genipin profile

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Gardenia jasminoides	species	[no description available]	Rubiaceae	The Madder plant family of the order Gentianales (formerly Rubiales), subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida includes important medicinal plants that provide QUININE; IPECAC; and COFFEE. They have opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	442424
CHEMBL ID	459016
CHEBI ID	5298
SCHEMBL ID	34249
MeSH ID	M0051258

Synonym
cyclopenta(c)pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a-alpha,5,7a-alpha-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester
genipin ,
C09780 ,
6902-77-8
methyl (1r,4as,7as)-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
NCGC00186010-01
chebi:5298 ,
CHEMBL459016
AC1L9CSN ,
(1r,4as,7as)-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
A836320
HMS3261H13
ST080860 ,
unii-a3v2ne52yg
a3v2ne52yg ,
BCP9000722
HY-17389
CS-1096
LP00516
AKOS015851487
AM1140
cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester, (1r,4as,7as)-
S2412
CCG-221820
smr001456266
MLS006010198
SCHEMBL34249
tox21_500516
NCGC00261201-01
AZKVWQKMDGGDSV-BCMRRPTOSA-N
(1r,4as,7as)-1-hydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
cyclopenta(c)pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a.alpha.,5,7a.alpha.-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester
cyclopenta(c)pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester, (1r,4as,7as)-
cyclopenta(c)pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester, (1r-(1.alpha.,4a.alpha.,7a.alpha.))-
surecn34249
G0458
methyl (1s,2r,6s)-2-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-4,8-diene-5-carboxylate
AB01566854_01
J-521411
AC-8847
genipin, >=98% (hplc), powder
NCGC00186010-03
methyl (1r,4as,7as)-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1h,4ah,5h,7ah-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
DTXSID30894999
(1r,4as,7as)-methyl 1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
1202641-87-9
AS-18947
Q1463401
BRD-K28824103-001-04-4
SDCCGSBI-0633724.P001
NCGC00186010-10
EX-A4263
genipin is known as an aglycone dervied from geniposide.
bdbm50565452
cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methylester, (1r,4as,7as)-
EN300-7409283
Z2044761865

