing and pharmacodynamic effect displayed dose-dependent reductions in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Evidence of glycaemic effect and pharmacokinetic profiles consistent with once-daily dosing render this drug candidate suitable to be further tested in multiple-dose clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 after single subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects. DiMarchi, R; Jadidi, S; Portron, A; Sarkar, N; Schmitt, C, 2017)	0.46
" The effects of exenatide were examined on the following prespecified covariates within the first 6 hours from study drug initiation: lactate level, blood glucose level, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and combined dosage of norepinephrine and dopamine."	( The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Exenatide Increases Blood Glucose Clearance, Lactate Clearance, and Heart Rate in Comatose Patients After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Engstrøm, T; Frydland, M; Hassager, C; Høfsten, DE; Kjaergaard, J; Køber, L; Lindholm, MG; Møller, JE; Schmidt, H; Thomsen, JH; Wiberg, S; Winther-Jensen, M, 2018)	0.48
" Using a randomised, controlled, dose-response crossover trial in 20 young, healthy, Chinese men, volunteers were served white rice with 3 doses of curry made with mixed spices and vegetables."	( Polyphenol-rich curry made with mixed spices and vegetables increases postprandial plasma GLP-1 concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Chia, SC; Haldar, S; Henry, CJ, 2018)	0.48
"Pharmacogenetics is a promising area of medical research, providing methods to identify the appropriate pharmaceutical agent and dosing for each unique patient."	( Pharmacogenetics of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Goulis, DG; Karras, SN; Kotsa, K; Koufakis, T; Kyriazou, A; Rapti, E, 2017)	0.46
" Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days after the last dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)	0.48
" The favorable safety profiles of OW GLP-1 RAs, added to their efficacy and the favorable weekly dosing regimen, make these agents appropriate options for patients with T2D."	( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frias, JP, 2018)	0.48
"In this single-dose, Phase 1 study in healthy subjects, the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of MEDI0382 support once-daily dosing and further clinical development of MEDI0382."	( MEDI0382, a GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist, meets safety and tolerability endpoints in a single-dose, healthy-subject, randomized, Phase 1 study. Ambery, PD; Hirshberg, B; Jermutus, L; Klammt, S; Petrone, M; Posch, MG; Pu, W; Rondinone, C, 2018)	0.48
" Diet-induced obese mice (DIO) were dosed orally with KDT501 and acute effects on glucose homeostasis determined."	( Intestinal bitter taste receptor activation alters hormone secretion and imparts metabolic benefits. Albert, V; Behrens, M; Bland, JS; Fang, M; Galmozzi, A; Godio, C; Grayson, N; Kim, SM; Kim, W; Kok, BP; Littlejohn, NK; Meyerhof, W; Saez, E; Siuzdak, G; Srinivasan, S, 2018)	0.48
" RDX8940-induced increases in plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) levels were enhanced by repeated dosing and by coadministration of DPP4 inhibitors."	( Intestinal TGR5 agonism improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice. Bell, N; Blanco, E; Caldwell, JS; Carreras, CW; Chen, T; Dragoli, D; Finn, PD; Hsu, IH; Jacobs, JW; Jain, R; Jiang, Z; King, AJ; Kohler, J; Koo-McCoy, S; Kozuka, K; Le, C; Leadbetter, M; Lewis, JG; Okamoto, K; Rodriguez, D; Shaw, K; Siegel, M; Vanegas, S; Wan, S, 2019)	0.51
" Semaglutide was initiated at 3 mg/d and escalated every 4 weeks, first to 7 mg/d then to 14 mg/d, until the randomized dosage was achieved."	( Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Allison, D; Birkenfeld, AL; Blicher, TM; Davies, M; Deenadayalan, S; Jacobsen, JB; Rosenstock, J; Serusclat, P; Violante, R; Watada, H, 2019)	0.51
"It appears that bochnaloside at oral dosage greater than 150 mg/kg/day exerts antidiabetic effects in vivo through modulating the action of GLP-1."	( Effects of boschnaloside from Boschniakia rossica on dysglycemia and islet dysfunction in severely diabetic mice through modulating the action of glucagon-like peptide-1. Chen, CT; Huang, C; Lee, LC; Lin, LC; Liu, HK; Shiao, YJ; Song, JS, 2019)	0.51
"In patients with HbA1c ≥10% treatment with GLP1RA plus basal insulin, compared with basal-bolus insulin, resulted in better glycaemic control and body weight, lower insulin dosage and hypoglycaemia, and improved quality of life."	( A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of treating patients with type 2 diabetes and highly elevated HbA1c levels with basal-bolus insulin or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist plus basal insulin: The SIMPLE study. Abreu, M; Adams-Huet, B; Dimachkie, P; Elhassan, A; Gunasekaran, U; Li, X; Lingvay, I; Meneghini, LF; Papacostea, O; Peicher, K; Pop, LM; Siddiqui, MS; Tumyan, A, 2019)	0.51
" T-3601386, but not a partial agonist fasiglifam, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in CHO cells with low FFAR1 expression, and single dosing of T-3601386 in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats elevated plasma incretin levels, suggesting full agonistic properties of T-3601386 against GPR40."	( GPR40 full agonism exerts feeding suppression and weight loss through afferent vagal nerve. Abe, SI; Ito, R; Maruyama, M; Miyamoto, Y; Miyashita, H; Moritoh, Y; Nishigaki, N; Ogino, H; Takeuchi, K; Tsujihata, Y; Ueno, H, 2019)	0.51
" In a dose-response comparison, DA-CH5 was more effective than the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4."	( The Novel Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist DA-CH5 Is Superior to Single GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease. Hölscher, C; Li, L; Li, Y; Melchiorsen, JU; Rosenkilde, M; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.56
" These methods are also used for routine quality control analysis of teneligliptin in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Review on Chemistry, Analysis and Pharmacology of Teneligliptin: A Novel DPP-4 Inhibitor. Hatware, K; Patil, K; Sharma, R; Sharma, S, 2020)	0.56
"6 g/kg dosage obviously up-regulated 5-HT and DA levels in hippocampus."	( Effects of Zuojin pill on depressive behavior and gastrointestinal function in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress: Role of the brain-gut axis. Duan, XH; Huang, YZ; Liu, WL; Su, KH; Wang, T; Yan, YF; Yang, L, 2020)	0.56
"A 2-week parallel randomized clinical trial with an additional visit conducted 1 week after dosing termination."	( Sucralose Consumption over 2 Weeks in Healthy Subjects Does Not Modify Fasting Plasma Concentrations of Appetite-Regulating Hormones: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Aguilar-Salinas, CA; Almeda-Valdes, P; Brito-Córdova, GX; Gómez-Díaz, RA; Gómez-Pérez, FJ; Guillén-Pineda, LE; López-Carrasco, MG; Romo-Romo, A, 2020)	0.56
" A dose-response study in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD showed both a dose-dependent drug effect on the inflammation response and the reduction of amyloid plaques in the brain."	( The Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist DA4-JC Shows Superior Protective Properties Compared to the GLP-1 Analogue Liraglutide in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Gengler, S; Goulding, EM; Hölscher, C; Maskery, M; Melchiorsen, JU; Rosenkilde, MM, )	0.13
" Samples from eight individuals with type 2 diabetes and eight age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls, all of whom underwent three differently dosed OGTTs (25 g, 75 g, and 125 g), and three matched IIGIs were utilised (NCT00529048)."	( Circulating Levels of the Soluble Receptor for AGE (sRAGE) during Escalating Oral Glucose Dosages and Corresponding Isoglycaemic i.v. Glucose Infusions in Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes. Bagger, JI; Borg, DJ; Forbes, JM; Fotheringham, AK; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; McCarthy, DA; Vilsbøll, T, 2020)	0.56
" During a 4-week intervention period, treatment of supaglutide of weekly dosing dose-dependently decreased fasting and random blood glucose levels."	( Novel GLP-1 analog supaglutide improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic monkeys. Cui, Q; Huang, X; Jiang, Y; Li, J; Liang, Y; Liao, Y; Ma, A; Shao, A; Tao, W; Wang, Q; Wang, Z; Wu, M; Yang, Z; Zeng, W; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Q, 2021)	0.62
" A once-per-day dosing regimen may be recommended as clinically efficacious."	( Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Daily Administration of Fotagliptin Benzoate for 14 Days for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ding, YH; Li, QQ; Li, XJ; Li, Y; Sun, HG; Wu, M; Zhang, H; Zhu, XX, 2021)	0.62
"The consumption of pea protein reduced postprandial glycaemia and stimulated insulin release in healthy adults with a dose-response effect, supporting its role in regulating glycaemic and insulinaemic responses."	( Co-ingestion of NUTRALYS Achebe, I; Ahlström, E; Guérin-Deremaux, L; Lefranc-Millot, C; Lightowler, H; Maher, T; Sampson, A; Thondre, PS, 2021)	0.62
" However, medications in this class differ considerably in their dosing frequency, which may impact adherence."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)	0.62
" Studies of adults with T2D were included if they compared adherence (as measured by proportion of days covered [PDC]) to injectable GLP-1RAs dosed once weekly vs once daily."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)	0.62
"Once weekly dosing of injectable GLP-1RAs was associated with better adherence vs once daily dosing among patients with T2D."	( Medication adherence to injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists dosed once weekly vs once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Brock, MD; Cannon, JM; Muraoka, AK; Weeda, ER, 2021)	0.62
" We examined the dose-response relationship for GLP-1 on glucose-induced glucagon suppression in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes."	( Glucagonostatic Potency of GLP-1 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Patients With Type 1 Diabetes, and Healthy Control Subjects. Bagger, JI; Grøndahl, MFG; Holst, JJ; Knop, FK; Lund, A; Vilsbøll, T, 2021)	0.62
" A mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) was used to investigate the potential metabolic benefits of chronic dosing of each antagonist, alone or in combination with liraglutide."	( Chronic peptide-based GIP receptor inhibition exhibits modest glucose metabolic changes in mice when administered either alone or combined with GLP-1 agonism. Bewick, GA; Ghosh, SS; Grønlund, RV; Maggs, D; Parkes, DG; Pedersen, PJ; Rajagopalan, H; Tsakmaki, A; West, JA, 2021)	0.62
" Three approaches may be considered to potentiate weight loss: an increase of the drug dosage because of the demonstration of a dose-response, an add-on therapy with a sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor as this agent exerts a complementary action through urinary calorie loss (glucosuria) or a combination of the effects of two incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP), as the potent dual agonist tirzepatide currently in development."	( [Potentiation of weight reduction with GLP-1 receptor agonists]. Paquot, N; Scheen, AJ, 2021)	0.62
"Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is available as monotherapy in both subcutaneous as well as oral dosage form (first approved oral GLP-1 receptor agonist)."	( Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes. Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that stable steady-state concentrations could be achieved with once-daily dosing owing to the long half-life of oral semaglutide."	( A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Aroda, VR; Blonde, L; Pratley, RE, 2022)	0.72
" Since the efficacy in relation to reduction of HbA1c and body weight as well as tolerability and dosing frequency vary between agents, the GLP-1 RAs cannot be considered equal."	( Cardiovascular effects of incretins: focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Holst, JJ; Madsbad, S, 2023)	0.91
" In vivo pharmacological studies were performed using acute and subchronic dosing regimens to demonstrate target engagement for the GCGR and GLP-1R, and weight lowering efficacy."	( BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Augustin, R; Baader-Pagler, T; Bajrami, B; Drucker, DJ; Haebel, P; Hamprecht, D; Klein, H; Neubauer, H; Reindl, W; Rist, W; Santhanam, R; Simon, E; Thomas, L; Uphues, I; Zimmermann, T, 2022)	0.72
"BI 456906 is a potent, acylated peptide containing a C18 fatty acid as a half-life extending principle to support once-weekly dosing in humans."	( BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Augustin, R; Baader-Pagler, T; Bajrami, B; Drucker, DJ; Haebel, P; Hamprecht, D; Klein, H; Neubauer, H; Reindl, W; Rist, W; Santhanam, R; Simon, E; Thomas, L; Uphues, I; Zimmermann, T, 2022)	0.72
" Furthermore, DLG3312@NPs extended the efficacy of DLG3312, leading to a decrease in the dosing schedule that from once a day to once every other day."	( Sustained release of GLP-1 analog from γ-PGA-PAE copolymers for management of type 2 diabetes. Chen, T; Chen, Y; Gao, J; Huang, J; Jin, M; Pan, Y; Tan, S; Wu, Y; Yang, F; Yang, T; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
" This trial compared the recommended dosing schedule with alternative schedules."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)	0.91
" Subjects (n = 156) were randomised to five dosing schedules: 2-, 4-, or 6-h pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (treatment arms: 2 h-30 min, 4-30 min, 6 h-30 min); 2-h pre-dose fast followed by an overnight post-dose fast (treatment arm: 2 h-night); or overnight pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (reference arm: night-30 min)."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)	0.91
"This trial supports dosing oral semaglutide in accordance with prescribing information, which requires dosing in the fasting state."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)	0.91
" This study investigates whether different dosing schedules for oral semaglutide could potentially offer more flexibility to patients in the timing of their oral semaglutide dosing."	( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects. Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)	0.91
"Exercise in young adults (18-25 yr) suppresses appetite in a dose-response relationship with exercise intensity."	( Intense interval exercise induces lactate accumulation and a greater suppression of acylated ghrelin compared with submaximal exercise in middle-aged adults. Bornath, DPD; Hazell, TJ; Jarosz, C; Kenno, KA; McCarthy, SF; Medeiros, PJ; Tucker, JAL, 2023)	0.91
" In the identified studies, multiple dosing regimens were utilised for semaglutide."	( Weight loss with subcutaneous semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Bacchi, S; Boyd, M; Bristow, TC; Chang, S; Gupta, A; Heilbronn, L; Heng, J; Horowtiz, M; Kovoor, J; Maddern, G; Murray, T; Ngoi, B; Ovenden, C; Rayner, C; Stretton, B; Talley, NJ; Thompson, CH, 2023)	0.91
") semaglutide dosing patterns in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK and Germany as well as oral semaglutide in the UK."	( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)	0.91
"5-mg dosage formulation was the most common for both cohort 1 (65."	( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)	0.91
" Its dose-response relationships with respect to side effects, safety, and efficacy for the treatment of obesity are not known."	( Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial. Coskun, T; Du, Y; Frías, JP; Gurbuz, S; Hartman, ML; Haupt, A; Jastreboff, AM; Kaplan, LM; Milicevic, Z; Wu, Q, 2023)	0.91
"Based on population PK, exposure levels over time consistently explained the weight-loss trajectories across trials and dosing regimens."	( A model-based approach to predict individual weight loss with semaglutide in people with overweight or obesity. Horn, DB; Larsen, MS; Overgaard, RV; Rubino, D; Strathe, A; Sørrig, R; Tran, MTD; Wharton, S, 2023)	0.91
"This open-label, single-center pilot study suggests that GLP-1-RAs are an effective and safe treatment option for achieving significant weight loss with a favorable effect on headache, leading to reduced acetazolamide dosage in pwIIH."	( Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists is associated with significant weight loss and favorable headache outcomes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Bsteh, G; Harreiter, J; Itariu, B; Krajnc, N; Macher, S; Marik, W; Michl, M; Novak, K; Pemp, B; Wöber, C, 2023)	0.91

