Compounds > zonisamide
Page last updated: 2024-11-04

zonisamide

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5734
CHEMBL ID750
CHEBI ID10127
SCHEMBL ID35458
MeSH IDM0077929

Synonyms (126)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0708
AC-1413
BIDD:PXR0183
HMS3269F21
AB00876297-10
BRD-K48300629-001-03-8
tremode
e-2090 ,
excegran
ad-810n
trerief
ad-810
pd 110843
1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide
hsdb 7293
zonegran
zonisamida [spanish]
3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole
zonisamidum [latin]
brn 1077076
excegram
ci-912
ci 912
ad 810
c8h8n2o3s
exceglan
C07504
68291-97-4
zonisamide
DB00909
spr_2
benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl-methanesulfonamide
bdbm10888
zonisamide, 1
zonisamide (zns)
NCGC00159319-02
zonisamide, zns
1,2-benzoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide
chembl750 ,
excegran (tn)
zonisamide (jp17/usp/inn)
D00538
MLS001306491
NCGC00159319-03
smr000596519
MLS001195632
HMS2089O07
zonisade
n03ax15
pd-110843
1-(1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)methanesulfonamide
CHEBI:10127 ,
zonisamida
zonisamidum
1-(1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)methanesulfonamide
AKOS001312269
A836085
HMS3259N09
STK711131
(1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)methanesulfonamide
EN300-50288
459384h98v ,
unii-459384h98v
zonisamide [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
cas-68291-97-4
tox21_111569
dtxcid7026023
dtxsid9046023 ,
BBL010040
HMS2235L13
FT-0675931
FT-0601524
benzo[d]isoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide
S1445
gtpl7047
zonisamide [jan]
zonisamide [hsdb]
zonisamide [orange book]
zonisamide [usp-rs]
zonisamide [ema epar]
zonisamide [vandf]
zonisamide [usp monograph]
zonisamide [who-dd]
zonisamide [usan]
zonisamide [mi]
zonisamide [mart.]
zonisamide [inn]
CCG-220669
CS-1888
HY-B0124
NC00637
SCHEMBL35458
NCGC00159319-04
tox21_111569_1
KS-1142
AB00876297-09
1,2-benzisoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide
Q-201948
HB0675
Z0026
AB00876297_11
zonisamide pound>>ci-912 pound>>pd 110843
SR-01000837537-3
SR-01000837537-2
SR-01000837537-8
sr-01000837537
HMS3657E03
C76163
zonisamide 1.0 mg/ml in methanol
HMS3714E19
Z223042524
SW199135-2
HMS3677L09
mfcd00865316
Q219957
BCP28480
HMS3413L09
HMS3884I17
HMS3742M15
BZ164593
zonisamide (mart.)
zonisamidum (latin)
zonisamide (usp-rs)
benzo(d)isoxazol-3-yl-methanesulfonamide
zonisamide (usan:usp:inn:ban:jan)
zonisamide (usp monograph)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. Zonisamide is a new anti-epileptic drug whose mechanism of action is associated with neurotransmission systems also involved in the pathogenesis of addiction.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a new generation antiepileptic drug (AED) used in refractory epilepsy. "( Effectiveness of zonisamide in childhood refractory epilepsy.
Aslan, M; Gungor, S, 2022)		2.5
"Zonisamide appears to be a new treatment option for patients with PD and DLB."( Zonisamide's Efficacy and Safety on Parkinson's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Jiang, Z; Kong, L; Liu, H; Wang, Z; Xi, J; Yu, X, 2022)		2.89
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. "( Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats.
Atli-Eklioglu, O; Aydogan-Kılıc, G; Baysal, M; Ilgin, S; Karaduman, AB; Kilic, V; Ucarcan, S, 2019)		2.21
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug developed in Japan, where its therapeutic effects on PD were also discovered and developed."( [Parkinson's Disease: amantadine, zonisamide, dabrafenib].
Okamoto, T, 2019)		1.51
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug with a perspective of a broader use. "( The effect of zonisamide on memory processes - A preclinical study.
Krupa-Burtnik, A; Pietrzak, B; Zwierzyńska, E, 2020)		2.36
"Zonisamide is a nondopaminergic antiparkinsonian drug that can improve "wearing-off" although response to the treatment varies between individuals."( Genome-wide association study identifies zonisamide responsive gene in Parkinson's disease patients.
Ando-Kanagawa, Y; Cha, PC; Murata, M; Satake, W; Toda, T; Yamamoto, K, 2020)		1.55
"Zonisamide is an anti-epileptic medication with multiple mechanisms of action and a favorable safety profile. "( The Application of Zonisamide to Patients Suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Emerging Clinical Data.
Leverenz, JB; Tousi, B, 2021)		2.39
"Zonisamide is a new anti-epileptic drug whose mechanism of action is associated with neurotransmission systems also involved in the pathogenesis of addiction. "( The Impact of Zonisamide on the Development and Course of Alcohol Dependence in Rabbits. A pharmaco-EEG study.
Kordala, A; Krupa-Burtnik, A; Pietrzak, B; Zwierzynska, E, 2017)		2.26
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an effective drug for not only motor symptoms but also non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. "( Zonisamide inhibits monoamine oxidase and enhances motor performance and social activity.
Asano, T; Hikawa, R; Takahashi, R; Uemura, MT; Yamakado, H, 2017)		3.34
"Zonisamide is a new-generation anticonvulsant antiepileptic drug metabolized primarily in the liver, with subsequent elimination via the renal route."( Pharmacometabolomics applied to zonisamide pharmacokinetic parameter prediction.
Borobia, AM; Carcás Sansuan, AJ; Dapía, I; Díaz, L; Frías, J; García Bartolomé, A; García, I; Guerra, P; Martínez-Ávila, JC; Tong, HY, 2018)		2.21
"Zonisamide is an established antiepileptic with a multifactorial mechanism of action which has shown to be useful in other headache disorders such as migraine."( Zonisamide for Cluster Headache Prophylaxis: A Case Series.
Holland, LC; Limmer, AL; Loftus, BD, 2019)		2.68
"Zonisamide appears to be an effective prophylactic treatment for patients with chronic and episodic cluster headache disorders. "( Zonisamide for Cluster Headache Prophylaxis: A Case Series.
Holland, LC; Limmer, AL; Loftus, BD, 2019)		3.4
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug firstly approved in Europe as add-on therapy in adult patients with partial seizures and recently as monotherapy."( [Zonisamide in the epilepsy treatment: a literature review from add-on therapy to monotherapy].
Serrano-Castro, PJ; Villanueva, V, 2013)		2.74
"Oral zonisamide (Zonegran(®)) is a benzisoxazole derivative chemically unrelated to other antiepileptic agents. "( Zonisamide: a review of its use in the management of adults with partial seizures.
Hoy, SM, 2013)		2.35
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug mainly used in patients with refractory epilepsy. "( [Bilateral urolithiasis with zonisamide developed for a short period of time in a 10-year-old girl with intractable epilepsy].
Hirobe, M; Nishinaka, K; Sato, S; Takahashi, S; Tsukamoto, T, 2013)		2.12
"Oral zonisamide (Zonegran®) is a benzisoxazole derivative chemically unrelated to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). "( Zonisamide: a review of its use as adjunctive therapy in the management of partial seizures in pediatric patients aged ≥6 years.
Hoy, SM, 2014)		2.36
"Zonisamide (ZNM) is an antiepileptic drug that is used as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of adults with partial seizures. "( A simple and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of zonisamide in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Matar, KM, 2014)		2.06
"Zonisamide is a new antiepileptic drug used in childhood intractable seizures."( Zonisamide attenuates hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing rat brain.
Bayram, E; Karaoğlu, P; Kumral, A; Kurul, SH; Ozbal, S; Topçu, Y; Tuğyan, K; Yılmaz, O; Yiş, U, 2014)		2.57
"Zonisamide is a new generation antiepileptic drug (AED) widely used in children with refractory epilepsy, although until recently, it was used to a large extent as off-label or unlicensed medication due to the lack of evidence-based studies. "( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy.
Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)		3.29
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug with a broad spectrum of action mechanisms. "( Long-term retention rate of zonisamide in patients with epilepsy: an observational study.
Choi, K; Kim, DW; Moon, HS; Oh, J, )		1.87
"Zonisamide is an option for the treatment of intractable seizures with favorable seizure control in children and adolescents."( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide in Thai children and adolescents with intractable seizures.
Khongkhatithum, C; Thampratankul, L; Visudtibhan, A, 2015)		1.45
"Zonisamide is a structurally related anticonvulsant that is a promising agent for the treatment of AD and may have greater tolerability than topiramate."( Zonisamide, topiramate, and levetiracetam: efficacy and neuropsychological effects in alcohol use disorders.
Ciraulo, DA; Colaneri, L; Devine, E; Knapp, CM; Oscar-Berman, M; Putnam, M; Richambault, C; Richardson, MA; Sarid-Segal, O; Streeter, CC; Surprise, C; Waters, M, 2015)		2.58
"Zonisamide is a relatively new sulfonamide derivative indicated for epilepsy and used off-label for migraines."( Zonisamide-induced angle closure and myopic shift.
Weiler, DL, 2015)		2.58
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a second-generation antiepileptic drug with a unique structure and multiple mechanisms of action."( The safety and long-term efficacy of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy for focal epilepsy.
Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2015)		1.41
"Zonisamide is an orally administered antiepileptic drug that was first approved for clinical use in Japan in 1989. "( Zonisamide: Review of Recent Clinical Evidence for Treatment of Epilepsy.
Chen, TC; Chuang, YC; Dash, A; Huang, CW; Jou, SB; Kwan, SY, 2015)		3.3
"Zonisamide is a sulfonamide drug used primarily for the treatment of partial seizures in adults. "( Complete Recovery After Acute Zonisamide Overdose in an Adolescent Female.
McStay, C; Pierce, R; Riley, C, 2018)		2.21
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant (AC) that contains a sulpha moiety potentially triggering hypersensitivity syndrome reactions (HSR). "( Predicting possible zonisamide hypersensitivity syndrome.
Cohen, L; Kessas, M; Lee, AW; Malkiewicz, IM; Neuman, MG; Shear, NH, 2008)		2.11
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a multi-target antiepileptic drug reported to be efficient in the treatment of both partial and generalized seizures, with T-type Ca(2+) channel blockade being one of its proposed mechanisms of action. "( Zonisamide block of cloned human T-type voltage-gated calcium channels.
Hescheler, J; Jin, W; Matar, N; Schneider, T; Weiergräber, M; Wrubel, H, 2009)		3.24
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) with broad spectrum action that demonstrated a good efficacy in controlling seizures as add-on in adult and pediatric epilepsy. "( Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide as add-on in brain tumor-related epilepsy: preliminary report.
Carapella, CM; Dinapoli, L; Jandolo, B; Maschio, M; Pompili, A; Saveriano, F; Vidiri, A, 2009)		2.09
"Zonisamide appeared to be a reasonably effective and generally well-tolerated antiepileptic drug in a heterogeneous group of 57 children with poorly controlled epilepsy and provides another treatment option for children with refractory seizures."( Effectiveness and tolerability of zonisamide in children with epilepsy: a retrospective review.
Appleton, RE; Kneen, R; Martland, TR; Tan, HJ, 2010)		2.08
"Zonisamide is an FDA-approved antiepileptic drug that blocks voltage-dependent Na(+) channels and T-type Ca(2+) channels and improves clinical outcome in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients when used as an adjunct to other PD therapies. "( The antiepileptic drug zonisamide inhibits MAO-B and attenuates MPTP toxicity in mice: clinical relevance.
Buckley, B; Sonsalla, PK; Winnik, B; Wong, LY, 2010)		2.11
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug with multiple mechanisms of action, corresponding to efficacy in diverse epilepsy syndromes."( Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy.
Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2010)		2.52
"Zonisamide is a second generation antiepileptic drug available in France since 2005. "( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of zonisamide].
Bentué-Ferrer, D; Tribut, O; Verdier, MC, )		1.86
"Zonisamide is an anticonvulsant medication with GABAergic, glutamatergic, and monoaminergic effects. "( Placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Arias, AJ; Covault, J; Feinn, R; Kranzler, HR; Oncken, C, 2010)		2.1
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been associated with psychiatric adverse events (PAE) and cognitive adverse events (CAE); controlled studies evaluating these adverse events are limited. "( Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study.
Beniak, TE; Birnbaum, AK; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Walczak, TS; White, JR, 2010)		3.25
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug that also improves the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease. "( Zonisamide-induced long-lasting recovery of dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-toxicity.
Choudhury, ME; Kubo, M; Kyaw, WT; Matsuda, S; Moritoyo, T; Nagai, M; Nishikawa, N; Nomoto, M; Yabe, H, 2011)		3.25
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug that acts on voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, with a modulatory effect on GABA-mediated neuronal inhibition and an inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase. "( Moderate toxic effects following acute zonisamide overdose.
Ceschi, A; Hofer, KE; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Kupferschmidt, H; Rauber-Lüthy, C; Trachsel, C, 2011)		2.08
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) with multiple putative mechanisms of action. "( The long-term retention of zonisamide in a large cohort of people with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre.
Bartolini, E; Bell, GS; Catarino, CB; Duncan, JS; Sander, JW; Yuen, AW, 2011)		2.11
"Zonisamide is a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug with multiple mechanisms of action which has been recently approved in the US and Europe as an adjunctive therapy for refractory partial seizures in adults."( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy.
Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)		2.11
"Zonisamide is a second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) that has broad-spectrum efficacy, a favorable side-effect profile and simpler dosing than earlier drugs."( Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy.
Holder, JL; Wilfong, AA, 2011)		2.53
"Zonisamide is an anti-seizure medication that is indicated for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures. "( Psychosis induced by zonisamide: a case report and review of the literature.
Abdoh, M; Melgar, TA; Mersfelder, TL, )		1.89
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug associated with weight loss."( A randomized, placebo-controlled study of zonisamide to prevent olanzapine-associated weight gain.
Guerdjikova, AI; Keck, PE; Martens, B; McCoy, J; McElroy, SL; Moeller, D; Mori, N; Winstanley, E, 2012)		1.36
"Zonisamide is an anticonvulsant used as an adjunctive treatment for partial seizures. "( Zonisamide-induced psychosis in a patient with bipolar disorder and narcolepsy.
Opler, LA; Platt, EM; Platt, JE, )		3.02
"Zonisamide is a benzisoxazole derivative, chemically unrelated to other antiepileptic drugs, that appears to have multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of Na(+) channels and reduction of T-type Ca(2+) currents. "( Zonisamide: its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
Ben-Menachem, E; Brodie, MJ; Chouette, I; Giorgi, L, 2012)		3.26
"Zonisamide is a marketed antiepileptic drug that has serotonergic and dopaminergic activity in addition to blockade of sodium and calcium channels. "( Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial.
Franciscy, DM; Gadde, KM; Krishnan, KR; Wagner, HR, 2003)		3.2
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug developed and first marketed in Japan in 1989. "( Oligohydrosis and fever in pediatric patients treated with zonisamide.
Kapcala, LP; Knudsen, JF; Racoosin, JA; Thambi, LR, 2003)		2
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) efficient in treating refractory epilepsy."( Zonisamide: a new antiepileptic drug.
Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Kimber-Trojnar, Z; Małek, R; Piskorska, B; Sobieszek, G, )		2.3
"Zonisamide is a novel antiepileptic drug associated with weight loss."( Zonisamide in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial.
Hudson, JI; Keck, PE; Kotwal, R; McElroy, SL; Nelson, EB, 2004)		2.49
"Zonisamide is a new type of benzisoxazole derivative, first marketed in Japan in 1989. "( Overview of Japanese experience-controlled and uncontrolled trials.
Yagi, K, 2004)		1.77
"Zonisamide is a benzisoxazole-based compound first synthesized in the early 1970s by the research laboratories of Dainippon Pharmaceutical Company in Osaka, Japan. "( Review of zonisamide development in Japan.
Seino, M, 2004)		2.17
"Zonisamide is a synthetic 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide with anticonvulsant properties. "( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Leppik, IE, 2004)		3.21
"Zonisamide is an antiepilepsy drug (AED) with both sodium and calcium channel-blocking properties. "( Review of United States and European clinical trials of zonisamide in the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Faught, E, 2004)		2.01
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic agent that is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial seizures in adults. "( Zonisamide and associated oligohidrosis and hyperthermia.
James, S; Leong, R; Low, PA; Peschel, T; Rothstein, A, 2004)		3.21
"Zonisamide is a novel anticonvulsant drug with multiple mechanisms of action, many of which may confer efficacy in the treatment of migraine headaches. "( Open-label zonisamide for refractory migraine.
Armentbright, AD; Drake, ME; Greathouse, NI; Renner, JB, )		1.96
"Zonisamide is a broad-spectrum antiepilepsy drug indicated for the adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults."( Zonisamide monotherapy for epilepsy in children and young adults.
Wilfong, AA, 2005)		2.49
"Zonisamide is a broad-spectrum antiepilepsy drug approved in the United States for the adjunctive treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. "( Use of zonisamide in pediatric patients.
Brotherton, T; Santos, CC, 2005)		2.23
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug used as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial seizures in adults. "( Zonisamide: review of its use in epilepsy therapy.
Zareba, G, 2005)		3.21
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug with preliminary studies suggesting some efficacy in the adult headache population."( Zonisamide prophylaxis in refractory pediatric headache.
Kring, D; Pakalnis, A, 2006)		2.5
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a new AED effective in the treatment of refractory epilepsy and since it is only prescribed in polytherapy regimens, its interactions with other AEDs is of particular importance."( Interactions between zonisamide and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock test model.
Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sobieszek, G, 2007)		1.38
"Zonisamide is a new antiepileptic drug with multiple mechanisms of action and a favourable pharmacokinetic profile. "( Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in refractory patients.
Ashkenazi, A; Benlifer, A; Korenblit, J; Silberstein, SD, 2006)		3.22
"Zonisamide is an adjuvant for the treatment of patients with partial epilepsy, with or without secondary generalisation. "( [New medications; zonisamide].
Cohen, AF; van Bronswijk, H, 2006)		2.11
"Zonisamide is a novel antiepileptic drug associated with weight loss."( Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.
D'Alessio, DA; Guerdjikova, AI; Hudson, JI; Keck, PE; Kotwal, R; Lake, KA; McElroy, SL; Nelson, EB; Welge, JA, 2006)		2.5
"Zonisamide is a novel AED that has a broad combination of complementary mechanisms of action, which may offer a clinical advantage over other antiepileptic agents."( Clinical pharmacology and mechanism of action of zonisamide.
Biton, V, )		1.11
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug widely used to treat seizures worldwide. "( Zonisamide for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Miwa, H, 2007)		3.23
"Zonisamide is an antiepileptic with several potential mechanisms of action."( Zonisamide for essential tremor.
Ondo, WG, )		2.3
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant drug known to affect various neuronal channels and transmitter systems. "( Antiepileptic activity of zonisamide on hippocampal CA3 neurons does not depend on carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
Leniger, T; Splettstösser, F; Thöne, J; Wiemann, M, 2008)		2.09
"Zonisamide is a 1,2 benzisoxazole derivative and the first agent of this chemical class to be developed as an antiepileptic drug. "( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy.
Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		3.17
"Zonisamide is an effective antiepileptic drug for add-on treatment of refractory partial epilepsy."( Zonisamide for add-on treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a European double-blind trial.
Bauer, G; Blankenhorn, V; Deisenhammer, E; Despland, A; Egli, M; Jacob, R; Klinger, D; Loiseau, P; Schmidt, D; Stenzel, E, 1993)		2.45
"Zonisamide is a new drug with broad-spectrum antiepileptic activity against partial as well as generalized seizures. "( Long-term effects of zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy in children with intellectual disability.
Cho, K; Iinuma, K; Kajii, N; Minami, T; Tachi, N, 1998)		2.06
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a relatively new antiepileptic medication currently available in Japan. "( Zonisamide: a new antiepileptic drug.
Mathews, S; Oommen, KJ, )		3.02
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in both animal models of epilepsy and patients with epilepsy. "( Zonisamide.
Leppik, IE, 1999)		3.19
"Zonisamide is a sulfonamide antiepilepsy drug with sodium and calcium channel-blocking actions. "( Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Ayala, R; Faught, E; Leppik, IE; Montouris, GG, 2001)		2.04
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is a generally well tolerated anticonvulsant that has beneficial effects on Parkinson's disease (PD). "( Zonisamide has beneficial effects on Parkinson's disease patients.
Horiuchi, E; Kanazawa, I; Murata, M, 2001)		3.2
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug developed in Japan. "( Regional accumulation of 14C-zonisamide in rat brain during kainic acid-induced limbic seizures.
Akaike, K; Fukumoto, S; Imamura, S; Takigawa, M; Tanaka, S; Tojo, H, 2001)		2.04
"Zonisamide is a novel anticonvulsant that is structurally and mechanistically unique, compared with other antiepilepsy drugs. "( Zonisamide in pediatric epilepsy: review of the Japanese experience.
Glauser, TA; Pellock, JM, 2002)		3.2
"Zonisamide is a new antiepileptic drug which has a wide range of antiepileptic efficacy. "( [Zonisamide induced tremor--report of two cases].
Taira, T, 1992)		2.64
"Zonisamide is a novel anticonvulsant that prevents seizures in laboratory animals and in man. "( Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant.
Macdonald, RL; Rock, DM; Taylor, CP, )		1.8
"Zonisamide (CI-912) is an experimental antiepileptic drug. "( Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy.
Buchanan, RA; Friel, PN; Levy, RH; McLean, JR; Ojemann, LM; Shastri, RA; Wilensky, AJ, 1986)		2

Effects

Zonisamide (Zonegran) has a similar pharmacologic profile to topiramate, which has been shown to reduce smoking, but is better tolerated. Zonisamide has a long T1/2 enabling once-daily dosing and linear pharmacokinetics. Plasma levels of commonly administered AEDs and oral contraceptives are unaffected by concomitant zonisamide.

Zonisamide has shown efficacy as adjunct therapy for the management of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) Zonisamide was found to improve the symptoms of PD in a patient who had both epilepsy and PD. It has been reported to have protective effects on epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zonisamide (Zonegran) has a similar pharmacologic profile to topiramate, which has been shown to reduce smoking, but is better tolerated."( Zonisamide Reduces Withdrawal Symptoms But Does Not Enhance Varenicline-Induced Smoking Cessation.
Dunn, KE; Kim, C; Marcus, TF; Schroeder, JR; Umbricht, A; Vandrey, R, 2016)		2.6
"Zonisamide has a pharmacokinetic profile favorable for clinical use."( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Leppik, IE, 2004)		2.49
"Zonisamide has a long T1/2 enabling once-daily dosing, linear pharmacokinetics and minimal interaction with other drugs; plasma levels of commonly administered AEDs and oral contraceptives are unaffected by concomitant zonisamide."( Introduction to zonisamide.
Baulac, M, 2006)		1.4
"Zonisamide has a broader therapeutic range than other antiepileptic drugs."( Neuropharmacology of zonisamide, a new antiepileptic drug.
Hammond, EJ; McLean, JR; Perchalski, RJ; Wilder, BJ, 1987)		1.31
"Zonisamide has exhibited neuroprotective activities toward adult rat DRG neurons in vitro and therefore, we aimed to assess its potential efficacy against OHP-induced neurotoxicity."( Pretreatment with Zonisamide Mitigates Oxaliplatin-Induced Toxicity in Rat DRG Neurons and DRG Neuron-Schwann Cell Co-Cultures.
Sango, K; Takaku, S, 2022)		1.78
"Zonisamide (ZNS) has shown anti-apoptosis effects in recent studies."( Neuroprotective effects of zonisamide on cerebral ischemia injury via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.
Chen, R; Chen, Y; He, J; He, W; Xie, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, X, 2021)		1.64
"Zonisamide has shown efficacy as adjunct therapy for the management of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)."( The Application of Zonisamide to Patients Suffering from Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Emerging Clinical Data.
Leverenz, JB; Tousi, B, 2021)		1.67
"Zonisamide has been suggested as a potentially useful agent for the treatment of ET but there is uncertainty about its efficacy and safety."( Zonisamide for essential tremor.
Bruno, E; Colosimo, C; Filippini, G; Nicoletti, A; Quattrocchi, G; Zappia, M, 2017)		2.62
"Zonisamide has been in use for epilepsy and it was serendipitously found to improve the symptoms of PD in a patient who had both epilepsy and PD."( Zonisamide: a review of the clinical and experimental evidence for its use in Parkinson's disease.
Gokhale, DV; Grover, ND; Limaye, RP; Patil, TR, )		2.3
"Zonisamide has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Carmichael, K; Lakhan, SE; Marson, AG; Parikh, P; Pulman, J, 2013)		3.28
"Zonisamide has recently been approved in Europe for the adjunctive treatment of partial seizures (with or without secondary generalisation) in adolescents and children aged ≥6 years."( Safety and tolerability of zonisamide in paediatric patients with epilepsy.
Auvin, S; Cross, JH; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)		2.14
"Zonisamide has been reported to have protective effects on epilepsy and Parkinson׳s disease and to work via various mechanisms of action, such as inhibition of monoamine oxidase-B and enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase. "( Zonisamide suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro and in vivo.
Hara, H; Hashizume, T; Ishisaka, M; Shimazawa, M; Tsujii, S, 2015)		3.3
"Zonisamide has been associated with weight loss in children and adults."( Effects of adjunctive zonisamide treatment on weight and body mass index in children with partial epilepsy.
Giorgi, L; Lagae, L; Meshram, C; Patten, A, 2015)		2.17
"Zonisamide (Zonegran) has a similar pharmacologic profile to topiramate, which has been shown to reduce smoking, but is better tolerated."( Zonisamide Reduces Withdrawal Symptoms But Does Not Enhance Varenicline-Induced Smoking Cessation.
Dunn, KE; Kim, C; Marcus, TF; Schroeder, JR; Umbricht, A; Vandrey, R, 2016)		2.6
"Zonisamide has neuroprotective effects though inhibition of quinoprotein and increasing the levels of GSH and Mn SOD."( [Therapy of Parkinson's disease--up to date].
Murata, M, 2008)		1.07
"Zonisamide has demonstrated good efficacy and tolerability in patients refractory to topiramate and shows a prolonged half life, which improves compliance."( [The role of the neuromodulators in the preventive treatment of migraine].
Pascual-Gómez, J, )		0.85
"Zonisamide has also been shown to reduce alcohol intake in rodents and in risky drinkers in the context of a laboratory study."( Placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Arias, AJ; Covault, J; Feinn, R; Kranzler, HR; Oncken, C, 2010)		1.38
"Zonisamide has multiple modes of action, and its effects on Parkinson's disease include activation of dopamine synthesis, inhibition of monoamine oxidase, inhibition of T-type calcium channels and inhibition of an indirect pathway in the basal ganglia through the δ opioid receptor."( Zonisamide: a new drug for Parkinson's disease.
Murata, M, 2010)		2.52
"Zonisamide (ZNS) has proved effective for motor symptoms in PD and it may be also useful in the field of ICDs."( Zonisamide in managing impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.
Anciones, B; Bermejo, PE; Ruiz-Huete, C, 2010)		2.52
"Zonisamide, which has several putative pharmacologic mechanisms of action, is a member of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drug group."( Zonisamide ameliorates symptoms of secondary paroxysmal dystonia.
Borenstein, MJ; Egel, RT; Hoganson, GE; Katerji, MA, 2010)		2.52
"Zonisamide has several CNS dose-dependent, metabolic and idiosyncratic adverse effects. "( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy.
Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)		2.11
"Zonisamide has been proven as an effective drug for the recovery of degenerating dopaminergic neurons in the animal models of Parkinson's disease. "( Zonisamide up-regulated the mRNAs encoding astrocytic anti-oxidative and neurotrophic factors.
Choudhury, ME; Iwaki, H; Kubo, M; Kyaw, WT; Nagai, M; Nishikawa, N; Nomoto, M; Sugimoto, K; Tanaka, J; Tsujii, T, 2012)		3.26
"Zonisamide has also been shown to have favourable long-term retention rates, an important indication of its overall effectiveness."( Zonisamide: its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
Ben-Menachem, E; Brodie, MJ; Chouette, I; Giorgi, L, 2012)		2.54
"Zonisamide has a pharmacokinetic profile favorable for clinical use."( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Leppik, IE, 2004)		2.49
"Zonisamide has been commercially available in Japan since 1989, and became available in the United States for treatment of adults over the age of 12 with partial-onset seizures in March 2000."( Review of United States and European clinical trials of zonisamide in the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Faught, E, 2004)		1.29
"Zonisamide has multiple mechanisms of action, which may explain widespread reports of its utility in focal epilepsy and generalized epilepsy, and for nonseizure disorders such as headache and neuropathic pain."( Zonisamide: newer antiepileptic agent with multiple mechanisms of action.
Biton, V, 2004)		2.49
"Zonisamide has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Chadwick, DW; Marson, AG, 2005)		3.21
"Zonisamide (Zonegran) has been used extensively worldwide (>2 million patient-years experience) for the effective treatment of a broad range of epilepsy indications. "( Zonisamide as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial seizures.
Brodie, MJ, 2006)		3.22
"Zonisamide has a long T1/2 enabling once-daily dosing, linear pharmacokinetics and minimal interaction with other drugs; plasma levels of commonly administered AEDs and oral contraceptives are unaffected by concomitant zonisamide."( Introduction to zonisamide.
Baulac, M, 2006)		1.4
"Zonisamide has no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of other commonly used AEDs, however, co-administration with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducers or inhibitors may change zonisamide's pharmacokinetic profile."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide therapy for refractory partial seizures.
Baulac, M; Leppik, IE, 2007)		1.34
"Zonisamide and bupropion have been investigated for weight reduction in obese adults. "( Combination therapy of zonisamide and bupropion for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary, randomized, open-label study.
Foust, MS; Gadde, KM; Wagner, HR; Yonish, GM, 2007)		2.09
"Zonisamide has demonstrated efficacy equivalent to that of carbamazepine in patients with (mainly) partial seizures, and to that of valproic acid in a small study of children (n = 32) with generalised seizures."( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy.
Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		2.45
"Zonisamide has been proven to have a pharmacological profile that is very similar to that of carbamazepine."( The first open study of zonisamide, a novel anticonvulsant, shows efficacy in mania.
Arata, E; Kamijima, K; Kanba, S; Kinoshita, N; Koshikawa, H; Nibuya, M; Otaki, J; Suzuki, T; Tajima, O; Yagi, G, 1994)		1.32
"Zonisamide, which has been commercially available in Japan for some years, also has a multifactorial mode of action, possibly involving the blockade of sodium channels, T-type calcium channels and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine.
Bialer, M; Perucca, E, 1996)		1.24
"Zonisamide has previously been reported to be effective in two patients with PME."( Zonisamide for progressive myoclonus epilepsy: long-term observations in seven patients.
Ben-Menachem, E; Kyllerman, M, 1998)		2.46
"Zonisamide has efficacy as an add-on treatment in patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Zonisamide for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Chadwick, DW; Marson, AG, 2000)		3.19
"Zonisamide has been approved for use in Japan for ten years prior to approval in USA and Europe."( An assessment of zonisamide as an anti-epileptic drug.
Jain, KK, 2000)		1.37
"Zonisamide has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Chadwick, DW; Marson, AG, 2002)		3.2
"Zonisamide has a broader therapeutic range than other antiepileptic drugs."( Neuropharmacology of zonisamide, a new antiepileptic drug.
Hammond, EJ; McLean, JR; Perchalski, RJ; Wilder, BJ, 1987)		1.31