Research Excerpts

Overview

Genipin is an aglycone derived from the geniposide, the most abundant iridoid glucoside constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. It is a naturally occurring nontoxic cross-linker, which has been widely used for drug delivery.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Genipin is an important monoterpene iridoid compound isolated from "	( Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases. Bryś, M; Olas, B; Urbańska, K, 2022)	2.4
"Genipin is an extract of the natural medicine gardenia with various pharmacological activities."	( Genipin Inhibits the Development of Osteosarcoma through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Huang, X; Huang, Y; Jiwa, H; Luo, X; Xu, J; Zhang, J, 2023)	3.07
"Genipin is a natural crosslinker that improves the functional properties of proteins by modifying its structures. "	( Effects of ultrasound treatment on the morphological characteristics, structures and emulsifying properties of genipin cross-linked myofibrillar protein. Chen, J; Huang, M; Tao, Y; Wang, P; Xu, X; Zhang, W, 2023)	2.56
"Genipin acts as a precursor for producing blue colorants."	( Genipin, a natural blue colorant precursor: Source, extraction, properties, and applications. Ahmed, R; Hemar, Y; Iqbal, S; Ul Ain Hira, N; Wang, M; Yi, J, 2024)	3.61
"Genipin is a collagen cross-linking agent that may be used to treat myopia."	( Genipin inhibits the scleral expression of miR-29 and MMP2 and promotes COL1A1 expression in myopic eyes of guinea pigs. Li, RQ; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, M; Yang, ZK; Zhong, WJ, 2020)	2.72
"Genipin is an effective collagen crosslinker with low cytotoxicity and a promising therapeutic strategy for stabilizing an intratendinous lesion."	( Assessing the effects of intratendinous genipin injections: Mechanical augmentation and spatial distribution in an ex vivo degenerative tendon model. Camenzind, RS; Götschi, T; Snedeker, JG; Tondelli, T, 2020)	1.55
"Genipin is an aglycone derived from the geniposide, the most abundant iridoid glucoside constituent of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. "	( Therapeutic potential of genipin in various acute liver injury, fulminant hepatitis, NAFLD and other non-cancer liver diseases: More friend than foe. Cao, X; Cui, B; Fan, X; Feng, H; Jiang, K; Lin, L; Mao, L; Qingxiang, Y; Song, Y; Sun, C; Wang, B; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhao, T, 2020)	2.3
"Genipin is a nontoxic natural cross-linker that was successfully used to prepare cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Trametes versicolor laccase. "	( Immobilization of laccase via cross-linked enzyme aggregates prepared using genipin as a natural cross-linker. Hong, J; Jung, D; Lee, SH; Oh, KK; Oh, Y; Park, S, 2021)	2.29
"Genipin is a naturally occurring nontoxic cross-linker, which has been widely used for drug delivery due to its excellent biocompatibility, admirable biodegradability and stable cross-linked attributes. "	( Genipin-cross-linked hydrogels based on biomaterials for drug delivery: a review. Li, S; Pan, H; Xu, S; Yu, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Genipin is a major component of gardenia fruits with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetic actions, and it also can activate mitochondrial quality control via the AMPK pathway."	( Genipin and insulin combined treatment improves implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetic rats. Huang, H; Jia, T; Wang, YN; Xu, X; Zhang, D; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.79
"Genipin is an aglycone and is isolated from the extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit."	( Genipin Attenuates Tau Phosphorylation and Aβ Levels in Cellular Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Bi, D; Cai, N; Fang, W; Gu, L; Hu, Z; Li, H; Li, M; Lin, Z; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Xu, X; Yao, L, 2021)	2.79
"Genipin is a natural compound isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides with various pharmacological effects. "	( Genipin inhibits allergic responses in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. Cho, YK; Kim, JC; Ko, JW; Park, SH; Seo, CS; Shin, IS; Shin, NR, 2017)	3.34
"Genipin (GNP) is a metabolite from genipioside, which is an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and has been recognized as a beneficial compound against metabolic disorders."	( Genipin alleviates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice via miR-142a-5p/SREBP-1c axis. Chen, K; Feng, M; Liang, T; Liu, C; Shao, W; Wu, J; Zhong, H, 2018)	2.64
"Genipin is an exogenous collagen crosslink agent derived from the gardenia fruit that can enhance suture force to failure of the tendon-suture interface."	( Can Genipin-coated Sutures Deliver a Collagen Crosslinking Agent to Improve Suture Pullout in Degenerated Tendon? An Ex Vivo Animal Study. Camenzind, RS; Götschi, T; Holenstein, C; Snedeker, JG; Tondelli, TO, 2018)	1.76
"Genipin is a natural plant-derived compound that covalently cross-links biopolymers into lattice networks with good biocompatibility, controllable swelling, and mechanical properties. "	( Genipin Cross-Linking of Elastin and Elastin-Based Proteins. Muiznieks, LD, 2018)	3.37
"Genipin (GP) is a safe method for corneal crosslinking, even for very thin corneas. "	( The Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Corneal Crosslinking Agent-Genipin. Li, H; Qiao, J; Rong, B; Song, W; Tang, Y; Wu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, S, 2019)	2.2
"Genipin is a promising drug for treatment of patients with prolactinoma."	( Identification of driver genes and key pathways of prolactinoma predicts the therapeutic effect of genipin. Chen, Y; Ge, J; Jiang, S; Jin, R; Liu, D; Liu, X; Sun, D; Wang, X; Wu, B; Zhang, Y; Zhong, S; Zhou, X, 2019)	1.45
"Genipin is a compound derived from gardenia fruit extract. "	( Genipin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via downregulation of Stat3/mcl-1 pathway in gastric cancer. Ashktorab, H; Han, J; Heo, JY; Jeong, S; Jeong, YA; Jo, MJ; Kim, BG; Kim, BR; Kim, DY; Kim, JL; Lee, DH; Na, YJ; Oh, SC; Park, SH; Smoot, DT; Yun, HK, 2019)	3.4
"Genipin (GN) is a bioactive compound extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and exhibits potential antiviral activity."	( Evaluation on the antiviral activity of genipin against white spot syndrome virus in crayfish. Huang, AG; Qu, SY; Tan, XP; Wang, GX; Zhu, B, 2019)	1.5
"Genipin is a promising substitute for conventional synthetic crosslinking agents, which has offered an alternative for modification of natural biomaterials for tissue engineering."	( [Application of genipin for modification of natural biomaterials as a crosslinking agent]. Da, L; Wang, M; Xie, H; Xie, Y, 2013)	2.18
"Genipin is an agent that may reduce bioburden by chemical crosslinking without causing mechanical detriment or cytotoxicity."	( Genipin as a sporicidal agent for the treatment of cortical bone allografts. Akkus, O; Iglesias, R; Kishore, V; Reich, MS, 2014)	2.57
"Genipin is a compound found in gardenia fruit extract with diverse pharmacological activities. "	( Genipin induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression via NADPH oxidase, MAPKs, AP-1, and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Choi, JH; Chung, YC; Do, MT; Jeong, HG; Jeong, TC; Khanal, T; Kim, HG; Kim, HS; Park, YJ, 2014)	3.29
"Genipin is a well-known geniposide aglycon derived from Gardenia jasminoides, which has long been used in oriental medicine for controlling diverse conditions such as inflammation and infection."	( Genipin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through proteasome-mediated degradation of c-Fos protein and suppression of NF-κB activation. Kim, JY; Kwak, SC; Lee, CH; Lee, MS; Oh, HM; Oh, J; Rho, MC; Yoo, WH; Yoon, KH, 2014)	2.57
"Genipin is an aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, which is present in large quantities in the fruit of G."	( Genipin as a novel chemical activator of EBV lytic cycle. Cho, H; Jeong, CS; Jung, YW; Kang, H; Lee, M; Moon, A; Park, GH; Ryu, E; Son, M; Sung, GH, 2015)	2.58
"Genipin is a major active compound of gardenia fruit that has anti-apoptotic and anti-microbial properties."	( Genipin attenuates sepsis-induced immunosuppression through inhibition of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Kim, JS; Kim, SJ; Lee, SM, 2015)	2.58
"Genipin serves as an intermediary between patterned tissues and PDMS substrates, allowing cells to deposit newly-synthesized extracellular matrix protein onto a more hydrophilic surface and remain attached to the PDMS substrates."	( Microfluidic Genipin Deposition Technique for Extended Culture of Micropatterned Vascular Muscular Thin Films. Alford, PW; Hald, ES; Reeves, JA; Steucke, KE; Win, Z, 2015)	1.51
"Genipin is a natural low-toxic cross-linker for molecules with primary amino groups, and its use with collagen and gelatin has shown a great potential in tissue engineering applications. "	( Genipin diffusion and reaction into a gelatin matrix for tissue engineering applications. De Maria, C; Ghezzi, L; Montemurro, F; Orsi, G; Tinè, MR; Vozzi, G, 2017)	3.34
"Genipin is a low-toxicity collagen crosslinker derived from the gardenia fruit that has been shown to augment collagen tissue strength and mechanically arrest tendon-tear progression."	( Tendon Collagen Crosslinking Offers Potential to Improve Suture Pullout in Rotator Cuff Repair: An Ex Vivo Sheep Study. Camenzind, RS; Fessel, G; Meyer, DC; Snedeker, JG; Wieser, K, 2016)	1.16
"Genipin is a fully assessed non-cytotoxic crosslinking compound. "	( Physical properties imparted by genipin to chitosan for tissue regeneration with human stem cells: A review. Bottegoni, C; El Mehtedi, M; Gigante, A; Muzzarelli, RA, 2016)	2.16
"Genipin is an ideal cross-linking agent in biomedical applications, which can undergo ring-opening polymerization in alkaline condition. "	( Short-range and long-range cross-linking effects of polygenipin on gelatin-based composite materials. Ge, L; Li, D; Li, X; Liang, W; Mu, C; Xu, Y, 2016)	2.12
"Genipin is a major active component of Fructus Gardenia, which has been widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. "	( Genipin ameliorates hypertension-induced renal damage via the angiotensin II-TLR/MyD88/MAPK pathway. Bao, J; Li, Y; Liu, W; Shi, M; Yu, D; Yu, X, 2016)	3.32
"Genipin is a component of Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo), inchinkoto, and is used for the treatment of various liver injuries. "	( Genipin Inhibits the Induction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Through the Inhibition of NF-κB Activation in Rat Hepatocytes. Hishikawa, H; Ishizaki, M; Kaibori, M; Kon, M; Matsui, K; Matsushima, H; Matsuura, T; Miki, H; Nakatake, R; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Tsuda, T, 2017)	3.34
"Genipin is a naturally-derived biocompatible cross-linking agent commonly used to generate three dimensional tissue-engineered scaffolds or to fix biologically derived scaffolds prior to implantation. "	( Genipin enhances the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and protects against inflammatory degradation when used as a medium supplement. Ateshian, GA; DeFail, A; Hung, CT; Lima, EG; Marra, KG; Tai, T; Tan, AR, 2009)	3.24
"Genipin is an iridoid compound and an aglucon of geniposide isolated from Gardenia fructus. "	( Genipin suppresses A23187-induced cytotoxicity in neuro2a cells. Chiba, K; Yamazaki, M; Yoshikawa, C, 2009)	3.24
"Genipin is a metabolite of geniposide isolated from an extract of Gardenia fructus. "	( Genipin induced apoptosis associated with activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p53 protein in HeLa cells. Cao, H; Du, L; Feng, Q; Kang, Z; Li, X; Ren, Y; Xu, W, 2010)	3.25
"Genipin fixation is a novel alternative to conventional GA fixation in vitro material assessment and in vivo anticalcification effect. "	( Anticalcification effects of decellularization, solvent, and detoxification treatment for genipin and glutaraldehyde fixation of bovine pericardium. Choi, SY; Kim, SH; Kim, YJ; Lim, HG, 2012)	2.04
"Genipin blue is a pigment prepared from the reaction of genipin with amino acid. "	( Preparation of a genipin blue from egg protein and genipin. Fan, X; Wei, W; Yang, D; Zhou, M; Zhu, H, 2012)	2.16
"Genipin is a natural blue colorant in food industry. "	( Genipin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation in mice as evidenced by nuclear factor-κB bioluminescent imaging-guided transcriptomic analysis. Ho, TY; Hsiang, CY; Li, CC; Lo, HY; Pai, FT; Wu, SL, 2012)	3.26
"Genipin is reported to be a benign crosslinking agent that strengthens mechanical properties of tissues; however, the antimicrobial capacity of genipin is largely unknown."	( Sporicidal efficacy of genipin: a potential theoretical alternative for biomaterial and tissue graft sterilization. Akkus, O; Reich, MS, 2013)	1.42
"Genipin is a natural plant extract that has been shown to crosslink biological tissues and to produce color and fluorescence changes upon crosslinking."	( Genipin-induced changes in collagen gels: correlation of mechanical properties to fluorescence. Chabal, YJ; Lapin, NA; Miksan, JR; Monteiro, GA; Shreiber, DI; Sundararaghavan, HG, 2008)	2.51