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Bile Acid Direct Signalling Pathway (2)	3	2
Pancreas Function - Beta Cell	19	10

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0001	0.0001	0.0031	0.0140	AID1247343; AID1247344
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0051	0.0001	0.0031	0.0140	AID1053246; AID1874888; AID241907; AID242388; AID345043
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0000	0.0000	0.0417	0.7943	AID1247346; AID1500821; AID328850; AID73181
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0005	0.0005	3.1353	6.2700	AID328863
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	AID1483062
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0593	0.0000	0.0417	0.7943	AID1053245; AID1066039; AID1450908; AID1483054; AID1573521; AID1573523; AID1573525; AID1874754; AID1874889; AID1874890; AID1874891; AID1874892; AID1890030; AID240065; AID240152; AID345045
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contraction	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signaling	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone secretion	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stress	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressure	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contraction	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signaling	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone secretion	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stress	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressure	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvation	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
generation of precursor metabolites and energy	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
exocytosis	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to starvation	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glycogen metabolic process	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone binding	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone binding	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon receptor activity	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon receptor activity	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone binding	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Glucagon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1247346	Agonist activity at human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells after 3 hrs by CRE firefly luciferase reporter gene assay in absence of human serum albumin	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18	Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
AID1418845	Drug metabolism in minipig plasma assessed as DDP-4-meditaed GLP1(9 to 37 residues) formation by measuring half life at 1 uM by LC-MS analysis	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23	Design of Y
AID328859	Induction of 10 mM glucose-induced insulin release in CD1 GLP1 receptor knockout mouse pancreatic islets at 1000 nM	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1500823	Selectivity ratio of EC50 for full length human GLP1R expressed in HEK293 cells to EC50 for human GCGR expressed in HEK293 cells	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138	A novel glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist exhibits weight-lowering and diabetes-protective effects.
AID328861	Induction of 3 mM glucose-induced insulin release in CD1 wild type mouse pancreatic islets at 1000 nM	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1500828	Anorectic activity in overnight fasted ICR mouse assessed as reduction in cumulative food intake at 1000 nmol/kg, ip measured up to 24 hrs post dose	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138	A novel glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist exhibits weight-lowering and diabetes-protective effects.
AID328858	Induction of 10 mM glucose-induced insulin release in CD1 GLP1 receptor knockout mouse pancreatic islets at 100 nM	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID328850	Agonist activity at human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells assessed as cAMP accumulation	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1500822	Agonist activity at human GCGR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cAMP accumulation after 20 mins by HTRF assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138	A novel glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist exhibits weight-lowering and diabetes-protective effects.
AID328856	Induction of 10 mM glucose-induced insulin release in CD1 wild type mouse pancreatic islets at 100 nM	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1247344	Displacement of [125I]-GLP1 from human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells after 2 hrs in presence of 2% human serum albumin	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18	Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
AID23627	Plasma half life was determined in pigs	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration.
AID73181	Potency measured using recombinant human GLP-1 receptor expressed in Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK)cells	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-04, Volume: 43, Issue:9	Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration.
AID1062175	Induction of 8 mM glucose-induced insulin secretion in Han Wistar rat pancreatic islets after 2 hrs by HTRF assay	2013	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-12, Volume: 4, Issue:12	Stapled Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Derivatives Improve VPAC2 Agonism and Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion.
AID328863	Binding affinity to human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID328855	Antagonist activity at human glucagon receptor assessed as forskolin-induced cAMP production	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1247343	Displacement of [125I]-GLP1 from human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells after 2 hrs in absence of human serum albumin	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18	Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
AID328860	Induction of 3 mM glucose-induced insulin release in CD1 wild type mouse pancreatic islets at 100 nM	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan-16, Volume: 104, Issue:3	Small-molecule agonists for the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
AID1247345	Ratio of IC50 for human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells in presence of 2% human serum albumin to IC50 for human GLP1 receptor expressed in BHK cells in absence of human serum albumin	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18	Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
AID1870342	Hypoglycemic activity in sixteen hrs fasted wild type C57BL/6 mouse assessed as increase in insulin concentration at 500 microg/kg, ip followed by oral glucose at 2 g/Kg and measured upto 150 mins by OGTT	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7	S-Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide-Enabled Tryptophan-Selective Modification with Application to Peptide Lipidation.
AID1500821	Agonist activity at full length human GLP1R expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cAMP accumulation after 20 mins by HTRF assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138	A novel glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist exhibits weight-lowering and diabetes-protective effects.
AID1870343	Hypoglycemic activity in sixteen hrs fasted wild type C57BL/6 mouse assessed as reduction in glucose concentration at 500 microg/kg, ip followed by oral glucose at 2 g/Kg and measured upto 150 mins by OGTT	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7	S-Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide-Enabled Tryptophan-Selective Modification with Application to Peptide Lipidation.
AID1500819	Body weight lowering effect in ICR mouse assessed as cumulative changes in body weight at 1000 nmol/kg, ip administered every other day for 2 weeks	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138	A novel glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon receptor dual agonist exhibits weight-lowering and diabetes-protective effects.
AID1345996	Human GLP-1 receptor (Glucagon receptor family)	1993	Endocrinology, Oct, Volume: 133, Issue:4	Cloning and functional expression of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor.
AID366080	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered 90 mins before 18 mmol/kg, ip glucose injection after 45 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1874920	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as effect on beta-arrestin-2 signaling by measuring EC50 in presence of BETP	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874909	Induction of plasma insulin level in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as increase in insulin level at 0.1 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose measured at 10 mins in presence of glucose	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1066039	Activation of human GLP-1 receptor overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP accumulation after 20 mins by HTRF assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 56, Issue:24	Design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel dicoumarol glucagon-like peptide 1 conjugates.
AID1053249	Stability of the compound assessed as porcine DPP4-mediated compound degradation at 0.1 mM measured over 30 mins by reverse-phase HPLC/MS analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874890	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as stimulation intracellular calcium mobilization measured after 180 secs by Fluo-3-AM dye based fluorescence assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID365821	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered simultaneously with glucose at 18 mmol/kg, ip after 15 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID366081	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered 90 mins before 18 mmol/kg, ip glucose injection after 60 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1874911	Binding affinity to human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 incubated for 1 hr in presence of BETP by time-resolved fluorescence assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1573525	Agonist activity at Rluc8 fused human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed co-expressing GFP-tagged beta-arrestin2 assessed as increase in beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 20 to 40 mins by BRET assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID1874914	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as reduction in cAMP accumulation incubated for 2 hrs under dark condition in presence of BETP by LANCE cAMP assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874905	Upregulation of PGAM2 mRNA expression in n rat INS1 cells at 100 nM incubated for 18 hrs in presence of glucose by RT-qPCR analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID365824	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered simultaneously with glucose at 18 mmol/kg, ip after 60 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1890030	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP release incubated for 20 min by HTRF analysis	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 233	Peptide-based long-acting co-agonists of GLP-1 and cholecystokinin 1 receptors as novel anti-diabesity agents.
AID1573523	Agonist activity at Rluc8 fused human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed co-expressing GFP-tagged beta-arrestin1 assessed as increase in beta-arrestin1 recruitment after 20 to 40 mins by BRET assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID365825	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered 90 mins before 18 mmol/kg, ip glucose injection after 15 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID609336	Binding affinity to human Dipeptidyl peptidase-4	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15	Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable quinoline-based dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors targeting Lys554.
AID1874916	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as stimulation intracellular calcium mobilization measured after 180 secs in presence of BETP by Fluo-3-AM dye based fluorescence assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1573521	Agonist activity at human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cAMP accumulation after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID345045	Agonist activity at human GLP1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of cAMP production	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	Influence of selective fluorination on the biological activity and proteolytic stability of glucagon-like peptide-1.
AID1874899	Effect on human GLP-1R receptor internalization expressed in CHO cells measured after 60 mins by ELISA analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874906	Induction of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rat INS1 cells measured after 1 to 16 hrs by HTRF assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1276176	Induction of insulin release in rat BRIN-BD11 cells at 1 uM after 20 mins measured per 10'6 cells in presence of 5.6 mM glucose by radioimmunoassay (Rvb = 1.05 +/- 0.03 ng)	2015	Journal of natural products, Dec-24, Volume: 78, Issue:12	Conformational Analysis of the Host-Defense Peptides Pseudhymenochirin-1Pb and -2Pa and Design of Analogues with Insulin-Releasing Activities and Reduced Toxicities.
AID1874908	Reduction in blood glucose level in intraperitoneal glucose injected C57BL/6J mouse by measuring glucose area under curve at 0.1 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose measured in 90 mins by glucose tolerance test	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID240438	Concentration required for maximum elevation of cAMP of human GLP1 receptor expressing in CHO cells	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID365820	Degradation activity of DPP4 assessed as metabolic stability after 4 hrs by HPLC	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1874900	Induction of rat INS1 cell proliferation at 10 uM incubated for 5 days in presence of glucose by CFSE staining based flow cytometric analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1053254	Metabolic stability in human plasma assessed as half life of DPP4-mediated compound degradation	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1890031	Agonist activity at human CCK1R expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as ERK1/2 phosphorylation incubated for 5 mins by AlphaScreen assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 233	Peptide-based long-acting co-agonists of GLP-1 and cholecystokinin 1 receptors as novel anti-diabesity agents.
AID1483062	Agonist activity at mouse GLP-1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP accumulation after 30 mins by HTRF assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-25, Volume: 60, Issue:10	Design of Novel Exendin-Based Dual Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Receptor Agonists.
AID1874892	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as increase in beta arrestin-2 recruitment incubated for 1 hr by chemiluminescence based pathHunter assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1053214	Stability of the compound assessed as porcine pancreatic trypsin-mediated compound degradation at 0.1 mM after 10 secs by reverse-phase HPLC/MS analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID365822	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered simultaneously with glucose at 18 mmol/kg, ip after 30 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID242388	Inhibitory concentration against human GLP1 receptor expressed in CHO cell membrane homogenates with 1%DMSO	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID1388452	Stability in plasma (unknown origin) assessed as DPP4-mediated drug degradation by measuring half life	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-01, Volume: 26, Issue:10	Peptide therapeutics from venom: Current status and potential.