Actions

Zonisamide displays predictable, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and has a half-life of ~60 h. It can cause an idiosyncratic reaction leading to choroidal effusion with or without acute angle closure.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zonisamide can cause an idiosyncratic reaction leading to choroidal effusion with or without acute angle closure. "( Zonisamide-induced Choroidal Effusion: A Case Report.
Baradad Jurjo, MC; Caminal Mitjana, JM; Lillo Sopena, J; Moix Gil, E; Sanz Moreno, S, 2020)		3.44
"Zonisamide displays predictable, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and has a half-life of ~60 h, allowing once- or twice-daily administration."( Zonisamide: its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
Ben-Menachem, E; Brodie, MJ; Chouette, I; Giorgi, L, 2012)		2.54

Treatment

Zonisamide treatment alone did not produce any lasting effects on ex vivo MAO-B activity, indicating that it is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme. Pretreatment with zonisamide (100 μM) alleviated the DRG neuronal death caused by OHP.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zonisamide treatment was discontinued."( Zonisamide-induced Choroidal Effusion: A Case Report.
Baradad Jurjo, MC; Caminal Mitjana, JM; Lillo Sopena, J; Moix Gil, E; Sanz Moreno, S, 2020)		2.72
"The zonisamide-treated group received an intraperitoneal injection of zonisamide."( Zonisamide attenuates hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing rat brain.
Bayram, E; Karaoğlu, P; Kumral, A; Kurul, SH; Ozbal, S; Topçu, Y; Tuğyan, K; Yılmaz, O; Yiş, U, 2014)		2.33
"Zonisamide treatment was associated with a maintained reduction in seizure frequency, with some patients achieving prolonged periods of seizure freedom."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy.
Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)		1.35
"Zonisamide treatment alone did not produce any lasting effects on ex vivo MAO-B activity, indicating that it is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme."( The antiepileptic drug zonisamide inhibits MAO-B and attenuates MPTP toxicity in mice: clinical relevance.
Buckley, B; Sonsalla, PK; Winnik, B; Wong, LY, 2010)		1.39
"Zonisamide treatment was started at 100 mg/day and increased by 100 mg every 2 weeks to a maximum of 300 mg/day in divided doses (b.i.d."( A preliminary open-label study of zonisamide treatment for bipolar depression in 10 patients.
Anand, A; Bukhari, L; Jennings, SA; Kamat, M; Lee, C; Lightfoot, J; Nurnberger, JI; Shekhar, A, 2005)		1.33
"Zonisamide treatment was generally well tolerated and was associated with significant reductions in seizure frequency in this pediatric population with a variety of both partial and generalized medically refractory epilepsy syndromes."( Open-label, long-term safety study of zonisamide administered to children and adolescents with epilepsy.
Conry, JA; Pellock, JM; Shinnar, S, 2009)		2.07
"Pretreatment with zonisamide (100 μM) alleviated the DRG neuronal death caused by OHP (75 μM) and the protective effects were attenuated by a co-incubation with 25 μM of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; MEK/ERK) inhibitor, U0126, or the phosphatidyl inositol-3'-phosphate-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002."( Pretreatment with Zonisamide Mitigates Oxaliplatin-Induced Toxicity in Rat DRG Neurons and DRG Neuron-Schwann Cell Co-Cultures.
Sango, K; Takaku, S, 2022)		1.38
"Treatment with zonisamide is well tolerated and is not known to be associated with clinically significant drug-drug interactions, including with oral contraceptives or other antiepileptic drugs."( Zonisamide: Review of Recent Clinical Evidence for Treatment of Epilepsy.
Chen, TC; Chuang, YC; Dash, A; Huang, CW; Jou, SB; Kwan, SY, 2015)		2.2
"Treatment with zonisamide was well-tolerated and no participants dropped out prematurely."( Effects of zonisamide on tardive dyskinesia: a preliminary open-label trial.
Irie, S; Iwashita, S; Iwata, Y; Mimura, M; Suzuki, T; Uchida, H; Watanabe, K, 2012)		1.11
"Treatment with zonisamide at a dose of 80 mg/kg increased serum pyridinoline level, a marker of bone resorption, while it does not affect the serum intact osteocalcin level, a marker of bone formation."( Effects of chronic administration of zonisamide, an antiepileptic drug, on bone mineral density and their prevention with alfacalcidol in growing rats.
Kamei, J; Mayanagi, H; Miyazaki, S; Onodera, K; Saito, T; Sakurada, S; Shinoda, H; Takahashi, A, 2003)		0.93

Toxicity

Zonisamide has several CNS dose-dependent, metabolic and idiosyncratic adverse effects. The most frequent adverse event was fatigue, reported in 23% of the patients. Open-label extension studies suggest continued efficacy of zonisamide in long-term treatment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse effects involved principally the CNS and were similar to those seen with other antiepileptic drugs."( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide: results of a multicenter study.
Fromm, G; Homan, RW; Leppik, IE; Lesser, RP; Oommen, KJ; Penry, JK; Sackellares, JC; Smith, DB; Wallace, JD; Willmore, LJ, 1993)		0.6
"At the study's conclusion, information regarding adverse events (AEs) and body weight was recorded."( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study.
Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)		0.57
" A total of 1089 adverse events occurred in 476 (31."( Safety of zonisamide therapy: prospective follow-up survey.
Ohtahara, S; Yamatogi, Y, 2004)		0.73
" The most common adverse events were somnolence, headache, dizziness, and nausea during the titration phase and headache and pharyngitis during the fixed-dose assessment phase."( Dose-dependent safety and efficacy of zonisamide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with refractory partial seizures.
Bitenskyy, V; Brodie, MJ; Duncan, R; Lucas, C; Solyom, A; Vespignani, H, 2005)		0.6
" Open-label extension studies in the United States and Europe suggest continued efficacy of zonisamide in long-term treatment without development of adverse events further to those seen in registration studies."( Practical prescribing and long-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide.
Leppik, IE, 2006)		0.8
" Thirty of 112 patients (27%) reported mild to moderate adverse events, such as weight loss (5."( Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy and adjunctive therapy with zonisamide.
Tisdell, J; Tosches, WA, 2006)		0.57
" Seizure count and side effect profile were maintained during therapy."( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide monotherapy in a cohort of children with epilepsy.
Hobdell, E; Kaleyias, J; Khurana, DS; Kothare, SV; Legido, A; Melvin, JJ; Mostofi, N; Valencia, I, 2006)		0.64
" A total of 1089 adverse events occurred in 476 (31."( Erratum to "Safety of zonisamide therapy: prospective follow-up survey.".
Ohtahara, S; Yamatogi, Y, 2007)		0.65
" Zonisamide is well tolerated with the majority of adverse events being mild-to-moderate and generally manageable."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide therapy for refractory partial seizures.
Baulac, M; Leppik, IE, 2007)		1.53
" The occurrence of adverse events (AEs) was the primary safety measure."( Open-label, long-term safety study of zonisamide administered to children and adolescents with epilepsy.
Conry, JA; Pellock, JM; Shinnar, S, 2009)		0.62
" However, half of the cats that were administered 20mg/kg/day daily showed adverse reactions such as anorexia, diarrhoea, vomiting, somnolence and locomotor ataxia."( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of zonisamide in cats.
Fujita, M; Hasegawa, D; Kobayashi, M; Kuwabara, T; Ohmura, T; Orima, H, 2008)		0.63
"A review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, evidence for efficacy in different seizure types and non-seizure conditions, adverse effects, and tolerability of ZNS is presented."( Zonisamide: review of pharmacology, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety.
Kaleyias, J; Kothare, SV, 2008)		1.79
"Zonisamide (ZNS) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been associated with psychiatric adverse events (PAE) and cognitive adverse events (CAE); controlled studies evaluating these adverse events are limited."( Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study.
Beniak, TE; Birnbaum, AK; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Walczak, TS; White, JR, 2010)		3.25
" Our findings support the concept that selected patients are relatively more vulnerable to CNS adverse events when exposed to ZNS."( Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study.
Beniak, TE; Birnbaum, AK; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Walczak, TS; White, JR, 2010)		1.8
" Seizure frequency and adverse effects were documented."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)		0.65
" There was no difference in the incidence of adverse effects between zonisamide and placebo."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)		0.88
" Concurrent treatment of mice with zonisamide and MPTP did not show any inhibition of the toxic effect of MPTP towards dopamine contents at 1 week after treatment but it increased the number and area of TH-positive neurons compared to the MPTP-treated group."( Zonisamide-induced long-lasting recovery of dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-toxicity.
Choudhury, ME; Kubo, M; Kyaw, WT; Matsuda, S; Moritoyo, T; Nagai, M; Nishikawa, N; Nomoto, M; Yabe, H, 2011)		2.09
" The most common reported adverse effects are somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and headache."( Moderate toxic effects following acute zonisamide overdose.
Ceschi, A; Hofer, KE; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Kupferschmidt, H; Rauber-Lüthy, C; Trachsel, C, 2011)		0.64
"The adverse effect profile of this drug from controlled, randomized studies and open and long-term studies and case reports is described herein."( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy.
Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)		0.67
"Zonisamide has several CNS dose-dependent, metabolic and idiosyncratic adverse effects."( Drug safety evaluation of zonisamide for the treatment of epilepsy.
Cincotta, M; Tramacere, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)		2.11
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were reported in 80 patients."( Short-term efficacy and safety of zonisamide as adjunctive treatment for refractory partial seizures: a multicenter open-label single-arm trial in Korean patients.
Cho, YW; Heo, K; Kim, KS; Kim, OJ; Kim, SE; Kim, SH; Lee, BI; Lee, JH; Lee, SJ; Park, SP; Shin, DJ; Song, HK; Yi, SD, 2012)		0.66
"Drug-induced weight alteration can be a serious side effect that applies to several therapeutic agents and must be referred to in the respective approved labeling texts."( Weight-reducing side effects of the antiepileptic agents topiramate and zonisamide.
Antel, J; Hebebrand, J, 2012)		0.61
" In all four trials, zonisamide 300-600 mg/day resulted in significant reductions in median total seizure rates vs placebo, and zonisamide was generally well tolerated; the most frequently reported adverse events being somnolence, dizziness and anorexia/weight loss."( Zonisamide: its pharmacology, efficacy and safety in clinical trials.
Ben-Menachem, E; Brodie, MJ; Chouette, I; Giorgi, L, 2012)		2.14
"The first aim of our study was to analyze the adverse events statistically significantly associated with zonisamide, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs)."( The adverse event profile of zonisamide: a meta-analysis.
Di Sabatino, F; Loiacono, G; Verrotti, A; Zaccara, G, 2013)		0.9
" Assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), clinical laboratory parameters and weight change."( Safety and tolerability of zonisamide in elderly patients with epilepsy.
Giorgi, L; Patten, A; Segieth, J; Trinka, E, 2013)		0.69
" Since psychiatric adverse effects, including mania, psychosis, and suicidal ideation, have been associated with its use, it was suggested that the presence of antecedent psychiatric disorders is an important factor associated with the discontinuation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy."( Psychiatric adverse effects of zonisamide in patients with epilepsy and mental disorder comorbidities.
Cavanna, AE; Seri, S, 2013)		0.86
" Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and clinical laboratory parameters."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study.
Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)		0.68
" There were no reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis in either group."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study.
Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)		0.68
" Assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), clinical laboratory parameters, vital signs and electrocardiography."( Safety and tolerability of zonisamide in paediatric patients with epilepsy.
Auvin, S; Cross, JH; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)		0.7
" In addition, data on the efficacy of zonisamide to reduce seizures and reported adverse events were extracted from the medical records and analyzed."( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy.
Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)		2.12
" The overall efficacy of zonisamide for reducing seizure frequency ≥ 50% was 35% and the most frequent adverse event was fatigue, reported in 23% of the patients."( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy.
Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)		2.15
" The underlying illness, etiology of epilepsy, seizure types, previous and concomitant antiepileptic drugs, dosage, and adverse effects of the drug were collected."( Efficacy and safety of zonisamide in Thai children and adolescents with intractable seizures.
Khongkhatithum, C; Thampratankul, L; Visudtibhan, A, 2015)		0.73
" Adverse effects include somnolence and weight decrease, but data suggest that long-term treatment with ZNS is safe with only rare newly occurring adverse effects, and good long-term tolerability also regarding mood, behavior, cognition and bone maturation."( The safety and long-term efficacy of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy for focal epilepsy.
Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2015)		0.69
" The open phase did not reveal new adverse effects."( [Zonisamid in additional treatment of pediatric partial epilepsy: a review of efficacy and safety in randomized double blind pacebo-controlled III phase study].
Belousova, E, 2015)		0.42
"There are a limited number of anticonvulsant medications that can be administered with an oral loading dose in order to rapidly achieve an effective serum level, and most of these have associated adverse effects."( Safety and tolerability of an oral zonisamide loading dose.
Bazil, CW; Jongeling, AC; Richins, RJ, 2015)		0.69
"This report is the first to suggest a method of rapidly initiating zonisamide therapy, achieving therapeutic serum levels in a shorter time frame, with an adverse effect profile similar to the recommended titration schedule."( Safety and tolerability of an oral zonisamide loading dose.
Bazil, CW; Jongeling, AC; Richins, RJ, 2015)		0.93
" However, oral zonisamide appeared to be safe and tolerable in the study."( Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of oral zonisamide therapy in comparison with intramuscular adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in infants with West syndrome.
Angappan, D; Malhi, P; Sahu, JK; Singhi, P, 2019)		1.12
" CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Twice-daily oral administration of zonisamide to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots resulted in plasma concentrations known to be therapeutic in dogs without evidence of adverse effects on body weight, attitude, and urofeces or clinically relevant changes to hematologic and biochemical variables."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of zonisamide after oral administration of single and multiple doses to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
Boothe, DM; de Matos, RE; Guzman, DS; Kass, PH; Keller, KA; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA; Visser, M, 2019)		1.03
" After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed."( Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats.
Atli-Eklioglu, O; Aydogan-Kılıc, G; Baysal, M; Ilgin, S; Karaduman, AB; Kilic, V; Ucarcan, S, 2019)		0.76
" Other outcomes included the changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-10 (NPI-10) scores, and the incidence of adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide in Dementia with Lewy Bodies Patients with Parkinsonism: A Post Hoc Analysis of Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials.
Hasegawa, K; Kochi, K; Konishi, O; Maruyama, H; Odawara, T; Toya, S, 2021)		0.93
" There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the zonisamide and placebo groups except for decreased appetite, which had an increased frequency in the zonisamide 50 mg group compared with placebo."( Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide in Dementia with Lewy Bodies Patients with Parkinsonism: A Post Hoc Analysis of Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials.
Hasegawa, K; Kochi, K; Konishi, O; Maruyama, H; Odawara, T; Toya, S, 2021)		1.16
" The primary objective was to determine efficacy in terms of proportion with complete spasm resolution, we also intended to determine proportion with at least 50% spasm reduction, hypsarrhythmia resolution, and nature/frequency of adverse effects."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of zonisamide in children with epileptic spasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)		0.89
"9-35 mg/kg/day dose with only mild adverse effects in a few patients."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of zonisamide in children with epileptic spasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)		0.89
"Zonisamide can reduce spasms in 21% of children with epileptic spasms, without major adverse effects."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of zonisamide in children with epileptic spasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)		2.34
" No unexpected neurological or psychiatric adverse events occurred, and no adverse events increased in incidence in the open-label period."( Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide for Treatment of Parkinsonism in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: An Open-Label Extension of a Phase three Randomized Controlled Trial.
Hasegawa, K; Kajiwara, R; Kosaka, K; Murata, M; Odawara, T; Tagawa, M; Takeuchi, H, 2022)		1
"Oxaliplatin (OHP) is a platinum-based agent that can cause peripheral neuropathy, an adverse effect in which the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are targeted."( Pretreatment with Zonisamide Mitigates Oxaliplatin-Induced Toxicity in Rat DRG Neurons and DRG Neuron-Schwann Cell Co-Cultures.
Sango, K; Takaku, S, 2022)		1.06
" Adverse events reported in the RCTs will be considered in the final safety analysis."( Zonisamide's Efficacy and Safety on Parkinson's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Jiang, Z; Kong, L; Liu, H; Wang, Z; Xi, J; Yu, X, 2022)		2.16
" The mainstay of treatment is with multiple anti-seizure medications (ASMs); however, the ASMs themselves can be associated with psychobehavioural adverse events, and effects (negative or positive) on cognition and sleep."( Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Schubert-Bast, S; Strzelczyk, A, 2022)		0.72
" For safety outcomes, rasagiline was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events than placebo and safinamide."( Comparative efficacy and safety of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors plus channel blockers and monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors as adjuvant therapy to levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled
Cai, G; Cai, H; Cui, Y; Feng, T; Lin, F; Su, D; Yan, R, 2023)		0.91
" Therefore, knowledge about the typical adverse events (AEs) for ASMs and other coadministered drugs (CDs) is essential for practitioners and patients."( Adverse Event Profiles of Antiseizure Medications and the Impact of Coadministration on Drug Tolerability in Adults with Epilepsy.
Knake, S; Kovac, S; Rosenow, F; Strzelczyk, A; van der Goten, M; von Podewils, F; Willems, LM; Zöllner, JP, 2023)		0.91
" Primary outcomes were the change from baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale section III (UPDRS-III) and serious adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of MAO-B Inhibitors Safinamide and Zonisamide in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Abou-Setta, A; Aboulatta, L; Askin, N; Eltonsy, S; Haidar, L; Lavu, A; Peymani, P; Rabbani, R; Zarychanski, R, 2023)		1.16
" The meta-analysis showed that both medications have a similar safety profile to placebo with regard to serious adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of MAO-B Inhibitors Safinamide and Zonisamide in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Abou-Setta, A; Aboulatta, L; Askin, N; Eltonsy, S; Haidar, L; Lavu, A; Peymani, P; Rabbani, R; Zarychanski, R, 2023)		1.16

Pharmacokinetics

Zonisamide has a pharmacokinetic profile favorable for clinical use. There was no pharmacodynamic evidence that zonisamide is likely to reduce the contraceptive effectiveness of OCs containing EE and NOR.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The effects of other antiepileptics on the serum protein binding, erythrocyte distribution and metabolism of ZNS were also studied in vitro to elucidate the mechanism of pharmacokinetic interaction of ZNS."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of other antiepileptics on zonisamide.
Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1992)		0.57
" Additional pharmacokinetic studies will help to establish the change in pharmacokinetic profile that occurs with dosage titration in patients outside Japan."( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy.
Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		1.73
" The 266 serum concentration data at steady-state after repetitive oral administration were analyzed using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program designed for estimation of population pharmacokinetic parameters."( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients.
Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)		0.53
" These results suggest that ZNS has little effect on the pharmacokinetic behaviors of other antiepileptic drugs."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of zonisamide on other antiepileptics.
Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1993)		0.57
" When used as a monotherapy, topiramate is eliminated primarily in the urine in an unchanged form with a half-life of 20 to 30 hours; elimination is faster in patients receiving concurrent medication with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants, in whom the extent of biotransformation becomes more prominent."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine.
Bialer, M; Perucca, E, 1996)		0.52
"A 56-day pharmacokinetic study of zonisamide was conducted in 24 healthy volunteers."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, an antiepileptic agent for treatment of refractory complex partial seizures.
Buchanan, RA; Kochak, GM; Padgett, CS; Page, JG; Peters, R, 1998)		0.86
" For all drugs that are metabolized, half-life is shortened and clearance is increased when patients receive concomitant enzyme-inducing agents such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and carbamazepine."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs.
Perucca, E, 1999)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are the primary deter-minant of the extent and duration of drug action, and influence susceptibility to clinically important drug interactions."( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come?
Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)		0.32
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were performed: on days -7 and -1, to assess pharmacokinetic parameters of oral phenytoin administered alone, and on day 35, after 14 days of zonisamide treatment, to evaluate the effect of zonisamide on phenytoin pharmacokinetics and to characterize zonisamide pharmacokinetics in the presence of phenytoin."( Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy.
Garnett, WR; Levy, RH; Pan, WJ; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Schmerler, M; Shah, J, 2004)		0.78
" Zonisamide has a pharmacokinetic profile favorable for clinical use."( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Leppik, IE, 2004)		2.68
"Several antiepileptic drugs have clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with oral contraceptives (OCs) that may result in contraceptive failure."( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women.
Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)		0.73
"035 mg and norethindrone [NOR] 1 mg) and on pharmacodynamic variables that may be increased in the event of reduced contraceptive efficacy (concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], and progesterone)."( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women.
Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)		0.73
" There was no pharmacodynamic evidence that zonisamide is likely to reduce the contraceptive effectiveness of OCs containing EE and NOR."( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women.
Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)		0.99
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained: on days -7 and -1, to assess pharmacokinetic parameters of oral valproic acid administered alone, and on day 35, after 14 days of zonisamide treatment at the maximal tolerated dose, to evaluate the effect of zonisamide on valproic acid pharmacokinetics and to characterise zonisamide pharmacokinetics in the presence of valproic acid."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy.
Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)		0.77
"Seventeen patients completed the study, with 16 patients contributing to the pharmacokinetic analyses."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy.
Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)		0.57
" For drugs that are eliminated renally completely unchanged (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) or mainly unchanged (levetiracetam and topiramate), the pharmacokinetic variability is less pronounced and more predictable."( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed?
Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetics of the 260 PB concentrations at a steady-state obtained from 79 patients was described with a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination."( Population estimation of the effects of cytochrome P450 2C9 and 2C19 polymorphisms on phenobarbital clearance in Japanese.
Goto, S; Ishitsu, T; Murata, T; Nakada, N; Nakagawa, K; Seo, T; Ueda, N, 2007)		0.34
" Older-generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are well known for their pharmacokinetic interaction potential, which generally results from alterations in the metabolism of concomitant drugs due to effects on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine glucuronyl transferase enzyme systems."( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions with zonisamide.
Brodie, M; Sills, G, 2007)		0.6
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with a single administration of ZNS at 10mg/day were as follows: Cmax=13."( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of zonisamide in cats.
Fujita, M; Hasegawa, D; Kobayashi, M; Kuwabara, T; Ohmura, T; Orima, H, 2008)		0.63
" The pharmacokinetics of the 282 ZNS concentrations at a steady state obtained from 99 Japanese epileptic patients was performed with a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling program, using a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination."( Population estimation regarding the effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A5 polymorphisms on zonisamide clearance.
Hashimoto, N; Higa, Y; Ishitsu, T; Nakagawa, K; Okada, Y; Seo, T; Wanibuchi, A, 2008)		0.57
" The developed assay method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers."( Simultaneous estimation of four proton pump inhibitors--lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole: development of a novel generic HPLC-UV method and its application to clinical pharmacokinetic study.
Bharathi, DV; Chatki, PK; Hotha, KK; Jagadeesh, B; Mullangi, R; Naidu, A; Thriveni, K, 2009)		0.35
" The present study was aimed to investigate the potential effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetic profile of zonisamide (ZNM) in the rabbit."( Impact of pregnancy on zonisamide pharmacokinetics in rabbits.
Matar, KM, 2013)		0.91
" The developed method was successfully applied for a pharmacokinetic study by measuring ZNM in rabbit plasma samples."( A simple and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of zonisamide in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Matar, KM, 2014)		0.62
" Children have a different pharmacokinetic profile than adults and an adult dose regimen cannot be directly translated into pediatric use."( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy.
Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)		1.85
" The shortage of pharmacokinetic studies of zonisamide in children highlights the need for research of this kind."( Zonisamide: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse events in children with epilepsy.
Dahlin, M; Ohman, I; Wallander, KM, 2014)		2.11
" Disappearance half-life (hours) and mean time to maximum concentration (hours) were not significantly different between methods of administration."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs.
Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )		0.4
"To develop a population-based pharmacokinetic model for the oral antiepileptic drug zonisamide using a cohort of healthy (nonepileptic) subjects and evaluate the effect of individual factors on the pharmacokinetics of zonisamide."( Population pharmacokinetics of zonisamide after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Bi, S; Chen, Y; Dai, Q; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Qiu, X; Sun, F; Xia, P; Xiang, R; Xiong, L; Yang, B; Yu, M, 2016)		0.94
" RESULTS Mean maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, mean residence time, and elimination half-life did not differ significantly among the 4 treatments."( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide following rectal administration to healthy dogs.
Boothe, DM; Hodshon, AJ; Michaels, JR; Thomas, WB; Williams, L, 2016)		0.76
" A population pharmacokinetic approach and nonlinear mixed effects modeling were used to analyze the data."( Population pharmacokinetics of extended-release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide.
Muñana, KR; Nettifee, JA; Otamendi, AJ; Papich, MG, 2018)		0.69
" Mean plasma elimination half-life for the single- and multiple-dose trials was 13."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of zonisamide after oral administration of single and multiple doses to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
Boothe, DM; de Matos, RE; Guzman, DS; Kass, PH; Keller, KA; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA; Visser, M, 2019)		0.8
"To our knowledge, this is the only research study to date that has attempted to link basal metabolomic status with pharmacokinetic parameters of zonisamide."( Pharmacometabolomics applied to zonisamide pharmacokinetic parameter prediction.
Borobia, AM; Carcás Sansuan, AJ; Dapía, I; Díaz, L; Frías, J; García Bartolomé, A; García, I; Guerra, P; Martínez-Ávila, JC; Tong, HY, 2018)		0.96

Compound-Compound Interactions

Zonisamide is metabolized by recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. The metabolism is inhibited to a variable extent by known CYP 3A4/5 substrates and/or inhibitors in human liver microsomes. In vitro-in vivo predictive calculations suggest that several compounds demonstrating CYP1A4-affinity might cause in vivo drug-drug interactions with zonisamide.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ten expressed human CYPs and human liver microsomes were used in the experiments for the identification of enzymes responsible for zonisamide metabolism and for the prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data, respectively."( Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data.
Kitada, M; Kiuchi, M; Nakamura, H; Nakasa, H; Ohmori, S; Ono, S; Tsutsui, M, 1998)		0.77
"We demonstrated that: (1) zonisamide is metabolized by recombinant CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5, (2) the metabolism is inhibited to a variable extent by known CYP3A4/5 substrates and/or inhibitors in human liver microsomes, and (3) in vitro-in vivo predictive calculations suggest that several compounds demonstrating CYP3A4-affinity might cause in vivo drug-drug interactions with zonisamide."( Prediction of drug-drug interactions of zonisamide metabolism in humans from in vitro data.
Kitada, M; Kiuchi, M; Nakamura, H; Nakasa, H; Ohmori, S; Ono, S; Tsutsui, M, 1998)		0.87
" Caution may be necessary when zonisamide is given with phenobarbital and when antiepileptic therapy is changed from phenobarbital to zonisamide."( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs.
Egashira, N; Fujiwara, M; Fukunaga, K; Matsuo, E; Mishima, K; Muto, M; Orito, K; Saito, M; Takikawa, S, 2008)		0.96
"The multiple drug interactions in which CAIs are involved should be carefully considered when such drugs are used in combination with the drug classes mentioned above, as the risks of developing toxicity and serious side effects if the dosages are not adjusted are high."( Drug interaction considerations in the therapeutic use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Supuran, CT, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

Zonisamide well absorbed with maximum concentration achieved in 2 to 5 h. Oral bioavailability of zonisamide is excellent in healthy human volunteers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"27 l/kg in a typical 33-kg patient, assuming that the bioavailability of orally administered zonisamide is 100%."( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients.
Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)		0.75
" It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and negligibly bound to plasma proteins."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Focus on topiramate, zonisamide and tiagabine.
Bialer, M; Perucca, E, 1996)		0.52
" However, the bioavailability of the three preparations was approximately 100%."( Utility of a rectal suppository containing the antiepileptic drug zonisamide.
Higuchi, S; Mishima, M; Nagatomi, A; Ohdo, S; Tsuzuki, O, 1997)		0.53
" Oral bioavailability of zonisamide is excellent in healthy human volunteers."( Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic drug monitoring of zonisamide.
Mimaki, T, 1998)		0.85
" After oral administration, absorption is rapid and relatively efficient for the new AEDs, the most notable exception being gabapentin, whose bioavailability decreases with increasing dosage."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs.
Perucca, E, 1999)		0.3
" time curve, apparent elimination half-life, and bioavailability of zonisamide."( Pharmacokinetics of zonisamide and drug interaction with phenobarbital in dogs.
Egashira, N; Fujiwara, M; Fukunaga, K; Matsuo, E; Mishima, K; Muto, M; Orito, K; Saito, M; Takikawa, S, 2008)		0.9
" Oral bioavailability was 68 +/- 12%; fraction of unbound drug approximated 60%."( Disposition and safety of zonisamide after intravenous and oral single dose and oral multiple dosing in normal hound dogs.
Boothe, DM; Perkins, J, 2008)		0.65
" Mean relative bioavailability of PEG-R (85 ± 69%) was significantly higher than that of H2O-R (53 ± 37%) (P = ."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs.
Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )		0.4
" The most widely used MAO-B inhibitor to maintain the bioavailability of dopamine in the brain of PD patients is L-deprenyl, despite of its potential side-effects."( Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Bhattacharya, P; Borah, A; Chakrabarty, J; Dutta, A; Mazumder, MK; Paul, R; Phukan, BC, 2018)		0.48
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Since zonisamide is marketed as oral formulations, the present study aimed at exploring the potential of the intranasal route to centrally administer zonisamide, evaluating the systemic bioavailability of zonisamide and comparing its brain, lung and kidney pharmacokinetics after intranasal, oral and intravenous administrations."( Pre-Clinical Assessment of the Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Zonisamide After Intranasal Administration.
Alves, G; Bicker, J; Carona, A; Falcão, A; Fortuna, A; Gonçalves, J; Vitorino, C, 2020)		1.26
"Intranasal route revealed a low absolute bioavailability (54."( Pre-Clinical Assessment of the Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Zonisamide After Intranasal Administration.
Alves, G; Bicker, J; Carona, A; Falcão, A; Fortuna, A; Gonçalves, J; Vitorino, C, 2020)		0.8