Effects

Genipin has been shown to have hepatoprotective activity acting as a potent antioxidant and inhibitor of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2. It has also been reported to exert significant anticancer effects. Genipin is used as a blue colorant in food industry.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Genipin has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects, but its mechanism in protecting the ethanol-induced acute gastric injuries remains largely unclear. "	( Protective effects of genipin on ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Bu, H; Leng, X; Mu, S; Park, JP; Wang, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, T, 2020)	2.32
"Genipin has been proposed as a possible neuroprotective therapy in myopia and glaucoma. "	( Assessment of Visual and Retinal Function Following In Vivo Genipin-Induced Scleral Crosslinking. Ethier, CR; Feola, AJ; Gonzalez, P; Hannon, BG; Luna, C; Pardue, MT; Read, AT; Ritch, MD; Stinnett, SS; Vo, H, 2020)	2.24
"Genipin has been shown to have hepatoprotective activity acting as a potent antioxidant and inhibitor of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and also reported to exert significant anticancer effects."	( Potential role of genipin in cancer therapy. Arfuso, F; Bian, J; Bishayee, A; Goh, BC; Kumar, AP; Rajesh, M; Sethi, G; Shanmugam, MK; Shen, H; Tang, FR; Wang, L, 2018)	1.54
"Genipin has been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases."	( Genipin attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury and pulmonary hypertension via targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 β in neonatal rats. Guo, X; Li, J; Li, P; Liu, A; Shi, J; Wang, T, 2019)	2.68
"Genipin has been used as a blue colorant in food industry."	( Genipin inhibits IL-1β-induced CCL20 and IL-6 production from human periodontal ligament cells. Hosokawa, I; Hosokawa, Y; Matsuo, T; Ozaki, K; Shindo, S, 2014)	2.57
"Genipin has recently been reported to have some pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Genipin inhibits MMP-1 and MMP-3 release from TNF-a-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells. Hosokawa, I; Hosokawa, Y; Matsuo, T; Ozaki, K; Shindo, S, 2014)	2.57
"Genipin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. "	( Genipin alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways. Wang, S; Wu, H; Zhang, A; Zhang, J, 2016)	3.32
"Genipin has recently been reported to have diverse pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Genipin inhibits the inflammatory response of rat brain microglial cells. Cho, KH; Choi, YS; Jung, HJ; Kang, C; Kang, I; Lee, EH; Moon, SK; Nam, KN; Oh, MS; Park, GH; Park, JM, 2010)	2.52
"Genipin has also demonstrated the capability to increase retention of proteoglycans."	( The effects of exogenous crosslinking on hydration and fluid flow in the intervertebral disc subjected to compressive creep loading and unloading. Chuang, SY; Hedman, TP; Lin, LC; Popovich, JM, 2010)	1.08
"Genipin has been widely used as a natural crosslinker to substitute chemical crosslinkers such as glutaraldehyde to crosslink various biomaterials like gelatin, collagen, and chitosan. "	( Cytocompatibility study of a natural biomaterial crosslinker--Genipin with therapeutic model cells. Lau, TT; Loh, WL; Su, K; Wang, C; Wang, DA, 2011)	2.05

Actions

Genipin can inhibit the growth of human osteosarcoma cells. Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Genipin may inhibit the growth of osteosarcoma through PI3K/AKT signaling."	( Genipin Inhibits the Development of Osteosarcoma through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Huang, X; Huang, Y; Jiwa, H; Luo, X; Xu, J; Zhang, J, 2023)	3.07
"Genipin can inhibit the growth of human osteosarcoma cells, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway."	( Genipin Inhibits the Development of Osteosarcoma through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Huang, X; Huang, Y; Jiwa, H; Luo, X; Xu, J; Zhang, J, 2023)	3.8