AID1874910	Binding affinity to human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 incubated for 1 hr in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine by time-resolved fluorescence assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID365823	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered simultaneously with glucose at 18 mmol/kg, ip after 45 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1874917	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R assessed as increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation at Thr202/Tyr204 residues incubated for 20 mins in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine by AlphaLISA assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1573526	Agonist activity at Rluc8 fused human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed co-expressing GFP-tagged beta-arrestin2 assessed as increase in beta-arrestin2 recruitment after 20 to 40 mins by BRET assay relative to control	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID1053241	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction of blood glucose level at 0.2 mg/kg, ip measured at 240 mins relative to vehicle-treated control	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1053243	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction of blood glucose level at 0.2 mg/kg, ip after 90 mins relative to vehicle-treated control	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874898	Drug uptake in human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing GFP assessed as drug internalization at 100 nM incubated for 30 mins by inverted microscopic analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID241907	Inhibitory concentration required against human GLP1 receptor expressed in CHO cell membrane homogenates	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID240152	Effective concentration against human GLP1 receptor expressed in CHO cells with 1%DMSO	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID1874921	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as effect on beta-arrestin-2 signaling by measuring Emax in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874915	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as stimulation intracellular calcium mobilization measured after 180 secs in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine by Fluo	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1053248	Stability of the compound assessed as half life of recombinant human DPP4-mediated compound degradation at 0.1 mM by reverse-phase HPLC/MS analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874913	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as reduction in cAMP accumulation incubated for 2 hrs under dark condition in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine by LAN	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874926	Induction of rat Pancreatic beta cell proliferation incubated for 7 days relative to control	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874888	Binding affinity to human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 incubated for 1 hr by time-resolved fluorescence assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874902	Reduction in palmitate-induced apoptosis in rat INS1 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 100 nM incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1483055	Agonist activity at human glucagon receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP accumulation after 30 mins by HTRF assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-25, Volume: 60, Issue:10	Design of Novel Exendin-Based Dual Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Receptor Agonists.
AID366079	Decrease in blood glucose level in Kunming mouse at 25 nmol/kg, ip administered 90 mins before 18 mmol/kg, ip glucose injection after 30 mins	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 16, Issue:16	Microwave-assisted solid phase synthesis, PEGylation, and biological activity studies of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide.
AID1053240	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction of blood glucose AUC (0 to 480 mins) at 0.2 mg/kg, ip	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874903	Upregulation of GPI mRNA expression in n rat INS1 cells at 100 nM incubated for 18 hrs in presence of glucose by RT-qPCR analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID345048	Stability in human	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	Influence of selective fluorination on the biological activity and proteolytic stability of glucagon-like peptide-1.
AID1450908	Agonist activity at human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells harboring mCerulean and mCitrine fused Epac protein assessed as increase in cAMP level up to 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-14, Volume: 60, Issue:17	Peptide Half-Life Extension: Divalent, Small-Molecule Albumin Interactions Direct the Systemic Properties of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Analogues.
AID1874889	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells coexpressing beta-arrestin-2 assessed as reduction in cAMP accumulation incubated for 2 hrs under dark condition by LANCE cAMP assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1890032	Agonist activity at human CCK2R expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as ERK1/2 phosphorylation incubated for 5 mins by AlphaScreen assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 233	Peptide-based long-acting co-agonists of GLP-1 and cholecystokinin 1 receptors as novel anti-diabesity agents.
AID1053245	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as stimulation of cAMP production	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874907	Reduction in blood glucose level in intraperitoneal glucose injected C57BL/6J mouse at 0.1 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose measured 20 to 60 mins by glucose tolerance test	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID240455	Concentration required in presence of 1% DMSO for maximum cAMP elevation in CHO cells expressing human GLP1 receptor	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID345043	Displacement of [125I]exendin(9-39) from human GLP1R expressed in CHO cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	Influence of selective fluorination on the biological activity and proteolytic stability of glucagon-like peptide-1.
AID1053212	Stability of the compound assessed as porcine pancreatic chymotrypsin-mediated compound degradation at 0.1 mM after 10 secs by reverse-phase HPLC/MS analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1483063	Agonist activity at mouse glucagon receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP accumulation after 30 mins by HTRF assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-25, Volume: 60, Issue:10	Design of Novel Exendin-Based Dual Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Receptor Agonists.
AID1573522	Agonist activity at human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cAMP accumulation after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID1874901	Induction of rat INS1 cell proliferation at 10 uM incubated for 7 days in presence of glucose by CFSE staining based flow cytometric analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874918	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R assessed as increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation at Thr202/Tyr204 residues incubated for 20 mins in presence of BETP by AlphaLISA assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874754	Agonist activity at human GLP1R expressed in frozen cells assessed as increase in cAMP production measured after 1 hr by HitHunter luminescence assay	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 13, Issue:8	Discovery of MK-1462: GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes.
AID1874922	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as effect on beta-arrestin-2 signaling by measuring Emax in presence of BETP	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1483054	Agonist activity at human GLP-1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as cAMP accumulation after 30 mins by HTRF assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-25, Volume: 60, Issue:10	Design of Novel Exendin-Based Dual Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Receptor Agonists.
AID1874919	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as effect on beta-arrestin-2 signaling by measuring EC50 in presence of N-(tert-butyl)-6,7-dichloro-3-(methylsulfonyl)quinoxalin-2-amine	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID1874757	Agonist activity at rhesus monkey GLP1R	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-11, Volume: 13, Issue:8	Discovery of MK-1462: GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes.
AID1329273	Induction of increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat BRIN-BD11 cells assessed as insulin release per million cells at 1 uM after 20 mins by radioimmunoassay (Rvb = 1 +/- 0.03 ng)	2016	Journal of natural products, 09-23, Volume: 79, Issue:9	Purification, Conformational Analysis, and Properties of a Family of Tigerinin Peptides from Skin Secretions of the Crowned Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis.
AID1573524	Agonist activity at Rluc8 fused human GLP1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed co-expressing GFP-tagged beta-arrestin1 assessed as increase in beta-arrestin1 recruitment after 20 to 40 mins by BRET assay relative to control	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential.
AID1874904	Upregulation of PFKP mRNA expression in n rat INS1 cells at 100 nM incubated for 18 hrs in presence of glucose by RT-qPCR analysis	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
AID240065	Effective concentration against human GLP1 receptor expressed in CHO cells	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Identification of CJC-1131-albumin bioconjugate as a stable and bioactive GLP-1(7-36) analog.
AID1053246	Displacement of [125I]-exendin (9 to 39) from human GLP-1R expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1053244	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction of blood glucose level at 0.2 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins relative to vehicle-treated control	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21	A general method for making peptide therapeutics resistant to serine protease degradation: application to dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates.
AID1874891	Agonist activity at human GLP-1R assessed as increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation at Thr202/Tyr204 residues incubated for 20 mins by AlphaLISA assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-08, Volume: 65, Issue:17	Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	59 (0.64)	18.7374
1990's	655 (7.09)	18.2507
2000's	1733 (18.77)	29.6817
2010's	5013 (54.28)	24.3611
2020's	1775 (19.22)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	1,208 (12.74%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	2,057 (21.69%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	105 (1.11%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	57 (0.60%)	0.25%
Other	8 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	6,057 (63.87%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (151)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Acute Regulation of Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production by Glucagon [NCT01155206]	Phase 4	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
[NCT01232244]		15 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-10-31	Completed
Glucagon-like Peptide 2 - a Glucose Dependent Glucagonotropic Hormone? [NCT03954873]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-31	Completed
The Bionic Pancreas Feasibility Trial Testing the Bionic Pancreas With ZP4207 [NCT02971228]	Phase 2	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action (KS-2) [NCT03573934]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-15	Completed
A Randomized Open-label Crossover Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of ZP-Glucagon to Injectable Glucagon in the Treatment of Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Subjects With Type-1 Diabetes [NCT02459938]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 on Postprandial Gallbladder Motility in Healthy Subjects [NCT03682172]	Early Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Active, not recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Three-period Crossover Trial to Investigate the Safety and the Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Two BioChaperone® Glucagon Formulations Compared to Marketed GlucaGen® in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03176524]	Phase 1	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-06	Completed
A Phase 3 Study of Nasal Glucagon (LY900018) Compared to Intramuscular Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Japanese Patients With Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03421379]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-21	Completed
Closed-Loop Glucagon Pump for Treatment of Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia [NCT03255629]	Phase 1/Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-19	Completed
Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action [NCT03574064]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
A Phase 2, Interventional, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Glucagon RTU in Subjects Who Experience Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia After Bariatric Surgery [NCT03770637]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-10	Completed
Effects of GIP and GLP-1 on Gastric Emptying, Appetite and Insulin-glucose Homeostasis [NCT01079624]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
G-Pen™ (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Lilly Glucagon (Glucagon for Injection [RDNA Origin]) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adults With T1D: a Phase 3 B Multi-Centered, Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind, 2-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy [NCT03439072]	Phase 3	81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-23	Completed
Biometabolic Impact of Continuation of GLP-1 Agonists Following Bariatric [NCT06132477]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2023-11-30	Not yet recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind (Double Dummy), Active Controlled Study to Compare the Safety, Tolerability and Effect on Glycemic Control of Taspoglutide Versus Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Inadequately Controlled on Therapy With Sulf [NCT00909597]	Phase 3	756 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03249506]		25,358 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-05-12	Completed
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Titration Study to Investigate the Tolerability, Safety and Pharmacodynamic Profile of a GLP-1 Analogue in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With a Stable Dose of Metformin. [NCT00460941]	Phase 2	133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Obesity Treatment to Improve Diabetes [NCT05390307]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-01	Recruiting
The Use of Mini-dose Glucagon to Prevent Exercise-induced Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02660242]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-dummy, Placebo and Active-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Effect of Taspoglutide on Glycemic Control Compared to Sitagliptin and Placebo in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Cont [NCT00754988]	Phase 3	666 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Effect of Taspoglutide Compared to Placebo, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Diet and Exercise [NCT00744926]	Phase 3	373 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Importance of Endogenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide for Postprandial Glucose Metabolism After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery [NCT03950245]		36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Completed
A Pilot Study on the Effect of Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Co-agonism on Cardiac Function and Metabolism in Overweight Participants With Type 2 Diabetes (COCONUT) [NCT04307797]	Phase 4	16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-18	Recruiting
A Study to Investigate the Protective Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Patients Undergoing Elective Angioplasty and Stenting (GOLD-PCI) [NCT02127996]	Phase 2	193 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Active, not recruiting
The Effect of GIP and GLP-1 on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Patients With HNF1A-diabetes Treated With or Without Sulphonylurea [NCT03081676]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-08	Completed
Study GLP111892: Albiglutide Versus Placebo as Add-on to Intensified Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02229240]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was cancelled prior to enrolling any patients)
Bioequivalence of a Test Formulation of Glucagon for SC Injection Compared to Glucagon for Injection (Bedford Laboratories) Under Fasted Conditions [NCT02086227]	Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Dysfunction [NCT01858896]	Early Phase 1	28 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Active, not recruiting
Development and Evaluation of a Glucagon Sensitivity Test in Individuals With and Without Hepatic Steatosis [NCT04907721]		65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Completed
Comparison of Canagliflozin vs. Alternative Antihyperglycemic Treatments on Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization and Amputation for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Subpopulation With Established Cardiovascular Disease [NCT03492580]		714,582 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-02-22	Completed