Dosage Studied

The patients have had no other physical or mental problems and decreasing the dosage of zonisamide reduced the problems. There is no apparent clinically significant effect of steady-state dosing of Zonisamide on valproic acid pharmacokinetics.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" These results suggest that dosage regimens on the basis of body surface area would be more accurate than those on a body weight basis and that there is little effect of other antiepileptics on the serum protein binding of ZNS."( Factors influencing serum concentration of zonisamide in epileptic patients.
Fukuchi, H; Harada, Y; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1992)		0.55
" In rats dosed with [14C]zonisamide (100 mg/kg, ip) 86."( Metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide in the rat.
Stiff, DD; Zemaitis, MA, )		0.7
" These findings suggest that the dosage of zonisamide in epileptic patients might need to be varied depending on the comedication."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy.
Buchanan, RA; Friel, PN; Levy, RH; McLean, JR; Ojemann, LM; Shastri, RA; Wilensky, AJ, 1986)		0.82
" [14C]AD-810 was found to be completely absorbed from digestive tracts in animals, since urinary and biliary excretion accounted for virtually total recovery of dosed radioactivity."( Absorption, distribution and excretion of 3-(sulfamoyl[14C]methyl)-1,2-benziosoxazole (AD-810) in Rats, Dogs and Monkeys and of AD-810 in Men.
Fujii, T; Hashimoto, M; Kagemoto, A; Maeda, T; Matsumoto, K; Miyazaki, H, 1983)		0.27
" Plasma and whole blood concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatograph method after a single dose and up to and at steady state with one or two dosage regimens."( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of CI-912 in adult epileptic patients.
Berent, S; Donofrio, PD; Sackellares, JC; Sakmar, E; Wagner, JG, 1984)		0.27
" Additional pharmacokinetic studies will help to establish the change in pharmacokinetic profile that occurs with dosage titration in patients outside Japan."( Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy.
Peters, DH; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		1.73
" ZNS daily dosage is 400-600 mg."( Antiepileptic drugs in development: prospects for the near future.
Leppik, IE, 1994)		0.29
" The population pharmacokinetic parameters of zonisamide will be useful for designing dosage regimens in epileptic patients."( Population analysis of the dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of zonisamide in epileptic patients.
Hashimoto, Y; Hori, R; Odani, A; Okuno, T; Tanigawara, Y; Yasuhara, M, 1994)		0.79
" The t 1/2 and AUC values of PB were significantly increased by ZNS coadministration, and a significant decrease in the Vd/F value of PHT was observed after multiple dosing of ZNS."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of zonisamide in rats. Effect of zonisamide on other antiepileptics.
Fukuchi, H; Kimura, M; Kimura, Y; Kitaura, T; Miyake, K; Tanaka, N, 1993)		0.57
" After trial and error, we found that a reduction of the dosage after long-term anesthesia with high-dose administrations of barbiturate should be made very slowly."( [Experience in managing refractory status epilepticus caused by viral encephalitis under long-term anesthesia with barbiturate: a case report].
Fujioka, Y; Ohori, N; Ohta, M, 1998)		0.3
" The dosage was initially 2-4 mg/kg per day, and then was increased by 2-5 mg/kg every 2-4 days until the seizures disappeared."( Treatment of infantile spasms with zonisamide.
Hanai, T; Narazaki, O; Yanai, S, 1999)		0.58
" Recommended initial adult dosage in Japan is 100-200 mg/d, increased if necessary to 200-400 mg/d, up to a maximum of 600 mg/d."( Zonisamide: a new antiepileptic drug.
Mathews, S; Oommen, KJ, )		1.57
" A dosage of 100 mg/d produced a 20."( Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Ayala, R; Faught, E; Leppik, IE; Montouris, GG, 2001)		0.6
" The minimal effective dosage was 100 mg/d, but 400 mg/d was the most effective dosage."( Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Ayala, R; Faught, E; Leppik, IE; Montouris, GG, 2001)		0.6
" The patients have had no other physical or mental problems and decreasing the dosage of zonisamide reduced the problems."( Selective mutism and obsessive compulsive disorders associated with zonisamide.
Hirai, K; Jozaki, K; Kimiya, S; Kumagai, N; Seki, T; Tabata, K, 2002)		0.77
" Placebo dosing was identical."( Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial.
Franciscy, DM; Gadde, KM; Krishnan, KR; Wagner, HR, 2003)		1.76
" Although its half-life is relatively short (6 to 8 hours), its duration of action is longer than anticipated from its pharmacokinetics in plasma, and a twice-daily dosing regimen is adequate to produce the desired response."( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come?
Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)		0.32
"This study was designed to assess the safety of 25- and 50-mg dosage strengths of zonisamide for initial titration in patients with epilepsy."( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study.
Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)		0.8
" After a screening visit, subjects began zonisamide therapy at a dosage depending on their body weight."( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study.
Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)		0.84
" Of these subjects, 125 reached at least the 100-mg dosage before terminating the study."( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study.
Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)		0.57
" Despite these limitations, the 25- and 50-mg zonisamide dosage formulations were well tolerated in this study."( Safety of 25- and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study.
Anthony, S; James, SP; Miller, GS; Montouris, G; Uthman, BM, 2004)		0.83
" Oral zonisamide was administered as an additional therapy at a dosage adequate to achieve serum drug concentrations of 10 to 40 microg/mL."( Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy in dogs.
Berg, JM; Boothe, DM; Budsberg, SC; Dewey, CW; Guiliano, R; Joseph, RJ; Kortz, GD, )		2.05
" Dosage was gradually increased up to 200 to 500 mg/day, and the seizures were controlled satisfactorily."( Dialyzability of the antiepileptic drug zonisamide in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Fukuda, F; Ijiri, Y; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, T; Shibahara, N; Suzuki, K; Takenaka, H; Tanaka, K, 2004)		0.59
" For patients undergoing daytime hemodialysis sessions every 2 or 3 days, the usual dosage of ZNS (4-8 mg/kg/day) may be prescribed once a day in the evening."( Dialyzability of the antiepileptic drug zonisamide in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Fukuda, F; Ijiri, Y; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, T; Shibahara, N; Suzuki, K; Takenaka, H; Tanaka, K, 2004)		0.59
" Patients received a mean (+/- SD) zonisamide dosage of 236 (+/- 68) mg/day."( Acute treatment of bipolar depression with adjunctive zonisamide: a retrospective chart review.
Baldassano, CF; Chang, A; Ghaemi, SN; Lipari, M; Lyman, A, 2004)		0.85
" ZNS was initiated at 2mg/kg; daily dosage was doubled at weekly intervals to achieve maintenance dosage (8."( Zonisamide monotherapy with once-daily dosing in children with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsies: clinical effects and pharmacokinetic studies.
Miura, H, 2004)		1.77
" However, since zonisamide is metabolized by cytochrome P450, liver enzyme-inducing AEDs will increase zonisamide clearance, and dosage adjustments may be necessary when it is used in combination with certain AEDs."( Zonisamide: chemistry, mechanism of action, and pharmacokinetics.
Leppik, IE, 2004)		2.11
" Median zonisamide maintenance dosage was 400mg/day, and the average therapeutic blood level was 16."( Zonisamide clinical trials: European experience.
Brodie, MJ, 2004)		2.2
" Based on the lack of clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo effects, adjustment of carbamazepine dosing should not be required with concomitant zonisamide administration."( Carbamazepine pharmacokinetics are not affected by zonisamide: in vitro mechanistic study and in vivo clinical study in epileptic patients.
Bergen, D; Garnett, W; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Mather, G; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Shah, J, 2004)		0.78
"This article reviews preclinical and clinical data on the efficacy and tolerability of these 4 AEDs in the management of neuropathic pain, as well as the pharmacokinetics, drug-interaction potential, adverse effects, and dosing of these agents, with an emphasis on their use in older individuals."( Oxcarbazepine, topiramate, zonisamide, and levetiracetam: potential use in neuropathic pain.
Guay, DR, 2003)		0.62
" For EE, the mean (SD) AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval (AUC(tau)) was 1139 (317) pg."( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women.
Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)		0.73
"In these healthy volunteers, steady-state zonisamide dosing had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of EE or NOR."( Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women.
Dai, Y; Griffith, SG, 2004)		0.99
" The latter were mostly associated with dosage alterations in concomitant antiepileptic drugs."( Clinical experience with zonisamide monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in children with epilepsy at a tertiary care referral center.
Aldridge, J; Kim, HL; Rho, JM, 2005)		0.63
" We designed three protocols to raise the serum ZNS concentration (SZC): (1) increase the dose in three steps, from 3 to 10 mg/kg every 3 days, (2) increase the dose from 5 to 10 mg/kg over 3-7 days, and (3) start with 10 mg/kg and maintain this dosage for 2 weeks."( Zonisamide for West syndrome: a comparison of clinical responses among different titration rate.
Funatsuka, M; Hayashi, K; Imai, K; Oguni, H; Osawa, M; Yanagaki, S; Yoshii, K, 2005)		1.77
" Physicians were advised to initiate zonisamide at 100 mg/day and titrate either to a clinical response or a maximum dosage of 600 mg/day."( Zonisamide: physician and patient experiences.
Marmarou, A; Pellock, JM, )		1.85
" Steady-state dosing of zonisamide (200mg twice daily) had no statistically significant effect on the mean (+/- SD) maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) [70."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy.
Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)		0.88
"There is no apparent clinically significant effect of steady-state dosing of zonisamide on valproic acid pharmacokinetics, and valproic acid did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, indicating that no dosage adjustment of either drug should be required when they are used in combination in patients with epilepsy."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy.
Brodie, M; Grundy, JS; Levy, RH; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Shah, J; Smith, D, 2005)		0.8
" This chart-review study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and appropriate dosage of zonisamide for treating seizures in pediatric and adolescent patients."( Use of zonisamide in pediatric patients.
Brotherton, T; Santos, CC, 2005)		1
" The study drug was titrated over a 6-week period and continued at a fixed dosage for a 6-week maintenance period."( Zonisamide in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.
Atli, A; Dogra, S, )		1.57
" Effective control of partial seizures (up to 51% decrease in seizure frequency) is attained at doses of >or=300 mg/day, and optimal titration and maintenance dosing schedules have been established."( Introduction to zonisamide.
Baulac, M, 2006)		0.68
"3 months (range, 3-46 months), and the average zonisamide dosage was 324 mg/day (range, 100-1000 mg/day)."( Long-term efficacy and safety of monotherapy and adjunctive therapy with zonisamide.
Tisdell, J; Tosches, WA, 2006)		0.82
" Demographic data, zonisamide dosage and duration of treatment were collected and analysed."( Zonisamide for migraine prophylaxis in refractory patients.
Ashkenazi, A; Benlifer, A; Korenblit, J; Silberstein, SD, 2006)		2.1
" For these older drugs it has been common practice to adjust the dosage to achieve a serum drug concentration within a predefined 'therapeutic range', representing an interval where most patients are expected to show an optimal response."( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed?
Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)		0.33
" ZNS was initiated at a dosage of 100 mg/day and escalated to 200 mg/day at day 14."( A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide (zonegran) in the treatment of essential tremor.
Hauser, RA; Sanchez-Ramos, J; Staffetti, JF; Sullivan, KL; Ward, CL; Zesiewicz, TA, 2007)		0.6
" Consequently, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital all increase its clearance, an interaction that may necessitate a dosage increase, but which will also permit more rapid attainment of steady-state zonisamide concentrations."( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions with zonisamide.
Brodie, M; Sills, G, 2007)		0.79
" It included (1) the drugs used for the treatment, (2) their dosage, and (3) the dosage and the schedule of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy."( Current treatment of West syndrome in Japan.
Ito, M; Okumura, A; Ozawa, H; Tsuji, T; Watanabe, K, 2007)		0.34
" At that point in time the mean ZNS dosage was 344 mg and mean TPM dosage was 398 mg."( [Anticonvulsant treatment with zonisamide added to topiramate. A preliminary treatment analysis in 19 patients].
Bauer, J; Bös, M, 2007)		0.63
" Average zonisamide dosage was 215 mg/day and average duration of the treatment was 121 days."( [Zonisamide in refractory essential tremor].
Anciones, B; Bermejo, PE; Dorado, R; Ruiz-Huete, C, )		1.46
"To investigate whether zonisamide remains effective and well tolerated in the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy during long-term treatment and with flexible dosing in clinical practice."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy.
Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)		0.94
"Patients with refractory partial epilepsy who completed a fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind clinical trial were recruited in an open-label extension study with adjustment of zonisamide and other antiepileptic drug dosage according to the treating physician's usual clinical practice."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy.
Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)		0.82
"Flexible dosing with zonisamide demonstrated a good safety profile and sustained efficacy in the long-term adjunctive treatment of refractory partial epilepsy."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy.
Marshall, A; Wroe, SJ; Yeates, AB, 2008)		0.95
"The ZNS daily dosage varied between 100 mg and 500 mg (mean 368 mg)."( [Zonisamide as add-on treatment for focal epilepsies. An outcome analysis of 74 patients].
Bauer, J; Wellmer, J; Wellmer, S, 2008)		1.26
"The purpose of this study was to determine an oral dosing regimen of zonisamide in healthy dogs such that therapeutic concentrations would be safely reached and maintained at steady-state."( Disposition and safety of zonisamide after intravenous and oral single dose and oral multiple dosing in normal hound dogs.
Boothe, DM; Perkins, J, 2008)		0.88
" ZNS mean dosage was of 283."( Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide as add-on in brain tumor-related epilepsy: preliminary report.
Carapella, CM; Dinapoli, L; Jandolo, B; Maschio, M; Pompili, A; Saveriano, F; Vidiri, A, 2009)		0.64
"To assess the efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in a study allowing flexible dosing in a more diverse and less refractory population than assessed in randomized controlled trials."( Flexible dosing of adjunctive zonisamide in the treatment of adult partial-onset seizures: a non-comparative, open-label study (ZEUS).
Baker, G; Dupont, S; Ellis, S; Giallonardo, AT; Smith, P; Springub, J; Striano, S; Trinka, E; Yeates, A, 2010)		0.91
" The final dosage of zonisamide was 50-200 mg/day, with the 100 mg/day being the most frequently administered dose."( [Zonisamide in the preventive treatment of refractory migraine].
Alvaro-González, LC; Arias, M; Blanco, M; Bueno, V; Caminero, A; Díaz-González, M; Forcea, N; García-Moncó, JC; Gracia-Naya, M; Guerrero-Peral, AL; Hernando, I; Iglesias--Díez, F; Leira, R; Maciñeiras-Montero, JL; Mateos, V; Mederer-Hengstl, S; Ortega, F; Oterino, A; Pascual-Gómez, J; Pato-Pato, A; Pego-Reigosa, R; Pérez, C; Rodríguez, R; Sánchez-Herrero, J; Santos-García, D, )		1.36
" Zonisamide was initiated at a dosage of 100 mg/d, which was increased by 100 mg/d every 2 weeks for 8 weeks to a maximum dosage of 500 mg/d."( Placebo-controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Arias, AJ; Covault, J; Feinn, R; Kranzler, HR; Oncken, C, 2010)		1.56
" Zonisamide was titrated to a target dosage of 300 or 400 mg/day."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive zonisamide in adult patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, X; Xiao, F; Xiao, Z; Yu, W, 2011)		1.56
" Zonisamide is a second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) that has broad-spectrum efficacy, a favorable side-effect profile and simpler dosing than earlier drugs."( Zonisamide in the treatment of epilepsy.
Holder, JL; Wilfong, AA, 2011)		2.72
"008), but was not correlated with patients' age, results of lipid profile, and dosage of zonisamide."( Low serum leptin level is associated with zonisamide-induced weight loss in overweight female epilepsy patients.
Kim, DW; Park, KS; Yoo, MW, 2012)		0.86
" Because clinical trials are conducted under tightly controlled conditions, using rigid dosing schedules and employing strict exclusion/exclusion criteria, there is a need for 'real-world' evidence of an antiepileptic drug's effectiveness and tolerability in clinical practice, where patients are much more diverse in terms of clinical characteristics and treatment is tailored to the individual's specific needs."( Zonisamide in clinical practice.
Dupont, S; Stefan, H, 2012)		1.82
") Interventions were daily dosing with placebo (n = 74), 200 mg of zonisamide (n = 76), or 400 mg of zonisamide (n = 75), in addition to diet and lifestyle counseling by a dietitian for 1 year."( Zonisamide for weight reduction in obese adults: a 1-year randomized controlled trial.
Allison, DB; Bray, GA; Gadde, KM; Kopping, MF; Wagner, HR; Yonish, GM, 2012)		2.06
" Once-daily dosing is indicated, considering the long plasma half-life and linear pharmacokinetics of the drug."( Profile of once-daily zonisamide as monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults.
Mula, M, 2013)		0.7
" During the subsequent open-label period (45-57 weeks), zonisamide dosing could be adjusted according to tolerability/response."( Adjunctive zonisamide therapy in the long-term treatment of children with partial epilepsy: results of an open-label extension study of a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Bradshaw, K; Giorgi, L; Guerrini, R; Rosati, A, 2014)		1.04
" The mean dosage of ZNS was 388 mg."( Zonisamide for refractory juvenile absence epilepsy.
Crespel, A; Gelisse, P; Genton, P; Serafini, A; Velizarova, R, 2014)		1.85
" Patients continued their randomized treatment, with dosing adjusted according to tolerability/response (zonisamide 200-500 mg/day; carbamazepine 400-1,200 mg/day)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide versus carbamazepine monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind study.
Baulac, M; Giorgi, L; Patten, A, 2014)		0.9
" The patients were given ZNS as add-on treatment, and the ZNS dosing and the visit frequency were governed by the treating physician."( Retention rate of zonisamide in intractable epilepsy.
Andersen, H; Lindstrøm, P; Nakken, KO, 2015)		0.75
" Dogs tolerated all dosing forms with no evidence of adverse effects."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose rectal zonisamide administration in normal dogs.
Boothe, D; Brewer, DM; Cerda-Gonzalez, S; Dewey, CW; Van Horne, K, )		0.4
" Pronounced threshold increases were observed following administration of a constant zonisamide dosage combined with different doses of perampanel."( Synergism of perampanel and zonisamide in the rat amygdala kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Komori, T; Potschka, H; Rettenbeck, ML; Russmann, V; Salvamoser, JD, 2016)		0.95
" An additional 9 subjects (22-24 years) were administered once daily zonisamide at 300 mg for 14 days, and comprised the multiple dosing group."( Population pharmacokinetics of zonisamide after oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Bi, S; Chen, Y; Dai, Q; Liu, Y; Lu, W; Qiu, X; Sun, F; Xia, P; Xiang, R; Xiong, L; Yang, B; Yu, M, 2016)		0.95
"The lack of commercially available liquid dosage forms for pediatric patients prompted this study."( Long-term Stability of Zonisamide, Amitriptyline, and Glycopyrrolate in Extemporaneously Prepared Liquid-dosage Forms at Two Temperatures.
Nahata, MC, )		0.44
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
" Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
"Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
"Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
"Hydrophilic matrix systems are currently some of the most widely used drug delivery systems for controlled-release oral dosage forms."( Evaluation of the drug solubility and rush ageing on drug release performance of various model drugs from the modified release polyethylene oxide matrix tablets.
Maniruzzaman, M; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2017)		0.46
" Mean dosage of ZNS at final follow-up was 300 mg/d."( Zonisamide in Brain Tumor-Related Epilepsy: An Observational Pilot Study.
Cantelmi, T; Dinapoli, L; Fabi, A; Giannarelli, D; Maialetti, A; Maschio, M; Vidiri, A; Zarabla, A, )		1.57
" Therefore, drug monitoring is necessary for appropriate dosage adjustments."( Chromatographic determination of zonisamide, topiramate and sulpiride in plasma by a fluorescent 'turn-on' chemosensor.
Barary, MA; El-Yazbi, AF; Ibrahim, FA; Wagih, MM, 2017)		0.74
" The dosage of zonisamide was therefore decreased."( Suspected zonisamide-related anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in a cat.
Collinet, A; Sammut, V, 2017)		1.21
" To reduce the daily dosing of L-DOPA in patients, inhibitors of dopamine catabolizing enzymes, particularly monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), are prescribed."( Garcinol, an effective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Bhattacharya, P; Borah, A; Chakrabarty, J; Dutta, A; Mazumder, MK; Paul, R; Phukan, BC, 2018)		0.48
" Two trials provided evidence of a dose-response relationship for this outcome."( Zonisamide add-on therapy for focal epilepsy.
Behzadifar, M; Bragazzi, NL; Brigo, F; Igwe, SC; Lattanzi, S, 2018)		1.92
" Responder status, side effects, and dosage were recorded."( Zonisamide for Cluster Headache Prophylaxis: A Case Series.
Holland, LC; Limmer, AL; Loftus, BD, 2019)		1.96
" The levetiracetam dosage was increased (150 mg/kg [68 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h), and zonisamide (20 mg/kg [9."( Diagnosis and long-term management of post-traumatic seizures in a white-crowned pionus (
Beaufrère, H; Brouwer, E; James, F; Kabakchiev, C; Laniesse, D; Zur Linden, A, 2020)		0.79
" Two trials provided evidence of a dose-response relationship for this outcome."( Zonisamide add-on therapy for focal epilepsy.
Behzadifar, M; Bragazzi, NL; Brigo, F; Igwe, SC; Lattanzi, S, 2020)		2
" Age, sex, treatment duration, and ZNS dosage were included as covariates for adjustment in the ANCOVA model."( Effects of zonisamide monotherapy on bone health in drug-naive epileptic patients.
Koo, DL; Nam, H, 2020)		0.95
" Exposure to certain newer ASMs, such as lamotrigine and levetiracetam, does not thus far appear to impact certain aspects of neurodevelopment, but further delineation across the different neurodevelopmental domains and dosage levels is required."( Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed to newer antiseizure medications: A systematic review.
Bromley, RL; Knight, R; Wittkowski, A, 2021)		0.62
" In the subsequent open-label 40 week period, all patients initially received zonisamide 25 mg/day for at least 2 weeks followed by optional flexible dosing with zonisamide 25 or 50 mg/day for the remaining period."( Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide for Treatment of Parkinsonism in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies: An Open-Label Extension of a Phase three Randomized Controlled Trial.
Hasegawa, K; Kajiwara, R; Kosaka, K; Murata, M; Odawara, T; Tagawa, M; Takeuchi, H, 2022)		1.23
" The present study aimed to model the effect sizes obtained from different doses in multiple studies using a two-stage dose-response meta-analytic approach while taking dose variations into account."( Investigation of the Utility of Multivariate Meta-Analysis Methods in Estimating the Summary Dose Response Curve.
Deepthy, MS; Harichandrakumar, KT; Karun, KM; Nair, NS, 2022)		0.72
"Different dose-response meta-analysis models using linear, quadratic, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) functions were fitted."( Investigation of the Utility of Multivariate Meta-Analysis Methods in Estimating the Summary Dose Response Curve.
Deepthy, MS; Harichandrakumar, KT; Karun, KM; Nair, NS, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
anticonvulsantA drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
central nervous system drugA class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
protective agentSynthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
T-type calcium channel blockerAny agent that interferes with the activity of T-type calcium channels.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
1,2-benzoxazolesCompounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.
sulfonamideAn amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (54)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.62340.003245.467312,589.2998AID2517
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.41250.004611.374133.4983AID624297
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.89130.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.33290.00339.158239.8107AID1347407
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.002319.595674.0614AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase Astrosclera willeyanaKi0.16500.03201.51729.6000AID644379
Carbonic anhydrase Sulfurihydrogenibium sp. YO3AOP1Ki0.14000.00450.16240.8760AID1268964
Carbonic anhydrase Stylophora pistillataKi0.25900.00000.686710.0000AID436565; AID552130
Carbonic anhydraseStylophora pistillataKi0.64500.00000.50715.7100AID552131
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Carbonic anhydraseHelicobacter pylori 26695Ki0.22450.02000.54864.3600AID261581; AID263638
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00571.39908.5700AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki120.92780.00021.10439.9000AID1067227; AID1766625; AID1799588; AID239126; AID441209; AID441714; AID770582
Prolyl endopeptidaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02000.00000.10840.6300AID578223
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)134.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1443980; AID1473738
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00582.14107.9000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki30.71490.00001.372610.0000AID1067230; AID1142833; AID1188134; AID1190063; AID1194024; AID1195369; AID1262263; AID1268962; AID1275913; AID1287517; AID1434427; AID1453412; AID1628036; AID1766622; AID1796552; AID1796595; AID1798769; AID1799588; AID1803138; AID1803139; AID1803140; AID261579; AID263636; AID271172; AID349605; AID366657; AID367820; AID369271; AID371554; AID414955; AID427125; AID436563; AID436746; AID441206; AID441705; AID497127; AID552127; AID577526; AID578221; AID587130; AID588186; AID599953; AID601813; AID612725; AID633370; AID644037; AID644084; AID644380; AID669320; AID725955; AID743515; AID764719; AID770586
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00021.10608.3000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki26.14290.00000.72369.9200AID1061069; AID1067229; AID1142834; AID1188135; AID1190064; AID1194025; AID1195370; AID1240217; AID1262264; AID1268963; AID1275912; AID1278409; AID1287518; AID1434428; AID1453413; AID1628037; AID1766623; AID1796552; AID1796595; AID1798769; AID1799586; AID1799588; AID1803138; AID1803139; AID1803140; AID238852; AID239286; AID261580; AID263637; AID271173; AID328195; AID349606; AID366658; AID367821; AID369272; AID371555; AID414956; AID427124; AID436564; AID436747; AID437749; AID441207; AID441706; AID47905; AID497129; AID552128; AID577527; AID578222; AID587131; AID588187; AID599954; AID601814; AID612726; AID633371; AID644035; AID644085; AID644381; AID648179; AID648180; AID669115; AID669321; AID725956; AID743514; AID764718; AID770585
Carbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00200.72891.8600AID1802607
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02001.66866.5000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki442.84170.00022.010210.0000AID1799588; AID301578; AID441707
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.11700.00010.03040.1570AID669485
Translocator proteinRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki38.45000.00010.65108.9300AID644036
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.90000.00081.09276.0000AID570286
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.11700.00090.04010.1170AID669485
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00320.31712.0000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Ki98.24980.00021.97209.9200AID1799588; AID1803139; AID1803140; AID371556; AID441708; AID644036; AID644086
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02001.33175.7900AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki88.66550.00011.47109.9200AID1798769; AID1799588; AID1803138; AID1803139; AID369273; AID441711; AID644034; AID644087
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03520.00030.37088.1600AID239286
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)Ki3.10000.00061.777110.0000AID570284
Delta-type opioid receptorMus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.04550.00000.53939.4000AID1188134; AID1188135
Delta-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02780.00000.60689.2330AID1188135; AID239287
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.05600.00000.38458.6000AID1188134
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02003.10819.4000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki119.09080.00001.27259.9000AID1799588; AID239287; AID366659; AID371557; AID436748; AID441709; AID578223
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02001.21363.4400AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki97.54770.00021.37379.9000AID1060765; AID1766624; AID1799586; AID1799588; AID441712; AID600082; AID601815; AID669485; AID764717; AID770584
Carbonic anhydraseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKi0.10600.08200.56098.7000AID367822
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki6.03300.00000.437510.0000AID436749
Carbonic anhydrase Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi0.21000.01202.72389.1200AID588182
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.03500.00000.27869.0000AID1188135
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi114.72000.00483.38419.8400AID1798985; AID349607; AID588183
Carbonic anhydrase 2Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvKi0.87600.00902.20969.8400AID437750
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.00030.63029.3900AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Ki83.09220.00010.78749.9000AID1067228; AID1796595; AID1798769; AID1799588; AID239102; AID271174; AID369274; AID441208; AID441713; AID633372; AID669486; AID770583
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus XCL-2Ki0.41100.00250.32341.1000AID1268965
Carbonic anhydrase Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubiiKi0.97050.01000.73648.3470AID588185; AID669116
Carbonic anhydrase 3Bos taurus (cattle)Ki14.26200.11303.88159.7100AID1803140; AID644088
Carbonic anhydraseCandida albicans SC5314Ki0.94740.01051.44448.3470AID1799266; AID427122; AID588184; AID669117
Carbonic anhydrase Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito)Ki0.26300.00980.51174.3600AID1195371
Delta carbonic anhydraseConticribra weissflogiiKi0.40400.04960.99789.2000AID1061066
Carbonic anhydrase Nakaseomyces glabratus CBS 138Ki0.11400.00701.21749.1700AID744415
Carbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02000.86802.0000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)Ki160.21820.00031.23099.8000AID1799588; AID441715
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Carbonic anhydrase 15Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.49780.00091.884610.0000AID1798769; AID369275; AID441717
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02000.53292.0000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Ki126.04860.00021.50999.9000AID1799588; AID239703; AID441716; AID601816; AID633373; AID669487
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.86000.02000.86802.0000AID1165421
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki436.83040.00001.34129.9700AID1799588; AID239287; AID366660; AID371558; AID436749; AID441710; AID578224
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.04760.00000.41575.5500AID295948
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.02060.00700.38641.0000AID295949
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase Brucella suis 1330Kinact1.85000.01700.86285.8700AID459696
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Kinact11.00000.00300.66749.6000AID320314
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.05180.01000.93878.6000AID293811; AID299242; AID320305; AID456398; AID464118
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.02900.00300.794610.0000AID293812; AID299243; AID320306; AID456397; AID464119
Carbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)Kinact8.59000.07402.39348.5900AID300467; AID320308
Carbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.08900.00090.72615.3000AID300470; AID320311
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact0.02000.02000.85809.4000AID320309; AID456399
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Kinact0.11700.00020.28525.7300AID300471; AID320312
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Kinact1.75340.00500.31976.6700AID293813; AID320313; AID464120
Carbonic anhydrase 13Mus musculus (house mouse)Kinact0.43000.01300.56698.2300AID300474; AID320315
Carbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)Kinact3.50230.00021.44958.5900AID300475; AID320316; AID464121
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Kinact6.03300.00900.92319.0400AID300469; AID320310; AID456400
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (257)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacteriumCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathwayPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic cell migrationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory response to woundingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene A4 biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cellPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxin biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipid oxidationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory responseArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acute inflammatory responseArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene biosynthetic processArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathwayArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerizationArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ionArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transportCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter tasteCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to aluminum ionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to selenium ionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
phenylethylamine catabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
substantia nigra developmentAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to corticosteroneAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosteroneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacteriumCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (82)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
nickel cation bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activityArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme activator activityArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid bindingArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione transferase activityArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione peroxidase activityArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene-C4 synthase activityArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
aliphatic amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 3Bos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (59)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Bos taurus (cattle)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membranePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopeArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopeArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteinHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulumCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartmentCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCarbonic anhydrase 6Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial envelopeAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 14Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (467)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1262264Inhibition of human CA2 incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23
Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID669115Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins measured for 10 to 100 sec by stopped-flow method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia globosa, a potential antidandruff target.
AID441208Inhibition of human cloned CA9 catalytic domain by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID644379Inhibition of GST-tagged astrosclera willeyana Astrosclerin-3 expressed in Escherichia coli after 15 mins preincubation by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the living fossil sponge Astrosclera willeyana.
AID459696Inhibition of Brucella suis CA1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by stopped-flow CO2-hydration assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a beta-carbonic anhydrase from Brucella suis.
AID644087Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 6 using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate after 3 mins using spectrophotometry by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Structure-activity relationships for the interaction of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with human and bovine carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, III, IV and VI.
AID770585Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature followed by 72 hrs at 4 degC by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1067225Selectivity ratio of Ki for human transmembrane carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 122014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID408763Anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in orally dosed rat model2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives.
AID1278413Inhibition of recombinant Colwellia psychrerythraea gamma carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.
AID441715Inhibition of human recombinant CA13 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID295951Selectivity for human CA5A to human CA22007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Molecular modeling study for the binding of zonisamide and topiramate to the human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase isoform VA.
AID1240216Inhibition of Methanosarcina thermophila recombinant gamma carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.
AID436748Inhibition of human recombinant full length mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5A by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating phenacetyl, pyridylacetyl and thienylacetyl tails act as potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB.
AID441211Selectivity for human cloned CA9 over human cloned CA22009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID552131Inhibition of Stylophora pistillata carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID1194025Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
AID441206Inhibition of human cloned CA1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID23922Lipophilicity of the compound2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: anticonvulsant sulfonamides incorporating valproyl and other lipophilic moieties.
AID588184Inhibition of Candida albicans recombinant Nce103 beta-carbonic anhydrase after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID261580Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 49, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.
AID1766625Inhibition of recombinant human CA12 pre-incubated for 15 mins measured by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-25, Volume: 64, Issue:6
Discovery of Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Effective Anticonvulsant Agents: Drug Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations.
AID633373Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological profile of new 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID588183Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID464120Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID669487Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA14-mediated CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of arylsulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID271172Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.
AID261579Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 49, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.
AID1240215Inhibition of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis gamma carbonic anhydrase by CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.
AID1291363Inhibition of recombinant Vibrio cholerae gamma-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Comparison of the sulfonamide inhibition profiles of the α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1194024Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
AID644085Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate after 3 mins using spectrophotometry by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Structure-activity relationships for the interaction of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with human and bovine carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, III, IV and VI.
AID441711Inhibition of human recombinant CA6 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID552129Inhibition of human recombinant CA6 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID436751Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for human recombinant full length mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5B2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating phenacetyl, pyridylacetyl and thienylacetyl tails act as potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB.
AID320314Inhibition of human catalytic domain carbonic hydrase 12 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1434427Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 1 assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 sec by Line-Weaver Burk plot analysis
AID263636Inhibition of human recombinant CA12006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 16, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori.
AID441707Inhibition of human recombinant CA3 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID436746Inhibition of human recombinant cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating phenacetyl, pyridylacetyl and thienylacetyl tails act as potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB.
AID371556Inhibition of truncated human cloned membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase 4 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 18, Issue:24
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic and membrane-associated carbonic anhydrases I, II and IV.
AID409601Inhibition of human aquaporin 4 M23 isoform expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 17, Issue:1
Inhibition of aquaporin 4 by antiepileptic drugs.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540233Dose normalised AUC in human after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID648180Inhibition of human wild type carbonic anhydrase 2 Gln92Val mutant expressed in Escherichia coli after 15 mins preincubation by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Mutation of active site residues Asn67 to Ile, Gln92 to Val and Leu204 to Ser in human carbonic anhydrase II: influences on the catalytic activity and affinity for inhibitors.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID1188134Inhibition of human recombinant Carbonic anhydrase 1 compound preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: the β-class (PgiCAb) versus the γ-class (PgiCA) enzymes.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID588195Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID644035Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 esterase activity using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel cyclohexanonyl bromophenol derivatives.
AID1275913Inhibition of human Carbonic anhydrase1 using CO2 as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID293812Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic/tumor-associated isoforms I, II, and IX with iminodiacetic carboxylates/hydroxamates also incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties.
AID1653809Substrate activity at human mARC2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as turnover rates at 1 mM pre-incubated for 3 mins followed by NADH addition and measured after 15 mins by LC-MS analysis based assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-25, Volume: 63, Issue:12
Drug Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Rapid Assay and Identification of New Substrates.
AID123884Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 60 min followed by 40 mg/kg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID497127Inhibition of wild type human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) after 15 mins by CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15
Mutation of Phe91 to Asn in human carbonic anhydrase I unexpectedly enhanced both catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors.
AID743513Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori recombinant alpha carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
The alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides.
AID743515Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
The alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides.
AID1061069Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the δ-carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
AID441713Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID1262263Inhibition of human CA1 incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23
Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID588185Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans recombinant Can2 beta-carbonic anhydrase after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID239126Inhibitory constant against catalytic domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 15, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the transmembrane isozyme XIV with sulfonamides.
AID238852Mean inhibitory constant towards human carbonic anhydrase II determined by stopped-flow method2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-02, Volume: 15, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: solution and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID644380Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the living fossil sponge Astrosclera willeyana.
AID644084Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate after 3 mins using spectrophotometry by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Structure-activity relationships for the interaction of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with human and bovine carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, III, IV and VI.
AID1278409Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydrase stopped flow assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.
AID588196Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for Candida albicans recombinant Nce103 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID1278412Inhibition of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis gamma carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.
AID669116Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans Can2 preincubated for 15 mins measured for 10 to 100 sec by stopped-flow method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia globosa, a potential antidandruff target.
AID644381Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the living fossil sponge Astrosclera willeyana.
AID320306Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID456400Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5B by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Identification of selective inhibitors of the human mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic isozymes I and II from a natural product-based phenolic library.
AID570292Competitive inhibition of zebrafish MAO by spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID349607Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 encoded by Rv1284 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID300475Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA14 by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1262266Inhibition of weddell seal alphaCA incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23
Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID577530Inhibition of Brucella suis carbonic anhydrase II by spectrophotometry at pH 8.32011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
A new β-carbonic anhydrase from Brucella suis, its cloning, characterization, and inhibition with sulfonamides and sulfamates, leading to impaired pathogen growth.
AID414961Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv recombinant beta-carbonic anhydrase 1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sulfonamides and a sulfamate.
AID123725Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 120 min followed by 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose; ND means no data1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID711212Inhibition of recombinant Vibrio cholerae carbonic anhydrase expressed in Escherichia coli (DE3) preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23
DNA cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID342472Inhibition of AQP4 in mouse erythrocytes assessed as inhibition of osmotic water permeability at 100 uM after 15 mins by stopped-flow light scattering method2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID299242Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the beta-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori is a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.
AID725956Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization, and sulfonamide and thiol inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease.
AID1123816Neurotoxicity in po dosed STD-dd mouse assessed as muscle incoordination administered via gavage by rotarod test1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Studies on 3-substituted 1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives. 6. Syntheses of 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives and their anticonvulsant activities.
AID47905Inhibitory effect on human Carbonic anhydrase II2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: anticonvulsant sulfonamides incorporating valproyl and other lipophilic moieties.
AID263637Inhibition of human recombinant CA22006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 16, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori.
AID1489015Anticonvulsant activity in amygdala kindling rat model assessed as change in after discharge duration at 100 mg/kg, po (Rvb = -5.5%)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1194028Inhibition of recombinant Nostoc commune gamma-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1287519Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae beta carbonic anhydrase incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the newly discovered bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13.
AID342470Inhibition of AQP4 in wild type mouse brain gilial cells assessed as osmotic water permeability at 10 to 100 uM after 15 mins by calcein quenching assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID185053Neuroprotective activity was determined in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of focal stroke2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID414955Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sulfonamides and a sulfamate.
AID1453411Inhibition of Burkholderia pseudomallei beta-carbonic anhydrase assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 secs by stopped-flow assay
AID1142834Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of two β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
AID1067228Inhibition of human transmembrane carbonic anhydrase 9 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID369273Inhibition of human full length recombinant carbonic anhydrase 6 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID1190065Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Eta-carbonic anhydrase pre-incubated for 15 mins before CO2 substrate addition by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the η-class carbonic anhydrase from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum.
AID441709Inhibition of human recombinant CA5A by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID468443Inhibition of human FAAH at 1 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Mining biologically-active molecules for inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH): identification of phenmedipham and amperozide as FAAH inhibitors.
AID1268962Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase-1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from the gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2, TcruCA.
AID1251246Anticonvulsant activity in rat amygdala kindling model assessed as change in after-discharge duration at 100 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID588194Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv3273 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID320308Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 4 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID239286Mean inhibitory constant towards human carbonic anhydrase II determined by stopped-flow method after 1 hr of incubation2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-02, Volume: 15, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: solution and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID436565Inhibition of cloned Stylophora pistillata alpha-CA expressed in human HEK293 cells by stopped-flow CO2 assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies of a coral secretory isoform by sulfonamides.
AID633370Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA1 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological profile of new 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID552130Inhibition of Stylophora pistillata carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID570284Competitive inhibition of human MAO B by spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID464122Selectivity ratio of Ki for human CA2 to Ki for human CA92010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID1251244Anticonvulsant activity in rat amygdala kindling model assessed as change in after-discharge threshold at 100 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID1434430Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae Gamma-carbonic anhydrase assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 sec by Line-Weaver Burk plot analysis
