hydrogen sulfide profile

Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	402
CHEMBL ID	1200739
CHEMBL ID	2105487
CHEBI ID	16136
CHEBI ID	29256
CHEBI ID	26833
MeSH ID	M0010721

Synonym
Q682
AKOS015833648
dihydrogen monosulfide
dihydridosulfur
sulfure d'hydrogene
acide sulfhydrique
schwefelwasserstoff
hydrogene sulfure
CHEBI:16136 ,
dihydrogen sulfide
[sh2]
hydrogen sulphide
sulfane
dihydrogen(sulfide)
sulfureted hydrogen
merkaptan
a thiol
CHEBI:29256
stink damp
thiols ,
mercaptans
hepatic acid
sastid (tn)
bensulfoid (tn)
D00024
eskamel
hsdb 576
einecs 231-977-3
idrogeno solforato [italian]
sewer gas
hydrogene sulphure
siarkowodor [polish]
rcra waste number u135
acide sulphhydrique
fema no. 3779
acide sulfhydrique [french]
hydrogen sulfide (h2s)
un1053
un 1053
hydrogen sulfide h2s
hydrogen sulfure [french]
rcra waste no. u135
hydrogen sulfuric acid
zwavelwaterstof [dutch]
hydrogene sulfure [french]
schwefelwasserstoff [german]
azufre
theion
schwefel
CHEBI:26833 ,
component of bensulfoid
netzschwefel
micowetsulf
cosan
kolloidschwefel 95
cosan 80
crystex
polsulkol extra
microflotox
rc-schwefel extra
colsul
nsc-403664
kumulus
nsc403664
corosul d and s
kolofog
elosal
magnetic 70, and 95
kolo 100
kolospray
hexasul
thiol
hydrogen sulfide
7783-06-4
hydrogen-sulfide
C00283
RSH ,
C00087
H2S ,
hydrosulfuric acid
hydrogen sulfide, >=99.5%
transact
epa pesticide chemical code 077501
einecs 231-722-6
sastid
magnetic 70, 90, and 95
hsdb 5166
un1350
un2448
microthiol
schwefel, feinverteilter
collokit
na2448
na1350
kumulus fl
liquamat
nsc 403664
magnetic 6
shreesul
kristex
caswell no. 812
sulfide, hydrogen
F5FD384D-E823-4920-B313-6476A1F3F0C5
CHEMBL1200739
zwavelwaterstof
yy9fvm7nsn ,
hydrogen sulfide [un1053] [poison gas]
ec 231-977-3
idrogeno solforato
siarkowodor
hydrogen sulfure
unii-yy9fvm7nsn
37331-50-3
MX12290000
niosh/mx1229000
AKOS015950634
sulfur, colloidal
sulfur,colloidal
colloidal sulphur
CHEMBL2105487
sulfur,sublimed
sulfur,precipitated
sulfur, molten
ec 231-722-6
sulfur [un1350] [flammable solid]
sulfur [na1350] [class 9]
proactiv
sulfur, molten [un2448] [flammable solid]
sulfur, molten [na2448] [class 9]
sulfuretted hydrogen
sulfur-32s
sulphur hydrogenisatum [hpus]
hydrogen sulfide [mi]
hydrogen sulfide [hsdb]
sulphur hydrogenisatum
hydrogen sulfide [fhfi]
dihydrogen monosulphide
hydrogen sulfide [mart.]
BP-21056
NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
monosulfane
hepatic gas
sour gas (salt/mix)
FT-0698736
hydrogen sulfide, purum, >=99.0%
bdbm50147625
hydrosulfurate
sour gas
hepatate
sulfur, powder, 99.998% trace metals basis
F21255
DTXSID4024149 ,
Q60998679
bdbm50498447
acnil
meted
acnaveen
dome-acne
cuticura
Q7636182
Q170591
intracellular s0
A857440
U0149
sulfur (powder)
sulfur - s @ 2% in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur set for astm d5453: s @ 0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200 ng/microl in isooctane
sulfur in residual oil @ 10,000microg/g, 1l
sulfur - s @ 3.00wt% in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur - s @ 3% in residual oil , 1 gallon
sulfur standard: s @ 5000 microg/g (0.500 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur @ 7000microg/g in residual oil
sulfur - s @ 5.00wt% in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur - s @ 5,000ug/g in residual oil, 1 gallon
sulfur @ 7000microg/g in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur in residual oil @ 30,000microg/g, 1l
sulfur standard: s @ 30000 microg/g (3.00 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur in residual oil @ 50,000microg/g, 1l
sulfur - s @ 2% in resdidual oil , 1 gallon
sulfur - s @ 5000microg/g in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur - s @ 5000microg/g in residual oil, 1l
sulfur standard: s @ 20000 microg/g (2.00 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur @ 3500microg/g in residual oil, 100ml
sulfur standard: s @ 50000 microg/g (5.00 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur set for astm d5453: s @ 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 ng/microl in isooctane
sulfur - s @ 1% in residual oil, 1 gallon
total sulfur by uv fluorescence set for astm d5453 - s @ 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 ng/microl. set of 6x2ml ampoules in toluene.