Treatment

Genipin treatment reversed these effects in myopic eyes. Genipin-treated OIR pups with decreased AVA at p14 had reduced IVNV at p18 and increased amplitudes in a- and b-waves at p26.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Genipin pretreatment prevented LPS-induced histopathological deterioration, increased pulmonary edema, and decreased oxygenation index, all of which were inhibited using LY294002."	( Genipin attenuates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT pathway in acute lung injury. Gao, Y; Lei, X; Li, T; Li, Y; Lin, B; Luo, X; Wang, X, 2019)	2.68
"Genipin treatments resulted in general losses of total sulfhydryls (up to 2.9 nmol/mg) and free amines (up to 77.3 nmol/mg)."	( Genipin-Aided Protein Cross-linking to Modify Structural and Rheological Properties of Emulsion-Filled Hempseed Protein Hydrogels. Jiang, J; Wang, Q; Xiong, YL, 2019)	2.68
"Genipin treatment reversed these effects in myopic eyes."	( Genipin inhibits the scleral expression of miR-29 and MMP2 and promotes COL1A1 expression in myopic eyes of guinea pigs. Li, RQ; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Wang, M; Yang, ZK; Zhong, WJ, 2020)	2.72
"Genipin treatment had no influence on the biochemical profile (hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan and DNA content) of the constructs and cell viability was comparable between genipin-treated and control constructs, except at the highest genipin concentration."	( Effects of genipin crosslinking on mechanical cell-matrix interaction in 3D engineered tendon constructs. Giannopoulos, A; Kjaer, M; Magnusson, SP; Svensson, RB; Yeung, CYC, 2021)	1.73
"Genipin treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced lung injury as evidenced by improved histopathology, decreased lung edema, total cells, and protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)."	( Genipin protects rats against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by reinforcing autophagy. Chen, H; Li, T; Li, Z; Ma, C; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2019)	2.68
"Genipin-treated OIR pups with decreased AVA at p14 had reduced IVNV at p18 and increased amplitudes in a- and b-waves at p26."	( Enhancing Retinal Endothelial Glycolysis by Inhibiting UCP2 Promotes Physiologic Retinal Vascular Development in a Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Han, X; Hartnett, ME; Kong, J; Wang, H, 2019)	1.24
"Genipin-treated cortical beams demonstrated dose-dependent increases in yield strain (p=0.02) and resilience (p<0.01), whereas other mechanical properties were not affected by genipin treatment."	( Genipin as a sporicidal agent for the treatment of cortical bone allografts. Akkus, O; Iglesias, R; Kishore, V; Reich, MS, 2014)	2.57
"Genipin treatment increased the stiffness of healthy, intact cartilage in a dose-dependent manner."	( Genipin crosslinking of cartilage enhances resistance to biochemical degradation and mechanical wear. Bonitsky, CM; Jackson, ML; McGann, ME; Ovaert, TC; Trippel, SB; Wagner, DR, 2015)	2.58
"Genipin treatment for 4 hours showed no added benefit for suture-pullout behavior (46 N, [range, 35-95 N] versus 45 N, [range, 28-63 N]; difference of medians, 1 N; p = 1)."	( Tendon Collagen Crosslinking Offers Potential to Improve Suture Pullout in Rotator Cuff Repair: An Ex Vivo Sheep Study. Camenzind, RS; Fessel, G; Meyer, DC; Snedeker, JG; Wieser, K, 2016)	1.16
"In genipin-treated TM cells, Western immunoblotting showed a reduction of active MMP2 and MMP14 species and the presence of TIMP2-MMP14 higher molecular weight complexes."	( Effects of induction and inhibition of matrix cross-linking on remodeling of the aqueous outflow resistance by ocular trabecular meshwork cells. Acott, TS; Keller, KE; Sun, YY; Yang, YF, 2016)	0.95
"Genipin treatment also led to the recruitment of additional RNA polymerase to the majority of binding sites of some interesting proteins in the KSHV latency control region, which mi"	( Genipin Enhances Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Genome Maintenance. Cho, M; Jung, JW; Jung, SW; Kang, H; Lee, S; Park, GH; Seo, T; Shin, YS; Son, K, 2016)	2.6
"The genipin treated groups were also more resistant to cytokine-induced degradation with interleukin-1alpha; maintaining an E(Y) (+218%), G* (+390%) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (+477%) over genipin-untreated constructs subjected to interleukin."	( Genipin enhances the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and protects against inflammatory degradation when used as a medium supplement. Ateshian, GA; DeFail, A; Hung, CT; Lima, EG; Marra, KG; Tai, T; Tan, AR, 2009)	2.28
"Genipin-treated matrices were not cytotoxic."	( Genipin blues: an alternative non-toxic crosslinker for heart valves? Bouchez, S; Cornelissen, M; Cox, E; De Somer, F; Gasthuys, F; Narine, K; Somers, P; Van Nooten, G, 2008)	2.51
"Pretreatment with genipin increased AKT phosphorylation, indicating that PI3K/AKT signaling was upregulated."	( Genipin attenuates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT pathway in acute lung injury. Gao, Y; Lei, X; Li, T; Li, Y; Lin, B; Luo, X; Wang, X, 2019)	2.28
"Co-treatment with genipin plus a sublethal dose of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG50) showed almost a curative reduction in spleen and liver parasite burden."	( Antileishmanial effect of the natural immunomodulator genipin through suppression of host negative regulatory protein UCP2. Das, PK; Gupta, AK; Roy, S, 2021)	1.19
"Pretreatment with genipin inhibited LPS-induced increases in NO production and reduced the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6) in BV-2 cells."	( Genipin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced persistent changes of emotional behaviors and neural activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the central amygdala nucleus. Araki, R; Hiraki, Y; Yabe, T, 2014)	2.17