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID300474Inhibition of mouse recombinant full length CA13 by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID669320Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA1-mediated CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of arylsulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID1251243Anticonvulsant activity in rat amygdala kindling model assessed as change in after-discharge threshold at 30 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1067229Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID123753Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 30 min followed by 40 mg/kg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID577531Inhibition of Brucella suis carbonic anhydrase I by spectrophotometry at pH 8.32011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
A new β-carbonic anhydrase from Brucella suis, its cloning, characterization, and inhibition with sulfonamides and sulfamates, leading to impaired pathogen growth.
AID271174Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.
AID342467Inhibition of AQP4 expressed in rat FRT cells assessed as osmotic water permeability at 100 uM after 15 mins by stopped-flow light scattering method2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID552127Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID669119Inhibition of GST-tagged Malassezia globosa ATCC 96807/CBS 7966 MG-CA expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells preincubated for 15 mins measured for 10 to 100 sec by stopped-flow method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia globosa, a potential antidandruff target.
AID1194026Inhibition of recombinant Methanosarcina thermophila gamma-carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
AID1190064Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the η-class carbonic anhydrase from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum.
AID578222Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 cytosolic isoform by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(R)-/(S)-10-camphorsulfonyl-substituted aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides selectively inhibit mitochondrial over cytosolic carbonic anhydrases.
AID669486Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 catalytic domain-mediated CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of arylsulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID1165421Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (unknown origin)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
Substituted thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes and related congeners: Synthesis, β-glucuronidase inhibition activity, crystal structure, and POM analyses.
AID648179Inhibition of human wild type carbonic anhydrase 2 Asn67Ile mutant expressed in Escherichia coli after 15 mins preincubation by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Mutation of active site residues Asn67 to Ile, Gln92 to Val and Leu204 to Ser in human carbonic anhydrase II: influences on the catalytic activity and affinity for inhibitors.
AID299243Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the beta-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori is a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.
AID1195371Inhibition of Anopheles gambiae carbonic anhydrase pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 23, Issue:10
The β-carbonic anhydrase from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is highly inhibited by sulfonamides.
AID123735Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 240 min followed by 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose; ND means no data1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID436563Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies of a coral secretory isoform by sulfonamides.
AID770582Inhibition of human membrane bound carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature followed by 72 hrs at 4 degC by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1333089Inhibition of voltage dependent T-type Ca2+ channel in mouse N1E-115 cells assessed as reduction in transient inward Ca2+ current at 50 uM by whole-cell patch clamp method relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID743512Inhibition of Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 recombinant carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
The alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides.
AID644088Inhibition of bovine carbonic anhydrase 3 using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate after 3 mins using spectrophotometry by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Structure-activity relationships for the interaction of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with human and bovine carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, III, IV and VI.
AID570287Drug level in parkinson's disease patient serum at 25 mg/day2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID1067226Selectivity ratio of Ki for human transmembrane carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 92014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID1489019Anticonvulsant activity in amygdala kindling rat model assessed as change in after discharge threshold at 100 mg/kg, po relative to control2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID669321Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA2-mediated CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of arylsulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID540231Dose normalised AUC in dog after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID441716Inhibition of human recombinant CA14 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID1142833Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of two β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
AID1220559Fraction unbound in cynomolgus monkey brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID1489018Anticonvulsant activity in amygdala kindling rat model assessed as change in after discharge threshold at 30 mg/kg, po relative to control2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID587132Inhibition of Leptonychotes weddellii alpha-carbonic anhydrase after 15 mins by CO2 hydrase assay at pH 7.52011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Purification and inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddellii.
AID271175Selectivity for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 over carbonic anhydrase 22006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.
AID1220560Fraction unbound in human occipital cortex at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID263639Selectivity for Helicobacter pylori recombinant CA over human recombinant CA22006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 16, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori.
AID577527Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase II by spectrophotometry at pH 7.52011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
A new β-carbonic anhydrase from Brucella suis, its cloning, characterization, and inhibition with sulfonamides and sulfamates, leading to impaired pathogen growth.
AID1453410Inhibition of Francisella tularensis beta-carbonic anhydrase assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 secs by stopped-flow assay
AID1060765Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 71Structure-based screening for the discovery of new carbonic anhydrase VII inhibitors.
AID600083Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 72009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenacetyl-, pyridylacetyl- and thienylacetyl-substituted aromatic sulfonamides act as potent and selective isoform VII inhibitors.
AID300470Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA6 by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1220556Fraction unbound in CD-1 mouse brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID320311Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 6 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1188138Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gamma-carbonic anhydrase compound preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: the β-class (PgiCAb) versus the γ-class (PgiCA) enzymes.
AID1061066Inhibition of Thalassiosira weissflogii delta carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the δ-carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
AID369272Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID371554Inhibition of human recombinant cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 18, Issue:24
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic and membrane-associated carbonic anhydrases I, II and IV.
AID644034Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 6 esterase activity using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel cyclohexanonyl bromophenol derivatives.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID408764Anticonvulsant activity against scMet-induced seizures in orally dosed rat model2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1204106Inhibition of recombinant Streptococcus mutans UA159 beta-carbonic anhydrase expressed in Escherichia coli Arctic cells preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the β-class carbonic anhydrase from the caries producing pathogen Streptococcus mutans.
AID300469Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA5B by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID464123Selectivity ratio of Ki for human CA2 to Ki for human CA142010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID1489023Anticonvulsant activity in po dosed subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure mouse model assessed as reduction in convulsions2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID570288Selectivity ratio of Ki for soluble human MAO B to IC50 for membrane-bound mouse MAO B2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID1628036Inhibition of full length human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by stop flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:17
Cloning, expression, purification and sulfonamide inhibition profile of the complete domain of the η-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID570283Competitive inhibition of human MAOA by spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID299250Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori beta carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the beta-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori is a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.
AID1268964Inhibition of recombinant Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from the gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2, TcruCA.
AID1434429Inhibition of Burkholderia pseudomallei Gamma-carbonic anhydrase assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 sec by Line-Weaver Burk plot analysis
AID320315Inhibition of mouse recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 13 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID300471Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA7 by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID328196Binding affinity to human carbonic anhydrase 2 in presence of 10 mM HEPES and 100 uM Na2SO4 at pH 7.5 by ThermoFluor method2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase-II inhibition. what are the true enzyme-inhibitory properties of the sulfamide cognate of topiramate?
AID1251236Anticonvulsant activity in ip-dosed mouse assessed as protection against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID456398Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Identification of selective inhibitors of the human mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic isozymes I and II from a natural product-based phenolic library.
AID1766624Inhibition of recombinant human CA7 pre-incubated for 15 mins measured by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-25, Volume: 64, Issue:6
Discovery of Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Effective Anticonvulsant Agents: Drug Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations.
AID427123Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans recombinant Can2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.
AID441717Inhibition of mouse recombinant CA15 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID441706Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID293811Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic/tumor-associated isoforms I, II, and IX with iminodiacetic carboxylates/hydroxamates also incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID770586Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature followed by 72 hrs at 4 degC by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1766623Inhibition of recombinant human CA2 pre-incubated for 15 mins measured by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-25, Volume: 64, Issue:6
Discovery of Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Effective Anticonvulsant Agents: Drug Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1142837Inhibition of Legionella pneumophilia subsp. Pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 carbonic anhydrase-2 assessed as CO2 hydrase activity by stopped-flow assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of two β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
AID1195370Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 23, Issue:10
The β-carbonic anhydrase from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is highly inhibited by sulfonamides.
AID436747Inhibition of human recombinant cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating phenacetyl, pyridylacetyl and thienylacetyl tails act as potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB.
AID587130Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 after 15 mins by CO2 hydrase assay at pH 7.52011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Purification and inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddellii.
AID540232Dose normalised AUC in monkey after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID601815Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated with compound for 15 mins by carbon dioxide hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Anticonvulsant 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with branched-alkylamide moieties: X-ray crystallography and inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, and XIV.
AID1453413Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-2 assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 secs by stopped-flow assay
AID588193Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for Cryptococcus neoformans recombinant Can2 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID427124Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori beta-carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.
AID441705Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID227699Virtual screen for compounds with anticonvulsant activity2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 13, Issue:16
Topological virtual screening: a way to find new anticonvulsant drugs from chemical diversity.
AID764719Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis and inhibition of the cytosolic mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalimide moiety.
AID1489026Anticonvulsant activity in po dosed maximal electroshock induced seizure mouse model assessed as reduction in convulsions2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID599954Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenacetyl-, pyridylacetyl- and thienylacetyl-substituted aromatic sulfonamides act as potent and selective isoform VII inhibitors.
AID770584Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature followed by 72 hrs at 4 degC by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID436564Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies of a coral secretory isoform by sulfonamides.
AID1220555Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID408766Protective index, ratio of TD50 for rat by rotarod test to ED50 for rat by scMet test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives.
AID349608Inhibition of full length Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv recombinant carbonic anhydrase 3 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID570289Selectivity ratio of Ki for soluble rat MAO B to IC50 for membrane-bound mouse MAO B2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID464118Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID600082Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 7 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenacetyl-, pyridylacetyl- and thienylacetyl-substituted aromatic sulfonamides act as potent and selective isoform VII inhibitors.
AID371557Inhibition of full length human recombinant mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5A pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 18, Issue:24
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic and membrane-associated carbonic anhydrases I, II and IV.
AID441210Selectivity for human cloned CA9 over human cloned CA12009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID599955Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 72009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenacetyl-, pyridylacetyl- and thienylacetyl-substituted aromatic sulfonamides act as potent and selective isoform VII inhibitors.
AID408765Toxicity in orally dosed rat by rotarod test2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives.
AID342471Inhibition of AQP4 in wild type mouse brain gilial cells assessed as reduction of osmotic equilibrium rate at 10 to 100 uM after 15 mins by calcein quenching assay relative to water permeability2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID1195369Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 23, Issue:10
The β-carbonic anhydrase from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is highly inhibited by sulfonamides.
AID633372Inhibition of human CA9 catalytic domain preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological profile of new 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID320309Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 5A by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1142836Inhibition of Legionella pneumophilia subsp. Pneumophila strain Philadelphia-1 carbonic anhydrase-1 assessed as CO2 hydrase activity by stopped-flow assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of two β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
AID369271Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID123746Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 30 min followed by 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose; ND means no data1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID295949Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 5A2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Molecular modeling study for the binding of zonisamide and topiramate to the human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase isoform VA.
AID503304Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells at 5 uM after 120 hrs by MTT assay relative to DMSO2006Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6
Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1287517Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the newly discovered bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1188136Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Beta-carbonic anhydrase compound preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: the β-class (PgiCAb) versus the γ-class (PgiCA) enzymes.
AID1262267Inhibition of Chionodraco hamatus alphaCA incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23
Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID669485Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA7-mediated CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of arylsulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID320316Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 14 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID570286Competitive inhibition of rat MAO B by spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID601816Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated with compound for 15 mins by carbon dioxide hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Anticonvulsant 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with branched-alkylamide moieties: X-ray crystallography and inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, and XIV.
AID367822Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant CA expressed in Escherichia coli by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID369274Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 catalytic domain by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID239703Inhibitory constant against human carbonic anhydrase XIV in CO2 hydrase assay2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 15, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the transmembrane isozyme XIV with sulfonamides.
AID1653804Substrate activity at human mARC1 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as turnover rates at 1 mM pre-incubated for 3 mins followed by NADH addition and measured after 15 mins by LC-MS analysis based assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-25, Volume: 63, Issue:12
Drug Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Rapid Assay and Identification of New Substrates.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1061067Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis recombinant gamma-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the δ-carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
AID1653799Substrate activity at human mARC2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as turnover rates at 1 mM pre-incubated for 3 mins followed by NADH addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-Visible spectroscopy based NADH assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-25, Volume: 63, Issue:12
Drug Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Rapid Assay and Identification of New Substrates.
AID1067230Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID300467Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA4 by stopped-flow technique2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 17, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of the antiepileptic drug sulthiame with twelve mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID441710Inhibition of human recombinant CA5B by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID1278410Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis gamma carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.
AID456399Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5A by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Identification of selective inhibitors of the human mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic isozymes I and II from a natural product-based phenolic library.
AID1190066Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for Trypanosoma cruzi carbonic anhydrase to Ki for Plasmodium falciparum Eta-carbonic anhydrase2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the η-class carbonic anhydrase from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1142838Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of two β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
AID1061170Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis gamma-carbonic anhydrase expressed in Escherichia coli preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.
AID367821Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID1434428Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 sec by Line-Weaver Burk plot analysis
AID633371Inhibition of human recombinant full length CA2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological profile of new 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID578224Inhibition of human recombinant CA5B mitochondrial isoform by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(R)-/(S)-10-camphorsulfonyl-substituted aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides selectively inhibit mitochondrial over cytosolic carbonic anhydrases.
AID578223Inhibition of human recombinant CA5A mitochondrial isoform by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(R)-/(S)-10-camphorsulfonyl-substituted aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides selectively inhibit mitochondrial over cytosolic carbonic anhydrases.
AID427122Inhibition of Candida albicans recombinant Nce103 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.
AID263638Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori recombinant CA2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 16, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori.
AID601813Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated with compound for 15 mins by carbon dioxide hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Anticonvulsant 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with branched-alkylamide moieties: X-ray crystallography and inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, and XIV.
AID464119Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID1061169Inhibition of recombinant Methanosarcina thermophila gamma-CA CAM by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.
AID1766622Inhibition of recombinant human CA1 pre-incubated for 15 mins measured by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-25, Volume: 64, Issue:6
Discovery of Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Effective Anticonvulsant Agents: Drug Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations.
AID1251235Anticonvulsant activity in mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizure2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID342469Inhibition of AQP4 expressed in rat FRT cells assessed as transepithelial osmotic water permeability at 100 uM by dye dilution method2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID612725Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 at pH 7.5 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 19, Issue:16
Inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID320307Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 3 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID261582Selectivity ratio for human carbonic anhydrase 2 over Helicobacter pylori carbonic anhydrase2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 49, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID570291Selectivity ratio of Ki for rat MAO B to ratio of Ki for zebrafish MAO2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID1275912Inhibition of human Carbonic anhydrase2 using CO2 as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1512065Inhibition of MAO-B in mouse brain assessed as reduction in H2O2 production incubated for 30 mins using benzylamine as substrate by Amplex red reagent based fluorescence assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 29, Issue:21
1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-ylbenzenesulfonamides as privileged structures for the inhibition of monoamine oxidase B.
AID409600Inhibition of human aquaporin 4 M23 isoform expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at 20 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 17, Issue:1
Inhibition of aquaporin 4 by antiepileptic drugs.
AID123743Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 240 min followed by 40 mg/kg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID648181Inhibition of human wild type carbonic anhydrase 2 Leu204Ser mutant expressed in Escherichia coli after 15 mins preincubation by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7
Mutation of active site residues Asn67 to Ile, Gln92 to Val and Leu204 to Ser in human carbonic anhydrase II: influences on the catalytic activity and affinity for inhibitors.
AID366658Inhibition of human cloned CA2 by CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Inhibition of human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB with para-(4-phenyltriazole-1-yl)-benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID441714Inhibition of human recombinant CA12 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID644086Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 4 using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate after 3 mins using spectrophotometry by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Structure-activity relationships for the interaction of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with human and bovine carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, III, IV and VI.
AID577526Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase I by spectrophotometry at pH 7.52011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
A new β-carbonic anhydrase from Brucella suis, its cloning, characterization, and inhibition with sulfonamides and sulfamates, leading to impaired pathogen growth.
AID599953Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Phenacetyl-, pyridylacetyl- and thienylacetyl-substituted aromatic sulfonamides act as potent and selective isoform VII inhibitors.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID744415Inhibition of recombinant full length Candida glabrata NCE103 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the β-class enzyme from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata with sulfonamides, sulfamates and sulfamides.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID437749Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Characterization and inhibition studies of the most active beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv3588c.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID612726Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 at pH 7.5 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 19, Issue:16
Inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID239287Mean inhibitory constant towards human carbonic anhydrase V determined by spectrophotometric dansylamide binding assay2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-02, Volume: 15, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: solution and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID271173Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.
AID1188135Inhibition of human recombinant Carbonic anhydrase 2 compound preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: the β-class (PgiCAb) versus the γ-class (PgiCA) enzymes.
AID437750Inhibition of full length Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 encoded by RV3588c by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Characterization and inhibition studies of the most active beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv3588c.
AID1287518Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the newly discovered bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13.
AID1220554Fraction unbound in Wistar Han rat brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID371558Inhibition of full length human recombinant mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5B preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 18, Issue:24
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic and membrane-associated carbonic anhydrases I, II and IV.
AID1067227Inhibition of human transmembrane carbonic anhydrase 12 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4- and 3-nitrophthalimide moieties.
AID320305Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1275910Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae beta-carbonic anhydrase using CO2 as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1061068Inhibition of Leishmania donovani chagasi recombinant beta-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the δ-carbonic anhydrase from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii.
AID320310Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 5B by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID588191Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID261581Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori recombinant carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 49, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID1220557Fraction unbound in Hartley guinea pig brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID436749Inhibition of human recombinant full length mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase 5B by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides incorporating phenacetyl, pyridylacetyl and thienylacetyl tails act as potent inhibitors of human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB.
AID578221Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 cytosolic isoform by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 21, Issue:5
(R)-/(S)-10-camphorsulfonyl-substituted aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides selectively inhibit mitochondrial over cytosolic carbonic anhydrases.
AID1188137Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis Beta-carbonic anhydrase compound preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition study of the carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: the β-class (PgiCAb) versus the γ-class (PgiCA) enzymes.
AID320312Inhibition of human recombinant full length carbonic hydrase 7 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID1268963Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase-2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from the gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2, TcruCA.
AID644036Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 4 esterase activity using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel cyclohexanonyl bromophenol derivatives.
AID1333764Anticonvulsant activity in ip dosed Carworth Farm1 mouse assessed as protection against maximal electroshock-induced seizures administered 30 mins prior to 60-Hz current induction2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Simple N,N-dimethyl phenylsulfonamides show potent anticonvulsant effect in two standard epilepsy models.
AID367820Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 17, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID587131Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 after 15 mins by CO2 hydrase assay at pH 7.52011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 19, Issue:6
Purification and inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddellii.
AID1333767Anticonvulsant activity in ip dosed Carworth Farm1 mouse assessed as protection against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures after 30 mins2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Simple N,N-dimethyl phenylsulfonamides show potent anticonvulsant effect in two standard epilepsy models.
AID601814Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated with compound for 15 mins by carbon dioxide hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Anticonvulsant 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with branched-alkylamide moieties: X-ray crystallography and inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, and XIV.
AID1194027Inhibition of recombinant Porphyromonas gingivalis gamma-carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
AID1220558Fraction unbound in Beagle dog brain homogenates at 1 uM after 6 hrs by equilibrium dialysis method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7
Species independence in brain tissue binding using brain homogenates.
AID366659Inhibition of human recombinant CA5A by CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Inhibition of human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB with para-(4-phenyltriazole-1-yl)-benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
AID726232Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase expressed in insect Sf9 cell Baculovirus system by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization, and sulfonamide and thiol inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease.
AID441209Inhibition of human cloned CA12 catalytic domain by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID441207Inhibition of human cloned CA2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
S-glycosyl primary sulfonamides--a new structural class for selective inhibition of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrases.
AID1123815Anticonvulsant activity in po dosed STD-dd mouse assessed as protection against hind-limb extensor component of maximal electroshock seizure administered via gavage measured 2 hrs after drug dosing1979Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 22, Issue:2
Studies on 3-substituted 1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives. 6. Syntheses of 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives and their anticonvulsant activities.
AID293813Inhibition of human recombinant CA9 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic/tumor-associated isoforms I, II, and IX with iminodiacetic carboxylates/hydroxamates also incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588190Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv3273 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID644037Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 esterase activity using 4-nitrophenylacetate as substrate2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel cyclohexanonyl bromophenol derivatives.
AID612732Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 at pH 8.3 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 19, Issue:16
Inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID669117Inhibition of Candida albicans CaNce103 preincubated for 15 mins measured for 10 to 100 sec by stopped-flow method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia globosa, a potential antidandruff target.
AID293814Selectivity for human recombinant CA9 over human recombinant CA22007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic/tumor-associated isoforms I, II, and IX with iminodiacetic carboxylates/hydroxamates also incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties.
AID1653794Substrate activity at human mARC1 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as turnover rates at 1 mM pre-incubated for 3 mins followed by NADH addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-Visible spectroscopy based NADH assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-25, Volume: 63, Issue:12
Drug Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Rapid Assay and Identification of New Substrates.
AID366660Inhibition of human recombinant CA5B by CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Inhibition of human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB with para-(4-phenyltriazole-1-yl)-benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
AID441708Inhibition of human recombinant CA4 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID320313Inhibition of human catalytic domain carbonic hydrase 9 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.
AID497130Selectivity ratio of Ki for wild type human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 Phe91Asn mutant2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15
Mutation of Phe91 to Asn in human carbonic anhydrase I unexpectedly enhanced both catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors.
AID349606Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID770581Selectivity ratio of Ki for human carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for human carbonic anhydrase 92013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID366657Inhibition of human cloned CA1 by CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Inhibition of human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases VA and VB with para-(4-phenyltriazole-1-yl)-benzenesulfonamide derivatives.
AID552128Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID540230Dose normalised AUC in rat after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID612731Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 at pH 8.3 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 19, Issue:16
Inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with sulfonamides and sulfamates.
AID497128Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 Phe91Asn mutant expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) after 15 mins by CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15
Mutation of Phe91 to Asn in human carbonic anhydrase I unexpectedly enhanced both catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors.
AID588186Inhibition of human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 1 after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID464121Inhibition of human recombinant CA14 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Identification of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-sulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and enzyme--ligand X-ray studies.
AID1287520Inhibition of recombinant Enterobacter sp. B13 beta carbonic anhydrase incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 26, Issue:7
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the newly discovered bacterium Enterobacter sp. B13.
AID349605Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588192Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 1 to Ki for Candida albicans recombinant Nce103 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID1251245Anticonvulsant activity in rat amygdala kindling model assessed as change in after-discharge duration at 30 mg/kg, po2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of benzothiazine derivatives as novel, orally-active anti-epileptic drug candidates with broad anticonvulsant effect.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID743514Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
The alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides.
AID123757Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 60 min followed by 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose; ND means no data1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID1275911Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae alpha-carbonic anhydrase using CO2 as substrate preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1489013Anticonvulsant activity in amygdala kindling rat model assessed as change in after discharge duration at 30 mg/kg, po (Rvb = -5.5%)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
N-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-sulfonamide derivatives as novel broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs with efficacy equivalent to that of sodium valproate.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID778725Inhibition of recombinant Leishmania donovani chagasi beta-carbonic anhydrase expressed in baculovirus infected insect Sf9 cells incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 56, Issue:18
Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Leishmania donovani chagasi, the protozoan parasite responsible for leishmaniasis.
AID456397Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Identification of selective inhibitors of the human mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic isozymes I and II from a natural product-based phenolic library.
AID427125Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.
AID764717Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis and inhibition of the cytosolic mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalimide moiety.
AID123732Percentage block of the hind-limb tonic-extensor seizure was determined after application of an electric shock to mice for 120 min followed by 40 mg/kg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds.
AID1333088Inhibition of voltage dependent T-type Ca2+ channel in Wistar rat cerebral cortex assessed as reduction in transient inward Ca2+ current at -60 mV holding potential at 500 uM by whole-cell patch clamp method relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID570285Competitive inhibition of rat MAOA by spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID764718Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis and inhibition of the cytosolic mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalimide moiety.
AID588197Selectivity ratio of Ki for human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 2 to Ki for Cryptococcus neoformans recombinant Can2 beta-carbonic anhydrase2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID588182Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant Rv3273 beta-carbonic anhydrase after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID725955Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
Cloning, characterization, and sulfonamide and thiol inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease.
AID342466Inhibition of AQP4 expressed in rat FRT cells assessed as osmotic water permeability at 10 uM by stopped-flow light scattering method2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID414956Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sulfonamides and a sulfamate.
AID371555Inhibition of human recombinant cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 pre-incubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 18, Issue:24
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfamides act as powerful and selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial isozymes VA and VB over the cytosolic and membrane-associated carbonic anhydrases I, II and IV.
AID588187Inhibition of human recombinant alpha-carbonic anhydrase 2 after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID369275Inhibition of mouse recombinant carbonic anhydrase 15 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID441712Inhibition of human recombinant CA7 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
The coumarin-binding site in carbonic anhydrase accommodates structurally diverse inhibitors: the antiepileptic lacosamide as an example and lead molecule for novel classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
AID497129Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 after 15 mins by CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 18, Issue:15
Mutation of Phe91 to Asn in human carbonic anhydrase I unexpectedly enhanced both catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID239102Inhibitory constant against catalytic domain of human carbonic anhydrase IX2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 15, Issue:17
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the transmembrane isozyme XIV with sulfonamides.
AID588189Inhibition of Candida albicans recombinant Nce103 after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay relative to phenol2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Natural product-based phenols as novel probes for mycobacterial and fungal carbonic anhydrases.
AID342468Inhibition of AQP4 expressed in rat FRT cells assessed as osmotic water permeability at 100 uM after 60 mins by stopped-flow light scattering method2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
Lack of aquaporin-4 water transport inhibition by antiepileptics and arylsulfonamides.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID770583Inhibition of human membrane bound carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 15 mins at room temperature followed by 72 hrs at 4 degC by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID47716Inhibitory effect on human Carbonic anhydrase I (hCA-I); NT is Not tested2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: anticonvulsant sulfonamides incorporating valproyl and other lipophilic moieties.
AID1453412Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-1 assessed as reduction in CO2 hydration preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition measured for 10 to 100 secs by stopped-flow assay
AID570290Selectivity ratio of Ki for human MAO B to ratio of Ki for zebrafish MAO2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Interactions of monoamine oxidases with the antiepileptic drug zonisamide: specificity of inhibition and structure of the human monoamine oxidase B complex.
AID1628037Inhibition of human cytosolic carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stop flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:17
Cloning, expression, purification and sulfonamide inhibition profile of the complete domain of the η-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1268965Inhibition of recombinant Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 26, Issue:2
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from the gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2, TcruCA.
AID301578Inhibition of human recombinant CA 3 assessed as CO2 hydration by stopped flow kinetic assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 15, Issue:23
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the cytosolic isozyme III with sulfonamides.
AID328195Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 by 4-NPA hydrolysis assay2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-24, Volume: 51, Issue:8
Carbonic anhydrase-II inhibition. what are the true enzyme-inhibitory properties of the sulfamide cognate of topiramate?
AID1628038Inhibition of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum eta-carbonic anhydrase (181 to 538 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli artic express (DE3) preincubated for 15 mins by stop flow CO2 hydrase assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:17
Cloning, expression, purification and sulfonamide inhibition profile of the complete domain of the η-carbonic anhydrase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1190063Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the η-class carbonic anhydrase from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparum.
AID295948Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 22007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Molecular modeling study for the binding of zonisamide and topiramate to the human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase isoform VA.
AID1240217Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase-2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.
AID1240214Inhibition of Nostoc commune gamma carbonic anhydrase by CO2 hydration assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1278411Inhibition of Nostoc commune gamma carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4
Sulfonamide inhibition studies of the γ-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.
AID601817Anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in po dosed rat2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Anticonvulsant 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide derivatives with branched-alkylamide moieties: X-ray crystallography and inhibition studies of human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, and XIV.
AID299249Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori alpha carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the beta-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori is a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.
AID48290Inhibitory effect on bovine Carbonic anhydrase IV; NT is Not tested2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-17, Volume: 45, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: anticonvulsant sulfonamides incorporating valproyl and other lipophilic moieties.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1799588Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00857.x: \\Which carbonic anhydrases are targeted by the antiepileptic sulfonamides and sulfamates?\\2009Chemical biology & drug design, Sep, Volume: 74, Issue:3
Which carbonic anhydrases are targeted by the antiepileptic sulfonamides and sulfamates?
AID1803140Esterase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2011.643303: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: in vitro inhibition of a isoforms (hCA I, hCA II, bCA III, hCA IV) by flavonoids.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: in vitro inhibition of α isoforms (hCA I, hCA II, bCA III, hCA IV) by flavonoids.
AID1803139Esterase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2011.637202: \\Simple methanesulfonates are hydrolyzed by the sulfatase carbonic anhydrase activity.\\2012Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Simple methanesulfonates are hydrolyzed by the sulfatase carbonic anhydrase activity.
AID1796595CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm060531j: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.\\2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Hypoxia-activatable sulfonamides incorporating disulfide bonds that target the tumor-associated isoform IX.
AID1802607Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.014: \\Carbohydrazones as new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis, kinetics, and ligand docking studies.\\2017Bioorganic chemistry, 06, Volume: 72Carbohydrazones as new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Synthesis, kinetics, and ligand docking studies.
AID1798769CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801267c: \\Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.\\2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Cloning, expression, post-translational modifications and inhibition studies on the latest mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoform, CA XV.
AID1799266CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.002: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.\\2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 17, Issue:13
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition and homology modeling studies of the fungal beta-carbonic anhydrase from Candida albicans with sulfonamides.
AID1798985CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm9000488: \\Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sulfonamides and a sulfamate.\\2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Molecular cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the Rv1284 beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with sulfonamides and a sulfamate.
AID1803138CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2011.637200: \\Inhibition of mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VI with thiamine and thiamine-like molecules.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Inhibition of mammalian carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VI with thiamine and thiamine-like molecules.
AID1796552CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm0512600: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.\\2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 49, Issue:6
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: DNA cloning and inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori, a new target for developing sulfonamide and sulfamate gastric drugs.
AID1799586Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00842.x: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isozymes II and VII with simple aromatic sulfonamides and some azo dyes.\\2009Chemical biology & drug design, Aug, Volume: 74, Issue:2
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isozymes II and VII with simple aromatic sulfonamides and some azo dyes.
AID1798982CA Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm9003126: \\Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.\\2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a new beta-carbonic anhydrase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1346210Human carbonic anhydrase 12 (4.2.1.1 Carbonate dehydratases)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1345928Human carbonic anhydrase 1 (4.2.1.1 Carbonate dehydratases)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
AID1346202Human carbonic anhydrase 7 (4.2.1.1 Carbonate dehydratases)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis and inhibition of the human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, VII, IX and XII with benzene sulfonamides incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromophthalimide moiety.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (863)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199025 (2.90)18.7374
1990's104 (12.05)18.2507
2000's305 (35.34)29.6817
2010's319 (36.96)24.3611
2020's110 (12.75)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 83.01