sulfur in residual oil @ 20,000microg/g, 1l
sulfur - s @ 4.00wt% in residual oil, 500ml
sulfur - s @ 200microg/g in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur - s @ 1.00wt% in residual oil, 500ml
total sulfur by uv fluorescence set for astm d5453 -in toluene
sulfur - s @ 4% in residual oil, 1 gallon
sulfur - s @ 3,500ug/g in residual oil, 500ml
total sulfur by uv fluorescence set for astm d5453 - in toluene
sulfur set for astm d4045: s @ 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 microg/g in isooctane
mercaptan sulphur in hydrocarbons, jet aviation fuel (nominal: 15.2 mg/kg)
mercaptan sulfur set for uop 163 and astm d3227: s @ 10 microg/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur in residual oil @ 40,000microg/g, 1l
sulfur standard: s @ 40000 microg/g (4.00 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur standard: s @ 10000 microg/g (1.00 wt%) in residual oil
sulfur - s @ 5% in residual oil, 1 gallon
hydrogen sulphide, liquefied
sulfur hydride (sh2)
(sh2)
sulphuretted hydrogen
hydrogen sulfide, liquefied
sulfur dihydride
hydrogen sulfide (mart.)
dihydrogen sulphide
dtxcid404149
ip 497, sulfur set a in light mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.03, 0.05 %
astm d7039, sulfur set b in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.0025, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 %
ip 336, sulfur set d in light oil (20 cst): s @ 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 20000 microg/g (2.00 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 10000 microg/g (1.00 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 7 microg/g (0.0007 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set c in heavy mineral oil: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 %
sulfur standard: s @ 10000 microg/g (1.00 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.3% (3000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur @ 0.03% (300ppm) in odourless kerosene
astm d7220, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.0025, 0.005 %
sulfur @ 0.3% (3000ppm) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 50000 microg/g (5.00 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 ug/g (0.1 wt%) in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
astm d4294, sulfur set c in diesel: s @ 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 15000 microg/g (1.5000 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 100 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 20 microg/g (0.0020 wt%) in isooctane
astm d7220, sulfur set b in heavy mineral oil: s @ 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
astm d5453 curve 1, s @ 0.5 -10ppm in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
ip 336, sulfur set b in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 3000 microg/g (0.300 wt%) in isooctane
ip 336, sulfur set c in odourless kerosene: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 %
sulfur standard: s @ 50 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
polysulfide oil standard: s @ 25 microg/g in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur calibration set: s @ 0-25 mg/kg in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 50 microg/g in b100 biodiesel
ip 336, sulfur set e in heavy oil (75 cst): s @ 0, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 3000, 5000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 15 microg/g (0.0015 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 250 microg/g (0.0250 wt%) in kerosene
ip 497, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.03, 0.05 %
sulfur @ 0.07% (700ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur @ 0.3% (3000ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 100 microg/g in b100 biodiesel
sulfur standard: s @ 200 microg/g (0.0200 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 30000 microg/g (3.00 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur standard: s @ 100 microg/g (0.0100 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
astm d7220, sulfur set b in synthetic diesel: s @ 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur @ 0.07% (700ppm) in light mineral oil
astm d4294, sulfur set a in light mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 10 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur @ 0.25% (2500ppm) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 75 microg/g (0.0075 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
polysulfide oil standard: 100 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set a in heavy oil (75 cst): s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 2500 microg/g (0.2500 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 20 ug/g in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
sulfur @ 0.25% (2500ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 10 ug/g in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
sulfur calibration set: s @ 0-10 mg/kg in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 10000 microg/ml in h2o
astm d4294, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 100 microg/g (0.0100 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur - s @ 15microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
ip 497, sulfur set a in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.03, 0.05 %
sulfur @ 0.001% (10ppm) in odourless kerosene
ip 336, sulfur set f in odourless kerosene: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur @ 0.0025% (25ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 100 ug/g in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 500 microg/g (0.0500 wt%) in kerosene
polysulfide oil standard: s @ 200 microg/g in 13 cst mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set d in odourless kerosene: s @ 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur @ 0.001% (10ppm) in light mineral oil
astm d7220, sulfur set a in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 microg/g
astm d4294, sulfur set c in light oil (20 cst): s @ 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000 microg/g
sulfur blank (0 wt%) in kerosene
sulfur @ 3% (30000ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.075% (750ppm) in isooctane
polysulfide oil standard: 50 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur blank (0%) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 40000 microg/g (4.00 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur @ 2% (20000ppm) in light mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set f in synthetic diesel: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 250 microg/g (0.0250 wt%) in diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 40000 microg/g (4.00 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set f in heavy mineral oil: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 20 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 75 microg/g (0.0075 wt%) in isooctane
sulfur @ 1% (10000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d7039, sulfur set b in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.0025, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 %
sulfur standard: s @ 5 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur @ 0.005% (50ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur - s @ 15ug/g in #2 diesel fuel, 500ml
sulfur @ 0.03% (300ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 25 microg/g (0.0025 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