Toxicity

Genipin is a safe method for corneal crosslinking, even for very thin corneas. PSR was safe and effective to treat macular detachment and retinoschisis in high myopia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A recognized drawback of the currently available chemical cross-linking reagents used to fix bioprostheses is the potential toxic effects a recipient may be exposed to from the fixed tissues and/or the residues."	( In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent for biological tissue fixation. Huang, LL; Huang, RN; Sung, HW; Tsai, CC, 1999)	0.3
"Intestinal microflora (IM) is able to produce toxic and carcinogenic metabolites and induce more potent cytotoxicity against cells than non-metabolites."	( Biotransformation of geniposide by human intestinal microflora on cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Ahn, YT; Choi, JH; Do, MT; Jeong, HG; Jeong, TC; Kang, MJ; Kang, W; Khanal, T; Kim, DH; Kim, HG; Kong, MJ; Noh, K; Yeo, HK, 2012)	0.38
" Initially, toxic effects of geniposide and its metabolite genipin were compared."	( Role of metabolism by human intestinal microflora in geniposide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. Ahn, YT; Jeong, HG; Jeong, TC; Kang, MJ; Khanal, T; Kim, DH; Kim, HG; Lee, DH; Lee, YS; Yeo, HK, 2012)	0.62
" After the treatment, more than 95% of the initial blue product was removed from the waste solution and the treated waste was proven to be safe for aquatic organisms, as studied in brine shrimp and guppy fishes."	( "From safe source to safe sink" development of colorimetric assay for gabapentin in bulk drug and capsules using naturally derived genipin. Dejpittayanunt, S; Kongpakwattana, K; Nuntharatanapong, N; Pathomcharoensukchai, S; Rojanarata, T; Suksaran, U; Winotapun, W, 2012)	0.58
"For at least a 1 year period of follow-up, PSR with genipin cross-linked sclera was safe and effective to treat macular detachment and retinoschisis in high myopia when a macular hole was not present."	( The efficacy and safety of posterior scleral reinforcement using genipin cross-linked sclera for macular detachment and retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes. Pan, AP; Wang, QM; Xue, AQ; Yu, AY; Zheng, LY; Zhu, SQ, 2016)	0.92
" Histopathological examination suggested that no toxic damages were observed in rats treated orally with MG (0."	( Evaluation of the Antidepressant Activity, Hepatotoxicity and Blood Brain Barrier Permeability of Methyl Genipin. Che, X; Fan, H; Wang, M; Wang, T; Wang, W; Xu, H; Yang, M, 2016)	0.65
"Genipin (GP) is a safe method for corneal crosslinking, even for very thin corneas."	( The Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Corneal Crosslinking Agent-Genipin. Li, H; Qiao, J; Rong, B; Song, W; Tang, Y; Wu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, S, 2019)	2.2
"25% GP resulted in minimal toxicity to keratocytes and endothelial cells, suggesting that it is a safe crosslinking agent at those concentrations."	( The Short-Term Safety Evaluation of Corneal Crosslinking Agent-Genipin. Li, H; Qiao, J; Rong, B; Song, W; Tang, Y; Wu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, S, 2019)	0.75

Pharmacokinetics

The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of GNP-GLU following oral and intravenous administration of genipin to rats.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of genipin following oral and intravenous administration to rats."	( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)	0.88
" The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of GNP-GLU following oral and intravenous administration of genipin to rats."	( A validated HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of genipin-1-o-glucuronic acid in rat plasma after administration of genipin and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Ji, G; Peng, M; Tao, JS; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.85
" This study was designed to confirm the expected synergistic effects of RGHP at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels."	( Synergistic effects of rhubarb-gardenia herb pair in cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. Dong, LC; Dong, X; Fan, YX; Li, HJ; Li, P; Ma, J; Yu, Q, 2015)	0.42
" For pharmacodynamic study, biochemical and histopathological tests were performed to assess the hepatoprotective effects."	( Synergistic effects of rhubarb-gardenia herb pair in cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. Dong, LC; Dong, X; Fan, YX; Li, HJ; Li, P; Ma, J; Yu, Q, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic study indicated RGHP could significantly elevate systemic exposure level and prolong retention time of five markers in comparison with rhubarb or gardenia alone."	( Synergistic effects of rhubarb-gardenia herb pair in cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. Dong, LC; Dong, X; Fan, YX; Li, HJ; Li, P; Ma, J; Yu, Q, 2015)	0.42
"The present study demonstrated the synergistic effects of RGHP in ANIT-induced cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels, and has significant enlightenments for the rational use of the related TCM formulas containing RGHP."	( Synergistic effects of rhubarb-gardenia herb pair in cholestatic rats at pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels. Dong, LC; Dong, X; Fan, YX; Li, HJ; Li, P; Ma, J; Yu, Q, 2015)	0.42

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" By using 10 mg/mL cellulase and 24 h-incubation at 50 °C, pH 4, combined with in situ extraction, genipin with good purity was yielded at 58."	( One-enzyme catalyzed simultaneous plant cell disruption and conversion of released glycoside to aglycone combined with in situ product separation as green one-pot production of genipin from gardenia fruit. Ngawhirunpat, T; Opanasopit, P; Rojanarata, T; Winotapun, W, 2013)	0.8
" In this study, rat adipose stem cells (rASCs) were seeded into anti-oxidative N-acetylcysteine (NAC) grafted polyurethane (PU) scaffold and then combined with short dynamic compressive stimulation (24 h) to induce rASCs chondrogenesis differentiation in vitro."	( Studies of proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of rat adipose stem cells using an anti-oxidative polyurethane scaffold combined with cyclic compression culture. Cheng, CH; Huang, ST; Lin, JC; Tseng, SJ; Wu, CC, 2020)	0.56

Bioavailability

The aim of this study was to prepare the inclusion complex of genipin (GP) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) with improved stability, solubility, and bioavailability. Compared with the composite bio-sponge crosslinked using glutaraldehyde, the degree of cross linking decreased but the water absorption rate and the degradation rate increased.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The aim of this study was to prepare the inclusion complex of genipin (GP) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) with improved stability, solubility, and bioavailability and to study the pharmacokinetics of beta-CD inclusion complex in mice."	( Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of the inclusion complex of genipin-beta-cyclodextrin. Ji, G; Lu, Y; Tao, J; Wang, S; Zhang, T, 2009)	0.82
"The relative bioavailability of the inclusion complex of GP-beta-CD to free GP was 305."	( Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of the inclusion complex of genipin-beta-cyclodextrin. Ji, G; Lu, Y; Tao, J; Wang, S; Zhang, T, 2009)	0.58
" The absorption rate and permeability value of the inclusion complex were significantly higher than the free drug, suggesting that its enhancing effect was involved in its solubilizing effect and Pgp inhibitory effect."	( Enhancing effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the intestinal absorption process of genipin. Cui, YL; Meng, FC; Song, YF; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.59
" The absolute bioavailability of genipin was 80."	( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)	0.95
" (2) The water absorption rate of composite bio-sponge crosslinked using genipin was better than that of crosslinked using glutaraldehyde."	( [The influences of cross-linking agent on the composite bio-sponge]. Huang, L; Li, D; Li, P; Luo, J, 2012)	0.61
"Compared with the composite bio-sponge crosslinked using glutaraldehyde, the degree of cross linking and the cytotoxicity of the composite bio-sponge crosslinked using genipin decreased; however, the water absorption rate and the degradation rate increased."	( [The influences of cross-linking agent on the composite bio-sponge]. Huang, L; Li, D; Li, P; Luo, J, 2012)	0.57
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"In this work, coated liposome as a novel delivery system assembled from genipin-crosslinked with whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium alginate (SA) as the second layer on WPI-coated liposomal was developed in order to increase its bioavailability and prolong release for drug and nutraceuticals."	( The influence of sodium alginate and genipin on physico-chemical properties and stability of WPI coated liposomes. Rajabzadeh, G; Zamani Ghaleshahi, A, 2020)	1.06