G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) Compared to GlucaGen® Hypokit® (Glucagon) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adults With T1D: A Phase 3 Multi-center, Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind, 2-way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety [NCT03738865]	Phase 3	132 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-27	Completed
Comparison of Glucagon Administered by Either the Nasal (LY900018) or Intra-muscular (GlucaGen®) Routes in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus During Controlled Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia [NCT03339453]	Phase 1	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-10	Completed
A Once-weekly, Repeated Dose, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind, Randomised Cross-over Trial Investigating Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacodynamics of FE 203799 in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome With Intestinal Failure Requiring Parenteral Support Followe [NCT03415594]	Phase 1/Phase 2	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-08	Completed
The Effect of Native GLP-1 on Glucose Metabolism in the CNS During Hyperglycemia in Healthy Young Men Assessed by PET [NCT01185119]	Phase 2/Phase 3	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
Influence of Dairy Protein Breakfast on Overall Daily Glycemia, Weight Loss HbA1c and Clock Genes mRNA Expression, in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT03772067]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-28	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of LY2189265 on Insulin Secretion in Response to Intravenous Glucose Infusion [NCT01300260]	Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
The Diagnostic Accuracy of the Glucagon Stimulation Test for Evaluation of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis [NCT01282164]		43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Effect of Physiologic Hyperglucogonemia on Adipocyte Metabolism [NCT04300049]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-05	Active, not recruiting
Effect of ROSE-010 on Gastrointestinal Motor Functions in Female Patients With Constipation Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (C-IBS) [NCT01056107]	Phase 1/Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Stroke Patients [NCT02829502]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Recruiting
Randomized, Active Controlled, Open Label Study to Compare Taspoglutide vs Exenatide as add-on Treatment to Metformin and/or Thiazolidinediones in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00717457]	Phase 3	1,189 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Compare the Safety, Tolerability and Effect on Glycemic Control of Taspoglutide Versus Insulin Glargine in Insulin-naïve Type 2 Diabetic Patients Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and [NCT00755287]	Phase 3	1,072 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Effect of Taspoglutide on Glycemic Control Compared to Placebo in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Plus [NCT00744367]	Phase 3	326 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
Mini-Dose Glucagon for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Mini-dose Glucagon for Treatment of Non-severe Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02411578]	Phase 2	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Role of Hyperinsulinemia in NAFLD: Dexamethasone-Pancreatic Clamp Pilot & Feasibility Study [NCT06126354]	Phase 1	16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT02129179]	Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
The Differential Effects of Diabetes Therapy on Inflammation [NCT02150707]		17 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-05-31	Completed
High Risk Population of Cardiovascular Disease in Hubei Province (Coronary Heart Disease With Diabetes) Screening and Intervention Program [NCT05782881]		16,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-15	Recruiting
Effects of Glucagon Like Peptide-1 on No-reflow in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [NCT02507128]		190 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Recruiting
A Randomized, Participant-blinded Five-arm Crossover Study With Blinded Outcome Assessment Investigating Glucagon's Cardiovascular Effects With and Without Beta-blocker-induced Cardioinhibition. [NCT03533179]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Investigate the Effect of Taspoglutide on Gastric Emptying Measured by a Paracetamol Test After Single Dose and After Multiple Doses in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00809705]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
Hormonal and Neural Control of Insulin Secretion Following Gastric Bypass Surgery [NCT00992901]	Early Phase 1	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Recruiting
GLP-1 Inhibits Prandial Antro-duodeno-jejunal Motility in Humans: Native GLP-1 Compared With Analogue ROSE-010 in Vitro [NCT02731664]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Four Weeks of Near Normalisation of Blood Glucose Improves the Insulin Response to GLP-1 and GIP in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00612950]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Effect of Combination of the Gut Hormones Neurotensin and GLP-1 on Physiological Regulation of Appetite and Food Intake [NCT04186026]		35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-01	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-dose, Crossover Study to Compare Two Albiglutide Drug Products for Bioequivalence in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT02660736]	Phase 1	59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
The Role of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in Type 2 Diabetic Hyperglucagonemia [NCT00716170]		10 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-07-31	Completed
Efficacy of a Continuous GLP-1 Infusion in Comparison to a Structured Insulin Infusion Protocol to Reach Normoglycemia in Non-Fasted Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT00859079]	Phase 4	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Compare the Safety, Tolerability and Effect on Glycemic Control of Taspoglutide Versus Insulin Glargine in Insulin-naive Type 2 Diabetic Patients Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and [NCT01051011]	Phase 3	370 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to high discontinuation rates mainly due to GI tolerability and implementation of risk mitigation plan to address hypersensitivity reactions)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Two Dose Levels of Albiglutide Compared With Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00849017]	Phase 3	309 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
The Efficacy of GLP - 1 (7-36) Amide for Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Surgical Patients [NCT00798590]	Phase 2	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to PI left JHU)
Effect of GLP-1 on Insulin Biosynthesis and Turnover Rates [NCT00609154]	Phase 1/Phase 2	16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
Second-line Therapies for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Cardiovascular Disease Risk [NCT05214573]		500,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-12-01	Active, not recruiting
Endothelial and Metabolic Effects of GLP-1 in Coronary Circulation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00923962]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
Comparison of Type 2 Diabetes Pharmacotherapy Regimens Using Targeted Learning [NCT05073692]		270,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-07-01	Recruiting
A Dose Finding Study of GSK716155 Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01098461]	Phase 2	215 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind Trial of Single Doses of ZP4207 Administered s.c. to Hypoglycemic Type 1 Diabetic Patients to Describe the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of ZP4207 as Compared to Marketed Glucagon [NCT02660008]	Phase 2	81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Albiglutide When Used in Combination With Metformin Compared With Metformin Plus Sitagliptin, Metformin Plus Glimepiride, [NCT00838903]	Phase 3	1,049 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
The Effect of Surgically Induced Weight Loss on Endocrine Function, Cardiovascular Function and Body Composition [NCT00686972]	Phase 2	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to PI left JHU)
A Randomized Controlled, Open-label, Multi-center Study With 16-week Beinaglutide or Dulaglutide Assessing Effects on Glucose Control and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes With Overweight or Obesity. [NCT05005741]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-01	Recruiting
GIP/GLP-1 Co-Activity in Subjects With Obesity: Lowering of Food Intake [NCT02598791]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-01	Completed
A Double-blind, Crossover, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Investigate the Effect of Two Different Doses of Taspoglutide IRF Administered as Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion on First- and Second-phase Insulin Secretion in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT00811460]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
GLP-1 Restores Altered Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Post-transplantation Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02591849]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Effects of Hyperglycemia on Myocardial Perfusion in Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: Modulation by Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 [NCT01021865]		33 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-02-28	Completed
Effects of KATP Channel Blockers on GLP-1 and Its Analogues' Mediated Microvascular Function [NCT01934816]		2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Technical Issues with intervention)
Regulation of Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Production by Glucagon Like [NCT01958775]	Phase 3	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Investigating the Incretin Effect in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT01975259]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-12-31	Completed
GLP-1's Influence on Intestinal Blood Flow [NCT01988545]		8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Recruiting
Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University [NCT05037045]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-10	Recruiting
The Impact of Subcutaneous Glucagon Before, During and After Exercise a Study in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02882737]		14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
Comparative Cardiovascular and Renal Effectiveness and Safety of Empagliflozin and Other SGLT2i in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) With and Without Baseline Kidney Disease in the United States [NCT05465317]		30,400 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-08-08	Completed
[NCT01689051]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
A Multidose Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Albiglutide [NCT01357889]	Phase 2	283 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
A Single-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Ascending Single Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of GSK1362885 in Healthy Normal Subjects. [NCT00823940]	Phase 1	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-13	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Glucagon and Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single Escalating Doses of SAR438544 Administered by Subcutaneous Route in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Type 1diabetes M [NCT02625636]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Near Normalisation of Blood Glucose Improves the Potentiating Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Induced Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00612625]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-02-29	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Albiglutide Administered in Combination With Metformin and Glimepiride Compared With Metformin Plus Glimepiride and Placeb [NCT00839527]	Phase 3	685 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Effect of GLP - 1 (7-36 Amide) on Myocardial Function Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery [NCT00966654]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to PI left JHU)
Effect of Liraglutide on Neural Responses to High Fructose Corn Syrup in Individuals With Obesity. [NCT03500484]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-06	Completed
The Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Non-Stroke Volunteers (EGRABINS1) [NCT02838589]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Subjects and Patients With T2DM. Part 1: A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy of Exendin(9-39)Amide as a GLP-1 Receptor Antagonist in Healthy Subjects [NCT00393445]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
FINErenone druG Utilization Study and Assessment of Temporal Changes Following Availability of Different Treatment Options in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes [NCT05526157]		50,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-10-01	Active, not recruiting
Subcutaneous Dasiglucagon Use During Exercise In People With Type 1 Diabetes: Effects On Plasma Glucose And Exercise Metabolism [NCT04192019]	Early Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Prioritization of other projects)
Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Danish Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Initiate Empagliflozin Versus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RA): A Danish Nationwide Comparative Effectiveness Study [EMPLACEtm] [NCT03993132]		57,000 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-10-01	Completed
Randomised, Sequential, Cross-over Trial Assessing PK and PD Responses After Micro-doses of ZP4207 Administered s.c. to Patients With T1D Under eu- and Hypoglycemic Conditions and With Reference to Freshly Reconstituted Lyophilized Glucagon [NCT02916251]	Phase 2	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-01	Completed
Comparison of Dapagliflozin (DAPA) and Once-weekly Exenatide (EQW), Co-administered or Alone, DAPA/ Glucophage (DAPA/MET ER) and Phentermine/Topiramate (PHEN/TPM) ER on Metabolic Profiles and Body Composition in Obese PCOS Women [NCT02635386]	Phase 3	119 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-22	Completed
A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study of CSI-Glucagon™ (Continuous Subcutaneous Glucagon Infusion) to Prevent Hypoglycemia With Lower Intravenous Glucose Infusion Rates in Children up to One Year of Age With Congenital Hyperinsulinism [NCT02937558]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
The Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Uptake in the Brain and Heart in Healthy Subjects During Hypoglycemia Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography [NCT00418288]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
A Phase 2, Open-label, Randomised, Dose-Finding Study of XW003, Once-Weekly Human Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogue, Compared With Once-Daily Liraglutide 3 mg in Adult Participants With Obesity [NCT05111912]	Phase 2	206 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-11-30	Completed
Acute Effects of GLP-1 on Renal Hemodynamics: Simultaneous Perfusion and Oxygenation Measurements in Cortex and Medulla Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NCT04337268]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Completed
Virtual Clinical Study Exploring Remote Collection of Glycaemic and Behaviometric Data Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Different Treatment Regimens [NCT04809311]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-11-13	Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness and Persistence of Therapy With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Clinical Practice. A Multicenter Retrospective Study [NCT03959865]		6,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-12-19	Active, not recruiting
A Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-ranging Study to Investigate the Effect on Glycemic Control, Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GLP-1 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With a Stable Dose of Metformin. [NCT00423501]	Phase 2	306 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
Pharmacogenetics of Ace Inhibitor-Associated Angioedema:Aim 1 [NCT01413542]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Glucagon, Ghrelin and Growth Hormone as Counterregulatory Hormones [NCT01795235]		6 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Recruiting
The Microvascular Function of GLP-1 and Its Analogues in Humans, in Vivo: the Role of DPP-IV Inhibition [NCT01677104]		63 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