polysulfide oil standard: 40,000 microg/g s in mineral oil
sulfur @ 2% (20000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 100 microg/g (0.0100 wt%) in kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 microg/g (0.100 wt%) in kerosene
ip 336, sulfur set a in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 %
sulfur - s @ 200 microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
sulfur standard: s @ 15 microg/g (0.0015 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 300 microg/g (0.0300 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 5 microg/g in b100 biodiesel
sulfur - s @ 10ug/g in #2 diesel fuel, 500ml
sulfur @ 2% (20000ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur @ 1% (10000ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur - s @ 300 microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
sulfur standard: s @ 50 microg/g (0.0050 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
astm d4294, sulfur set a in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
ip 496, sulfur set a in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 %
sulphur in diesel, low (7.2 mg/kg)
sulfur standard: s @ 750 microg/g (0.0750 wt%) in isooctane
sulfur calibration set: s @ 25-1000 mg/kg in synthetic diesel
sulfur @ 0.07% (700ppm) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 400 microg/g (0.0400 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur @ 0.5% (5000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d4294, sulfur set b in synthetic diesel: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
astm d7039, sulfur set a in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 %
ip 336, sulfur set b in light mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 15 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur @ 0.03% (300ppm) in isooctane
sulfur @ 0.001% (10ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set a in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
ip 336, sulfur set a in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 300, 500, 700, 1000 microg/g
sulfur @ 4% (40000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 50 microg/g (0.0050 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
astm d7039, sulfur set a in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 %
sulfur @ 0.005% (50ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur @ 0.05% (500ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur @ 5% (50000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set f in heavy oil (75 cst): s @ 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000 microg/g
sulfur @ 0.01% (100ppm) in light mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set c in heavy mineral oil: s @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur @ 0.01% (100ppm) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 50 microg/g (0.0050 wt%) in isooctane
astm d4294, sulfur set b in light oil (20 cst): s @ 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000 microg/g
astm d4294, sulfur set a in kerosene: s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
polysulfide oil standard: 750 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s blk (0 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur standard: s @ 75 microg/g (0.0075 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.01% (100ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d7039, sulfur set a in light mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 %
sulfur @ 0.05% (500ppm) in isooctane
astm d2622, sulfur set a in diesel: s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
sulfur blank (0%) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 25 microg/g (0.0025 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.1% (1000ppm) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 15 microg/g (0.0015 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 30000 microg/g (3.00 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
astm d4294, sulfur set a in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
ip 336, sulfur set f in light mineral oil: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur - s @ 100microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
sulfur standard: s @ 40000 microg/g (4.00 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 50000 microg/g (5.00 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.075% (750ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 10 microg/g in b100 biodiesel
sulfur - s @ 20 microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
ip 336, sulfur set e in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 2500 microg/g (0.2500 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 5 microg/g (0.0005 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 75 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
ip 336, sulfur set c in light mineral oil: s @ 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 %
sulfur standard: s @ 15 microg/g (0.0015 wt%) in isooctane
astm d4294, sulfur set a in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 5 microg/g (0.0005 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
ptp sample for sulfur in b100 biodiesel analysis
sulfur blank (0%) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 500 microg/g (0.0500 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set b in heavy mineral oil: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 700 microg/g (0.0700 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.025% (250ppm) in isooctane
sulfur @ 0.01% (100ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 50 microg/g (0.0050 wt%) in kerosene
sulfur blank (0 wt%) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 3000 microg/g (0.300 wt%) in kerosene
polysulfide oil standard: s @ 75 microg/g in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 5 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur @ 0.005% (50ppm) in isooctane
sulfur @ 0.05% (500ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur @ 1.5% (15000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 250microg/g in isooctane
polysulfide oil standard: 20,000 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 5000 microg/g (0.500 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 300 microg/g (0.0300 wt%) in isooctane
ip 336, sulfur set d in light mineral oil: s @ 2, 3, 4, 5 %
ip 336, sulfur set e in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
sulfur @ 4% (40000ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 1500 microg/g (0.150 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.0005% (5ppm) in heavy mineral oil
ip 497, sulfur set a in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.03, 0.05 %
ptp sample for sulfur in isooctane analysis
sulfur blank (0%) in synthetic diesel
ip 336, sulfur set d in synthetic diesel: s @ 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 5000 microg/g (0.500 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur @ 0.1% (1000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 750 microg/g (0.0750 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 10 microg/g (0.0010 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 3% (30000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set a in light mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 20 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 25 microg/g (0.0025 wt%) in isooctane