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index83.01 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.95 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.21 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index155.12 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.09 (0.95)

This Compound (83.01)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials121 (13.12%)5.53%
Reviews165 (17.90%)6.00%
Case Studies124 (13.45%)4.05%
Observational12 (1.30%)0.25%
Other500 (54.23%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (71)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized. Single-Dose, Two-Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Zonisamide Formulations in Fasted Normal, Healthy Men and Women [NCT01161966]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Zonisamide in Adult Patients With Partial, Generalized and Combined Seizures: An Open Labeled, Non-comparative, Observational Study [NCT01283256]655 participants (Actual)Observational2011-01-31Completed
Efficacy and Tolerability of Low vs. Standard Daily Doses of Antiepileptic Drugs in Newly Diagnosed, Previously Untreated Epilepsy (STANDLOW). A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-blind, Parallel-group Trial [NCT03689114]Phase 4374 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-07Not yet recruiting
Zonisamide Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: an Evaluation of Efficacy and Mechanism of Action [NCT02900352]Phase 3156 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Zonisamide/Bupropion Effects on Switching to Electronic Cigarettes [NCT04388319]Phase 326 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-27Completed
A Multicenter, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide in the Treatment of Partial Seizures [NCT00327717]Phase 3240 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Pharmaceutical Interventions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss-Acute Exposure Treatment [NCT04768569]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-04Terminated(stopped due to PINIHL Program terminated by DoD)
A Randomized. Single-Dose, Two-Way Crossover Relative Bioavailability Study of Zonisamide Formulations in Normal, Healthy Men and Women Following a Standard Meal [NCT01161979]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
A Korean Open-label, Multi-center, Community-based Trial Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Uncontrolled Partial Epilepsy [NCT01140867]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Comparative Study of Zonisamide and Carbamazepine as an Initial Monotherapy: Efficacy and Safety Evaluation [NCT01127256]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Zonisamide for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder in the Addiction Neuroclinical Assessment Framework [NCT05134857]Phase 2205 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-07Recruiting
Pharmaceutical Interventions for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss-Acute Exposure Treatment [NCT04774250]Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-11-10Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual)
A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy in Children Under the Age of Two Years [NCT02205931]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
An Open-Label Tolerability and Exploratory Efficacy Study of Zonisamide for Dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease [NCT03034538]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-04-08Suspended(stopped due to Site staffing)
Zonisamide and Methylprednisolone to Prevent Noise-induced Temporary Hearing Loss [NCT02049073]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to new data makes this trial unethical)
Characterization of Epilepsy Patients At-risk for Adverse Outcomes Related to Switching Antiepileptic Drug Products: BEEP 2b Study [NCT02707965]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-08Completed
A Phase IIB, Multi-Center, Dose-Parallel, Randomized, Double-Blind, Monotherapy and Placebo-Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study of Zonisamide SR Plus Bupropion SR Combination Therapy in Subjects With Obesity [NCT00709371]Phase 2729 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Zonisamide in Myoclonic Seizures Associated With Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy [NCT00693017]Phase 310 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor's decision)
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Zonisamide in Primary Generalised Tonic Clonic Seizures [NCT00692003]Phase 321 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-01Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor's decision)
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Zonisamide Capsules (100 mg; Mylan) to Zonegran® Capsules (100 mg; Elan) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00650052]Phase 1107 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Post-authorization, Observational and Prospective Follow up Study to Evaluate Effectiveness and Tolerability of Zonisamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Partial Onset Seizures Treated With Two Antiepileptic Drugs [NCT00659958]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
The Assessment of the Safety, Efficacy, and Practicality of an Algorithm Including Amantadine, Metformin and Zonisamide for the Prevention of Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain in Outpatients With Schizophrenia [NCT00401973]Phase 3199 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind Extension Study To Assess The Long-Term Safety And To Explore The Long-Term Efficacy Of Zonisamide As Monotherapy In Newly Diagnosed Partial Seizures [NCT00848549]Phase 3295 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Interdisciplinary Study of Two Novel Anticonvulsants in Alcoholism [NCT02901041]Phase 381 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-21Completed
A Multicentre, Randomised, Active Comparator, Parallel Group Study To Compare The Effect On Cognition Of Adjunctive Therapy With Zonisamide Versus Sodium Valproate [NCT00713622]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Zonisamide in Paediatric Partial Onset Seizures [NCT00566254]Phase 3207 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
A Multi-center Comparative Trial of Low and High Dose Zonisamide in Children as Monotherapy [NCT01127165]Phase 4125 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
An Open-label Extension Study Following a Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Zonisamide in Pediatric Partial Onset Seizures [NCT01136954]Phase 3144 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Cognitive Side Effects of Commonly Prescribed Medications in Pediatric Migraine [NCT00777218]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Enrollment criteria was too challenging and Investigators changed Institutions)
[NCT00154076]Phase 4140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
The Effects of Zonisamide on Alcohol Dependence [NCT00406692]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
A Study for Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide and Lamotrigine (Lamictal) for Subjects With Refractory Simple Partial, Complex Partial or Partial With Secondary Generalized Seizures [NCT00292461]Phase 364 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Novel Therapies for Essential Tremor - Zonisamide Pilot Study [NCT00223743]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
Zonegran for the Treatment of Weight Gain Associated With Psychotropic Medication Use: A Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00203450]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
Zonisamide for Weight Reduction in Obese Adults [NCT00275834]225 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Liceo Study: A Prospective, Observational Study On The Effectiveness Of New Antiepileptic Drugs As First Bitherapy In The Daily Clinical Practice [NCT00855738]Phase 4111 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Zonisamide Capsules (100 mg; Mylan) to Zonegran® Capsules (100 mg; Elan) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649714]Phase 1110 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-12-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 100 mg Zonisamide Capsules Under Non-Fasting Conditions [NCT00687167]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Comparative Study of the Efficiency of Zonisamide in Myoclonus Dystonia: A Monocentric , Randomized in Cross Over and Double Blind Study Versus Placebo Study [NCT01806805]Phase 324 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
A Randomized, Multi-centre, Double-blind Study, to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide and Carbamazepine as Monotherapy, in Newly Diagnosed Partial Epilepsy [NCT00477295]Phase 3583 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Randomized Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of an add-on Treatment With Zonisamide in Adults With Focal Epileptic Seizures With or Without Secondary Generalization [NCT00165828]Phase 4157 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Terminated
An Open Label Study Of Zonegran (Zonisamide) In Patients With Partial Onset Seizures [NCT00215592]Phase 41,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Zonisamide vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence [NCT00595556]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Design Trial of; Levetiracetam, Zonisamide, Topiramate, and Placebo Control for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependent Subjects. [NCT00862563]Phase 285 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment goals could not be met before ending of funding for this project.)
Zonisamide for Fibromyalgia & Migraine [NCT00259636]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistical problems prevented enrollment)
Zonisamide in Addition to Enhanced Cognitive Processing Therapy-C (E-CPT-C) for Veterans With PTSD and Comorbid Alcohol Dependence [NCT01847469]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Zonegran in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Associated With Obesity: A Single Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Flexible-Dose Study in Outpatients [NCT00221442]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
A Dose Parallel, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Multiple Regimens of the Combination of Zonisamide CR Plus Bupropion SR in the Treatment of Subjects With Uncomplicated Obesity [NCT00339014]Phase 2611 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
[NCT00047567]Phase 420 participants Interventional2002-07-31Terminated
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Zonisamide 150 mg and 300 mg Per Day and Placebo in Subjects With Migraine Headache [NCT00055484]Phase 2204 participants Interventional2002-03-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel Group Study to Establish Dose-Response, Safety, and Efficacy of Zonegran (Zonisamide) as Monotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy [NCT00056576]Phase 3165 participants Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Pilot Study of Zonisamide in the Treatment of Essential Tremor [NCT00616343]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Principal Investigator left the study site on December 28, 2012.)
Effectiveness of Zonisamide in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependent Veterans [NCT02368431]Phase 392 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-01Terminated(stopped due to Funding ended prematurely)
A Proof of Concept, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled, Study of Zonisamide Sustained Release (SR) 360 mg Versus Placebo in the Prevention of Weight Gain Associated With Olanzapine Therapy for Psychosis [NCT00734435]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor Decision- Financial Considerations)
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 100 mg Zonisamide Capsules Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00685139]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Multi-centre, Superiority Study to Compare, in Patients With Partial Onset Seizures, the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Zonisamide vs Replacement With Zonisamide of the Last Added Antiepileptic Drug [NCT01630057]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A 1 Month Randomized Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Trial With a 5 Month Open Extension Phase to Explore the Efficacy of Zonisamide on Apnea/Hypopnea Index in Overweight/Obese Sleep Apnea Patients. [NCT01765608]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Effect of Zonisamide on Cocaine Reinforcement, Craving, and Relapse [NCT01137890]Phase 1/Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Role of Zonisamide in Advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD) in Egyptian Population: Pilot Study [NCT04182399]69 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-01Completed
Zonisamide Augmentation of Varenicline Treatment for Smoking Cessation [NCT01685996]Phase 1/Phase 274 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Zonisamide for Heavy Drinkers With Bipolar Disorder [NCT01566370]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Terminated(stopped due to recruitment infeasible)
Modification of Epilepsy Screen Questionnaire and Treatment Feasibility Evaluation [NCT04939675]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-01Not yet recruiting
Systematic Review: Retigabine for Adjunctive Therapy in Partial Epilepsy [NCT01587339]6,498 participants (Actual)Observational2010-09-30Completed
A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability and to Explore the Efficacy of Zonisamide as add-on Therapy in Elderly Patients With Refractory Partial Seizures [NCT01546688]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Terminated
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effects of Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion on Switching to an Electronic Cigarette [NCT05205811]Phase 3180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-14Recruiting
Population Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic in Pediatrics [NCT03196466]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-06-19Recruiting
An Open-label, Multi-centre, Multi-national Post-marketing Non-interventional Observational Study of the Use of Zonisamide (ZNS) in the Adjunctive Treatment of Adult Patients With Partial Onset Seizures Treated With One Antiepileptic Drug (AED) as Baselin [NCT01830868]104 participants (Actual)Observational2012-03-31Completed
Alcohol Self Administration Laboratory [NCT00398918]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Randomized Double Blind Placebo-controlled Study of Zonisamide Effectiveness in Early Parkinson Disease [NCT01766128]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to Practical problems)
Zonisamide as a New Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder [NCT03376139]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Futility)
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Zonisamide to Prevent Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain [NCT00363376]Phase 342 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Quality of Life as Measured by HADS_D
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Proportions of Patients With 5% Weight Loss
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Waist Circumference
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Change in Body Weight
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Change in Blood Pressure
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Change in Lipids
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Inflammatory Markers (CRP)
NCT00275834 (8) [back to overview]Proportions of Patients With 10% Weight Loss
NCT00292461 (4) [back to overview]Response Rate: Defined as the Percentage of Participants With >= 50% Reduction of Monthly Seizure Frequency at the End of 16-week Treatment From Baseline.
NCT00292461 (4) [back to overview]The Percentage Change of Monthly Seizure Frequency at the End of the 16-week Treatment From Baseline
NCT00292461 (4) [back to overview]Global Assessment of Efficacy by Participants at the End of the 16-week Treatment Period
NCT00292461 (4) [back to overview]Global Assessment of Efficacy by Physician at the End of 16-week Treatment Period
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Mean Percentage of Change in Seizure Free Days
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Drop - Out Rate
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Mean Number of Seizure Free Days
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Mean Time to First Seizure (Days)
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Median Percent Change From Baseline in All Partial Seizure Frequency (Complex Partial Seizures (CP)+ Simple Partial Seizures (SP) + Secondary Generalization Seizures (SGS)) During the Fixed-dose Phase
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Seizure-free Participants During Fixed-dose Phase
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Complex Partial (CP) Seizure Frequency
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Partial Seizures With Secondary Generalization (SGS)
NCT00327717 (10) [back to overview]The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Simple Partial (SP) Seizure Frequency
NCT00398918 (2) [back to overview]Grams Ethanol Consumed During Second Hour of the Alcohol Self-Administration Sessions
NCT00398918 (2) [back to overview]Score Digit Symbol Modalities Test
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Triglycerides
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Hemoglobin A1c
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Glucose
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Weight
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Total Score
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale (CGI-S)
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Total Cholesterol
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score
NCT00401973 (11) [back to overview]Correlations Between Weight Changes and Changes in Eating Inventory (EI) and Food Craving Inventory (FCI) at 2 Weeks and 22 Weeks
NCT00406692 (3) [back to overview]Difference in Mean Words for the Phonetic Portion of the Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT).
NCT00406692 (3) [back to overview]Symbol Digit Modalities Test (DSMT)
NCT00406692 (3) [back to overview]The Weekly Mean Number of Standard Drinks Consumed Per Day at Baseline and Treatment Phase
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SF-36 Aggregate Mental and Physical Component Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bond and Lader VAS Mood Sub-Scores at Maintenance Period Visit 1
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Time to 6-months Seizure Freedom
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Seizure Freedom for 26-weeks During the Maintenance Phase
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Seizure Freedom for 12-months During the FDP and Maintenance Period
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total ABNAS Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QOLIE-31-P Overall Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Analysis of Time to Drop Out Due to Lack of Efficacy
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Time to 12-months Seizure Freedom
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Analysis of Time to Drop Out Due to an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT00477295 (11) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With EQ-5D Scores at Maintenance Period Visit 1
NCT00566254 (4) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With =50% to < 75% and = 75% Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period(LOCF)
NCT00566254 (4) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With =25% and =100% Increase From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period (LOCF)
NCT00566254 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency of =50%(Responder) in the Maintenance Period(LOCF)
NCT00566254 (4) [back to overview]Median Percent Change From Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period (LOCF)
NCT00595556 (5) [back to overview]Change in Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Concentration
NCT00595556 (5) [back to overview]Change in Number of Drinks Per Week by Week
NCT00595556 (5) [back to overview]Change in Number of Heavy Drinking Days (i.e., 5 or More Drinks Per Day for Men, and 4 or More Per Day for Women)Per Week, by Week
NCT00595556 (5) [back to overview]Weekly Rate of Change in Abstinent Days
NCT00595556 (5) [back to overview]Change in the Urge to Drink Alcohol as Measured by the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ)
NCT00685139 (2) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Time t [AUC(0-t)]
NCT00685139 (2) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT00687167 (2) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT00687167 (2) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Time t [AUC(0-t)]
NCT00848549 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants That Are Seizure Free for at Least 24 Month Consecutive Period in the Base Study and Extension Phase
NCT00848549 (5) [back to overview]Time to Drop-out Due to Adverse Event (AE)
NCT00848549 (5) [back to overview]Time to Drop-out Due to Lack of Efficacy
NCT00848549 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life Assessed by Quality of Life in Epilepsy-Problems Questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P) Overall Score at Each Visit
NCT00848549 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Remaining in the Study at Each Visit
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Cessation of Occupation, Requirement of Caregiver, or Admission to Intensive Care Unit
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased Their Doses of New Antiepileptic Drugs (AED)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change in Sleep Disturbances From Baseline to Month 6: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Months 3 and 6 in Health Condition: Euro Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Visits to a Specialist or the Emergency Room Because of Epilepsy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Quality of Life 10 Domains (QOLIE-10)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Time to First Seizure
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Continued on Study Medication to Month 6
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in the Median Number of Seizures During the Last 3 Months of Treatment
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Number of Days Hospitalized Because of Epilepsy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Classified as Responders
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Seizure-free Participants During the Last 3 Months Before Discontinuation
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased the Doses of the Initial Treatment Administered in Monotherapy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Reaching Monotherapy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Reduction in Number of Seizures >=25% and >=75% During the Last 3 Months of Treatment
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Indicating Optimal Sleep on the Optimal Sleep Subscale: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]COWAT-Category
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]Mean Percent Days Heavy Drinking
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]Percent Days Drinking
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]The Primary Efficacy Measure is the Mean Number of Drinks Consumed Per Day Over the Period From Treatment Weeks 10 Through 12 When All Study Medications Should be at Their Maximum Steady Levels Based on Their Known Pharmacokinetic Properties.
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd Ed. Spatial Span
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS)-3d Ed Digit Span-Age Adjusted Total
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]AB-Neurotoxicity Scale.
NCT00862563 (8) [back to overview]Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT)- Letter Fluency
NCT01127165 (4) [back to overview]Change in Korean-Quality of Life Childhood Epilepsy (K-QOLCE)
NCT01127165 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Were Assessed As Seizure Free
NCT01127165 (4) [back to overview]Change in Cognitive Assessment Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC-Ⅲ)
NCT01127165 (4) [back to overview]Change in Behavior Assessment Korea-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL)
NCT01127256 (3) [back to overview]Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QoL-QOLIE31)
NCT01127256 (3) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants With Seizure Free Rate
NCT01127256 (3) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants With Retention Rate
NCT01136954 (4) [back to overview]Median Percent Change From Study 312 Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Open Label Period
NCT01136954 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency of =50%(Responder) in the Open Label Period
NCT01136954 (4) [back to overview]Treatment Emergent Non-Serious Adverse Events With Greater Than 5% Frequency
NCT01136954 (4) [back to overview]Median Change From Study 312 Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Open Label Period
NCT01137890 (4) [back to overview]Drug Value Questionnaire
NCT01137890 (4) [back to overview]Change in Visual Analog Questionnaire (VAQ) Score
NCT01137890 (4) [back to overview]Behavioral Choice Measures
NCT01137890 (4) [back to overview]Cocaine Craving
NCT01140867 (4) [back to overview]Seizure Reduction Rate
NCT01140867 (4) [back to overview]Seizure Free Rate
NCT01140867 (4) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT01140867 (4) [back to overview]QoL-QOLIE31 (Quality of Life in Epilepsy)
NCT01546688 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in Seizure Frequency From Baseline to the Last 28 Days of the Maintenance Period
NCT01546688 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bond and Lader Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Mood Sub-Scores for Sedation by Visit During Titration and Maintenance Period
NCT01546688 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in CVST of the FePsy Test (Mean Reaction Time) by Visit During Titration and Maintenance Period
NCT01546688 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders During Last 28 Days of Maintenance Period
NCT01685996 (2) [back to overview]Percent Participants Abstinent From Smoking During Study Weeks 7-10
NCT01685996 (2) [back to overview]Nicotine Withdrawal Symptom Severity
NCT01847469 (3) [back to overview]Number of Drinking Days
NCT01847469 (3) [back to overview]Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) Total Score
NCT01847469 (3) [back to overview]Number of Heavy Drinking Days
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Alcohol Urge Questionnaire Score (AUQ)
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Per Week
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Number of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week
NCT02368431 (6) [back to overview]Level of Alcohol-related Problems (SIP)
NCT02707965 (5) [back to overview]Number of Seizures Reported
NCT02707965 (5) [back to overview]Mean Cmin_ss (Test vs. Reference)
NCT02707965 (5) [back to overview]Number of Adverse Events
NCT02707965 (5) [back to overview]Mean AUC0-last_ss (Test vs. Reference)
NCT02707965 (5) [back to overview]Mean Cmax_ss (Test vs. Reference)
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Level of Alcohol-related Problems
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Levels
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Change in Alcohol Urge Questionnaire Score (AUQ)
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With No Heavy Drinking Days
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Per Week
NCT02900352 (7) [back to overview]Number of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Percent Heavy Drinking Days
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Percent Heavy Drinking Days
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Cued Go No-Go: Inhibition Error
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task: AX Test Commission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Omission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Commission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - X Test Omission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continous Performance Task: AX Test Commission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Total Pump Count
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Total Pump Count
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Average Weekly Standard Drinking Units (SDUs)
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Average Weekly Standard Drinking Units (SDUs)
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Commission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): AX Test Omission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Average Standard Drinking Units Per Day
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Average Standard Drinking Units Per Day
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Risk Adjustment
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Delay Aversion
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Risk Adjustment
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Mean Percent Bet
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Mean Percent Bet
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Roger's Risk Task: Delay Aversion
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Cued Go/No-go Task: Inhibition Error
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Drinking Days
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): AX Test Omission Rate
NCT02901041 (26) [back to overview]Percentage of Drinking Days
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Change in Rewarding Effects of Smoking Combustible Cigarettes
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Completely Switched From Combustible Cigarettes to Halo G6 E-Cigarettes
NCT04388319 (3) [back to overview]Point Abstinence From Combustible Cigarettes

Quality of Life as Measured by HADS_D

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression (HADS-D) The HADS is a 14-item self-administered questionnaire that consists of 2 scales, one measuring anxiety (HADS-A), and the other measuring depression (HADS-D). Each subscale consists of 7 statements and the participant responds as to how each item applies to him/her over the past week on 4-point response scale. Separate scores are calculated for anxiety and depression and a score (ranging from 0 to 21) is obtained for each subscale. The higher the score, the more severe the anxiety or depression. (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo2.12
Zonisamide 200 mg2.76
Zonisamide 400 mg1.95

[back to top]

Proportions of Patients With 5% Weight Loss

These were the proportions of patients losing 5% or more weight at 1-year relative to baseline. The measures were modeled with logistic regressions that included the three-level group proxy and a baseline weight covariate. (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo23
Zonisamide 200 mg26
Zonisamide 400 mg41

[back to top]

Waist Circumference

Analyses was based on intent-to-treat ANCOVA. Difference scores from baseline to endpoint (Month-12) for each measure were regressed on the three-level proxy denoting group while controlling for the baseline value of the same measure. Contrasts were subsequently estimated in models, which had a significant overall treatment effect. (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventioncm (Mean)
Placebo-4.8
Zonisamide 200 mg-6.1
Zonisamide 400 mg-8.5

[back to top]

Change in Body Weight

The primary endpoint was weight loss at 1-year, Month-12 weight minus baseline weight, in kilograms. (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionkg (Mean)
Placebo-4.0
Zonisamide 200 mg-4.4
Zonisamide 400 mg-7.3

[back to top]

Change in Blood Pressure

(NCT00275834)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 year

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Least Squares Mean)
SystolicDiastolic
Placebo-0.6-1.5
Zonisamide 200 mg-4.4-3.6
Zonisamide 400 mg-1.9-3.9

[back to top]

Change in Lipids

(NCT00275834)
Timeframe: baseline, 1 year

,,
Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Total CholesterolLDL CholesterolHDL CholesterolTriglycerides
Placebo-1.9-2.02.5-11.3
Zonisamide 200 mg4.11.71.50.7
Zonisamide 400 mg-0.1-0.33.4-11.7

[back to top]

Inflammatory Markers (CRP)

C reactive Protein (CRP) (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Placebo0.523
Zonisamide 200 mg0.536
Zonisamide 400 mg0.443

[back to top]

Proportions of Patients With 10% Weight Loss

This outcomes measure followed the same principles at measurement of proportions of patients with 5% weight loss described elsewhere. (NCT00275834)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo6
Zonisamide 200 mg17
Zonisamide 400 mg24

[back to top]

Response Rate: Defined as the Percentage of Participants With >= 50% Reduction of Monthly Seizure Frequency at the End of 16-week Treatment From Baseline.