A Comparison of the Haemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Intravenous Glucagon-like Peptide-1, Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1:Glucagon Co-agonism in Healthy Male Participants [NCT03835013]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-11	Recruiting
A Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept Study of Sensor-Guided, Clinician-Administered Delivery of G-Pump™ (Glucagon Infusion) From an OmniPod® to Prevent Post-Prandial Hypoglycemia in Post-Bariatric Surgery Patients [NCT02733588]	Phase 2	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
The Effect of GLP-1 on Glucose Uptake in the CNS and Heart in Healthy Subjects During Normoglycaemia Assessed by Positron Emission Tomografi [NCT00256256]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
The Effect of 48 Hours of GLP-1 Infusion During Long-Time Fasting on Glycaemia and Counterregulatory Hormones [NCT00285896]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
[NCT01507597]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
The iLet Introduction Study: A Feasibility Study of the iLet, a Fully Integrated Bihormonal Bionic Pancreas [NCT02701257]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated prior to completing the planned cohorts and analysis because of problems with the infusion set resulting in inadequate insulin delivery)
Phase II Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of 2 Dose Levels of a Novel Glucagon Formulation Compared to Commercially Available Glucagon in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Following Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia [NCT01556594]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Investigating Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Humans [NCT01935791]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Modulation of Human Myocardial Metabolism by GLP-1 Dose Response [NCT01607450]	Phase 2/Phase 3	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Assessment of Intranasal Glucagon in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01997411]	Phase 2/Phase 3	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Equivalence of A Stable Liquid Glucagon Formulation With Freshly Reconstituted Lyophilized Glucagon [NCT02018627]	Phase 2/Phase 3	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Evaluation of the Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated With Exenatide Versus Basal Insulin in People With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02987348]		18,000 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-06-30	Completed
Fixed Rate Continuous Subcutaneous Glucagon Infusion (CSGI) vs Placebo in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Recurrent Severe Hypoglycemia: Effects on Counter-Regulatory Responses to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia [NCT03490942]	Phase 2	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-15	Terminated(stopped due to Primary endpoint was not met)
A Simulation Study Comparing Successful Administration, Time to Administer, and User Experience of Ready-to-Use Nasal Glucagon With Reconstitutable Injectable Glucagon [NCT03765502]	Phase 1	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-19	Completed
Gut Peptides and Bone Remodeling in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury [NCT05181150]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-16	Recruiting
Effect of Prolonged (72 Hour) Glucagon Administration on Energy Expenditure in Healthy Obese Subjects [NCT03139305]	Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-24	Active, not recruiting
G-Pen™ (Glucagon Injection) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adult Patients With T1D [NCT02423980]	Phase 2	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
A Repeat-dose Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamics, of Albiglutide Liquid Drug Product [NCT02683746]	Phase 3	308 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-16	Completed
An Exploratory Randomized, 2-Part, Single-blind, 2-Period Crossover Study Comparing the Effect of Albiglutide With Exenatide on Regional Brain Activity Related to Nausea in Healthy Volunteers [NCT02802514]	Phase 4	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-20	Terminated
Phase 1-2 Trial of Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (GLP-2) in Infants and Children With Intestinal Failure [NCT01573286]	Phase 1/Phase 2	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to GLP-2 Drug product stability concerns)
Prognostic Value of Plasma Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Levels in Acute Myocardial Infarction [NCT03129594]		709 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-02-28	Completed
CORDIALLY® - CEE: Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Modern Antidiabetic Drugs. A Real World Data Collection of Patient Baseline Characteristics, Treatment Patterns and Comorbidities in Central Eastern European (CEE) Countries [NCT03807440]		4,083 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-08-26	Completed
A Long Term, Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Determine the Effect of Albiglutide, When Added to Standard Blood Glucose Lowering Therapies, on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02465515]	Phase 4	9,463 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-01	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter Monotherapy Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of 2 Dose Levels of Albiglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01733758]	Phase 3	494 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
A Single Site, Randomized, Four-Way, Four-Period PK/PD Crossover Phase 1 Clinical Study in 16 Fasted Healthy Adult Volunteers Receiving 3 Dose Levels of Intranasally Administered Glucagon and One Dose Level of Glucagon Administered by Subcutaneous Injecti [NCT02778113]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Glucose Response of G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03091673]	Phase 3	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-27	Completed
G-Pen (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Lilly Glucagon (Glucagon for Injection [RDNA Origin]) for Induced Hypoglycemia Rescue in Adult Patients With T1DM: A Phase 3, Multi-center, Randomized, Blinded, 2-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety [NCT02656069]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-15	Completed
Closed-Loop Glucagon Administration For The Automated Treatment Of Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia [NCT02966275]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
A Multiple Center, Open Label, Prospective, Observational Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Ease-of-Use of AMG504-1 Administered in the Home or Work Environments for Treating Episodes of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT02171130]	Phase 3	129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide - Effects on Markers of Bone Turnover in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03195257]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-17	Completed
A Single Center, Randomized, Parallel Safety Study To Evaluate The Immunogenicity Of A Novel Glucagon Formulation Compared To Commercially Available Glucagon Administered By Intramuscular Injection In Adults With Type 1 OR Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01959334]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
Pilot Study in Testing State of the Art Remote Glucose Monitoring at Diabetes Camp [NCT01680653]		57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Phase 2a, Blinded, 3-Way Crossover Dose-Ranging Study With G-Pen Mini™ (Glucagon Injection) to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) [NCT02081014]	Phase 2	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Incretin Regulation of Insulin Secretion in Monogenic Diabetes [NCT01795144]	Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Effects of Exenatide on Motor Function and the Brain [NCT03456687]	Phase 1	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-05	Completed
A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of XW003 Injection in Healthy Adult Participants [NCT04389775]	Phase 1	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-29	Completed
Reducing Hypoglycemic, Pro-coagulant and Pro-atherothrombotic Responses and Preventing Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure in Type 1 DM. The Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 [NCT04355832]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-24	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Nasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Diabetes [NCT01994746]	Phase 3	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Investigation of GLP-2 Mechanism of Action (GA-8) [NCT03159741]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-16	Completed
Phase 2 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Parallel Study to Evaluate Glucagon RTU (Glucagon Injection) Compared to Standard of Care for Prevention of Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia During Regular Aerobic Exercise in Adults With T1D [NCT03841526]	Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-22	Completed
Phase 3 Study of the Effect of Glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonism on Renal Outcomes in Humans With Diabetic Kidney Disease [NCT01847313]	Phase 3	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Pilot Study of the Effect of Weight Loss by Pharmacotherapy on Chronic Pro-tumor Inflammatory Cells [NCT05756764]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-05-23	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BIOD-961 vs. Glucagon for Injection (Eli Lilly) and GlucaGen® (Novo Nordisk) Administered by Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Injection in Normal, Healthy Volunteers [NCT02403648]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
A Multiple Center, Open Label, Prospective Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Ease-Of-Use of AMG504-1 Administered in the Home or School Environments for Treating Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents With T1D [NCT02402933]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 104
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 156
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 104
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 156
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 156
NCT00838903 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 104
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Weeks 104 and 156
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Albiglutide Plasma Concentration at Weeks 8 and 24
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 52
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameters-4 Hour Insulin AUC and 4 Hour Proinsulin AUC
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameter-4 Hour C-peptide AUC
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameter- 4 Hour Blood Glucose AUC
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 156
NCT00849017 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 156
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Colonic Geometric Center at 4 h Measured by Scintigraphy
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Colonic Transit, Colonic Geometric Center at 24 Hours
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Colonic Transit, Colonic Geometric Center at 48 h Measured by Scintigraphy, as Compared to Placebo.
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Half Time (t1/2) of Gastric Emptying of Solids Measured by Scintigraphy (Gastric Transit)
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Stool Consistency Post Treatment
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Stool Frequency
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Gastric Residual at 2 and 4 Hours Measured by Scintigraphy
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Colonic Filling at 6 h Measured by Scintigraphy
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Ascending Colon Emptying Half-time (AC t1/2) Measured by Scintigraphy
NCT01056107 (10) [back to overview]	Change Between Postprandial and Fasting Whole Gastric Volume by Technetium-99m (99mTc)-SPECT Imaging (Gastric Accommodation)
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Clearance of Albiglutide
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 16
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 4, 8, 12, and 16
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Half-maximal Effective Concentration (EC50) of Albiglutide for HbA1c and FPG
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5% and <7% at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Volume of Distribution of Albiglutide
NCT01098461 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Absorption Rate of Albiglutide
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak Cortisol Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and Three or More Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak Cortisol Level During Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) Stimulation Test
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak Cortisol Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and 1-2 Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak Cortisol Level in Healthy Volunteers.
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak GH Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and 1-2 Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak GH Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and Three or More Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).
NCT01282164 (7) [back to overview]	Peak Growth Hormone (GH) Level in Healthy Volunteers
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Insulin Maximum Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Insulin Area Under the Curve (AUC) - Second Phase Response
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Area Under the Insulin Concentration-time Curve (AUC)
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Maximum Insulin Concentration (Cmax) - First Phase Response
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Maximum Insulin Concentration (Cmax) - Second Phase Response
NCT01300260 (6) [back to overview]	Area Under the Insulin Concentration-time Curve (AUC) - First Phase Response
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Tmax and Tlag of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With the Indicated Change From the Screening Assessment in Physical Examination at Week 17
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	t1/2 of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Cmax of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 17
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 17
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Trough (Pre-dose) Plasma Concentrations of Albiglutide in the Mutiple-dose Phase (MDP)
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to Infinity (0-inf) of Albiglutide in the Bioequivalence (BE) Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Apparent Volume of Distribution in the Terminal Phase of Albiglutide in BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Apparent Clearance of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Change From Baseline of Clinical Concern in Hematology Values by Any On-therapy Visit
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	AUC (0-last) and AUC (0-inf) of Albiglutide in the BE Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Change From Baseline of Clinical Concern in Vital Signs by Any On-therapy Visit
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Anti-albiglutide Antibody Formation at Baseline and Weeks 5, 9, 13, 17, and 25 in the Multiple-dose Phase
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Any Adverse Event (AE) or Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Indicated Adverse Events of Special Interest
NCT01357889 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Change From Baseline of Clinical Concern in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values by Any On-therapy Visit
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]	The Effect of Enalaprilat (ACE Inhibition), Sitagliptin (DPP4 Inhibition), or the Combination on the Vasodilator Response (Forearm Blood Flow) to Substance P (SP) and Bradykinin (Group 1) or Glucagon Like Peptide-1 and Brain Naturetic Peptide (Group 2).
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]	Assess Effect of ACE and/or DPP4 Inhibition on Heart Rate Response to Substance P (SP)
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]	Assess Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Release
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]	Effect of Treatment (ACE or DPP4 Inhibition, or Combined) on Norepinephrine (NE) Release (Arterial Venous Gradient) in Response to Substance P (SP)
NCT01413542 (5) [back to overview]	Effect of Treatment (DPP4 Inhibition vs. Placebo) on Venous GLP-1 Levels in Response to Arterial GLP-1 Infusion
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Responders
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve (AUC0-last) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT01556594 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With at Least One Adverse Event