Dosage Studied

The antioxidant effects were limited to the treatment in the lower dosage of genipin. Higher dosage ofgenipin treatment resulted in the increased reactive oxygen species level and cytotoxicity. This study established an in vitro dose-response baseline for the effects on tendon cells.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This dosage of genipin significantly reduced cell death at 48 h compared to vehicle control (0."	( Neuroprotection by genipin against reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species-mediated injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Ahmed, I; Hughes, RH; Morrison, B; Shreiber, DI; Silva, VA, 2014)	1.08
" This study established an in vitro dose-response baseline for the effects of genipin treatment on tendon cells and their matrix, with a view to in vivo application to the repair of partial tendon tears."	( Dose- and time-dependent effects of genipin crosslinking on cell viability and tissue mechanics - toward clinical application for tendon repair. Cadby, J; Fessel, G; Snedeker, JG; van Weeren, R; Wunderli, S, 2014)	0.91
" Interestingly, the antioxidant effects were limited to the treatment in the lower dosage of genipin, where higher dosage of genipin treatment resulted in the increased reactive oxygen species level and cytotoxicity."	( Chemopreventive Properties of Genipin on AGS Cell Line via Induction of JNK/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway. Chang, HI; Ha, CH; Kim, JM; Kim, SJ; Ko, H; Shim, SH, 2016)	0.94
" To establish a dose-response relationship, we used inflation testing to simulate the effects of increasing intraocular pressure in freshly harvested rat eyes stiffened with multiple concentrations of each agent."	( Quantification of the efficacy of collagen cross-linking agents to induce stiffening of rat sclera. Campbell, IC; Ethier, CR; Hannon, BG; Read, AT; Schwaner, SA; Sherwood, JM, 2017)	0.46
" These results suggested that this GEN-CS/INH/RMP NGPs inhalation powder would be a more useful dosage form than separate dose of INH or RMP for MTB."	( Genipin-crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan nanogel for lung-targeted delivery of isoniazid and rifampin. Cai, X; Chen, T; Guo, L; Liao, W; Ma, D; Tan, W; Wang, W; Wu, T; Xiang, W; Yu, W; Zhang, J; Zhou, J, 2018)	1.92
"Mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form for a successful oral drug delivery, which provides unique advantages for various applications such as treatment of periodontal disease and postdental surgery disorders."	( Fabrication of multifunctional mucoadhesive buccal patch for drug delivery applications. Bahrami, SH; Bashari, A; Hemmatinejad, N; Rohani Shirvan, A, 2021)	0.62