(NCT00292461)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zonegran45.8
Lamotrigine45.8

[back to top]

The Percentage Change of Monthly Seizure Frequency at the End of the 16-week Treatment From Baseline

Percentage Change of Frequency = (T-B)/B*100% T= Total seizure frequency during maintenance dose period / maintenance dose period (weeks)* 4 B= The monthly seizure frequence with one month prior to enrollment (NCT00292461)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Zonegran-32.7
Lamotrigine-35.6

[back to top]

Global Assessment of Efficacy by Participants at the End of the 16-week Treatment Period

(NCT00292461)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Greatly improvedSomewhat improvedNo changeSomewhat worsenedGreatly worsened
Lamotrigine812400
Zonegran314430

[back to top]

Global Assessment of Efficacy by Physician at the End of 16-week Treatment Period

(NCT00292461)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Greatly improvedSomewhat improvedNo changeSomewhat worsenedGreatly worsened
Lamotrigine415500
Zonegran591000

[back to top]

Mean Percentage of Change in Seizure Free Days

(NCT00327717)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet79.69
Placebo76.52

[back to top]

Drop - Out Rate

Number of Participants who dropped out of the study. In the Study drop-out rate is defined as number of participants. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet4
Placebo6

[back to top]

Mean Number of Seizure Free Days

Mean number of seizure free days per 28 day period during fixed dose phase (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet22.31
Placebo21.43

[back to top]

Mean Time to First Seizure (Days)

Mean time to first seizure during fixed dose phase (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet22.31
Placebo21.43

[back to top]

Median Percent Change From Baseline in All Partial Seizure Frequency (Complex Partial Seizures (CP)+ Simple Partial Seizures (SP) + Secondary Generalization Seizures (SGS)) During the Fixed-dose Phase

The median percent change in seizure frequency of all partial seizures (CP+SP+SGS) from baseline during the fixed-dose phase. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Median)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet-48.42
Placebo-26.58

[back to top]

Percentage of Seizure-free Participants During Fixed-dose Phase

Percentage of seizure-free participants during fixed-dose phase (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet1.8
Placebo2.8

[back to top]

Responder Rate

Responder rate is defined as percentage of participants with >=50% reduction in seizure frequency from baseline. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet48.6
Placebo34.9

[back to top]

The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Complex Partial (CP) Seizure Frequency

The Mean Percent Change in seizure frequency of CP from baseline during the fixed-dose phase. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet-31.65
Placebo-25.21

[back to top]

The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Partial Seizures With Secondary Generalization (SGS)

The mean percent change in seizure frequency of SGS from baseline during the fixed-dose phase. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet-53.2
Placebo-4.08

[back to top]

The Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Simple Partial (SP) Seizure Frequency

The Mean percent change in seizure frequency of SP from baseline during the fixed-dose phase. (NCT00327717)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Tablet-49.14
Placebo56.03

[back to top]

Grams Ethanol Consumed During Second Hour of the Alcohol Self-Administration Sessions

Grams Ethanol Consumed During Second Hour of the Alcohol Self-Administration Sessions for Zonisamide and Placebo Conditions (NCT00398918)
Timeframe: 1 day

InterventionGrams (Mean)
ZonisamidePlacebo
Zonisamide-Placebo Sessions9.018.2

[back to top]

Score Digit Symbol Modalities Test

Difference score between zonisamide and placebo treatment conditions for the Digit Symbol Modalities Test scores obtained 40 minutes after ingestion of a priming dose of ethanol.This test involves transcribing from a key in which numbers appear below a series of symbols to boxes below symbols matched to those in the key. This task must be completed in 90 nseconds. This test measures visuomotor speed and aspects of attention. Scoring is the total number of correctly transcribed numbers. The maximum score on this test 110 points. (NCT00398918)
Timeframe: 40 minutes post alcohol ingestion

InterventionNumeric Score (Mean)
Zonisamide-Placebo Sessions2.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionmillimole per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine1.25-0.00
Olanzapine + Amantadine1.26-0.11
Olanzapine + Metformin1.22-0.08

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionmillimole per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine3.020.16
Olanzapine + Amantadine3.06-0.04
Olanzapine + Metformin2.91-0.02

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Triglycerides

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionmillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine1.580.33
Olanzapine + Amantadine1.610.35
Olanzapine + Metformin1.680.06

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Hemoglobin A1c

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionpercent hemoglobin A1c (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine5.510.09
Olanzapine + Amantadine5.480.10
Olanzapine + Metformin5.53-0.03

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Glucose

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionmillimole per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine5.320.26
Olanzapine + Amantadine5.250.10
Olanzapine + Metformin5.280.01

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Weight

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

Interventionkilograms (Least Squares Mean)
Olanzapine2.76
Olanzapine + Amantadine2.40
Olanzapine + Metformin0.65

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Total Score

The BPRS is an 18-item clinician-administered scale used to assess the degree of severity of a subject's general psychopathological symptoms. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (symptom not present) to 7 (symptom extremely severe). The BPRS total score ranges from 18 to 126. (NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine48.24-13.89
Olanzapine + Amantadine45.90-9.90
Olanzapine + Metformin47.00-9.72

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale (CGI-S)

Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine4.06-0.98
Olanzapine + Amantadine4.03-0.72
Olanzapine + Metformin4.00-0.79

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Fasting Total Cholesterol

(NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionmillimole per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine5.010.36
Olanzapine + Amantadine5.030.01
Olanzapine + Metformin4.91-0.08

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

The MADRS is a rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms. The MADRS has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). (NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline
Olanzapine12.76-6.39
Olanzapine + Amantadine14.22-4.12
Olanzapine + Metformin15.40-4.36

[back to top]

Correlations Between Weight Changes and Changes in Eating Inventory (EI) and Food Craving Inventory (FCI) at 2 Weeks and 22 Weeks

To understand the drivers of weight gain as indicated by the correlation between weight changes and changes in the Eating Inventory (EI) and Food Craving Inventory (FCI). The EI is a 51-item inventory that measures dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger. The FCI is a 28-item instrument measuring the frequency over the past month of general cravings and cravings for specific types of foods, namely: high fats, sweets, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats. Correlations were computed on the combined treatment groups. (NCT00401973)
Timeframe: Baseline to endpoint (22 weeks)

,
Interventioncorrelation (Number)
EI: DisinhibitionEI: Cognitive RestraintEI: HungerFCI: Carbohydrates/Starches (N=186, N=141)FCI: Fast Food Fats (N=188, N=140)FCI: High Fats (N=186, N=138)FCI: Sweets (N=187, N=140)FCI: Total Score (N=184, N=137)
2 Weeks-0.034-0.273-0.1500.013-0.0190.0510.0220.039
22 Weeks0.285-0.0380.148-0.0640.0470.043-0.008-0.000

[back to top]

Difference in Mean Words for the Phonetic Portion of the Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT).

Subjects were asked to generate as many words as possible starting with a particular letter over a 60 second period. Three letters were used for each sessions. Values shown are the differences between values obtained for the baseline and week 12 test session. (NCT00406692)
Timeframe: Week 0- Baseline and Week 12

InterventionNumber of Words (Mean)
Zonisamide-6.4

[back to top]

Symbol Digit Modalities Test (DSMT)

Number of correct digit substitutions on the DSMT per session with the possible maximum score being 188. The value shown is for difference between mean scores obtained for baseline and week 12 sessions. (NCT00406692)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Zonisamide-1.5

[back to top]

The Weekly Mean Number of Standard Drinks Consumed Per Day at Baseline and Treatment Phase

The mean daily standard alcoholic drinks were determined for the baseline period and each treatment week as a measure of alcohol intake. One standard drink=14g of alcohol. Mean value is the difference between mean standard drinks for the baseline period and week 12 of the study. (NCT00406692)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionStandard Drinks (Mean)
Zonisamide-6.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SF-36 Aggregate Mental and Physical Component Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1

The Short Form 36 Health and Well-Being Questionnaire (SF-36) is a 36-item generic health related QOL instrument covering the following domains: physical functioning, role-physical,bodily pain, general health, social functioning,role-emotional, mental health, and vitality. It yields a profile of eight scores, one for each domain, and physical and mental health summary measures. Each domain is described by a score ranging from 0 to 100, for a range of total possible scoes of 0-400 for physical and 0-400 for mental. An increase represents an improvement, whereas a decrease reflects a worsening. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Baseline and Maintenance Period Visit 1 (Week 31 to Week 83)

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Aggregate Mental Component ScoreAggregate Physical Component Score
Carbamazepine2.4952.041
Zonisamide1.0271.895

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Bond and Lader VAS Mood Sub-Scores at Maintenance Period Visit 1

"The Bond-Lader Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is made up of 16 pairs of alternative descriptors of mood and attention at either end of a 10 cm line.~Subjects were asked to rate their feelings at the time of assessment by indicating the point on the line which best represent their mood. Each item was scored by measuring the position relative to the left hand end of the line and levels of anxiety, sedation, and dysphoria were then calculated from the combined scores of selected items. The scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a high score reflecting a high level of anxiety, sedation or dysphoria." (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Baseline and Maintenance Period Visit 1 (Week 31 to Week 83)

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
AnxietySedationDysphoria
Carbamazepine-1.993-1.362-3.833
Zonisamide-2.036-0.475-1.930

[back to top]

Time to 6-months Seizure Freedom

A subject achieved a 6-months seizure-free period if they were free of all seizures, regardless of seizure type, for 6-months while receiving the same dose. The occurrence of seizures was documented in the seizure diary, which was maintained by the subject and reviewed at each following visit. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 5 through Week 83

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide222.7
Carbamazepine220.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Seizure Freedom for 26-weeks During the Maintenance Phase

A subject achieved a 26-week seizure-free period if they were free of all seizures, regardless of seizure type, for 26 weeks while receiving the same dose. The occurrence of seizures was documented in the seizure diary, which was maintained by the subject and reviewed at each following visit. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 31 through Week 109

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide79.4
Carbamazepine83.7

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced Seizure Freedom for 12-months During the FDP and Maintenance Period

A subject achieved a 12-month seizure-free period if they were free of all seizures, regardless of seizure type, for 12 months while receiving the same dose. The occurrence of seizures was documented in the seizure diary, which was maintained by the subject and reviewed at each following visit. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 5 through Week 109

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Zonisamide67.6
Carbamazepine74.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Total ABNAS Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1

The Aldenkamp-Baker Neuropsychological Assessment Scale(ABNAS) is a subject based questionnaire to measure subjective perceived drug-related cognitive impairments. The ABNAS measured seven critical domains of cognition(tiredness/fatigue,hyperexcitability, slowing(mental and motor),memory impairment,attention disorders,impairment of motor coordination, and language disorders). The total score ranged from 0 to 72, with a higher score reflecting a high level of problems. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Baseline and Maintenance Period Visit 1 (Week 31 to Week 83)

InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Zonisamide1.6
Carbamazepine-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in QOLIE-31-P Overall Score at Maintenance Period Visit 1

"The Quality of Life in Epilepsy - Problems(QOLIE-31-P) was completed by the patient and contained 30 items covering seven subscales(seizure worry, overall~Quality of Life (QOL),emotional well-being,energy-fatigue, cognition,medication effects and social function) and one item covering health status. It also included seven items addressing overall distress related to each subscale, an item addressing the relative importance of each subscale topic, and an item addressing perception of overall change in QOL at the end of the study. A high score reflects a good QOL. The following scale range is a sample of 1 of the 7 of the subscales:~10 (Best possible quality of life) - 0 (Worst possible quality of life);~Rand Corporation QOLIE-31 Scoring Manual was used. The QOLIE-31 overall score is calculated by summing the product of each scale score times its weight and summing overall all scales." (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Baseline and Maintenance Period Visit 1 (Week 31 to Week 83)

InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Zonisamide4.474
Carbamazepine6.090

[back to top]

Analysis of Time to Drop Out Due to Lack of Efficacy

Lack of efficacy was evaluated by the subject and on the basis of whether zonisamide and carbamazepine gave the subject at least a 26-week seizure free rate. The subject could withdraw at any time due to lack of efficacy. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 1 through Week 109

InterventionMedian Days (Median)
Zonisamide722
CarbamazepineNA

[back to top]

Time to 12-months Seizure Freedom

A subject achieved a 12-month seizure-free period if they were free of all seizures, regardless of seizure type, for 12-months while receiving the same dose. The occurrence of seizures was documented in the seizure diary, which was maintained by the subject and reviewed at each following visit. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 5 through Week 83

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide399.3
Carbamazepine395.6

[back to top]

Analysis of Time to Drop Out Due to an Adverse Event (AE)

An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a subject and does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the medicinal product. Adverse events were identified by: any unfavorable or unintended sign, symptom or disease temporarily associated with the use of a medicinal product; any new disease or exacerbation of an existing disease; any deterioration in nonprotocol-required measurements of laboratory values or other clinical test; and recurrence of an intermittent medical condition not present at Baseline. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 1 through Week 109

InterventionMedian Days (Median)
ZonisamideNA
CarbamazepineNA

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With EQ-5D Scores at Maintenance Period Visit 1

The European Quality of Life Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire (EQ-5D) is a preference based generic health related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument which classifies health states across five domains: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each domain has three levels, they are (1) no problems, (2) some problems, (3) extreme problems. The percentages shown are calculated from the number of subjects at that visit with non-missing data for that score. (NCT00477295)
Timeframe: Week 31 through Week 83

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Mobility: No problemsMobility: Some problemsMobility: Confined to BedSelf-Care:No problemsSelf-Care: Some problemsSelf-Care: Unable to wash or dressUsual Activities: No problemsUsual Activities: Some problemsUsual Activities: Unable to performPain/Discomfort: NonePain/Discomfort: ModeratePain/Discomfort: ExtremeAnxiety/Depression: NoneAnxiety/Depression: ModerateAnxiety/Depression: Extreme
Carbamazepine86.712.90.597.62.40.084.815.20.073.225.41.462.934.82.4
Zonisamide90.88.70.596.72.70.589.19.81.175.522.32.264.331.34.4

[back to top]

Percent of Participants With =50% to < 75% and = 75% Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period(LOCF)

Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number, and type of seizures the subject had. Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial,and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed. (NCT00566254)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week -8 to Week 0) and Week 8 to Week 20

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Greater than or equal to 75% decreaseGreat than or equal to50% to less than75% decrease
Placebo12.019.0
Zonisamide27.123.4

[back to top]

Percent of Participants With =25% and =100% Increase From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period (LOCF)

Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number, and type of seizures the subject had. Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial, and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed. (NCT00566254)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week -8 to Week 0) and Week 8 to Week 20

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Greater than or equal to 25% increaseGreater than or equal to 100% increase
Placebo21.09.0
Zonisamide10.05.0

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With a Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency of =50%(Responder) in the Maintenance Period(LOCF)

A participant with a decrease from baseline in seizure frequency of =50 % was considered a responder. Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number, and type of seizures the subject had. The primary analysis assessed the percent of responders in the Maintenance Period (28- day seizure frequency in Week 8 to Week 20 compared to Week -8 to Week 0 at Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)). Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial, and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed. (NCT00566254)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week -8 to Week 0), and Week 8 to Week 20

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Placebo31
Zonisamide50

[back to top]

Median Percent Change From Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Maintenance Period (LOCF)

Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number,and type of seizures the subject had. Seizure frequency of simple partial,complex partial,and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed. (NCT00566254)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week -8 to Week 0) and Week 8 to Week 20

InterventionPercentage Change in Seizure Frequency (Median)
Placebo-24.5
Zonisamide-50.0

[back to top]

Change in Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Concentration

This outcome measure looks at the change in blood levels of this enzyme assay from baseline, and then after 6 weeks (midpoint), and then at the endpoint (12 weeks). The analysis takes into account all three time points, and reports the average change between each of the three time points. (NCT00595556)
Timeframe: 12 weeks (from initiation to end of treatment)

InterventionUnits/Liter (Mean)
Zonisamide Medication Treatment8.4
Placebo2.9

[back to top]

Change in Number of Drinks Per Week by Week

This outcome measure represents the change in the total number of standard drinks per week (weekly data) from baseline to the end of week twelve. This was analyzed using weekly measurements from baseline to week 12 week of the study period (thirteen time points, 12 measurements)with a repeated measures analysis (SPSS linear mixed models), by interaction with time (week). (NCT00595556)
Timeframe: baseline to the end of 12 weeks in treatment

Interventiondrinks/week (Mean)
Zonisamide Medication Treatment-2.2
Placebo-1.4

[back to top]

Change in Number of Heavy Drinking Days (i.e., 5 or More Drinks Per Day for Men, and 4 or More Per Day for Women)Per Week, by Week

This outcome measure represents the change in number of heavy drinking days (i.e., 5 or more drinks per day for men, and 4 or more per day for women)per week, from baseline to the end of week twelve. This was analyzed using weekly measurements over the 12 week study period (thirteen time points, 12 measurements)with a repeated measures analysis (SPSS linear mixed models), by interaction with time (week). (NCT00595556)
Timeframe: baseline to the end of 12 weeks in treatment

InterventionDays/week (Mean)
Zonisamide Medication Treatment-.30
Placebo-.20

[back to top]

Weekly Rate of Change in Abstinent Days

This outcome measure analyzed the weekly rate of change in number of abstinent days over the twelve weeks of the study from baseline to the end of week twelve. This was analyzed using weekly measurements over the 12 week study period (thirteen time points, 12 measurements)with a repeated measures analysis (SPSS proc mixed), by interaction with time (week). (NCT00595556)
Timeframe: baseline to the end of 12 weeks in treatment

Interventiondays/week (Mean)
Zonisamide Medication Treatment0.17
Placebo0.13

[back to top]

Change in the Urge to Drink Alcohol as Measured by the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ)

This is the change in measured urge to drink alcohol as measured by the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ), measured every 2 weeks from baseline until the last week of the study (over twelve weeks, 7 timepoint measurements of AUQ, 6 calculated changes). It is reported in terms of change per visit (every 2 weeks). AUQ measures a feeling state, and uses a 7 point (1-7)Likert scale for each of 8 items (questions). The lowest urge score is 8 (representing less urge to drink), and the highest would be tabulated as 56 (meaning more urge to drink). Repeated measures SPPS linear mixed models used. (NCT00595556)
Timeframe: baseline to the end of 12 weeks in treatment

Interventionunits on a scale/visit (Mean)
Zonisamide Medication Treatment-1.4
Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Time t [AUC(0-t)]

The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, from time 0 to the time of the last measurable concentration (t), as calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00685139)
Timeframe: serial pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations were drawn prior to dose administration (0 hour) and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after drug administration.

Interventionng-hr/mL (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Capsules42,338.31
Zonegran® 100 mg Capsules42,873.95

[back to top]

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

The maximum or peak concentration that the drug reaches in the plasma. (NCT00685139)
Timeframe: serial pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations were drawn prior to dose administration (0 hour) and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after drug administration.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Capsules1,052.65
Zonegran® 100 mg Capsules1,078.46

[back to top]

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

The maximum or peak concentration that the drug reaches in the plasma. (NCT00687167)
Timeframe: serial pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations were drawn prior to dose administration (0 hour) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after drug administration.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Capsules910.95
Zonegran® 100 mg Capsules921.68

[back to top]

Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time 0 to Time t [AUC(0-t)]

The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, from time 0 to the time of the last measurable concentration (t), as calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00687167)
Timeframe: serial pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations were drawn prior to dose administration (0 hour) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours after drug administration.

Interventionng-hr/mL (Mean)
Zonisamide 100 mg Capsules40,122.78
Zonegran® 100 mg Capsules40,275.57

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants That Are Seizure Free for at Least 24 Month Consecutive Period in the Base Study and Extension Phase

The number of participants that have remained seizure free for at least a 24 month consecutive period from the start of the Flexible Dosing Period (FDP: the period following the Titration Period and leading into the Maintenance Period) in the base study through the treatment period of this study. Seizure freedom was defined as the absence of all seizure regardless of seizure type. (NCT00848549)
Timeframe: Week 5 to Week 109 (in base study) and Month 1 to Month 27 (in extension phase)

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide32.3
Carbamazepine35.2

[back to top]

Time to Drop-out Due to Adverse Event (AE)

"Adverse events in study subjects included any change in the subject's condition.~This includes symptoms, physical findings, or clinical syndromes. All AEs that occurred after signing of informed consent through the last visit and for 15 days following study drug discontinuation were captured on the AE Case Report Form (CRF)." (NCT00848549)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 109 (in base study) and Month 1 to Month 27 (in extension study)

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide131.9
Carbamazepine97.2

[back to top]

Time to Drop-out Due to Lack of Efficacy

Lack of efficacy was if the subject had poor seizure control (defined as experiencing a seizure despite being on the maximum dose for = 2 weeks). The subject could withdraw at any time due to lack of efficacy. (NCT00848549)
Timeframe: Week 1 to Week 109 (in core study) and Month 1 to Month 27 (in extension study)

InterventionDays (Mean)
Zonisamide297.9
Carbamazepine289.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Quality of Life Assessed by Quality of Life in Epilepsy-Problems Questionnaire (QOLIE-31-P) Overall Score at Each Visit

The QOLIE-31-P is a 31-item questionnaire evaluating a participant's QOL perception in 7 domains: seizure worry,emotional well being,energy/fatigue, cognitive functioning, medication effects, social functioning,overall QOL. The overall score is derived by weighing and then summing the 7 domain scores. Precoded numeric values for some domains are such that a higher number reflects a more favorable health state; others are such that a higher number reflects a less favorable state. Precoded values are converted to 0-100 point scores; higher converted scores always reflect better QOL. (NCT00848549)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 26, 52, 78 and 117

,
InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Week 0Week 26Week 52Week 78Week 117
Carbamazepine7.10110.95611.6871.90215.849
Zonisamide4.6976.1018.6024.287-0.292

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Remaining in the Study at Each Visit

The retention rate is defined as the percentage of subjects remaining on the study at each visit, starting from the first dose of study drug in the extension phase. (NCT00848549)
Timeframe: At 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 months

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
3 months6 months9 months12 months15 months18 months21 months24 months27 months
Carbamazepine93.784.275.361.443.727.812.72.50.6
Zonisamide95.687.676.658.438.727.713.15.81.5

[back to top]

Percent of Participants With Cessation of Occupation, Requirement of Caregiver, or Admission to Intensive Care Unit

Percent of participants with cessation of usual occupation, requirement of an informal caregiver, and who required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Stopped Usual OccupationRequired Informal CaregiverRequired Admission to ICU
All Antiepileptic Drugs16.26.60.0

[back to top]

Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased Their Doses of New Antiepileptic Drugs (AED)

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
ReducedMaintainedIncreased
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.968.530.6

[back to top]

Change in Sleep Disturbances From Baseline to Month 6: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)

Subject rated instrument to assess key constructs of sleep; assesses sleep quality and quantity. Consists of a 6-item and 9-item overall sleep problems index measuring time to fall asleep and sleep duration in past 4 weeks; 5 subscales rated 1 (all the time) to 6 (none of the time): sleep disturbance, snoring, awaken short of breath, somnolence, and adequacy. Transformed scores range = 0 to 100; higher score indicates greater intensity of attribute. Two additional subscales = sleep quantity (range 0-24 hours) and optimal sleep (number of participants with optimal sleep 7-8 hours per night). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
Sleep disturbanceSnoringAwake short of breathQuantityAdequacySomnolenceSleep problems (summary 6)Sleep problems (summary 9)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-1.70.01.10.22.80.6-0.9-0.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Months 3 and 6 in Health Condition: Euro Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Assessment of the health condition of the subjects using the EQ-5D VAS: subject rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in terms of a single index value. Using the VAS subjects rated current health state on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state); higher scores indicate a better health state. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.41.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Visits to a Specialist or the Emergency Room Because of Epilepsy

Numerical assessment of change in the number of visits to a specialist or the emergency room because of epilepsy needed during the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionvisits (Mean)
Number of visits to a specialist (n=94)Number of visits to the emergency room (n=79)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.6-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

HADS: subject rated questionnaire with 2 subscales. HADS-A assesses state of generalized anxiety (anxious mood, restlessness, anxious thoughts, panic attacks); HADS-D assesses state of lost interest and diminished pleasure response (lowering of hedonic tone). Each subscale comprised of 7 items with range 0 (no presence of anxiety or depression) to 3 (severe feeling of anxiety or depression). Total score 0 to 21 for each subscale; higher score indicates greater severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
DepressionAnxiety
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.5-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Quality of Life 10 Domains (QOLIE-10)

QOLIE-10: 10-item questionnaire evaluates health-related quality of life in individuals with epliepsy. Comprised of 7 components: seizure worry, overall quality of life, emotional well-being, energy, cognitive functioning, medication effects (physical and mental effects), and social function (work, driving, social function). Total score rated 0 to 100; higher score = higher quality of life. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
EnergyEmotions (mood)Daily activitiesMental functionMedication effects (physical/ mental)Worry about seizures (impact of seizures)Overall quality of life
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.40.70.61.2-1.19.03.8

[back to top]

Time to First Seizure

Number of days to first seizure after baseline. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventiondays (Mean)
All Antiepileptic Drugs35.9

[back to top]

Percent of Participants Who Continued on Study Medication to Month 6

Retention rate: percent of participants who continued on study medication throughout the 6 Month period after inclusion in the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
All Antiepileptic Drugs97.1

[back to top]

Percent Change From Baseline in the Median Number of Seizures During the Last 3 Months of Treatment

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent change (Median)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-75.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Number of Days Hospitalized Because of Epilepsy

Numerical assessment of change in total number of days hospitalized because of epilepsy during the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

InterventionDays (Mean)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-8.0

[back to top]

Percent of Participants Classified as Responders

Responder = decrease in number of seizures by >=50 percent (%) during the last 3 months of treatment before discontinuation (assessed at Month 3 and Month 6) versus the number of seizures that occurred during the 3 months before the baseline visit (baseline). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs76.780.0

[back to top]

Percent of Seizure-free Participants During the Last 3 Months Before Discontinuation

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs10.020.0

[back to top]

Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased the Doses of the Initial Treatment Administered in Monotherapy

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
ReducedMaintainedIncreased
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.0100.00.0

[back to top]

Percent of Participants Reaching Monotherapy

Percent of participants who started on more than one treatment (bitherapy) and reached monotherapy by end of study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (or end of study)

Interventionpercent of partipants (Number)
All Antiepileptic Drugs2.9

[back to top]

Percent of Participants With Reduction in Number of Seizures >=25% and >=75% During the Last 3 Months of Treatment

Percent of participants with reduction in number of seizures >=25% and >=75% during the last 3 months of treatment before discontinuation (assessed at Month 3 and Month 6) versus the 3 month period before the baseline visit. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3: >=25%Month 3: >=75%Month 6: >= 25%Month 6: >=75%
All Antiepileptic Drugs86.727.886.754.4

[back to top]

Percent of Participants Indicating Optimal Sleep on the Optimal Sleep Subscale: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)

MOS-SS: subject rated instrument used to assess the key constructs of sleep; assesses sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 12 items yielding 7 subscale scores and 2 composite index scores. Optimal sleep subscale is derived from sleep quantity average hours of sleep over the past 4 weeks; percent of participants with response YES (optimal) if sleep quantilty was 7-8 hours of sleep per night. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs56.565.7

[back to top]

COWAT-Category

Number of words produced by subjects over 60 seconds for a semantic category (Animals). The COAWAT-Category sub-test provides a measure of verbal fluency. Mean value shown are actual means for the number of words produced. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week12

,,,
InterventionNumber of Words Produced (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Levetiracetam20.921.2
Sugar Pill21.620.8
Topiramate21.917.0
Zonisamide22.617.4

[back to top]

Mean Percent Days Heavy Drinking

Mean weekly values for each treatment group for percent days heavy drinking. Heavy drinking was defined as 4 or more drinks per day for women and 5 or more drinks per day for men. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Weeks 10, 11, 12

,,,
InterventionPercentage of Days/Week (Mean)
Week 10Week 11Week 12
Levetiracetam49.647.944.5
Sugar Pill65.761.760.9
Topiramate32.129.521.0
Zonisamide38.436.634.3

[back to top]

Percent Days Drinking

Mean percent days drinking for Weeks 10, 11, 12. A drinking day is considered to be a day in which 1 or more drinks have been consumed. Means are model generated least means squares values obtained from a two-way repeated measures analysis from data obtained from Weeks 1 through 12, with Week as the within subject factor and treatment group as the between group factor. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Weeks 10, 11, 12

,,,
InterventionPercentage of Days/ Week (Mean)
Week 10Week 11Week 12
Levetiracetam72.268.973.1
Sugar Pill83.687.278.2
Topiramate51.843.851.4
Zonisamide61.662.161.3

[back to top]

The Primary Efficacy Measure is the Mean Number of Drinks Consumed Per Day Over the Period From Treatment Weeks 10 Through 12 When All Study Medications Should be at Their Maximum Steady Levels Based on Their Known Pharmacokinetic Properties.

Mean standard drinks consumed per day for each treatment week, weeks 10 thru 12. Actual mean values obtained are shown. Analyses are based on model generated least squares means for a two -way repeated measures mixed models analysis for data obtained for weeks 1 through 12, with baseline values used as covariates. Week (time) was used as the within subject factor and treatment group was the between group factor. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Weeks 10, 11, 12

,,,
InterventionStandard Drinks per day (Mean)
Week 10Week 11Week 12
Levetiracetam4.64.34.3
Sugar Pill6.36.86.0
Topiramate3.22.72.5
Zonisamide3.83.42.5

[back to top]

Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd Ed. Spatial Span

WMS Spatial Span test measures working memory for a spatial sequence of numbers. This assesses visual working memory. Age adjusted scaled scores are presented. Score may range between 1 and 19, with lower scores indicating greater impairment in performance. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Levetiracetam10.510.9
Sugar Pill10.810.4
Topiramate12.08.4
Zonisamide10.87.9

[back to top]

Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS)-3d Ed Digit Span-Age Adjusted Total

WMS Digit Span is a measure of working memory. Subjects respond by repeating lists of number sequences presented by the test administrator. Age adjusted scores are presented below. Scores may range between 1 and 19, with lower scores indicating poorer performance on the task. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Levetiracetam11.912.2
Sugar Pill12.613.0
Topiramate12.17.7
Zonisamide11.810.0

[back to top]

AB-Neurotoxicity Scale.