polysulfide oil standard: 250 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
astm d5453 curve 2, s @ 5 -100 ppm in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
sulfur @ 0.0025% (25ppm) in isooctane
astm d7220, sulfur set b in odourless kerosene: s @ 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur @ 0.25% (2500ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 400 microg/g (0.0400 wt%) in isooctane
astm d4294, sulfur set b in light mineral oil: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 500 microg/g (0.0500 wt%) in isooctane
astm d4294, sulfur set a in heavy oil (75 cst): s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
sulfur @ 0.0025% (25ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.0005% (5ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur - s @ 250 microg/g in 90% isooctane/10% ethanol
astm d2622, sulfur set a in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 5, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 microg/g (0.100 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 15 ug/g in 75% isooctane/25% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 10 microg/g (0.0010 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 20000 microg/g (2.00 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 50 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 25 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
astm d7220, sulfur set b in light mineral oil: s @ 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
astm d5453 curve 1, s @ 0.5 -10ppm in isooctane
sulfur @ 3% (30000ppm) in odourless kerosene
astm d2622, sulfur set a in odourless kerosene: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 %
sulfur standard: s @ 7500 microg/g (0.750 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 10 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
ptp sample for sulfur in #2 diesel fuel analysis
sulfur @ 0.03% (300ppm) in synthetic diesel
astm d4294, sulfur set c in heavy mineral oil: s @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
astm d4294, sulfur set b in heavy oil (75 cst): s @ 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 20 microg/g in b100 biodiesel
sulfur standard: s @ 300 microg/g (0.0300 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur @ 0.025% (250ppm) in synthetic diesel
astm d4294, sulfur set b in diesel: s @ 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 microg/g (0.100 wt%) in isooctane
sulfur @ 4% (40000ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 250 microg/g (0.0250 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
ip 496, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 %
sulfur @ 5% (50000ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 10 microg/g (0.0010 wt%) in kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 20000 microg/g (2.00 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 100 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
astm d4294, sulfur set c in light mineral oil: s @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur blank (0%) in light mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set e in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 300, 500, 700, 1000, 3000, 5000 microg/g
sulfur @ 0.025% (250ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 25 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur @ 1.5% (15000ppm) in light mineral oil
astm d4294, sulfur set b in odourless kerosene: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
polysulfide oil standard: 300 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 50000 microg/g (5.00 wt%) in crude oil
polysulfide oil standard: 30,000 microg/g s in mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.3% (3000ppm) in light mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 200 microg/g (0.0200 wt%) in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 5000 microg/g (0.500 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set c in light oil (20 cst): s @ 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000 microg/g
sulfur standard: s @ 5 microg/g (0.0005 wt%) in kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 500 ug/g in 70% isooctane/30% toluene
sulfur @ 0.5% (5000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 microg/g (0.100 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 250 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur @ 0.25% (2500ppm) in heavy mineral oil
astm d2622, sulfur set b in odourless kerosene: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
astm d2622, sulfur set b in synthetic diesel: s @ 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 %
astm d7039, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05 %
sulfur @ 2% (20000ppm) in heavy mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.05% (500ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur - s @ 400microg/g in #2 diesel fuel
astm d2622, sulfur set c in light mineral oil: s @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 20 microg/g (0.0020 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
polysulfide oil standard: s @ 3000 microg/g in 13 cst mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set b in heavy mineral oil: s @ blank, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
ip 336, sulfur set b in light oil (20 cst): s @ 0, 1000, 3000, 5000 microg/g
astm d7220, sulfur set a in diesel: s @ 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 microg/g
sulfur @ 0.005% (50ppm) in light mineral oil
ip 336, sulfur set a in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 %
polysulfide oil standard: 15 microg/g s in 13 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.05% (500ppm) in synthetic diesel
astm d2622, sulfur set c in synthetic diesel: s @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur - s @ 5ug/g in #2 diesel fuel, 500ml
ip 336, sulfur set e in synthetic diesel: s @ blank, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 10 microg/g (0.0010 wt%) in 75 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 3000 microg/g (0.300 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur standard: s @ 1000 microg/g (0.100 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur @ 3% (30000ppm) in synthetic diesel
sulfur standard: s @ 200 microg/g (0.0200 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel
sulfur @ 1.5% (15000ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 15000 microg/g (1.5000 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur @ 0.01% (100ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur @ 0.001% (10ppm) in synthetic diesel
ip 336, sulfur set d in heavy mineral oil: s @ 2, 3, 4, 5 %
sulfur standard: s @ 250 microg/g in isooctane
sulfur standard: s @ 75 ug/g in 80% isooctane/20% toluene
sulfur standard: s @ 250 microg/g (0.0250 wt%) in 20 cst mineral oil
sulfur standard: s @ 2500 microg/g (0.250 wt%) in crude oil
sulfur @ 1% (10000ppm) in odourless kerosene
sulfur standard: s @ 500 microg/g (0.0500 wt%) in #2 diesel fuel

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Hydrogen sulﬁde (H₂S) is a novel gas transmitter signaling molecule. "	( The expression of hydrogen sulfide-producing enzymes in primary and lung metastatic osteosarcoma. Ding, Y; Du, J; Gong, L; Jin, H; Sun, X; Zhang, M, 2022)	1.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is a crucial biological player in plants. "	( Exogenous hydrogen sulfide mediates Na+ and K+ fluxes of salt gland in salt-secreting mangrove plant Avicennia marina. Ding, QS; Guo, ZJ; Li, H; Li, J; Liu, JY; Ma, DN; Wei, MY; Zhang, LD; Zheng, HL; Zhong, YH, 2022)	2.57