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
uncoupling protein inhibitor	Any inhibitor that acts on uncoupling protein.
hepatotoxic agent	A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
apoptosis inhibitor	Any substance that inhibits the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
anti-inflammatory agent	Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
cross-linking reagent	A reagent with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between macromolecules, principally side chains of amino acids in proteins, allowing the locations of naturally reactive areas within the proteins to be identified.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
iridoid monoterpenoid	One of a class of monoterpenoids biosynthesized from isoprene and often intermediates in the biosynthesis of alkaloids. Iridoids usually consist of a cyclopentane ring fused to a six-membered oxygen heterocycle; cleavage of a bond in the cyclopentane ring gives rise to the subclass known as secoiridoids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	29.9349	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID488772; AID588456
Fumarate hydratase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0030	8.7949	48.0869	AID1347053
polyprotein	Zika virus	Potency	15.8489	0.0030	8.7949	48.0869	AID1347053
arylsulfatase A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	21.3313	1.0691	13.9551	37.9330	AID720538
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.7000	4.5804	9.4500	AID1741900
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.0005	3.4984	9.7600	AID1741899
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.3180	4.0042	9.6000	AID1741901
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid storage	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
erythrocyte differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor recycling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of chemotaxis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of positive thymic T cell selection	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JUN kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organization	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of endocytosis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular protein transport	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to unfolded protein	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor recycling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor catabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
triglyceride metabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
integrin-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
axonogenesis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
brain development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
heart development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellar cortex formation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet formation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell costimulation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type I interferon production	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus organization	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interferon-beta production	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
organ growth	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
megakaryocyte development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
atrioventricular canal development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
ERBB signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone metabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ossification	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glucose import	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein export from nucleus	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hormone secretion	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organismal reproductive process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
genitalia development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
inner ear development	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cortisol secretion	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
Bergmann glial cell differentiation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of growth hormone secretion	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
face morphogenesis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
intestinal epithelial cell migration	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
integrin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
syntaxin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
STAT family protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphotyrosine residue binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphoprotein phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor complex adaptor activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesion molecule binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome lumen	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial crista	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome lumen	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sorting endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1246874	Induction of apoptosis in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cleaved PARP level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246907	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of p21 expression at 50 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis in presence of si-Egr1	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246911	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells transfected with p21-pcDNA3 assessed as increase in cleaved PARP level at 50 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246895	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of protein expression by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246905	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of p21 mRNA expression at 50 to 100 uM by RT-qPCR analysis in presence of si-Egr1 relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246883	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 100 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 52.82 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246878	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species at 100 uM by H2DCFDA probe-based flow cytometric analysis relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246906	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of protein expression at 50 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis in presence of si-Egr1	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246886	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 50 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 21.40 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246865	Cytotoxicity against human AGS cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 6 hrs by MTT assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246897	Upregulation of Egr1 mRNA expression in human AGS cells by RT-qPCR analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246908	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as induction of p21 promoter activity at 12.5 to 100 uM by dual luciferase reporter gene assay in presence of si-Egr1	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246894	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as downregulation of cyclin E expression at 12.5 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246910	Cytotoxicity against human AGS cells assessed as cell viability at 100 uM after 6 hrs by MTT assay in presence of si-Egr1	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246912	Cytotoxicity against human AGS cells transfected with p21-pcDNA3 assessed as cell viability at 12.5 to 100 uM after 6 hrs by MTT assay relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID467894	Antiviral activity against HCV expressing E1E2 glycoprotein with Vpr-deficient HIV vector assessed as inhibition of viral entry in human Huh7 cells at 20 ug/ml measured after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2009	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 72, Issue:12	Lamiridosins, hepatitis C virus entry inhibitors from Lamium album.
AID358154	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 100 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA
AID1246884	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 12.5 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 21.40 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246913	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells transfected with p21-pcDNA3 assessed as increase in intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species at 100 uM by H2DCFDA probe-based flow cytometric analysis relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID358152	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 1000 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA
AID334196	Inhibition of classical complement pathway activation at 6.6 uM assessed as complement modulation test	2003	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Complement-inhibiting iridoids from Morinda morindoides.
AID1246869	Cytotoxicity against human AGS cells assessed as cell viability at 100 uM after 6 hrs by MTT assay in presence of caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246881	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 25 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 52.82 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246891	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 100 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 23.05 +/- 3.15%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID735999	Antiviral activity against EV71 infected in human RD cells assessed as cell survival rate at 1 to 2 mg/ml after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 62	Inhibition of enterovirus 71 infections and viral IRES activity by Fructus gardeniae and geniposide.
AID1246871	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved PARP level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID725307	Inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse RAW264.7 cells by Griess reaction based method	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Chemical constituents from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production.
AID1246876	Induction of apoptosis in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-7 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246882	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 50 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 52.82 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID358153	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 500 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA
AID1246900	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as induction of p21 promoter activity by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246901	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as induction of p21 promoter activity by ChIP assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1741901	Inhibition of recombinant SHP2 (unknown origin) using pNPP as substrate measured after 30 mins	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID1246889	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 25 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 23.05 +/- 3.15%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID467898	Inhibition of human recombinant GST-tagged CD81 protein assessed as HCV E1E2 binding after 1 hr by Western blot analysis	2009	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 72, Issue:12	Lamiridosins, hepatitis C virus entry inhibitors from Lamium album.
AID1246909	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-3 level at 50 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis in presence of si-Egr1	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246904	Upregulation of Egr1 mRNA expression in human AGS cells at 50 to 100 uM by RT-qPCR analysis in presence of si-Egr1 relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246885	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 25 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 21.40 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1741900	Inhibition of recombinant human TCPTP using pNPP as substrate measured after 30 mins	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID358156	Cytotoxicity against human Raji cells assessed as cell viability at 1000 molar ratio after 48 hrs by trypan blue assay
AID1246868	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-3 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246877	Induction of apoptosis in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-3 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246899	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of protein expression after 6 hrs by DAPI staining-based fluorescence microscopic analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246867	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-3 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis in presence of caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1741899	Inhibition of recombinant human PTP1B using pNPP as substrate measured after 30 mins	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID1246875	Induction of apoptosis in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-9 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID467899	Antiviral activity against HCV expressing E1E2 glycoprotein with Vpr-deficient HIV vector assessed as inhibition of viral entry in human Huh7 cells at 20 ug/ml after 72 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2009	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 72, Issue:12	Lamiridosins, hepatitis C virus entry inhibitors from Lamium album.
AID1246880	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 12.5 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 52.82 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246879	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after 6 hrs by Rh-123 staining-based flow cytometric analysis relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246903	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in interaction with p21 promoter by ChIP assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID358155	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells assessed as EA activation at 10 molar ratio after 48 hrs relative to TPA
AID1246873	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-7 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246893	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as downregulation of cyclin A expression at 12.5 to 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246896	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of p21 expression by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246887	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 100 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 21.40 +/- 2.87%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246892	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246890	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 50 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 23.05 +/- 3.15%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246898	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as upregulation of p21 mRNA expression by RT-qPCR analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246870	Cytotoxicity against human AGS cells assessed as cell viability at 100 uM after 6 hrs by MTT assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246866	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 12.5 to 100 uM after 6 hrs by MTT assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246872	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in cleaved caspase-9 level at 100 uM by Western blot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID467897	Antiviral activity against HCV infected in human Huh7 cells assessed as inhibition of viral replication after 72 hrs by NS5A staining	2009	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 72, Issue:12	Lamiridosins, hepatitis C virus entry inhibitors from Lamium album.
AID1246888	Cell cycle arrest in human AGS cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 12.5 uM after 6 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 23.05 +/- 3.15%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1246902	Activation of Egr1 in human AGS cells assessed as increase in interaction with p21 promoter by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19	Induction of apoptosis by genipin inhibits cell proliferation in AGS human gastric cancer cells via Egr1/p21 signaling pathway.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3 (0.35)	18.7374
1990's	9 (1.06)	18.2507
2000's	133 (15.59)	29.6817
2010's	526 (61.66)	24.3611
2020's	182 (21.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (0.35%)	5.53%
Reviews	19 (2.20%)	6.00%
Case Studies	3 (0.35%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	837 (97.10%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Trial			Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Clinical and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Intratendinous Genipin Injection in Horses With Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Injuries [NCT05755750]			Phase 3	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-28	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
catechol [no description available]	7.82	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.27	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.39	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.15	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.47	7	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.15	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.52	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.41	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.17	5	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.03	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.17	5	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.79	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.99	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	2.03	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.02	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	7.6	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.53	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.13	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.76	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.48	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.13	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	7.31	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.6	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	7.63	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	7.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.51	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
berberine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.25	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.08	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.13	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.57	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cystamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapsone [no description available]	2.6	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	7.93	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.6	1	0
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	7.46	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	7.81	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.48	2	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	7.07	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.05	1	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	7.64	58	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.21	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.02	4	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.5	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.6	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.87	3	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.52	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	oxopurine
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.07	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.03	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
corticosterone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.95	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.25	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.47	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.1	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.1	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	8.01	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.15	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	8.01	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.51	2	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.25	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	8.21	4	0	lactose
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.98	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.98	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
cytarabine [no description available]	7.52	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.17	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	1.96	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	8.57	2	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.1	1	0	phthalimides
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.11	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
boric acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	boric acids	astringent
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.49	2	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
glyoxal [no description available]	3.27	1	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.22	5	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.55	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.31	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.06	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.03	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.6	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
rhein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.11	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	4.54	7	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.41	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.25	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	7.15	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.21	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.55	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.11	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