Total Scores AB-Neurotoxicity Scale Week 12. This scale provides subject ratings of anticonvulsant neurotoxic effects. Scores may range 0 to 72, with possibility of an additional 30 points being for complaints not listed in the list of complaints provides. Total scores, therefore, may be as high as 102, with higher scores indicating greater severity of problems. Actual mean scores are shown. Means for the analysis are least means squares values obtained from a two-way repeated measures mixed models analysis, with Week (time) as the the within subject factor and treatment as the between group factor. Baseline values were used as covariates. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionScale Scores (Mean)
Zonisamide7.1
Levetiracetam11.3
Topiramate15.4
Sugar Pill5.8

[back to top]

Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT)- Letter Fluency

Number of words generated that start with a set of 3 letters. The COWAT provides a measure of verbal fluency. Actual means for COWAT results are shown. (NCT00862563)
Timeframe: Baseline & Week 12

,,,
InterventionNumber of Words Produced (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Levetiracetam46.245.4
Sugar Pill47.450.5
Topiramate43.428.1
Zonisamide46.532.5

[back to top]

Change in Korean-Quality of Life Childhood Epilepsy (K-QOLCE)

The difference of K-QOLCE between before and after the administration. K-QOLCE is Korean version of the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire. The calculated total score ranges 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher quality of life. (NCT01127165)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Zonisamide Low Dose Group4.7931
Zonisamide High Dose Group1.2286

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Were Assessed As Seizure Free

The percentage of participants who showed no seizure during the maintenance phase. (NCT01127165)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zonisamide Low Dose Group63.1
Zonisamide High Dose Group57.6

[back to top]

Change in Cognitive Assessment Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC-Ⅲ)

Cognitive assessment was performed using K-WISC-III. The total score of K-WISC-III is calculated as Full Scale IQ which ranges from 31 (worst) to 151(best). Higher scores indicate greater intelligence, lower scores indicate less intelligence. Thus a positive change indicated an improvement. (NCT01127165)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Zonisamide Low Dose Group-1.3913
Zonisamide High Dose Group0.1071

[back to top]

Change in Behavior Assessment Korea-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL)

The difference of K-CBCL between before and after the administration. K-CBCL is the Korean version of CBCL which is a standardized form that parents fill out to describe their children's behavioral and emotional problems. The total score ranges 0- 234, with higher scores indicating worse behavioral and emotional problems. (NCT01127165)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Zonisamide Low Dose Group-5.259
Zonisamide High Dose Group-1.611

[back to top]

Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QoL-QOLIE31)

Quality of life assessment tool. Overall scores is calculated by summing subsections, and it ranges from 0 to 100. Higher score presents higher quality of life. (NCT01127256)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionUnits On a Scale (Mean)
Pre-QOLIE 31Post-QOLIE 31
Carbamazepine61.9669.51
Zonisamide60.7267.27

[back to top]

The Percentage of Participants With Seizure Free Rate

The percentage of participants who had no seizure during the trial. (NCT01127256)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zonisamide73.7
Carbamazepine83.1

[back to top]

The Percentage of Participants With Retention Rate

The percentage of participants who completed the trial. (NCT01127256)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Zonisamide59.4
Carbamazepine62.5

[back to top]

Median Percent Change From Study 312 Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Open Label Period

Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number, and type of seizures the subject had. Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial, and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed from baseline of study 312 through the Open Label Visit Period. Percentage change = 100% x (seizure frequency at period - seizure frequency at Study 312 baseline)/seizure frequency at Study 312 baseline. (NCT01136954)
Timeframe: Baseline of study 312 (Week -8 to Week 0) to Week 59 of study 313

InterventionPercentage Change (Median)
Zonisamide(Placebo During Core Study)-64.6
Zonisamide (Zonisamide During Core Study)-67.9

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With a Decrease From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency of =50%(Responder) in the Open Label Period

A participant with a decrease from baseline in seizure frequency of =50 % was considered a responder. Participants'parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date,number, and type of seizures the subject had. The primary analysis assessed the percent of responders from baseline in the Open Label Visit Period. Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial, and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed. (NCT01136954)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 59

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide(Placebo During Core Study)55.6
Zonisamide (Zonisamide During Core Study)56.9

[back to top]

Treatment Emergent Non-Serious Adverse Events With Greater Than 5% Frequency

Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) is defined as an Adverse Event with a start date on or after Day 1 and within 15 days of last dose. For each event, each participant experiencing an event is only counted once even if they had multiple episodes. (NCT01136954)
Timeframe: Week 1 through Week 59

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NasopharyngitisBronchitisRespiratory tract infectionHeadacheWeight decreasedAbdominal painDecreased Appetite
Zonisamide (Placebo During Core Study)6424615
Zonisamide (Zonisamide During Core Study)9347644

[back to top]

Median Change From Study 312 Baseline in the 28-day Seizure Frequency During the Open Label Period

Participants' parent or guardian maintained a seizure diary recording the date, number, and type of seizures the subject had. Seizure frequency of simple partial, complex partial, and partial seizures with secondary generalization were assessed from baseline of study 312 through the Open Label Visit Period. (NCT01136954)
Timeframe: Baseline of study 312 (Week -8 to Week 0) to Week 59 of study 313

InterventionSeizures (Median)
Zonisamide(Placebo During Core Study)-3.8
Zonisamide (Zonisamide During Core Study)-4.7

[back to top]

Drug Value Questionnaire

"Street Value of Sampled Dose. After co-administration of cocaine-zonisamide, participants were asked to hypothetically estimate the value of the drug they received, if they were to purchase it on the street. The mean value (dollars) across all drug conditions is reported here.~Repeated within-subject measures ANOVA performed to observe the main effects of zonisamide dose (0, 300, and 600mg) and cocaine dose (0, 20, and 40mg), and their interaction. Only participants who received the active zonisamide medication (n=8) were included in this portion of the analysis. Additionally, all 8 subjects who received zonisamide completed both 300mg and 600mg doses.~Within-subject repeated interval during self-administration sessions. Cocaine not administered (only Zon) during Weeks 2 & 4, thus no measures taken at these times" (NCT01137890)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-5; mean of weeks 1, 3 and 5 reported

Interventiondollars (Mean)
1mg-0mg0
1mg-300mg0
1mg-600mg0
20mg-0mg9.29
20mg-300mg8.50
20mg-600mg7.63
40mg-0mg16
40mg-300mg18.13
40mg-600mg9.5

[back to top]

Change in Visual Analog Questionnaire (VAQ) Score

"VAQ measures the change in effect after dose administration. Participants rate 6 items (Any Drug Effect, Rush, Good Effects, Bad Effects, Liking, & Desire for Cocaine) by pointing an arrow along a 100-point line anchored at either end with none (0) & extremely (100). Each participant's score is equal to the sum of all 6 ratings, & the mean of all participant's scores is reported across each condition. The VAQ is only administered to subjects in the zonisamide (Zon) condition (n=8). Repeated within-subject measures ANOVA performed to observe the main effects of Zon dose (0, 300, & 600mg) & cocaine dose (1, 20, & 40mg), & their interaction. All 8 subjects who received Zon completed both 300mg & 600mg doses. Assessments obtained on Week 1 (0mg Zon), Week 3 (300mg Zon), & Week 5 (600mg Zon), in which all 3 cocaine were co-administered at these times. Cocaine not administered (only Zon) during Weeks 2 & 4, thus no measures taken at these times" (NCT01137890)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-5; mean of weeks 1, 3 and 5 reported

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
1mg-0mg0.38
1mg-300mg3.75
1mg-600mg0.38
20mg-0mg40.63
20mg-300mg32.63
20mg-600mg30.00
40mg-0mg37.38
40mg-300mg29.75
40mg-600mg37.25

[back to top]

Behavioral Choice Measures

"In each condition of cocaine-zonisamide dose, participants were asked to choose whether they would rather have a repeated cocaine dose (same dose as most recent administration) or cash of varying monetary value. The mean number of cocaine choices across each drug condition are reported. This measure only included participants in the zonisamide (Zon) condition (n=8), with each arm representing variation in co-administration of cocaine-Zon.~Repeated within-subject measures ANOVA performed to observe the main effects of zonisamide dose (0, 300, and 600mg) and cocaine dose (1, 20, and 40mg), and their interaction. Only participants who received the active zonisamide medication (n=8) were included in this portion of the analysis.~During self-administration sessions are every 15 min over 1hr45min period. Assessment on Weeks 1 (0mg Zon), 3 (300mg Zon), 5 (600mg Zon), in which varying cocaine doses co-administered. Cocaine not administered (only Zon) during Weeks 2 & 4" (NCT01137890)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-5, mean of weeks 1, 3 and 5 reported

Interventionnumber of cocaine choices (Mean)
1mg-0mg0
1mg-300mg0
1mg-600mg0.25
20mg-0mg2
20mg-300mg2.38
20mg-600mg2.25
40mg-0mg3.5
40mg-300mg3
40mg-600mg3.38

[back to top]

Cocaine Craving

Cocaine craving measured by Cocaine Selectivity Severity Assessment (CSSA). The CSSA is a reliable and valid tool to measure cocaine withdrawal severity within a 24 hr period, and has been shown to predict treatment response in a treatment setting. Participants are asked to rate 18-items on a Likert scale 0-7, with composite scores ranging 0-126 and higher numbers indicative of more severe withdrawal. Mean scores on CSSA across 39-day time period are reported. (NCT01137890)
Timeframe: Day 1-39

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
ZonisamidePlacebo
Day 127.8842.75
Day 109.6319
Day 1111.7525.33
Day 1214.2525.25
Day 1312.3822.75
Day 1423.6322.75
Day 1526.7524.75
Day 1624.8819.25
Day 1725.3824.00
Day 1824.1322.5
Day 1925.1324.5
Day 227.2541
Day 2012.7526
Day 2125.525.5
Day 2215.2523
Day 2316.8818
Day 2413.8819
Day 258.2515.5
Day 2610.2516.
Day 2710.7514.5
Day 287.6316.5
Day 297.6324
Day 32530.25
Day 306.5716.5
Day 319.5016.5
Day 3211.2519.5
Day 338.518.
Day 3413.517.
Day 3521.3819.
Day 368.1316
Day 3723.2519
Day 388.2520
Day 3919.2516.5
Day 419.1328.25
Day 517.8828.25
Day 613.526.5
Day 712.7529.5
Day 812.1327.25
Day 913.7528.5

[back to top]

Seizure Reduction Rate

The percentage of the seizure reduction after Zonisamide treatment comparing baseline seizure frequency. (NCT01140867)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Seizure Reduction Rate (Mean)
Zonisamide-16.35

[back to top]

Seizure Free Rate

The percentage of the participants who experienced no seizure during the trial. (NCT01140867)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide24.51

[back to top]

Responder Rate

The percentage of participants whose median percentage change in seizure frequency after Zonisamide treatment is reduced over 50%. (NCT01140867)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Zonisamide61.76

[back to top]

QoL-QOLIE31 (Quality of Life in Epilepsy)

Quality of life assessment tool. Overall scores is calculated by summing subsections, and it ranges from 0 to 100. Higher score presents higher quality of life. (NCT01140867)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Baseline- Pre-QOLIE 31 total score (N=90)16 weeks - Post- QOLIE 31 total score (N=90)
Zonisamide56.6757.70

[back to top]

Percent Change in Seizure Frequency From Baseline to the Last 28 Days of the Maintenance Period

Seizure frequency was assessed by a seizure diary, maintained daily from Baseline, in which the subject recorded the occurrence of any seizure. (NCT01546688)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

InterventionPercent Change (Median)
Placebo-100
Zonisamide-100

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Bond and Lader Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Mood Sub-Scores for Sedation by Visit During Titration and Maintenance Period

The Bond-Lader mood rating scale measured sedation, with scores ranging from 0 to 100. A high score reflects a high level of sedation. (NCT01546688)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16
Placebo-1.3377.6881.3862.502
Zonisamide1.6541.990-0.6823.943

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in CVST of the FePsy Test (Mean Reaction Time) by Visit During Titration and Maintenance Period

The Computer Visual Search Task (CVST) of the Ferrum Psyche (FePsy)measured cognition. A decrease from Baseline (negative change value) signifies an improvement in the mean reaction time of CVST. (NCT01546688)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16

,
InterventionSeconds (Mean)
Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16
Placebo-3.448-2.776-7.223-3.324
Zonisamide-3.898-0.650-2.731-5.102

[back to top]

Percentage of Responders During Last 28 Days of Maintenance Period

Seizure frequency was assessed by a seizure diary, maintained daily from Baseline, in which the subject recorded the occurrence of any seizure. A responder is a subject who had at least a 50 percent or greater reduction in the seizure frequency of all seizures during the last 28 days of the Maintenance Period compared to the Baseline Period seizure frequency. Due to the exploratory nature of the objective for efficacy and the truncated study size, analysis of efficacy was based on observed cases, without imputation for missing data. As a result, there are some variations in sample sizes for efficacy at different visits, depending on if particular efficacy variables were missing for particular visits. (NCT01546688)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 4

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Responders (Yes)Non-Responders (No)Missing
Placebo62.512.525
Zonisamide7514.310.7

[back to top]

Percent Participants Abstinent From Smoking During Study Weeks 7-10

Biochemically-verified continuous smoking abstinence during weeks 7-10 of the study. (NCT01685996)
Timeframe: weeks 7-10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Zonisamide5
Placebo6

[back to top]

Nicotine Withdrawal Symptom Severity

Total Score from the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Questionnaire (MNWQ), assessed at weekly visits. The MNWQ is a commonly-used 12-item Likert scale self-report measure of nicotine symptoms. Individual symptoms were rated from 0 (none) to 4 (severe) for each item and the Total score range was 0 - 48. Ratings were collected once weekly during study visits. (NCT01685996)
Timeframe: Past 24 hours

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Screening VisitAdmission VisitWeek 1 (pre-quit day)Week 2 (pre-quit day)Week 3 (target quit day)Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10
Placebo5.67.06.25.76.65.94.74.04.44.04.14.8
Zonisamide4.65.15.34.84.73.83.83.43.82.73.12.6

[back to top]

Number of Drinking Days

Using a 90 day Timeline Follow Back (TLFB), the total number of drinking days at baseline and at 12 weeks of treatment were used. (NCT01847469)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
Baseline12 weeks
Placebo51.0017.33
Zonisamide46.877.44

[back to top]

Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) Total Score

"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) Total Score will be used to measure PTSD symptoms at the end of the 12 week intervention. The CAPS Total Score is a summing of the 17 items that are each scored 0-4- where 0 indicates none. The range of Total Scores can be 0 to 136, where 136 would be the highest amount of scored PTSD symptoms." (NCT01847469)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline12 weeks
Placebo72.8323.80
Zonisamide67.3330.83

[back to top]

Number of Heavy Drinking Days

"Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) will be used to document the number of heavy drinking days during 12 weeks of treatment. Heavy drinking is defined as greater than or equal to 5 drinks for men and greater than or equal to 4 drinks for women." (NCT01847469)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
Baseline12 weeks
Placebo31.504.16
Zonisamide43.945.50

[back to top]

Alcohol Urge Questionnaire Score (AUQ)

This is the change in AUQ scores (urge to drink) measured weekly compared between groups using repeated measures. The AUQ is a 8 item participant rated questionnaire. Participants indicate how much they agree or disagree with the statements by selecting one number, 1 strongly disagree through 7 strongly agree. Participants can scores between 8 (lowest) - 56 (highest), the higher the score the more urge to drink. (NCT02368431)
Timeframe: over 16 weeks (weeks 1-16)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16
Placebo14.812.711.810.710.710.710.712.111.311.010.710.910.310.39.89.79.8
Zonisamide17.113.314.014.713.513.612.312.712.413.411.910.911.710.311.810.812.0

[back to top]

Change in Quality of Life

Change in quality of life scores measured by the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q). The Q-LES-Q is a 16 item participant rated questionnaire. Participants indicate how they are feeling over the 16 item from Very poor (1), Poor (2), Fair (3), Good (4), and Very Good (5). Participants can scores between 14 (lowest) - 70 (highest) the higher the score more satisfied with quality of life. (NCT02368431)
Timeframe: Over 16 weeks (Baseline and 16 weeks)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 16
Placebo55.872.9
Zonisamide56.973.3

[back to top]

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Difference between groups on change in levels of Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) over time from baseline to endpoint, which will include several interim data points. This will analyzed with a mixed models longitudinal analysis (repeated measures). Normal range for GGT levels are 10 U/L - 65 U/L - above 65 U/L above 65 U/L is considered a high GGT level (NCT02368431)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, 8 and 16

,
InterventionUnits/Liter (U/L) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 16
Placebo78.250.045.546.4
Zonisamide76.063.461.4062.8

[back to top]

Number of Drinks Per Week

Difference between groups in the number of total standard drinks per week over 8 weeks (weeks 9-16, the weeks on the target dose) performed using a mixed models longitudinal analysis. (NCT02368431)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks (weeks 9-16)

,
InterventionNumber of total drinks (Mean)
Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16
Placebo8.18.83.66.212.54.33.38.7
Zonisamide17.812.215.910.39.49.913.711.1

[back to top]

Number of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week

The difference in the number of heavy drinking days per week compared between groups (zonisamide and placebo) during the time spent on the target dose of the medication. Performed using a mixed models longitudinal analysis (repeated measures). (NCT02368431)
Timeframe: over 16 weeks (weeks 1-16)

,
InterventionNumber of heavy drinking days (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Weel 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 14Week 15Week 16
Placebo0.60.90.80.30.50.60.60.50.50.50.40.50.30.20.56.5
Zonisamide1.10.90.81.10.80.80.81.01.01.00.80.80.70.90.811.4

[back to top] [back to top]

Number of Seizures Reported

Number of seizures reported in all groups (NCT02707965)
Timeframe: Through the approximately 2 week period when the treatment is given.

,,,,,,,,
InterventionNumber of Seizures (Number)
Reference ProductTest (Generic)
Carbamazepine ER Capsule31
Carbamazepine ER Tablet00
Lamotrigine ER Tablet Group4425
Lamotrigine IR Tablet Group00
Levetiracetam ER Tablet Group4272
Levetiracetam IR Tablet Group165
Topiramate Tablet Group95
Valproic Acid ER Tablet Group120
Zonisamide Capsule Group00

[back to top]

Mean Cmin_ss (Test vs. Reference)

Average minimum drug plasma concentration (Cmin); (NCT02707965)
Timeframe: For all study drugs, time points are: predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 hr postdose. For twice-a-day regimen, additional points are:8, 10, and 12 hr postdose. For once-a-day drugs, additional times are:8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hr postdose.

,,,,,,
Interventionmicrog/mL (Mean)
Test ProductReference Product
Carbamazepine ER Capsule8.567.66
Carbamazepine ER Tablet7.377.97
Lamotrigine ER Tablet4.0533333334.21
Levetiracetam ER Tablet12.60514.395
Levetiracetam IR Tablet15.4533333317.45666667
Topiramate Tablet6.3266.53
Zonisamide Capsule8.468.34

[back to top]

Number of Adverse Events

summed for each anti-epileptic drug from when taking brand and generic. (NCT02707965)
Timeframe: Through the approximately 2 week period when the treatment is given.

Interventionevents (Number)
Topiramate29
Lamotrigine ER9
Levetiracetam IR17
Levetiracetam ER4
Carbamazepine ER Capsule15
Zonisamide6
Carbamazepine ER Tablet10
Valproic Acid10

[back to top]

Mean AUC0-last_ss (Test vs. Reference)

Average AUC (area under the drug plasma curve. (NCT02707965)
Timeframe: For all study drugs, time points are: predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 hr postdose. For twice-a-day regimen, additional points are:8, 10, and 12 hr postdose. For once-a-day drugs, additional times are:8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hr postdose.

,,,,,,
Interventionmicro/mL/hr (Mean)
Test ProductReference Product
Carbamazepine ER Capsule114.96106.45
Carbamazepine ER Tablet104.6115.16
Lamotrigine ER Tablet62.7666666767.19333333
Levetiracetam ER Tablet260.3262.305
Levetiracetam IR Tablet419.97445.2
Topiramate Tablet92.88494.456
Zonisamide Capsule233.16226.14

[back to top]

Mean Cmax_ss (Test vs. Reference)

Average maximum drug plasma concentration; (NCT02707965)
Timeframe: For all study drugs, time points are: predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 hr postdose. For twice-a-day regimen, additional points are:8, 10, and 12 hr postdose. For once-a-day drugs, additional times are:8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hr postdose.

,,,,,,
Interventionmicrog/mL (Mean)
Test ProductReference Product
Carbamazepine ER Capsule10.959.91
Carbamazepine ER Tablet10.0010.6
Lamotrigine ER Tablet6.246.903333333
Levetiracetam ER Tablet31.0528.04
Levetiracetam IR Tablet71.0233333369.29333333
Topiramate Tablet9.8749.646
Zonisamide Capsule12.2911.68

[back to top] [back to top]

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Levels

Difference between groups on levels of GGT over time from baseline to endpoint, which will includes two interim data points for a total of four time points. This will analyzed with a mixed models longitudinal analysis (repeated measures). Levels are in Units per Liter. (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over 16 weeks (weeks 1-16)

,
InterventionInternational Units per Liter (UI/L) (Mean)
Baseline VisitVisit 5 (Week 5)Visit 7 (Week 9)Visit 9 (Week 13)Visit 10 (Week 16)
Placebo71.8864.470.2425.7556.65
Zonisamide78.3552.3359.4916.054.48

[back to top]

Change in Quality of Life

Change in quality of life scores measured by the Q-LES-Q. ' Min: 16 Max: 80 Higher Scores = Higher Life Enjoyment (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over 16 weeks (weeks 1-16) and at 2 week and 3 month follow up

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Visit 2 (Baseline)Visit 10 (Week 16)Visit 11 (2 Week Follow up)Visit 12 (3 Month Follow up)
Placebo59.8463.260.4864.64
Zonisamide6061.66865.12

[back to top]

Change in Alcohol Urge Questionnaire Score (AUQ)

"This is the change in AUQ scores (urge to drink) measured weekly compared between groups using repeated measures~Min value: 8 Max value: 42 higher score = worse craving" (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over 16 weeks (weeks 1-16) and at 2 week and 3 month follow up

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Visit 2 (Baseline)Visit 3 (Week 1)Visit 4 (Week 3)Visit 5 (Week 5)Visit 6 (Week 7)Visit 7 (Week 9)Visit 8 (Week 11)Visit 9 (Week 13)Visit 10 (Week 16)Visit 11 (2 Week follow up)Visit 12 (3 Month follow up)
Placebo16.0617.1215.2814.414.7216.2414.5614.413.3614.3213.68
Zonisamide16.214.415.213.8412.814.0813.613.613.3614.5614.16

[back to top]

Percentage of Subjects With No Heavy Drinking Days

percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days (PSNHDD) The PSNHDD can be derived from each subject's Timeline Followback (TLFB) data. (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over the last 8 weeks (weeks 9-16)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Zonisamide8.97
Placebo5.13

[back to top]

Number of Drinks Per Week

Difference between groups in the number of total standard drinks per week over 8 weeks (weeks 9-16, the weeks on the target dose) performed using a mixed models longitudinal analysis. (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks (weeks 9-16)

InterventionNumber of drinks per week (Mean)
Zonisamide19.7
Placebo23.7

[back to top]

Number of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week

The difference in the number of heavy drinking days per week compared between groups (zonisamide and placebo) for the last 8 weeks of treatment (during the time spent on the target dose of the medication). Performed using a mixed models longitudinal analysis (repeated measures). (NCT02900352)
Timeframe: over the last 8 weeks (weeks 9-16)

InterventionNumber of heavy drinking days/week (Mean)
Zonisamide2.7
Placebo3.3

[back to top]

Percent Heavy Drinking Days

TLFB was be used to estimate participants' daily drinking. In this assessment, participants are presented with a calendar and asked to provide retrospective estimates of their daily alcohol consumption over a specified time period. TLFB was used to gather information on participants' daily drinking. In this assessment, participants are presented with a calendar and asked to provide retrospective estimates of their daily alcohol consumption over a specified time period. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead. Heavy drinking days refers to the percentage of heavy drinking days within that window (4 or more drinks for women, 5 or more for men). (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of heavy drinking days (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy46.43
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy43.82

[back to top]

Percent Heavy Drinking Days

TLFB was be used to estimate participants' daily drinking. (See outcome measure 1 for more details description.) In this assessment, participants are presented with a calendar and asked to provide retrospective estimates of their daily alcohol consumption over a specified time period. TLFB data from 28 days before post-treatment were used to calculate post-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead. Heavy drinking days refers to the percentage of heavy drinking days within that window (4 or more drinks for women, 5 or more for men). (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

InterventionPercent heavy drinking days (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy19.83
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy31.12

[back to top]

Cued Go No-Go: Inhibition Error

In this online task, participants are first presented with a go or a no-go cue, and are then presented with a go or no-go target. Participants are instructed to respond to a go target by clicking on a button, and not to respond to a no-go target. The cues have a high probability of signaling a correct target (valid cues), and a low probability of signaling an incorrect target (invalid cues). Incorrect responses to the no-go target are used to assess inhibitory control, which reflect impulse control. A test includes 250 trials and takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. Here, inhibition error is reported as the error rate (as a percentage) for trials where a go cue was followed by a no-go target. Larger error rates reflect less inhibitory control. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of incorrect responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.63
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy1.05

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task: AX Test Commission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the second task (reported on here), participants are presented with a series of letters, and are instructed to click on the button only when the letter X appears directly after the letter A appears (an AX presentation). The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. A commission occurs when a participant presses the button at any time other than following an AX presentation (i.e. during a non-AX presentation). The commission rate is calculated by dividing the number of commissions by the number of non-AX presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher commission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of commission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.87
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.84

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Omission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the first task (reported on here), participants are presented a series of letters, one letter by one letter, and are asked to click on a button when the letter X appears. The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. An omission occurs when the X appears but the participant does not click the button within 0.69 seconds after it appears. The omission rate is calculated by dividing the number of omissions by the number of X presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher omission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of omitted responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy29.76
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy26.42

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Commission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the first task (reported on here), participants are presented a series of letters, one letter by one letter, and are asked to click on a button when the letter X appears.The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. A commission occurs when a participant clicks a button when something other than the letter X has been presented. The commission rate is calculated by dividing the number of commissions by the total number of non-X presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher commission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of commission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.84
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.43

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - X Test Omission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the first task (reported on here), participants are presented a series of letters, one letter by one letter, and are asked to click on a button when the letter X appears. The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. An omission occurs when the X appears but the participant does not click the button within 0.69 seconds after it appears. The omission rate is calculated by dividing the number of omissions by the number of X presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher omission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of omitted responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy23.51
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy23.37

[back to top]

Connor's Continous Performance Task: AX Test Commission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the second task (reported on here), participants are presented with a series of letters, and are instructed to click on the button only when the letter X appears directly after the letter A appears (an AX presentation). The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. A commission occurs when a participant presses the button at any time other than following an AX presentation (i.e. during a non-AX presentation). The commission rate is calculated by dividing the number of commissions by the number of non-AX presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher commission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of commission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy.80
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.40

[back to top]

Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Total Pump Count

In this online task, participants are presented with a balloon. Clicking a button will pump the balloon, causing it to inflate and the participant to be awarded a certain amount of money. This happens until a threshold when a pump will cause the balloon to explode and all money would be lost. At any point in time, participants can choose between pumping the balloon further and risking it exploding, or not pumping the balloon and collecting the money they have already earned. 90 trials are conducted and the average number of pumps delivered are used to measure levels of risk-taking. Higher numbers of balloon pumps are associated with greater risk-taking. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpumps (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy709.23
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy682.16

[back to top]

Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Total Pump Count

In this online task, participants are presented with a balloon. Clicking a button will pump the balloon, causing it to inflate and the participant to be awarded a certain amount of money. This happens until a threshold when a pump will cause the balloon to explode and all money would be lost. At any point in time, participants can choose between pumping the balloon further and risking it exploding, or not pumping the balloon and collecting the money they have already earned. 90 trials are conducted and the average number of pumps delivered are used to measure levels of risk-taking. Higher numbers of balloon pumps are associated with greater risk-taking. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpumps (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy829.09
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy730.04

[back to top]

Average Weekly Standard Drinking Units (SDUs)

"Timeline followback (TLFB) was used to collect information on participant's daily drinking. TLFB is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionstandard drinking units per week (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy15.64
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy21.43

[back to top]

Average Weekly Standard Drinking Units (SDUs)

"Timeline follow back is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. These standards, which can be found the NIAAA website, were used to calculate participant's average drinking units." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionstandard drinking units per week (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy31.51
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy31.37

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): X Test Commission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the first task (reported on here), participants are presented a series of letters, one letter by one letter, and are asked to click on a button when the letter X appears. The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. A commission occurs when a participant clicks a button when something other than the letter X has been presented. The commission rate is calculated by dividing the number of commissions by the total number of non-X presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher commission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of commission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.74
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.42

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): AX Test Omission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the second task (reported on here), participants are presented with a series of letters, and are instructed to click on the button only when the letter X appears directly after the letter A appears (an AX presentation). The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. An omission occurs when a participant does not click the button when the letter X appears directly after the letter A. The omission rate is calculated by dividing the number of omissions by the total number of AX presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher omission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of omission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy6.40
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy3.33

[back to top]

Average Standard Drinking Units Per Day

"Timeline followback (TLFB) was used to collect information on participant's daily drinking. TLFB is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionstandard drinking units per day (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy4.50
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy4.48

[back to top]

Average Standard Drinking Units Per Day

"Timeline followback (TLFB) was used to collect information on participant's daily drinking. TLFB is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionstandard drinking units per day (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy2.23
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy3.06

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Risk Adjustment

Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Risk adjustment is a measure of the difference between their risk taking behavior during ascending versus descending trials, and represents whether the participant changes their bet based on the odds of winning. There are no min or max scores, and a higher score indicates the subject is more likely to change the wager depending on the probability of winning. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.67
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.94

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Delay Aversion

Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Delay aversion is the difference between the risk-taking score in the descend and ascend conditions. There is no min or max score. Participants who find delays aversive tend to select an amount to bet early in the sequence; i.e., a large bet in the descend condition, and a small bet in the ascend condition. Thus, they will have a higher risk aversion score. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.16
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.30

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Risk Adjustment

Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Risk adjustment is a measure of the difference between their risk taking behavior during ascending versus descending trials, and represents whether the participant changes their bet based on the odds of winning. There are no min or max scores, and a higher score indicates the subject is more likely to change the wager depending on the probability of winning. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.55
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.91

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Mean Percent Bet

"Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Mean percent bet refers to the overall mean percentage of their points participants bet across trials." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of points bet (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy61.51
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy59.48

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Mean Percent Bet

"Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Mean percent bet refers to the overall mean percentage of their points participants bet across trials." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of points bet (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy56.01
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy61.62

[back to top]

Roger's Risk Task: Delay Aversion

Participants are given 10 boxes. Some of these boxes are red, the others are blue. They are told that a yellow token is hidden under one of these boxes and they have to guess the color of the box under which the yellow token is hidden. Once they decide on the color, they are asked to bet points on this choice: the computer provides the bets in either ascending (bets get bigger) or descending order (bets get smaller) and participants are asked to click on a bet when they want to bet this number of points. If they win, the bet number is added to their total points. If they lose the bet number is taken away from their total points. Delay aversion is the difference between the risk-taking score in the descend and ascend conditions. There is no min or max score. Participants who find delays aversive tend to select an amount to bet early in the sequence; i.e., a large bet in the descend condition, and a small bet in the ascend condition. Thus, they will have a higher risk aversion score. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy0.32
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy0.30

[back to top]

Cued Go/No-go Task: Inhibition Error

In this online task, participants are first presented with a go or a no-go cue, and are then presented with a go or no-go target. Participants are instructed to respond to a go target by clicking on a button, and not to respond to a no-go target. The cues have a high probability of signaling a correct target (valid cues), and a low probability of signaling an incorrect target (invalid cues). Incorrect responses to the no-go target are used to assess inhibitory control, which reflect impulse control. A test includes 250 trials and takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. Here, inhibition error is reported as the error rate (as a percentage) for trials where a go cue was followed by a no-go target. Larger error rates reflect less inhibitory control. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

Interventionpercentage of incorrect responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy2.48
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy1.63

[back to top]

Percentage of Drinking Days

"Timeline followback (TLFB) was used to collect information on participant's daily drinking. TLFB is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment

InterventionPercentage of drinking days (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy72.77
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy79.62

[back to top]

Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT): AX Test Omission Rate

The CPT includes two attention tasks, the second one being more difficult than the first. In the first task, participants are presented a series of 31 letters, one letter by one letter, and are asked to click on a button when the letter X appears. In the second task (reported on here), participants are presented with a series of 31 letters, and are instructed to click on the button only when the letter X appears directly after the letter A appears (an AX presentation). The letters appear at approximately 0.92s intervals, and responses are scored correctly if the button is clicked within 0.69s after the letter appears. An omission occurs when a participant does not click the button when the letter X appears directly after the letter A. The omission rate is calculated by dividing the number of omissions by the total number of AX presentations and converting that to a percentage. Higher omission rates indicate worse performance on this attentional task. (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of omission responses (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy8.76
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy5.58