"Hydrogen sulfide is a biologically important molecule and developing chemical tools that enable further investigations into the functions of H"	( A Cell Trappable Methyl Rhodol-Based Fluorescent Probe for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection. Earp, MS; Fosnacht, KG; Gilbert, AK; Hammers, MD; Pluth, MD, 2022)	2.41
"Hydrogen sulfide is a signalling molecule with a well-established impact on both plant and animal physiology. "	( Hydrogen sulfide action in the regulation of plant autophagy. Aroca, A; Gotor, C, 2022)	3.61
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas produced by bacteria in the proteolysis of sulfur-containing amino acids and proteins that plays an important role in human health. "	( A Sensitive Visual Method for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria. Chu, W; Zhu, W, 2022)	2.42
"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a common occupational chemical poisoning among fishermen in summer, and acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning can manifest as toxic encephalopathy."	( [A suspected case of delayed encephalopathy after acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning]. Hu, XL; Li, X; Song, LL; Yu, JH, 2022)	1.69
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a recently characterized gasotransmitter that also regulates various important physiological processes."	( AtPRMT5-mediated AtLCD methylation improves Cd2+ tolerance via increased H2S production in Arabidopsis. Cao, H; Cao, X; Deng, X; Jin, Z; Liang, Y; Liu, D; Liu, Z; Pei, Y; Zhang, L, 2022)	1.44
"Hydrogen sulfide is a critical endogenous signaling molecule that exerts protective effects in the setting of heart failure. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Heart Failure. Beck, KF; Elrod, JW; Goodchild, TT; Katsouda, A; LaPenna, KB; Lefer, DJ; Li, Z; Papapetropoulos, A; Pfeilschifter, J; Sharp, TE; Xia, H; Xian, M; Xu, S, 2023)	3.8
"Hydrogen sulfide is a signaling molecule in plants that regulates essential biological processes through protein persulfidation. "	( Persulfidation protects from oxidative stress under nonphotorespiratory conditions in Arabidopsis. Aroca, A; Filipovic, MR; García-Calderón, M; Gotor, C; Márquez, AJ; Romero, LC; Ruiz, MT; Vignane, T, 2023)	2.35
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that regulates essential plant processes. "	( Sulfide promotes tolerance to drought through protein persulfidation in Arabidopsis. Aroca, A; Gotor, C; Jurado-Flores, A; Romero, LC, 2023)	2.35
"Hydrogen sulfide is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays crucial regulatory roles in various physiological functions."	( Dose-Dependent Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Arı, NS; Çengelli Ünel, Ç; Koçak, H; Özatik, FY; Özatik, O; Tekşen, Y, 2023)	1.93
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas but also recognized as an endogenously produced metabolite in humans playing key roles. "	( A time-course investigation of the human urinary excretion of the hydrogen sulfide biomarker trimethylsulfonium. Goessler, W; Lajin, B; Obermayer-Pietsch, B; Somma, R, 2023)	2.59
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that disrupts numerous biological processes, including energy production in the mitochondria, yet fish in the Poecilia mexicana species complex have independently evolved sulfide tolerance several times. "	( Selection on standing genetic variation mediates convergent evolution in extremophile fish. Arias-Rodriguez, L; Greenway, R; Kelley, JL; Landers, J; Ryan, K; Tobler, M, 2023)	2.35
"Hydrogen sulfide is a gasotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties produced through the activity of the enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), and its impact was studied in models of normal delivery and PTD in mice."	( Deficiency of hydrogen sulfide production and pregnancy rate in an experimental model: Association with preterm delivery. Andriopoulou, T; Droggiti, DI; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ; Gkavogianni, T; Panagiotopoulos, D; Panagopoulos, P; Spanou, VM, 2023)	1.99
"Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas that causes many economic losses in aquaculture ponds. "	( Identification of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from fishponds and their performance to remove hydrogen sulfide under aquarium conditions. Besharati, H; Dashtbin, R; Lalevic, B; Mahmoudi, N, 2023)	2.57
"Hydrogen sulfide is a key gasotransmitter for plants and has been shown to greatly increase their growth and survival in the presence of environmental stressors. "	( Characterization of Dialkyldithiophosphates as Slow Hydrogen Sulfide Releasing Chemicals and Their Effect on the Growth of Maize. Bowden, NB; Brown, EM; Carter, JM; Irish, EE, 2019)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly discovered endogenous small gas signaling molecule exerting a wide range of biologic actions in our body."	( Involvement of hydrogen sulfide in the progression of renal fibrosis. Huang, L; Peng, ZZ; Qin, J; Tang, WB; Tao, LJ; Tu, JK; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Xiao, XC; Xie, YY; Xing, QQ; Xu, H; Yuan, QJ; Yuan, XN, 2019)	1.59
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous pleiotropic mediator with numerous positive effects on the cardio vascular system."	( The slow releasing hydrogen sulfide donor GYY4137 reduces neointima formation upon FeCl3 injury of the carotid artery in mice. Grambow, E; Klar, E; Klee, G; Vollmar, B, 2020)	1.61
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Protective Role through Influencing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diseases. Liu, H; Lv, S; Qiu, M; Shi, X; Wang, H, 2020)	2.72
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly poisonous gas with an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. "	( Evaluation of the Metabolic Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Development of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Cao, YY; Hu, F; Jiang, L; Peng, LL; Tang, SM; Thakur, K; Wei, ZJ, 2020)	2.27
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known toxic gaseous molecule, but it has various biological effects such as neuromodulation and vasodilation."	( Hydrogen sulfide increases copper-dependent neurotoxicity via intracellular copper accumulation. Adachi, T; Goto, N; Hara, H; Kamiya, T; Kondo, M; Okuda, K; Yasuda, N, 2020)	2.72
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a significant gasotransmitter. "	( Near-infrared fluorescent chemodosimeter for real-time in vivo evaluation of H Liu, W; Liu, Y; Qian, X; Tiemuer, A; Yang, S; Yao, X; Yu, H; Zhou, F; Zhu, W, 2020)	2
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gaseous mediator that has been indicated to have a role in pain mechanisms. "	( The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Development of Tolerance and Dependence to Morphine in Mice. Cetin, Z; Dokmeci, D; Gunduz, O; Karadag, HC; Topuz, RD; Ulugol, A, 2021)	2.44
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator and is suggested to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects."	( Protective and therapeutic effect of hydrogen sulfide on hemorrhagic cystitis and testis dysfunction induced with cyclophosphamide Arı, NS; Özatik, FY; Özatik, O; Tekşen, Y; Yiğitaslan, S, 2021)	1.62