2-naphthol orange Acid Orange II: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.05	4	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2.13	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.53	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.11	14	0
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.07	1	0	zinc molecular entity
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.41	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.52	2	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	3.84	3	0
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.97	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane [no description available]	2.15	1	0
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	7.08	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.08	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	1.97	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.98	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.58	2	0	titanium group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.6	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.49	2	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.66	9	0	calcium phosphate
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.03	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.58	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	7.6	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.85	3	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.15	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.78	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	7.05	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.15	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.72	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.17	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.11	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.53	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	7.13	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.09	5	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.05	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
baicalin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.82	3	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.1	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
didrovaltrate didrovaltrate: RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,6alpha,7beta,7aalpha))-isomer	2.05	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid
adipic dihydrazide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.13	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.59	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
cornin iridoid cornin iridoid: structure	2.05	1	0	terpene glycoside
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.06	1	0	MES; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.81	3	0
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	8.42	1	1	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	7.05	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
loganin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	2.11	1	0	glycoside
loganic acid loganic acid: structure. loganic acid : A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclopentapyran; glucoside	plant metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.71	3	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
aucubin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.05	1	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	10.46	19	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.31	1	0
diosgenin [no description available]	7.25	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	3.01	3	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.13	1	0
geniposide [no description available]	5.25	47	0	terpene glycoside
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.98	4	0	proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	2.45	2	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.13	1	0
1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
diphenylphosphorazidate diphenylphosphorazidate: reagent for racemization-free peptide synthesis; structure	2.15	1	0
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein 5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.6	1	0
n-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate N-benzoylphenylalanylphenylalinol acetate: metabolite of Aspergillus glaucus	2.31	1	0	amphetamines
carbapenems [no description available]	2.05	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.41	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	7.15	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.21	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.44	7	0	carbodiimide
sweroside [no description available]	2.11	1	0	glycoside
patrinoside patrinoside: obtained from Patrina scabiosaefolia; RN given refers to (1S-(1 alpha,4a alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha,7a alpha))-isomer; structure in 9th CI Form Index	2.36	2	0	terpene glycoside
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.77	3	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bortezomib [no description available]	2.06	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.05	1	0
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	4.1	13	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.08	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.71	9	0	oligopeptide
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.31	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	7.81	3	0	cellotriose
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.02	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.02	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
agnuside agnuside: isolated from Vitex peduncularis; structure in first source. agnuside : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with the primary hydroxy group of aucubin. It is an iridoid glycoside found in several Vitex plants including Vitex agnus-castus.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; terpene glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite; pro-angiogenic agent
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	2.11	1	0	glycoside
geniposidic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	terpene glycoside
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.77	3	0	cyclodextrin
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.11	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.01	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.51	2	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	1.95	1	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.13	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.41	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	19.06	804	3
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.84	3	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	2.36	2	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.47	2	0	stilbene
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.61	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.43	6	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.13	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.46	2	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.82	2	0
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.1	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
genipin 1-gentiobioside genipin 1-gentiobioside: from Gardenia fructus (zhi-zi)	2.08	1	0	terpene glycoside
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.72	3	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.84	3	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.57	2	0
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.03	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	7.58	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.07	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
gardenia yellow gardenia yellow: extract of gardenia fruit; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF. crocin-1 : A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.	2.74	3	0	diester; disaccharide derivative; diterpenoid	antioxidant; food colouring; histological dye; plant metabolite
capillarisin capillarisin: from Artemisiae capillaris Herba.; structure	2.05	1	0	coumarins
harpagoside harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent	2.05	1	0	terpene glycoside
baicalein [no description available]	7.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	8	4	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.74	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.97	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.31	1	0
tinopal cbs-x 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl: a stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agent; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	7.15	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.1	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.21	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.02	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.49	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
hki 272 [no description available]	2.6	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.41	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.01	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	7.6	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.05	1	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.53	2	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.17	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
Shanzhiside methyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycoside; iridoid monoterpenoid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.78	3	0
oenothein b oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor	2.15	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	0	peptide hormone
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.94	3	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.07	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.75	9	0	glycoside
sodium salicylate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
lamalbid lamalbid: from Pedicula dicora	2.05	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	9.02	181	0
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.21	1	0
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	7.08	1	0	glycoside
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	7.31	1	0	tannin
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.21	1	0
gardenoside gardenoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 1S(1alpha,4alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer. gardenoside : A cyclopentapyran that is 7-deoxyloganin with a methyl and hydrogen replaced by hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups at position 7.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alcohol	metabolite
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.1	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.46	7	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.6	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.15	1	0
smectite smecta: used therapeutically in chronic gastritis. montmorillonite : An aluminosilicate mineral consisting of aluminosilicate layers approximately 1 nm thick which are surface-substituted with metal cations and stacked in ca. 10 mum-sized multilayer stacks. Its approximate formula is R(+)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O where R(+) includes one or more of the cations Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+).	2.17	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.7	9	0
nor 4 NOR 4: a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing agent	2.03	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.07	1	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.6	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	7.41	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	1.99	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.52	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.45	7	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.52	2	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.73	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.08	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.1	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	7.17	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.03	1	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	oligosaccharide
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.76	3	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	7.78	3	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.46	2	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.08	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.21	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.01	35	0
Itching [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.21	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.21	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.31	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.35	7	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.35	7	1
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	3.8	1	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.7	26	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.7	26	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.82	2	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	3.58	7	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	3.58	7	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.77	9	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.77	9	0
Aura [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.41	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.41	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	8.02	4	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.86	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.41	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.52	7	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.74	8	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.74	8	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.47	5	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.77	9	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.47	5	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.77	9	0
Anal Fistula [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.52	4	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.63	8	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.63	8	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.86	3	0
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	7.6	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.86	3	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.6	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.54	2	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	8.01	4	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.6	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	7.82	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.6	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.6	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.6	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.61	2	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.59	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.37	6	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.23	4	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.23	4	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.6	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.5	7	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.5	7	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.4	6	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.87	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	3.01	4	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.69	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.25	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.51	2	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.25	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.63	8	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.63	8	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.61	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.61	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.25	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.02	4	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.25	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	7.84	3	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.25	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.25	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.25	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	8.95	4	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.25	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.25	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.25	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.25	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.25	1	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	2.25	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.31	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.31	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.74	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.5	2	0
Growth Plate Fractures [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.81	3	0
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	3.1	4	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.54	2	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.23	5	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	7.59	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.15	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.59	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.46	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.01	4	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.8	3	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	2.15	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.15	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.15	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.15	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	7.52	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3	4	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3	4	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.78	3	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	7.85	3	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	2.17	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.36	6	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.04	4	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.83	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.17	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sclera Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	7.21	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	2.21	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.21	1	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.17	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.83	3	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.21	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.21	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.53	2	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.21	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.21	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.21	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.48	2	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.21	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.49	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.08	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.77	3	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.08	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.08	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.08	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	8.85	2	1
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.1	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.1	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.76	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.17	5	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.11	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.11	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.11	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.52	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.51	2	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.11	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.11	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.11	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.11	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.47	2	0
Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	2.13	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.13	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.13	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	8.04	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.13	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.49	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.13	1	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.05	1	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.05	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.47	2	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.05	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.05	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.06	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.05	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.06	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	7.06	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.06	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.07	1	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	2.07	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.07	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.07	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.07	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	2.08	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.08	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	7.08	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.92	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.01	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.01	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.02	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.43	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.03	1	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.03	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.04	1	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	2	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	7	1	0

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Synonyms (57)

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Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

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Roles (6)

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Potency Measurements

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Biological Processes (104)

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Ceullar Components (14)

Bioassays (89)

Research

Studies (853)

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Research Demand Index: 50.56

Study Types

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (312)

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