NCT01607450 (5) [back to overview]	Myocardial Total Oxidation Rate
NCT01607450 (5) [back to overview]	Myocardial Blood Flow
NCT01607450 (5) [back to overview]	GLP-1 Concentrations
NCT01607450 (5) [back to overview]	Cardiac Index
NCT01607450 (5) [back to overview]	Myocardial Glucose Uptake.
NCT01680653 (3) [back to overview]	Duration of Glucose Readings <70 mg/dl
NCT01680653 (3) [back to overview]	Duration of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia
NCT01680653 (3) [back to overview]	Prolonged Episodes of Hypoglycemic Events
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinically Meaningful Levels of HbA1c (i.e., the Percentage of Participants Achieving Treatment Goal of <6.5% and <7.0%) at Week 24
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Time to Study Withdrawal for Any Reason
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Mean HbA1c at Baseline, Week 24, and Change From Baseline at Week 24
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Time to Study Withdrawal Due to Hyperglycemia
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 24
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinically Meaningful Levels of HbA1c (i.e., the Percentage of Participants Achieving Treatment Goal of <6.5% and <7.0%) at Week 52
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 52
NCT01733758 (11) [back to overview]	Model-adjusted Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24
NCT01847313 (4) [back to overview]	Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate
NCT01847313 (4) [back to overview]	sCD163:Creatinine Ratio in Urine
NCT01847313 (4) [back to overview]	sCD163 in Serum
NCT01847313 (4) [back to overview]	MCP-1:Creatinine Ratio in Urine
NCT01935791 (2) [back to overview]	Increase in Energy Expenditure Following Glucagon or Saline Infusion
NCT01935791 (2) [back to overview]	Brown Adipose Tissue Activation Following Glucagon or Saline Infusion
NCT01959334 (3) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Neutralizing Antibodies
NCT01959334 (3) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Anti-Drug Antibody (ADA)
NCT01959334 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With At Least One Adverse Event
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Time From Glucagon Administration to Blood Glucose >/=70 mg/dL or an Increase ≥20 mg/dL in Blood Glucose From Nadir
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucose
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Nasal and Non-nasal Effects/Symptoms
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Area Under the Effect Concentration Time Curve (AUEC0-1.5) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose From Time Zero up to 90 Minutes
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-t) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucagon
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Recovery From Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Tmax) of Glucose
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Increase in Plasma Glucose Level to >=70mg/dL or an Increase of >=20mg/dL From Glucose Nadir
NCT01994746 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Tmax) of Glucagon
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Area Under the Effect Concentration Time Curve (AUEC0-1.5) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose From Time Zero up to 90 Minutes
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Achieving at Least a 25 mg/dL Rise in Blood Glucose Above Nadir Level Within 30 Minutes
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With >= 25 mg/dL Rise in Plasma Glucose Within 30 Minutes
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Achieving ≥25 mg/dL Rise in Plasma Glucose Above Nadir Level Within 30 Minutes
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Nasal and Non-nasal Effects/Symptoms
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve (AUC0-1.5) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT01997411 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Injection Pain
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	GIRmin
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Dermal Response (Draize Scale Grade for Edema Formation)
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	AOCGIR
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Dermal Response (Draize Scale for Erythema and Eschar Formation)
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Tmax
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Maximal Nausea
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	Injection Site Erythema
NCT02018627 (9) [back to overview]	t½Max
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose AUC (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose Cmax (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose Tmax (Fasting)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose Tmax (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Serious Adverse Events
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose Cmax (Fasting)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon AUC (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon Area Under the Curve (AUC) (Fasting)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon Cmax (Fasting)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon Cmax (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon Tmax (Fasting)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucagon Tmax (Post-insulin)
NCT02081014 (13) [back to overview]	Glucose AUC (Fasting)
NCT02171130 (5) [back to overview]	Blood Glucose Levels Over Time
NCT02171130 (5) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Awakening or Returning to a Normal Status Within 30 Minutes Following Studied Drug of Administration
NCT02171130 (5) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) Reported Through the Nasal Score Questionnaire
NCT02171130 (5) [back to overview]	Assessment of Ease-of-use of Dry-Mist Nasal Glucagon as Determined by Completion of Questionnaires by the Caregiver
NCT02171130 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Glucagon Anti-Drug Antibodies (ADA)
NCT02402933 (4) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events Through the Nasal Score Questionnaire
NCT02402933 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Awakening or Returning to a Normal Status Within 30 Minutes Following Studied Drug of Administration
NCT02402933 (4) [back to overview]	Assessment of Ease-of-use of Dry-Mist Nasal Glucagon by Completion of Questionnaire by the Caregiver
NCT02402933 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Blood Glucose Level Over Time
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	Clinical Grading - Initial and 15-min Treatment Correct
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	Clinical Grading - Initial Treatment Correct
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time in Range, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Coefficient of Variation
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time in Range, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Maximum Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Maximum Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Mean Glucose
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Mean Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Mean Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time Below 70
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Minimum Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Hypoglycemic Events ≥50 mg/dl 15 Minutes AND ≥ 70 mg/dl 30 Minutes After Initial Treatment
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Minimum Glucose, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time Below 70 mg/dL
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	Clinical Grading - Limited to Events in Primary Analysis
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time Below 70 mg/dL, Event Level
NCT02411578 (18) [back to overview]	CGM Time in Range
NCT02423980 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Plasma Glucose > 70 mg/dL at 30 Minutes Post-treatment
NCT02423980 (3) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Induced Hypoglycemia Symptoms
NCT02423980 (3) [back to overview]	Time to Plasma Glucose > 70 mg/dL
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in EuroQol- 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Treatment Related Impact Measures-Diabetes (TRIM-D) Total Score
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Composite Metabolic Endpoint
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to Initiation of Prandial Insulin in Those Participants on Basal Insulin at Study Start
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to Initiation of Insulin of More Than 3 Months Duration for Those Participants Not Treated With Insulin at Study Start
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With AEs of Special Interest
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of MACE or Urgent Revascularization for Unstable Angina
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Stroke
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated MI
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated CV Death or Hospitalization for Heart Failure (HF)
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Calculated Using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Formula
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) During Cardiovascular (CV) Follow-up Time Period
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Heart Rate
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Non-fatal Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to Adjudicated CV Death
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to First Occurrence of a Clinically Important Microvascular Event
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Time to Death
NCT02465515 (21) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) Leading to Discontinuation of Investigational Product (AELD)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Trunk/Leg Fat Ratio by DEXA
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Percent Body Weight
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Absolute Body Weight
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Android-Gynoid Ratio (AGR) as Determined by DEXA
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Central Adiposity (Waist Circumference)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Corrected First Phase Insulin Secretion (IGI/HOMA-IR)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) Levels
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Fasting Blood Glucose
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Fasting Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IR)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Free Androgen Index (FAI)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Matsuda Sensitivity Index Derived From the OGTT(SI OGTT)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	OGTT Mean Blood Glucose (MBG)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Oral Disposition (Insulin Sensitivity-insulin Secretion) Index
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Total Body Fat (%) by DEXA
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Total Fat Mass (kg) Evaluated by DEXA
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Total Testosterone Concentrations
NCT02635386 (23) [back to overview]	Triglyceride (TRG) Levels
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Global Assessment of Hypoglycemia
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Maximum Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Time to Concentration > 70 mg/dL
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax)
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Hypoglycemia Symptoms
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Area Under the Curve (AUC)
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemia Rescue: Per Protocol Population
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemia Rescue: Intent-to-Treat Population
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemia Rescue: Glucose or Symptomatic Response Definition
NCT02656069 (10) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemia Rescue: Alternate Glucose Response Definition
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Time > 250 mg/dL
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) During Exercise and Early Recovery
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hyperglycemia (≥250 mg/dL) During Exercise and Early Recovery
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Metrics During Late Recovery - Nadir Glucose
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Time > 180 mg/dL
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	Glycemic Response During Exercise and Early Recovery
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Coefficient of Variation
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Mean Glucose
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Time < 70 mg/dL
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Peak Glucose
NCT02660242 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Metrics During Late Recovery - Time < 54 mg/dL
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Injection Site Reactions (ISR)
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Positive Result for Anti-albiglutide Antibody
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG Over Time
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hematology Parameters of PCC
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinical Chemistry Parameters of Potential Clinical Concern (PCC)
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Electrocardiogram (ECG) Parameters of PCC
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Vital Signs of PCC
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With On-therapy Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious AEs (SAEs)
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 26
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 26
NCT02683746 (12) [back to overview]	Trough Plasma Concentration of Albiglutide Over Time
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Mean CGM Glucose < 154 mg/dl
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Events (Subject Unable to Self-treat, Requiring the Assistance of Another Person)
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Number of Episodes of Symptomatic Hypoglycemia.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Insulin Total Delivery Per kg of Body Mass.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Difference in the PG Prior to the Meal and Peak Post-prandial Glucose
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Difference in Mean Nausea From VAS During the Study
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Difference in Local Erythema and Edema According to the Draize Scale
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Difference Between the Fasted PG Value and the PG Value at 90 Minutes
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	CGM Reliability Index, Calculated as Percent of Possible Values Actually Recorded by CGM.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent of 5 Minute Steps During Which the Bionic Pancreas is Functioning Nominally With or Without a New CGM Glucose Reading Captured (Dose Calculated, Dose Issued to Pumps).
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent of 5 Minute Steps During Which the Bionic Pancreas is Functioning Nominally in All Respects Based on Real-time CGM Data (New CGM Glucose Reading Captured, Dose Calculated, Dose Issued to Pumps
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Insulin Dose Amounts Successfully Issued to the Pump by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Insulin Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Glucagon Dose Amounts Successfully Issued to the Pump by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That a Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Glucagon Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump (Glucagon Doses).
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Insulin Infusion Site Pain From VAS
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Glucose
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Average Percent Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump (Aggregate of Both Insulin and Glucagon Doses)
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Glucagon Total Delivery Per kg of Body Mass.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time in Each of the Following Ranges: < 50 mg/dl, < 60 mg/dl, <70 mg/dl, 70-120 mg/dl, 70-180 mg/dl, >180 mg/dl, >250 mg/dl
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Total Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	PG AUC in the 3.5 Hours Following the Meal
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Number of Unscheduled Infusion Set Replacements.
NCT02701257 (25) [back to overview]	Number of Unscheduled CGM Sensor Changes.
NCT02733588 (4) [back to overview]	Detection/Notification of Hypoglycemia