"Hydrogen sulfide is a common wine fault, with a rotten-egg odour, which is directly related to yeast metabolism in response to nitrogen and sulfur availability. "	( Sulfate transport mutants affect hydrogen sulfide and sulfite production during alcoholic fermentation. Houlès, A; Jiranek, V; Lee, A; Li, S; Sumby, KM; Walker, ME; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.35
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas produced via breakdown of organic matter. "	( Novel treatment of dihydrogen sulfide inhalation using hyperbaric oxygen during mass casualty. Johnston, M; Price, SM; Price, WD, )	1.89
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that regulates critical processes and allows plants to adapt to adverse conditions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide signaling in plant adaptations to adverse conditions: molecular mechanisms. Aroca, A; Gotor, C; Romero, LC; Xie, Y; Zhang, J, 2021)	3.51
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule comparable with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in plants. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates the Cytosolic/Nuclear Partitioning of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Enhancing its Nuclear Localization. Aroca, A; Gotor, C; Romero, LC; Scheibe, R; Schneider, M, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a crucial signaling molecule with a wide range of physiological functions. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior by Upregulation of Sirt-1: Involvement in Suppression of Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Gu, HF; Kan, LY; Li, D; Liu, SY; Tang, XQ; Zeng, HY; Zhang, P; Zou, W, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule that has cardio-protective properties."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Improves Cardiomyocyte Function in a Cardiac Arrest Model. Aguado, C; Calvo, CJ; Díez-Juan, A; Garcia, NA; Genovés, P; Knecht, E; Martí, N; Millet, J; Moncayo-Arlandi, J; Montero, JA; Sepúlveda, P; Valiente-Alandi, I; Vazquez, A, 2017)	2.62
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel signaling molecule most recently found to be of fundamental importance in cellular function as a regulator of apoptosis, inflammation, and perfusion. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide: A Potential Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Ischemia. DeLeon, ER; Drucker, NA; Ferkowicz, MJ; Jensen, AR; Khaneki, S; Markel, TA; Olson, KR; Yoder, MC, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide is believed to be a signalling molecule in the central nervous system. "	( Reprint of: Hydrogen sulfide in stroke: Protective or deleterious? Chan, SJ; Wong, PT, 2017)	2.28
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous signaling molecule with antioxidant properties and potential for drug development targeting redox signaling."	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells via KEAP1/NRF2/NQO1 activation. Aghagolzadeh, P; Bachtler, M; Feelisch, M; Lister, A; Odermatt, A; Pasch, A; Radpour, R; Smith, ER; van Goor, H, 2017)	2.62
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless gas with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs. "	( A Review of Patents on Therapeutic Potential and Delivery of Hydroge n Sulfide. Akhtar, Y; Singh, S; Verma, R, 2017)	1.9
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas signaling molecule that has multiple influences on physiological and pathological processes in the mammalian body, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, hypoxia sensing and bone remodeling. "	( Hydrogen sulfide regulates bone remodeling and promotes orthodontic tooth movement. Hua, Y; Pu, H, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide is a gaseous signaling molecule or gasotransmitter which plays important roles in a wide spectrum of physiologic processes in the brain and peripheral tissues. "	( Gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide signaling in neuronal health and disease. Paul, BD; Snyder, SH, 2018)	2.27
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key signaling molecule in the cytoprotection, vascular mediation and neurotransmission of living organisms. "	( Dynamic mapping of spontaneously produced H Han, G; Han, MY; Liu, R; Liu, Z; Yang, L; Yu, X; Zhang, R; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J; Zhao, T, 2018)	1.92
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator recognized as important neuromodulator agent in the central nervous system. "	( Novel neuroprotective role of hydrogen sulfide in a rat model of stress brain injury. Elbassuoni, EA; Nazmy, WH, 2018)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)is a novel gastrotransmitter, and plays a protective role in many diseases. "	( [Adipocytic Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide-Function,Regulation and Diseases]. Geng, B, 2017)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential neuromodulator, generates by cystathionine β synthase (CBS) or 3-mecaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) in the brain. "	( Cystathionine beta synthase-hydrogen sulfide system in paraventricular nucleus reduced high fatty diet induced obesity and insulin resistance by brain-adipose axis. Cai, J; Cui, C; Cui, Q; Geng, B; Han, J; Lu, H; Tang, C; Xu, G; Yang, J; Zheng, F; Zhou, Y, 2018)	2.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous gaseous molecule with important physiological roles. "	( Beneficial Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Choi, EK; Hong, SW; Jung, H; Kwak, KH; Lim, DG; Lim, JA; Park, SH; Park, SS, 2018)	2.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gasotransmitter that regulates vascular homeostasis."	( Hydrogen sulfide improves vascular repair by promoting endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. Chen, Y; Deng, B; Hu, Q; Huang, Q; Ke, X; Nie, R; Wang, J; Xie, S; Zhang, T, 2019)	2.68
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important gasotransmitter that exhibits various functions in physiological processes. "	( A naphthalene-based fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging of lysosomal hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Chen, W; Gao, C; Jiang, JH; Liu, X; Wang, F, 2018)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key gasotransmitter in agriculture and has been reported to increase the growth of plants in the first two weeks and to mitigate the effects of environmental stressors. "	( Improved growth of pea, lettuce, and radish plants using the slow release of hydrogen sulfide from GYY-4137. Bowden, NB; Brown, EM; Carter, JM; Grace, JP; Irish, EE; Salem, AK, 2018)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and usually undesirable by-product of the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater. "	( Final products and kinetics of biochemical and chemical sulfide oxidation under microaerobic conditions. Bartacek, J; Jenicek, P; Pokorna-Krayzelova, L; Selan, L; Vejmelková, D; Volcke, EIP, 2018)	1.92