[back to top]

Percentage of Drinking Days

"Timeline followback (TLFB) was used to collect information on participant's daily drinking. TLFB is a form of interview used to collect retroactive data related to participant's drinking. Participants are presented with a calendar are asked to report what they drank each day for a specified timeframe (e.g. in the past week). Participants were encouraged to give their best estimate in the absence of total certainty regarding their drinking on a given day. Study assessors then used these responses to identify how many standard drinking units participants drank each day. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines one standard drinking unit as containing 14 grams of pure alcohol, and provide guidelines for calculating standard drinking units based on the alcohol content and size of a given drink. TLFB data from 28 days before BL were used to calculate pre-treatment outcomes. In instances where 28 days of data were not available, 21 days were used instead." (NCT02901041)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of drinking days (Mean)
Zonisamide & Computerized Psychotherapy51.27
Placebo & Computerized Psychotherapy68.14

[back to top]

Change in Rewarding Effects of Smoking Combustible Cigarettes

Characterize changes in the two primary scales of the Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ), assessing smoking satisfaction and psychological reward, compared between cigarettes smoked after meals versus all others smoked during the day, examining how this difference changes after zonisamide/bupropion usage. The mCEQ uses a 7-point scale (0=Not at all; 1=Very little; 2=A little; 3=Moderately; 4=A lot, 5=Quite a lot; 6=Extremely) to measure the following subscales: Satisfaction, Psychological Reward, Enjoyment of Respiratory Tract Sensations, Craving Reduction, Aversion. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: First week compared to after start of study drugs (Weeks 2-13 post baseline)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
CEQ Satisfaction ScaleCEQ Psych Reward Scale
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette00.2

[back to top]

Number of Participants That Completely Switched From Combustible Cigarettes to Halo G6 E-Cigarettes

Defined as self-report of no cigarette smoking (not even a puff), confirmed by an expired air CO reading of less than 5 ppm. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: Weeks 8-11 post-quit date (weeks 10-13 post baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette8

[back to top]

Point Abstinence From Combustible Cigarettes

Assessed by self-report utilizing an automated SMS messaging system. (NCT04388319)
Timeframe: Six months post switch day (approximately 6 months post baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combination Zonisamide and Bupropion With E-cigarette15

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		12.64431amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.4620monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		210hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.5110halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		2.4920gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.8530amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		1.9810carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.1710amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.7730catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4120halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.4920chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0210coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde
cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.		2.0510benzaldehydesinsecticide;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.1710monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.4920gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		6.9381aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
oxoproline : A pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid consisting of proline bearing a single oxo substituent.		2.0110oxoproline;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		human metabolite
cyanic acid
[no description available]		2.4920one-carbon compound;
pseudohalogen oxoacid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		3.2760catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0410aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		7.3110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.4920carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.4920hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.4110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiocyanic acid
thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.		2.4920hydracid;
one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0710benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
indole
[no description available]		2.0710indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		1.9810hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		2.0110piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
melatonin
[no description available]		4.4230acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0110acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.2310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.1110monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.0610nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.0210nitrogen oxoacid
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0810octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.7730phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.6120monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		9.4230hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.0710benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
sulfurous acid
[no description available]		2.4920sulfur oxoacid
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.4920sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.6120primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0410isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0510benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.610non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		8.1550methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810phenols
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0410aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.1350guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		12.75643imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		210indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		8.1550acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.2310aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.8730acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
salophen
salophen: structure given in first source		2.0110carbonyl compound
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		13.62800monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
Acetylpheneturide
[no description available]		2.0110organic molecular entity
ag-1296
6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.8530aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.8630phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.5920organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.4720secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		7.1151adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4620dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.		2.01103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid
theophylline
[no description available]		9.6880dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.87301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.4720aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.8730carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		9.0940dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0810acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.4620N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.7530pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.0110enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.0110aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
arotinolol
arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer		8.8121aromatic amide;
thiophenes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.8730benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.8530ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.8730aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0610monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendiocarb
bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient		2.0510benzodioxoles;
carbamate ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.87301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2310propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.8630(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.5520piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.2310secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.8730amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.0840azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.8730methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		9.2450purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.7550aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cannabinol
Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.		2.0110dibenzopyran
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		15.861048dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide
carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.		4.131dibenzoazepine;
epoxide;
ureas		allergen;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.05101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.5820carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.3630carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		7.74450organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.2310ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.8730aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.8730benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.23101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		9.1140aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.2550organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.0940monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham
Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.6120isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.87301,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.7430aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.8730aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0510cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.7430cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.0840aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.26502-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		8.141611,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.0840aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.6120tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.2750dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		14.721621,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.5820clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.4720sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.5720conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.0110benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		9.1140substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.0940dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.5920primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		11.02811,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		6.3450dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.8910N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0110oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.8730ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.6120piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.6120organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		14.5667branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		1.9910
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.0810benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.0940aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.6820aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.8730dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.5820aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.08101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etazolate
Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.		2.0510ethyl ester;
hydrazone;
pyrazolopyridine		alpha-secretase activator;
antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.6120aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		12.25120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.5520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		5.43570aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		4.96211,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.61202-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		14.04220carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.8530dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.4320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.2650aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0510azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.4520difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.8730ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.41201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8730benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.8730nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.7750(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.5620fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.0840chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		17.88471gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.8730sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0940aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0110piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
go 6976
[no description available]		2.0310indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
granisetron
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.2310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.8730acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
guvacine
guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
beta-amino acid;
pyridine alkaloid;
secondary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		GABA reuptake inhibitor;
plant metabolite
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.0740aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.4520harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		3.2310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.76250benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.6120benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.1140one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.2310hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0510pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.8630monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.2310primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		5.0570benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		2.46201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.8530ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.0740dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8730bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.140indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.4260aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.0740carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.2110organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		3.8730carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.5720catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.6120benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.8730piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.8730cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.9840aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.460dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2310benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.8530amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.2310benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		15.418051,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.0940benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4420benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.2950(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.8630nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomerizine
lomerizine: used to treat migraines		3.110diarylmethane
lomustine
[no description available]		3.6120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.5920benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.2310biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		5.04380aromatic amine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.0740anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6120aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.2310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.2310piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5820organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.2310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		12.0851guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.2310benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
metharbital
metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants		2.3820organic molecular entity
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		7.87520sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.5920beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.0940benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.6120organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.0840aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.6120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.5840aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.2650imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.2310amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.5720bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.8730dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		3.8730benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.2310dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.9640benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		1.9710alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.7430acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		2.0110catecholamine
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.8730tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5920heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.0940aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.4720benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4720quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.0740cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.460benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.0310benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.8530C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.6120aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.01101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.26502-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0110beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0640C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.74301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7430C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.2310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.5920isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.6120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.0940organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.86303-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.0940aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.2850carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.86301,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.1850benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.8730acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.2310phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.5820aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.8730benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.0310furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.		2.0310aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 158780
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
bromobenzenes;
diamine;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0310aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.61201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.8730aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.2310barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.8730oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.8730N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0110acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4720acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		12.3372barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phenprobamate
phenprobamate: structure		2.0510benzenes
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.8730indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.0840aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		14.33573organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		4.0310pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.6120isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.8730aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.8730aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.2450pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.6120benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.8730benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.8730N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.6120pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.8730phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.6120aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.0510oxopurine
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		4.220phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.77101naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5920benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.8530dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.5820benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.57201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0810aralkylamine
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0810benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		5.0570benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.26501,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.5920tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.7430butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.5920indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		4.853101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.5420barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		4.9240organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		9.1140pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.0610fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.9621pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.8730ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0510pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.6120dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.7530isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		7.22450substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		9.1140
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4720isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		10.23460benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame
sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94		7.54370organic molecular entity
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.2650sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.6120imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.6120furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.8730phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4620diarylmethane
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.8530phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.8730aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.4720aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.6120imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2750benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
todralazine
Todralazine: An antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects.		2.0510phthalazines
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.8730N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		3.5920aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.2310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.2750monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.8730pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.0440triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.5520oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		9.1140aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.2310dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.2550chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.5820aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.4720piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.2650cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		13.57300gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.4720aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.6120carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.6120nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zm 336372
N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide: an inhibitor of c-Raf; activates Raf-1; structure in first source		2.0310benzamides
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.5920imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.7530monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.436011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.8730alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0110ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.6120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.231011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0110phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.2310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0510
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4720chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.3510alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0110corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.8730C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.8430carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		4.5120sulfamic acids
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.4420glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		9.113117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.4720bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.8730aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		4.1320benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.8730kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		9.79244amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.2110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.1310lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.8730alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		8.822117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5520beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.2310mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
4-toluenesulfonamide
4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.		4.99360sulfonamide
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.2110L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		3.6420aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.2310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0110benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.0110benzenes
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.5520organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.3506-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.9740organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.0110phthalimides
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110pyrrolidines
amido-g-acid
amido-G-acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.2310glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
veratrole
veratrole: structure. dimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.. veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.		2.4820dimethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
4-phenylphenol
4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.0710hydroxybiphenyls
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is resorcinol which has been substituted by a formyl group para to one of the hydroxy groups.		2.0510dihydroxybenzaldehyde
benzenearsonic acid
benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610arsonic acids;
organoarsonic acid
benzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.4820sulfonamide
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclopentamine
cyclopentamine: structure		2.0110secondary amino compound
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0110caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0610enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.1410mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
heptanal
heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.		2.0510medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		biomarker
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0110barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0110oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		2.0110cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
sulfacetamide
[no description available]		2.0410
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
neoprontosil
neoprontosil: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
carzenide
[no description available]		5.04380sulfonamide
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.0610cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.0810catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		22.3561494isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		5.552301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		1.9810azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		2.0110diarylmethane
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.2310N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
nicarbazin
Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0510organic molecular entity
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		7.0110ether
phetharbital
[no description available]		2.0110barbiturates
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8730benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.472011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0110diarylmethane
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.1210imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.0210monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.59201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		7.1310guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.4720isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9240dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.0610carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
beclamide
beclamide: structure		2.0110benzenes
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4620phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8330ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0110thiazoles
glybuthiazol
[no description available]		2.0110benzenes;
sulfonamide
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.2310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.2310carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.2110dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4720isothiocyanateinsecticide
lactulose
[no description available]		3.2310glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
2-methylcyclohexanone
2-methylcyclohexanone: structure in first source. 2-methylcyclohexanone : A member of the class of cyclohexanones that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0710cyclohexanonesflavouring agent;
plant metabolite
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.2310acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.0640cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
ameltolide
ameltolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110benzamides
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		2.0210organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
4-iodobenzenesulfonamide
4-iodobenzenesulfonamide: used as carrier for red cell labelling		2.0510
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.2310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.0210
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0810alkali metal hydroxide
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.4920hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.4720benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.2310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.4230alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.5920benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
aminocarb
aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.0510carbamate ester;
toluenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
molluscicide
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
perillaldehyde
perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510aldehyde;
olefinic compound		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
volatile oil component
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
promecarb
promecarb: structure		2.0510alkylbenzene
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.6120dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.8730dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
pronarcon
pronarcon: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0110barbiturates
benzolamide
Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.		5.09400
6-hydroxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.2510
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110organosulfonic ester
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0110aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.6120organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
amitriptyline n-oxide
[no description available]		2.2510organic tricyclic compound
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		710diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4720isoquinolines
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
aminopentamide
aminopentamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0110diarylmethane
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		210amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
terodiline
[no description available]		2.0610diarylmethane
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		1.9510chromium group element atommicronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.2110copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0810pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
perchloric acid
[no description available]		2.1110chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.0610inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.7430delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.4120iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.0610inorganic sodium salt
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4920nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acid
[no description available]		2.0610nitrogen hydride
propham
propham: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. propham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
phenmedipham
phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.		2.0510carbamate esterenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
hydroiodic acid
hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.		2.4920gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		6.3361selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.03106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		2.0610
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0510carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
benomyl
[no description available]		2.4320aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
oxadiazon
oxadiazon: manufactured by the Societe Rhone-poulenc, France; structure		2.0510aromatic ether
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.2310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5520aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.5920indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		11.42241benzenes;
phenyl acetates
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.4920C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
carticaine
Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.		2.0110thiophenecarboxylic acid
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.5480glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoscanate
amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
isothiocyanate;
secondary amino compound		schistosomicide drug
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.0610inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.1110pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		2.0210
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.8730timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4720tryptamines
eterobarb
[no description available]		3.520barbiturates
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		11.39470cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.1710sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.9330azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0810amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.0840taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		3.8730beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.2310catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
fenclorac
fenclorac: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.61201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.0110triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.8730alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0510catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.07405-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0810pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0210alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
thidiazuron
[no description available]		2.0510ureas
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
oxfendazole
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.0510azepanes
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.2310aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.2310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.4720acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.2310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.0840aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.6120alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.4420diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.4720indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.2510nitrosamine;
pyridines
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.2310diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0110ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4420nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.930diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.4720benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.3820aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
acifran
acifran: structure given in first source		2.0110
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5620piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.8730
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.0210
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.8630delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.9740aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0810aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.0840delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.4720benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.9740dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.57203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.6120N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0510isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.5920aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		1.9910aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		4.0620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0810naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.87303-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.0610quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.7530heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.23106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.863017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.93301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		9.6330stilbenoid
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.6120phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		16.56261beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4920tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
besipirdine
besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease		3.110
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.6120aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.5920benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		9.2750aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
sipatrigine
sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage		3.110pyrimidines
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.6120biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.27501,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.0940oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.08106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.5620organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5820carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.8130adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.01102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
heptenophos
heptenophos: structure		2.0110organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide;
trialkyl phosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.5620
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.6120acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.8730aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.46202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.1310
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.8730carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
lubeluzole
lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer		3.110benzothiazoles
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.0940benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0110aralkylamine
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4420fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0510sulfonamide
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.4920boronic acids
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide: metabolite of hydrochlorothiazide		5.09400sulfonamide
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.4110phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.81301,2,3-triazole
g 29505
G 29505: structure		2.0110methoxybenzenes
disulphane
[no description available]		4.3170
2-hydroxypyrimidine
pyrimidone : A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.. pyrimidin-2-ol : The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.		1.9910hydroxypyrimidineelectron donor;
Lewis base
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.7650dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
befuraline
befuraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.87301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
talinolol
[no description available]		2.0610ureas
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		7.24460sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.02101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0510dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
acefylline
acefylline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110oxopurine
2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline
2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline: precursor of hydroflumethiazide		5.02370
4-bromobenzenesulfonamide
4-bromobenzenesulfonamide: a metabolite of ebrotidine		2.4620
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0110fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
nefiracetam
[no description available]		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lazabemide
lazabemide: structure given in first source		2.2110
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.2310razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.6120conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.4720organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.8530amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amphotalide
[no description available]		2.0110phthalimides
fluoresone
[no description available]		2.0110sulfonamide
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
alacepril
[no description available]		2.0110dipeptide;
thioacetate ester		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
nicotinamide n-oxide
[no description available]		2.2510pyridines
2-aminobenzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		4.49220benzenes;
sulfonamide
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
amperozide
amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.		2.0510diarylmethane;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0110ergot alkaloid
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.2310hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
citronellal, (r)-isomer
(R)-(+)-citronellal : The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).		2.0510citronellal
n-(hydroxymethyl)nicotinamide
N-(hydroxymethyl)nicotinamide: structure		2.0110pyridinecarboxamide
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.5920carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5920indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.0840aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.452011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
sulfamide
sulfamide : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to two amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		2.7730sulfamides
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.6120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source		5.11410
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide: structure given in first source; an impurity found in the HPLC assay for atenolol; do not confuse with acetaminophen		2.4620acetamides
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.8303-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.4720amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
aminozolamide
aminozolamide: used in therapy of ocular hypertension		2.0810
methyl beta-galactoside
methyl beta-galactoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. methyl galactoside : A methyl glycoside in which the H of the OH group on C-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.. methyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.0410beta-D-galactoside;
methyl D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative
6-hydroxyethoxzolamide
6-hydroxyethoxzolamide: structure given in first source		2.0810
1,3,4-oxadiazole
1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source		2.2110
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.863017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.4211
sr141716
[no description available]		4.5840amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.8730primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.8630benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.		2.4720carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.59201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. (3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a major chlorinated metabolite of chlorotyrosine.		2.4620hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		mammalian metabolite
efonidipine
efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.		2.2510C-nitro compound;
carboxylic ester;
dihydropyridine;
tertiary amino compound
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.8730benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		6.25420isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		4.8530carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.110aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.4720bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.8730aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
polytrimethylene carbonate
trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source		2.1510
4-amino-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide
4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide: a potent anticonvulsant against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; structure given in first source		3.110
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.8730dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
estrone-3-o-sulfamate
estrone-3-O-sulfamate: a steroid sulfatase inhibitor		2.0710
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine: RN refers to (R)-isomer; a dopamine autoreceptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0210
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.23105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		4.1340aromatic amide;
heteroarene
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine: structure given in first source; n-methyl aspartate antagonist		3.110
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0810penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		10.5640amino acid amide
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.59201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.6120secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.61209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.5620aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.5920isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.8730methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		8.8230oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		2.0110camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.03102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0110sulfonamide
fluoracizine
fluoracizine: Russian drug; 2-trifluoromethyl analog of chloracizine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110phenothiazines
chlorzolamide
chlorzolamide: structure		4.3180
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		5.09400
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		10.9321
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.8730
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0310imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		3.4110acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide: structure in first source		2.0410
ezlopitant
ezlopitant: structure in first source		2.0210
phenserine
phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase		2.0510
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
2-sulfamoylacetylphenol
2-sulfamoylacetylphenol: reductive metabolite of zonisamide		8.0950
n(4)-hydroxycytidine
N(4)-hydroxycytidine : A nucleoside analogue that is cytidine which carries a hydroxy group at the N(4)-positon. It has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza, SARS-CoV , SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.		2.2510ketoxime;
nucleoside analogue		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
drug metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.5920furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.6120benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.4720
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide
N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source. indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development.		5.16430chloroindole;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		8.59190N-acyl-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.0610bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
u-104
SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.3110
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.7430acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
diba-1
DIBA-1: structure given in first source		2.0310
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.4601,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.2510
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0210inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0110beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.8730cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.6120alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.23101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0810cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.8730L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.23102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8730acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		7.0210
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.0310aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.0310antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.1140retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0510butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.2110resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.6120macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4420dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.5720dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.1110butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.69202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.2310
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2310epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.8630macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0310aromatic amide
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0310epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0310N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine
[no description available]		3.61202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.2310actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.6120L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0310amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.0610organic sodium salt
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.5920one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium cyanate
sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt		2.0610cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source		210aminoxyls;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.41102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.0510enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.2110stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		4.4230olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.6120vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.4620indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.6120pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.2110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.2310ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.6120aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
cinromide
[no description available]		2.0110cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)urea
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene: an allosteric adenosine modulator		2.0510
1-(3-chlorophenyl)sulfonylpyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.1510sulfonamide
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		3.5120diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.2310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.5520diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.61201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.7430diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.8730monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2310acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4720isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.23102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		16.15748cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.2310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
N1-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide
[no description available]		2.0610sulfonamide
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.2310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.0840stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.3820
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.5920C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.8730
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6120tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.5720aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.4120alkali metal atom
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
thiophanate
thiophanate-methyl : A member of the class of thioureas that is the dimethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		2.0510benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal agrochemical
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
adrafinil
[no description available]		2.0110diarylmethane
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5920indolyl carboxylic acid
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0810steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.9240beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		3.8730cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0210benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
irampanel
irampanel: structure in first source		3.110
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		4.2420indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2,6-dibromosulfanilamide
2,6-dibromosulfanilamide: structure in first source		3.1550
benzene-1-3-disulfonamide
[no description available]		4.25160sulfonamide
4-azidosulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0410
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0510
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8730triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.110organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.27502-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
fosmidomycin monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.2510
quercetin
[no description available]		2.77307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.4620trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.08103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0110octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.6120D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0810prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
genistein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.612011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.6120
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8730dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.2310aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.6120carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.12402-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
garcinol
garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi		2.1710
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.08107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4720quinolines
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		2.0110aliphatic alcohol
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.6120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer
2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.		2.0510enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		3.2310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.8730homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.6120acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		7.2440sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.5920morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		15.61796pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.8730morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.5720antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		17.181628cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0310macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.03101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.0940morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
istradefylline
[no description available]		3.7120oxopurine
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.03101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.0210
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120phenylalanine derivative
stiripentol
stiripentol: structure		5.1140
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0110
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.2450(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.0310nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.2550dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0940morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.8730cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.6120azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.0840dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
monomethyl fumarate
monomethyl fumarate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Is is a metabolite of dimethyl fumarate and used for the the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It also induces the NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factor by binding to KEAP1.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antioxidant;
drug metabolite;
immunomodulator
zr-512
ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid		2.0110ethyl ester;
farnesane sesquiterpenoid		juvenile hormone mimic
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		7.0310monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		11.48100gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.0210cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		1.9910azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
everolimus
[no description available]		5.0440cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.03101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.0310benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
2-[(3-iodophenyl)methylthio]-5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole
[no description available]		2.0310aryl sulfide
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		3.6120imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide
6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide: structure given in first source		3.92120
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.5820
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0810roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
ci 940
leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.		2.0310hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leptomycin		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
ganaxolone
ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.0510ammonium ion derivative
benzamidoxime
benzamidoxime: structure given in first source. benzamidoxime : A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.		2.2510amidoximebacterial metabolite;
genotoxin;
mammalian metabolite
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
guanoxabenz
[no description available]		2.2510
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
nidroxyzone
nidroxyzone: structure		2.0110C-nitro compound;
furans
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0110imidazolidine-2,4-dione
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		5.8722gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
upamostat
[no description available]		2.2510
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
sb 242235
SB 242235: p38 MAP kinase antagonist		2.0210
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
eslicarbazepine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzooxazepine
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-k-252a
3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-K-252a: RN given for (9S-(9alpha,10beta,12alpha))-isomer; mixed lineage kinase inhibitor, neuroprotective agent, and neurotrophic agent derived from K-252a; structure in first source		3.1410
perampanel
perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.		9.5460bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		AMPA receptor antagonist;
anticonvulsant
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pifithrin-alpha
[no description available]		2.0310
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea
2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonylurea: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0410
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.4720
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.2110
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
psn 632408
PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source		2.0510
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5920acetamides
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.4420
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.5520
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
eth 1001
ETH 1001: Ca++ carrier; structure given in first source		2.2510
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
jaw
[no description available]		7.0510indolecarboxamide
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		3.1210
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		3.1410
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		7.0210
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
endiandrin a
endiandrin A: a potent glucocorticoid receptor binder isolated from the Australian plant Endiandra anthropophagorum; structure in first source		2.4620
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.1510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
nnc 55-0396
NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.		2.0510hydrochlorideangiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
potassium channel blocker;
T-type calcium channel blocker
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.6120organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0610inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0710
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		2.0110
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.3330
dabrafenib
[no description available]		7.21101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.8930ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		9.1140
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.2310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.5820
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.6120benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0810aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.5920benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0210
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.6120
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ckd732
CKD732: angiogenesis inhibitor		3.2110
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.0110imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.2510
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		3.1410
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		1.9910
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		3.1410
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.61202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.06103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		710purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.04105,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.5320folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.0940cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.2650benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.6120dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.6120purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.2310L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		8.9392benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.5720imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.8930nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.2310formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
pelrinone
pelrinone: structure given in first source		2.0210
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.8730
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		710guanosinesbiomarker
febantel
febantel: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0510ureas
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.4420
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		8.5620
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.0730
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.0730
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		012.48655
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		117.0513010
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.1130
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Aura
[description not available]		021.9921327
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.9210
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		118.9921327
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		09.1130
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.4420
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.4420
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.4220
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.4420
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.4420
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7330
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.7330
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.2660
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.2660
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.2250
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.2250
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.0610
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.3390
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.3390
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		02.0710
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.0710
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.0810
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.0810
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.0810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.73380
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		02.1310
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.1310
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.1310
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.9440
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.9440
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		03.0540
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.5420
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		03.0540
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.5420
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		06.6552
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		012.26598
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		114.26598
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.3110
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		016.158220
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		016.158220
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		05.4280
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		04.1731
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		09.1731
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.4110
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		03.680
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		07.4110
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		03.680
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.82160
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4110
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		06.26113
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.4110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		05.6832
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		05.6832
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2843
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		05.2843
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		07.4110
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		03.0140
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		03.0140
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.4110
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4110
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.420
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.420
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		04.2360
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome
[description not available]		05.1431
Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic 2
[description not available]		03.3920
Psychoses
[description not available]		06.6871
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		18.6871
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		08.63135
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		03.3310
Bruise
[description not available]		03.3310
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		03.3310
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		08.63135
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		03.3310
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		09.72248
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		09.72248
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		07.3595
Action Tremor
[description not available]		05.79112
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		05.79112
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		19.3595
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.24100
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.24100
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		05.66110
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		05.66110
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.7620
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.7620
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		05.3362
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		18.56124
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.610
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		07.4720
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.4720
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.610
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.6890
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.1550
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		02.9330
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.0540
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Absence Status
[description not available]		04.1960
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.610
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		09.1960
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		04.1931
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		04.1931
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.5720
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.5720
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.2510
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.2510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		08.8640
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		05.3690
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.1530
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		05.3690
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.1530
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.4420
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		0420
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		0420
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.3820
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2510
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		06.0233
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		03.6411
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		03.6411
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		06.0233
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.1150
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.1150
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		07.7930
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.2123
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.4220
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.7220
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.4220
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.7220
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.3110
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.2510
Choroidal Detachment
Separation of the CHOROID from the SCLERA.		02.2510
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.5720
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.8642
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.0840
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Cervical Spondylosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.		02.2510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.2510
Allodynia
[description not available]		07.9740
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		02.9430
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.3110
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		02.9430
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1240
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.5420
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.0240
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.5420
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.0240
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		05.77102
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		05.77102
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.2841
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		05.7371
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		011.42252
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.3110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.2310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.6530
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.2310
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.6530
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.2310
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.2310
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.3110
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		07.43102
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		19.43102
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.3110
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		04.1531
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		04.1531
Amentia
[description not available]		03.4720
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.4720
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.3110
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.3110
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.5720
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		08.5720
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.2310
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.2310
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.5820
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.8371
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.5820
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		05.28120
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		05.28120
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.4320
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.4320
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		03.3970
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		010.12146
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		010.12146
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.1710
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.360
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.360
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		03.940
Ageusia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.		07.1710
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.4420
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		07.9974
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome
An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)		07.9974
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.4780
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1710
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		02.1710
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.4520
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.9140
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.1210
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.9140
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.1210
Epilepsy Syndromes
[description not available]		02.2110
Epileptic Syndromes
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).		02.2110
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		02.2110
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.2110
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.2110
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.2110
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.2110
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		06.4752
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		0310
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		011.4752
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		06.4633
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		118.29166
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		113.4633
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		110.6474
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0810
Chromosomes, Ring
[description not available]		02.0810
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.2360
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0810
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		04.2360
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.7430
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.7430
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.0810
Cyst
[description not available]		02.110
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.0810
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		14.0810
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		08.8521
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.0810
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.4720
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.0810
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4420
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.4720
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.6930
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.6930
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		07.110
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.110
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		04.7721
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		04.7721
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1110
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		07.110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.9940
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4520
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.1110
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.4520
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.1110
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.8721
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1650
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		06.6762
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		011.6181
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		03.0310
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		06.6181
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		03.0310
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.1110
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.1110
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.1110
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.1110
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		04.821
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		04.821
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.1110
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		02.1110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.1110
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.0310
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.420
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.3820
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.0310
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.3920
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.3820
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.0310
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.0310
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.0310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.0310
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		111.4311
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		07.1310
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.3870
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.3870
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.1310
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.7630
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.1310
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.3220
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.9610
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		09.3220
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.5120
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.5120
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.9840
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		03.4311
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.8221
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		03.4311
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.8221
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0410
Ache
[description not available]		05.1170
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		05.1170
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		04.5250
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		011.46218
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0410
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		16.5250
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		011.46218
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.6761
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		03.4311
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.0410
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		07.04101
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		07.04101
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0610
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.0610
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		07.0610
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Citrullinemia
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)		07.0510
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.9610
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.8942
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		16.8942
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.0610
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0510
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.7230
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0510
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		02.0510
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease
An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.		02.0510
SUNCT Syndrome
A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.		07.0610
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		02.0610
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Emesis
[description not available]		04.1231
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		09.1231
Autism
[description not available]		07.0610
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.0610
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.0610
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0710
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0710
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.0610
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.0610
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.0610
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.0610
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.8620
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.0710
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.0710
Cyclothymia
[description not available]		03.4511
Dermatoses
[description not available]		07.4520
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.4520
Catatonic Schizophrenia
[description not available]		02.0710
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.4120
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		02.4120
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.0110
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.0110
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0110
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.4320
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.0110
Acquired Communication Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Communication Disorders
Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.		02.0110
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.4320
Pyrexia
[description not available]		05.6941
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		05.451
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		010.6941
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0110
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.4220
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.4220
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.4120
Binge Eating
[description not available]		010.2922
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		05.2922
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.4120
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.4120
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.4931
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.4931
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		02.0210
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0210
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0210
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.4220
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.4320
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.9310
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		02.9310
Sore Throat
[description not available]		03.8221
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		03.8221
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		02.0210
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.0210
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4120
Asystole
[description not available]		02.0310
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.0310
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.0310
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		03.4111
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0310
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.0310
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius
[description not available]		02.0310
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0310
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.0310
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.0310
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.0310
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.0410
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.0410
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.0410
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		02.0310
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.0310
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.0310
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.9510
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.9510
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		07.0310
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.9610
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.9610
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9610
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.9610
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.9610
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.9610
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.9610
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.0410
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		07.0410
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.0410
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.4311
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		03.4311
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		03.4311
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		03.4311
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.0410
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.0410
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.0410
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.0410
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.910
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9910
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		01.9910
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		01.9910
Deficiency, IgA
[description not available]		01.9910
Deficiency, IgG
[description not available]		01.9910
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.420
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		07.420
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.420
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.420
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9910
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		01.9910
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9910
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		01.9910
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.420
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9910
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		01.9910
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		01.9910
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		01.9910
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		01.9910
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		01.9910
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		0210
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		0210
Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions
[description not available]		02.4120
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		0210
EBV Infections
[description not available]		0210
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		0210
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		0210
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		0210
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0110
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		02.0110
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		02.0110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.0110
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0110
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		01.9710
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9710