NCT02733588 (4) [back to overview]	Glucose Time in Range
NCT02733588 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Severe Hypoglycemia
NCT02733588 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Rebound Hyperglycemia
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	PD: Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	PD: Baseline-Adjusted Glucose Maximum Concentration (BGmax)
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Serious Adverse Event(s) (SAEs)
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	PK: Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	PK: Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	Pharmacodynamics (PD): Area Under the Effect Concentration Time Curve (AUEC₀-₄) of Glucose
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	Pharmacokinetics (PK): Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time Zero to T (AUC[0-tlast]) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT02778113 (8) [back to overview]	PK: Area Under the Curve Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal SBP and DBP for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal SBP and DBP for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal SBP and DBP for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Non-serious Adverse Events (AE) With Incidence > = 2 % and Serious AEs (SAE)
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Urinalysis
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Gastrointestinal (GI) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for Assessment of Nausea for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Gastrointestinal (GI) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for Assessment of Nausea for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	GI VAS for Assessment of Nausea for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	GI VAS for Assessment of Nausea for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ) for Assessment of Nausea for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ) for Assessment of Nausea for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	MSAQ for Assessment of Nausea for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	MSAQ for Assessment of Nausea for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Heart Rate for Session 1
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal SBP and DBP for Session 2
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Clinical Chemistry Parameters
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Glycemic Parameters
NCT02802514 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Abnormal Hematology Parameters
NCT02937558 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Clinically Meaningful Reduction in Glucose Infusion Rate (Open-Label)
NCT02937558 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Clinically Meaningful Reduction in Glucose Infusion Rate (Double-Blind)
NCT02937558 (4) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Glucose Infusion Rate (Open-Label)
NCT02937558 (4) [back to overview]	Percent Change in GIR (Double-Blind)
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Severity of Nausea on Daily E-mail Survey
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Total Number of Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia Per Day
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Total Glucagon Dosing (mcg/kg/24 Hours)
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Area Over the Curve and <60 mg/dl (CGM) Measured in mg/dl *Min
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Fraction of Time Spent Within the Glucose Range >250 mg/dl
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Mean Absolute Relative Deviation (MARD) of CGM vs. All StatStrip Xpress BG Measurements
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Mean Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Glucose
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Carbohydrate Interventions for Hypoglycemia Per Day
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Days With Nausea
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Symptomatic Hypoglycemia Events Per Day
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Days When Participants Correctly Guessed Intervention (Glucagon vs Placebo) Out of a Total of 14 Days.
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time Spent Within the Glucose Range >180 mg/dl
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time Spent Within the Glucose Range 70-120 mg/dl
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time Spent Within the Glucose Range 70-180 mg/dl
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time With CGM Glucose Less Than 60 mg/dl During Daytime ( 7:00 AM-11:00 PM)
NCT02966275 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Time With CGM Glucose Less Than 60 mg/dl Overnight (11:00 PM - 7:00 AM)
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Average Percentage of Time During Which the Bionic Pancreas is Functioning Nominally in All Respects Based on Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Data
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Average Percentage of Time During Which the Bionic Pancreas is Functioning Nominally With or Without a New CGM Glucose Reading Captured
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Mean Absolute Relative Difference Versus Time-stamped Blood Glucose (BG) Values From Meter Download
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Nausea Measured on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	CGM Reliability Index, Calculated as Percentage of Possible Values Actually Recorded by CGM
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Average Percent Glucagon Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Pain Measured on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Adverse Events, Local Tolerability of Infusion Site Reactions, and Clinical Laboratory Parameters
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Average Percent Insulin Dose Amounts Calculated by the Bionic Pancreas Control Algorithm That Are Successfully Delivered by the Pump.
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Glycemic Regulation
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Technical Faults Associated With the BP Including Cause and Resolution: Calibration Issues
NCT02971228 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Technical Faults Associated With the BP Including Cause and Resolution: Connectivity Issues
NCT03091673 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma Glucose
NCT03091673 (5) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucagon Area Under the Curve
NCT03091673 (5) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucagon Cmax
NCT03091673 (5) [back to overview]	Time for Plasma Glucose to Increase by ≥25 mg/dL
NCT03091673 (5) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucagon Tmax
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <55 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Time to Nadir Sensor Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Time to Nadir Plasma Glucose After Mixed Meal (Min)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Time to Delivery (Min)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Time to Alarm During Mixed Meal Testing (Minutes)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Sensor Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Percent Time Plasma Glucose in Range After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of Second Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing Second Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo).
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Study Drug, Versus Pain Score at Time of First Dose Delivery of Placebo (Comparing First Delivery Pain Scores for Visit Where Participant Received Study Drug vs. Visit Where Participant Received Placebo).
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Rebound Hyperglycemia (Defined as Glucose Levels Above 180 mg/dl).
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <65 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <60 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Sensor Glucose <55 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <65 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Meal-provoked Hypoglycemia, Defined as Plasma Glucose <60 mg/dL
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hypoglycemia Rescue Administered
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Meal Provoked Nadir Sensor Glucose
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Meal Provoked Nadir Plasma Glucose
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 2 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Capillary Glucose at Time of Alarm 1 During Mixed Meal Testing (mg/dL)
NCT03255629 (22) [back to overview]	Percent Time Sensor Glucose in Range After Drug Delivery After the Final Dose of Study Drug or Vehicle, Which Was Either 1 or 2 Doses Depending on Patient Response
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	Pharmacodynamics (PD): Change From Baseline in Maximal Blood Glucose (BGmax)
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	Pharmacokinetics (PK): Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time Zero to Tlast (AUC[0-tlast]) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	PK: Maximum Change From Baseline Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	PK: Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline Adjusted Glucagon
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	PD: Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) of Baseline-Adjusted Glucose
NCT03339453 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Treatment Success During Controlled Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	Pharmacodynamics (PD): Change From Baseline in Maximal Blood Glucose (BGmax) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride Intramuscular (IM)
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	PK: Change From Baseline in Tmax of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	PD: Time to Maximal Concentration (Tmax) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Treatment Success During Controlled Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	Pharmacokinetics (PK): Change From Baseline in Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Zero to Time t (AUC [0-tLast]) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM
NCT03421379 (6) [back to overview]	PK: Change From Baseline in Maximal Concentration (Cmax) of Glucagon Nasal Powder and Glucagon Hydrochloride IM
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of the Feeling of Hypoglycemia
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Neuroglycopenic Symptoms
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Time to Resolution of Autonomic Symptoms
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Time for Positive Glucose Response
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Time for Positive Glucose Increase
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Relief of Neuroglycopenic Symptoms
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With a Positive Response for the Combination Endpoint: Positive Glucose Response/Relief of Neuroglycopenic Symptoms
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With a Positive Response for the Combination Endpoint: Positive Glucose Response/Positive Glucose Increase
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With a Positive Glucose Response
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Glucose Tmax
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Glucose Cmax
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Glucose AUC
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Glucagon Preparation and Administration Time
NCT03439072 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With a Positive Glucose Increase
NCT03490942 (1) [back to overview]	Plasma Epinephrine
NCT03738865 (5) [back to overview]	Severe Hypoglycemia Rescue
NCT03738865 (5) [back to overview]	Administration Time
NCT03738865 (5) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemia Resolution
NCT03738865 (5) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Response 1
NCT03738865 (5) [back to overview]	Plasma Glucose Response 2
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Average Time for Trained Users to Successfully Administer One Device Over the Other
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants (Trained and Untrained Users) That Prefer One Device Over the Other
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Trained and Untrained Users That Find One Device Easy to Use Over the Other
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants (PWD) That Prefer One Device Over the Other
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Untrained Users That Perform a Successful Administration for Each Device
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Trained Users That Performed a Successful Administration for Each Device
NCT03765502 (7) [back to overview]	Average Time for Untrained Users to Successfully Administer One Device Over the Other
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Documentation of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Physician's Assessment
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) Status
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) by eGFR and UACR Status According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Any Type of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients in Each Category of the Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients in Each Category of Different Types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Initiated at Study Index Date 1
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Baseline Characteristic: Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	10-year Risk for Fatal Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Diabetologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Baseline Characteristic: Age According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Clinical Parameter Relevant for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c [%]) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant T2D Medications at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Initiated on a Modern Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication Who Also Received Concomitant Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and/or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Medication at Study Index Date 1 According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients for Each Type of Physician Specialties Involved in Decision for T2D Therapy Discontinuation According to Prescribing Specialist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Time to Discontinuation of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Treatment According to Study Medication
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Time Since Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) According to T2D Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index (BMI) According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Cardiologist
NCT03807440 (29) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Per Type of Medical Specialty of Other Physicians Involved in Treatment Decision According to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Medication for the Patients Who Were Initiated on T2D Medication by Endocrinologist
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Barriers to Physical Activity Diabetes (Type 1): BAPAD-1 Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	CRC Phase: Incidence Rate of Hypoglycemia During and After Moderate to High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Exercise.
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: HFS-II Overall Score Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale (HCS) Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale (HCS) Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Insulin Use Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Insulin Use Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Insulin Use Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Interstitial Glucose Levels Below Target Range
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	CRC Phase: Mean Number of Hypoglycemic Events Exercise.
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	CRC Phase: Mean Number of Qualified High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Sessions
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Incidence Rate of Hypoglycemia During and After Moderate to High Intensity Aerobic Exercise.
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Mean Number of Hypoglycemic Events
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Mean Number of Qualified High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Sessions
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	CRC Phase: Interstitial Glucose Below Target Range
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: Barriers to Physical Activity Diabetes (Type 1): BAPAD-1 Change From Baseline
NCT03841526 (17) [back to overview]	Outpatient Phase: HFS-II Overall Score Change From Baseline

Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue

Participants who experienced persistent hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) could have qualified for hyperglycemia rescue.The conditions for hyperglycemic rescue were as follows: FPG >=280 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL) between >=Week 2 and =250 mg/dL between >=Week 4 and =8.5% and a <=0.5% reduction from Baseline between >=Week 12 and =8.5% between >=Week 24 and =8.0% between >= Week 48 and NCT00838903)
Timeframe: From the start of study medication until the end of the treatment (up to Week 156)

Intervention	Weeks (Median)
Placebo Plus Metformin	67.71
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	NA
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	NA
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	NA

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	HbA1c <6.5%	HbA1c <7.0%	HbA1c <7.5%
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	31	69	90
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	15	44	69
Placebo Plus Metformin	4	7	13
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	23	44	69

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	0.27
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-0.28
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	-0.36
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-0.63

Intervention	Kilograms (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	-1.00
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-0.86
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	1.17
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-1.21

Intervention	Kilograms (Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	-3.61
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-2.05
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	0.98
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-2.31

Intervention	Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	0.55
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-0.12
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	-0.41
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-0.98

Intervention	Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	-0.11
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-0.50
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	-0.71
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-1.30

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Mean)
Placebo Plus Metformin	-0.46
Sitagliptin 100 mg Plus Metformin	-0.56
Glimepiride 2 mg Plus Metformin	-0.59
Albiglutide 30 mg Plus Metformin	-0.88

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	0.33
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.80
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.55

Intervention	Kilograms (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.40
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	4.43
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.42

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Mean)
	Week 104, n=12, 130, 104	Week 156, n=9, 89, 71
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.76	-0.46
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	-1.09	-0.97
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.32	-0.10

Intervention	nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
	Week 8 Pre-dose, n=85, 85	Week 8 Post-dose, n=87, 80	Week 24 Pre-dose, n=79, 74	Week 24 Post-dose, n=81, 72
Albiglutide 30 mg	1582	1900	1912	2289
Albiglutide 50 mg	1433	1759	3060	3484

Intervention	Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
	Week 104, n=12, 128, 103	Week 156, n=9, 88, 71
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.99	-0.88
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	-1.98	-1.94
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	0.43	-0.50

Intervention	Kilograms (Mean)
	Week 104, n=12, 130, 104	Week 156, n=9, 90, 71
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.90	-1.53
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	6.28	6.52
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	-2.16	-4.47

Intervention	Weeks (Median)
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	49.57
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	NA
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	137.71

Intervention	Millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo + Metformin + Glimepiride	0.64
Pioglitazone + Metformin + Glimepiride	-1.74
Albiglutide + Metformin + Glimepiride	-0.69

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Mean)
	Week 104, n=21, 39, 42	Week 156, n=14, 30, 32
Albiglutide 30 mg	-0.93	-0.96
Albiglutide 50 mg	-1.18	-1.07
Placebo	-0.40	-0.61

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Week 52, HbA1c <6.5%	Week 52, HbA1c <7.0%	Week 52, HbA1c <7.5%
Albiglutide 30 mg	25	49	59
Albiglutide 50 mg	24	39	62
Placebo	10	21	34

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Week 156, HbA1c <6.5%	Week 156, HbA1c <7.0%	Week 156, HbA1c <7.5%
Albiglutide 30 mg	10	18	24
Albiglutide 50 mg	11	19	29
Placebo	6	8	13

Intervention	picomoles/Liter (pmol/L) (Least Squares Mean)
	4hr Ins AUC	4hr Pro-Ins AUC
Albiglutide 30 mg	2.9	1.9
Albiglutide 50 mg	39.9	-10.7
Placebo	49.2	1.0

Intervention	Nanomoles/Liter (nmol/L) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	0.05
Albiglutide 30 mg Weekly	0.03
Albiglutide 50 mg Weekly	0.08

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	0.70
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	0.47
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	0.57
Placebo	0.53

glucagon-like peptide 1

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (19)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (24)

Molecular Functions (6)

Ceullar Components (3)

Bioassays (104)

Research

Studies (9,235)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (151)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156

Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 104

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 156

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 104

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 156

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 156

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 104

Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 52

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 104 and Week 156

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 104 and Week 156

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104 and Week 156

Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52

Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Weeks 104 and 156

Albiglutide Plasma Concentration at Weeks 8 and 24

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 52

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156

Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameters-4 Hour Insulin AUC and 4 Hour Proinsulin AUC

Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue

Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameter-4 Hour C-peptide AUC

Change From Baseline in Postprandial Blood Glucose Profile Parameter- 4 Hour Blood Glucose AUC

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 156

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 156

Colonic Geometric Center at 4 h Measured by Scintigraphy

Colonic Transit, Colonic Geometric Center at 24 Hours

Colonic Transit, Colonic Geometric Center at 48 h Measured by Scintigraphy, as Compared to Placebo.

Half Time (t1/2) of Gastric Emptying of Solids Measured by Scintigraphy (Gastric Transit)

Stool Consistency Post Treatment

Stool Frequency

Gastric Residual at 2 and 4 Hours Measured by Scintigraphy

Colonic Filling at 6 h Measured by Scintigraphy

Ascending Colon Emptying Half-time (AC t1/2) Measured by Scintigraphy

Change Between Postprandial and Fasting Whole Gastric Volume by Technetium-99m (99mTc)-SPECT Imaging (Gastric Accommodation)

Mean Clearance of Albiglutide

Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 16

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 4, 8, 12, and 16

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

Mean Half-maximal Effective Concentration (EC50) of Albiglutide for HbA1c and FPG

Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5% and <7% at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

Mean Volume of Distribution of Albiglutide

Mean Absorption Rate of Albiglutide

Peak Cortisol Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and Three or More Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).

Peak Cortisol Level During Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) Stimulation Test

Peak Cortisol Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and 1-2 Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).

Peak Cortisol Level in Healthy Volunteers.

Peak GH Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and 1-2 Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).

Peak GH Level in Adult Patients With Hypothalamic-pituitary Disorders and Three or More Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (PHD).

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	2.39
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	2.37
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	2.02
Placebo	1.76

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	3.69
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	3.79
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	3.36
Placebo	2.67

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	151.8
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	172.6
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	210.7
Placebo	136.9

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	2.93
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	2.96
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	2.93
Placebo	3.05

Intervention	Stools/day (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	0.75
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	1.13
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	0.88
Placebo	0.70

Intervention	proportion of isotope in the stomach (Mean)
	Gastric residual at 2 hours	Gastric residual at 4 hours
Placebo	0.59	0.12
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	0.76	0.16
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	0.66	0.14
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	0.86	0.30

Intervention	percentage of meal (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	47.6
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	54.4
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	48.0
Placebo	53.5

Intervention	hours (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	14.5
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	14.8
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	17.1
Placebo	19.3

Intervention	mL (Mean)
ROSE-010 30 Mcg	532.2
ROSE-010 100 Mcg	575.6
ROSE-010 300 Mcg	515.2
Placebo	532.8

Intervention	Percentage of HbA1c in the blood (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	0.28
Albiglutide 15 mg Weekly	-0.61
Albiglutide 30 mg Weekly	-1.27
Albiglutide 30 mg Every Other Week	-0.82