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important endogenous signaling molecule with multiple biological functions. "	( A mitochondria-targeted red-emitting probe for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells and zebrafish. Huang, H; Ismail, I; Niu, C; Wang, D; Xi, Z; Yi, L, 2019)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule that plays important roles in the cardiovascular system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits PCSK9 expression through the PI3K/Akt‑SREBP‑2 signaling pathway to influence lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Bai, XQ; Jiang, ZS; Liao, L; Liu, LS; Peng, J; Ren, Z; Tang, ZH; Wang, MM; Wen, HY; Xiang, Q; Xiao, J; Zhou, M, 2019)	3.4
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes."	( Hydrogen sulfide plays an important protective role by influencing autophagy in diseases. Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, D, 2019)	2.68
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that acts as a ROS scavenger with cardio-protective effects."	( Hydrogen sulfide protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against H2O2-induced apoptosis. Huang, GQ; Ke, ZY; Lin, XD; Liu, J; Wu, B; Yang, WZ; Zhang, YE, 2019)	2.68
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule with promising protective effects in many physiological and pathological processes. "	( Controllable thioester-based hydrogen sulfide slow-releasing donors as cardioprotective agents. Liu, J; Liu, Y; Luo, S; Xie, S; Xu, J; Xu, S; Yao, H; Zhu, Z, 2019)	2.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter with physiologic functions similar to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( Cystathionine γ-lyase protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion by modulating oxidative stress. Boersema, M; Bos, EM; Damman, J; Fu, M; Hillebrands, JL; Leuvenink, HG; Moser, J; Ploeg, RJ; Snijder, PM; van Goor, H; Wang, R; Yang, G, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a toxic gaseous substance, and accidental exposure to high concentrations of H₂S has been reported to be lethal to humans. "	( Sulfide induces apoptosis and Rho kinase-dependent cell blebbing in Jurkat cells. Chiba, S; Hirano, S; Ichiba, K; Ikawa, T; Kanno, S; Mukai, T; Nagai, T; Sagi, M; Sakamoto, K; Takada, M; Takeshita, H, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a signalling molecule that belongs to the gasotransmitter family. "	( Selectivity of commonly used pharmacological inhibitors for cystathionine β synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ lyase (CSE). Asimakopoulou, A; Chasapis, CT; Cirino, G; Coletta, C; Giannis, A; Panopoulos, P; Papapetropoulos, A; Spyroulias, GA; Szabo, C; Zhou, Z, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a physiological gas, similar to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, involved in cellular metabolism, vascular tension, inflammation, and cell death."	( Investigation of hydrogen sulfide gas as a treatment against P. falciparum, murine cerebral malaria, and the importance of thiolation state in the development of cerebral malaria. DellaValle, B; Hempel, C; Kurtzhals, JA; Staalsoe, T, 2013)	1.45
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a reactive small molecule generated in the body that can be beneficial or toxic owing to its potent redox activity. "	( Cell-trappable fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide signaling and imaging H2O2-dependent H2S production. Chang, CJ; Lin, VS; Lippert, AR, 2013)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic, colorless gas produced by decaying organic matter. "	( Delayed myocardial injury following acute hydrogen sulfide intoxication. Hirakawa, A; Iwata, T; Iwatsuki, S; Kano, H; Takeyama, N, 2013)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a newly identified endogenous gasotransmitter that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several biologic systems. "	( Hydrogen sulfide suppresses high glucose-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. Chen, J; Gao, L; Guan, Q; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Yu, C; Zhang, N; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important biological signaling molecule and an important environmental target for detection. "	( Development of selective colorimetric probes for hydrogen sulfide based on nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Hansen, RJ; Montoya, LA; Pearce, TF; Pluth, MD; Zakharov, LN, 2013)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that exerts neuroprotective effects in oxidative stress. "	( A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe reveals reduction in mitochondrial H2S production in Parkinson's disease gene knockout astrocytes. Bae, SK; Cho, BR; Choi, DJ; Heo, CH; Joe, EH; Kim, HM; Sen, D, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly diffusible, gaseous molecule that modulates cell signaling and is involved in hypoxia signaling in animal cells."	( Hydrogen sulfide alleviates hypoxia-induced root tip death in Pisum sativum. Cheng, W; Jiao, C; Peng, R; Su, M; Wang, C; Wang, R; Yang, T; Zhang, L; Zhou, L, 2013)	2.55
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator plays a potential role in modulating gastric inflammatory responses. "	( Protective effect of hydrogen sulfide against cold restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Aboubakr, EM; El-Moselhy, MA; Hassan, MK; Taye, A, 2013)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter endogenously generated from the metabolism of L-cysteine by action of two main enzymes called cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in the pain processing of non-diabetic and diabetic rats. Araiza-Saldaña, CI; Barragán-Iglesias, P; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; Godínez-Chaparro, B; Navarrete, A; Roa-Coria, JE; Rocha-González, HI; Torres-López, JE; Velasco-Xolalpa, ME, 2013)	2.27
"Hydrogen sulfide, (H2S), is an endogenous gas which exerts a protective function in several biological processes, including those involved in inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and energy metabolism. "	( [Vasodilatation caused by endogenous hydrogen sulfide in chronic renal failure]. Capasso, G; Conzo, G; Di Nunzio, A; Ingrosso, D; Lanza, D; Perna, AF; Satta, E; Sepe, I, )	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide is an inflammatory mediator and is produced by the activity of the enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) in macrophages. "	( Inhibition of hydrogen sulfide production by gene silencing attenuates inflammatory activity of LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Ang, AD; Badiei, A; Bhatia, M; Rivers-Auty, J, 2013)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous meditator that has various physiological and pathophysiological roles in the body. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics and gastrointestinal diseases: translating physiology to treatments. Chan, MV; Wallace, JL, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent, endogenous anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective substance that has been explored for use in the design of novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs."	( A hydrogen sulfide-releasing cyclooxygenase inhibitor markedly accelerates recovery from experimental spinal cord injury. Ahmad, A; Campolo, M; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Wallace, JL, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter, which is important in normal physiology and disease. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates the inflammatory response in a mouse burn injury model. Fan, H; Li, C; Lin, X; Zeng, J, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously generated gaseous transmitter known for its cytoprotective effect mediated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. "	( Hydrogen sulfide augments the proliferation and survival of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells through inhibition of BKCa. Kong, G; Shim, W; Wei, H; Zhang, G; Zhao, Y, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known toxic gas that has the smell of rotten eggs. "	( Physiological role of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide in the central nervous system. Kimura, H, 2013)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter and plays an important role in many physiological processes in mammals. "	( Hydrogen sulfide improves drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by microRNA expressions. Jin, Z; Liu, Z; Pei, Y; Shen, J; Xing, T; Yuan, H; Zhang, L, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless and potentially deadly gas that may cause rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory depression without warning. "	( A fatal work-related poisoning by hydrogen sulfide: report on a case. Bacci, M; Carlini, L; Lancia, M; Panata, L; Rossi, R; Tondi, V, 2013)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically generated, gaseous signaling molecule that mediates a wide range of physiological functions and is misregulated in numerous pathologies ranging from neurodegenerative disease to hypertension to diabetes. "	( Designing reaction-based fluorescent probes for selective hydrogen sulfide detection. Lippert, AR, 2014)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic, corrosive and malodorous compound with damaging effects even when present at a low concentration in air. "	( H₂S photocatalytic oxidation over WO₃/TiO₂ Hombikat UV100. Alonso-Tellez, A; Keller, N; Keller, V; Robert, D, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide is a highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gas produced under anaerobic conditions within industrial processes or in natural environments, and plays an important role in the sulfur cycle. "	( Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors in real-time. Cardoso, AA; Fortes, PR; Kokoric, V; Mizaikoff, B; Petruci, JF; Raimundo, IM; Wilk, A, 2014)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gasotransmitter that plays multiple biological roles in various body systems. "	( Differential susceptibility to hydrogen sulfide-induced apoptosis between PHLDA1-overexpressing oral cancer cell lines and oral keratinocytes: role of PHLDA1 as an apoptosis suppressor. Hanada, N; Kamoda, T; Kumazawa, Y; Moriyama, H; Murata, T; Sato, T, 2014)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important endogenous signalling molecule and also an important environmental target for detection. "	( NBD-based colorimetric and fluorescent turn-on probes for hydrogen sulfide. Chen, W; Liu, W; Wei, C; Xi, Z; Yi, L; Zhu, Q, 2014)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter, which mediates important physiological effects in the cardiovascular system. "	( Pharmacological characterization of the vascular effects of aryl isothiocyanates: is hydrogen sulfide the real player? Bellagambi, FG; Breschi, MC; Calderone, V; Citi, V; Ghimenti, S; Marino, A; Martelli, A; Testai, L, 2014)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter synthesized from cysteine (Cys) by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes. "	( Effects of H2S on the central regulation of respiration in adult rats. Chen, L; Ding, Y; Hou, X; Li, H; Nie, L; Nie, Z; Tang, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide is a vasorelaxant and proangiogenic gas with therapeutic potential in several diseases."	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates sFlt1-induced hypertension and renal damage by upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor. Burke, SD; Faas, MM; Holwerda, KM; Jaffe, IZ; Kang, PM; Karumanchi, SA; Lely, AT; McCurley, A; Stillman, IE; van Goor, H; Zsengeller, Z, 2014)	2.57
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, extremely hazardous gas with a "rotten egg" smell. "	( The effects of H2S on the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 in vivo in rat. Chen, M; Chen, X; Han, A; Lin, G; Ma, J; Wang, X; Wen, C; Yang, X, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as an endogenous neuromodulator and neuroprotectant."	( Disturbance of endogenous hydrogen sulfide generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hippocampus are involved in homocysteine-induced defect in learning and memory of rats. Li, MH; Li, X; Tang, JP; Tang, XQ; Wang, CY; Wei, HJ; Yang, XF; Zhang, P; Zou, W, 2014)	1.42
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gas transmitter that may mediate cerebral ischemic injury."	( Aggravation of seizure-like events by hydrogen sulfide: involvement of multiple targets that control neuronal excitability. Chen, JG; Guan, XL; He, JG; Hu, ZL; Luo, Y; Wang, F; Wu, PF; Xiao, W; Zhang, JT; Zhou, J, 2014)	1.39
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes in our body. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and the liver. Cao, W; Mani, S; Wang, R; Wu, L, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gasotransmitter in mammals. "	( In site bioimaging of hydrogen sulfide uncovers its pivotal role in regulating nitric oxide-induced lateral root formation. Chen, J; Gan, LJ; Han, FX; Li, YJ; Shi, ZQ; Xian, M; Zhou, LG, 2014)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gaseous neuromodulator produced from L-cysteine. "	( Contribution of cysteine aminotransferase and mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to hydrogen sulfide production in peripheral neurons. Ito, S; Miyamoto, R; Otsuguro, K; Yamaguchi, S, 2014)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas now being recognized as an endogenous signaling molecule in multiple organ systems, in particular, the cardiovascular system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide alleviates cardiac contractile dysfunction in an Akt2-knockout murine model of insulin resistance: role of mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. Dong, M; Hu, N; Ren, J, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gasotransmitter, which plays indispensable roles in cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems of vertebrates. "	( The immunomodulation of inducible hydrogen sulfide in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Jiang, Q; Qiu, L; Song, L; Sun, Z; Wang, L; Yang, C; Yi, Q; Zhang, T; Zhou, Z, 2014)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic gas for which no effective antidotes exist. "	( The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide is an effective hydrogen sulfide antidote in a lethal rabbit model. Alexander, C; Azer, SM; Benavides, S; Boss, GR; Brenner, M; Chan, A; Jiang, J; Lee, J; Mahon, SB; Mukai, D; Narula, N; Viseroi, M; Yoon, D, 2014)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an extremely toxic colourless gas; it is corrosive and denser than air. "	( 1H NMR for quantifying sulfide trapping efficiency by using 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane. Canuto, AV; Echevarria, A, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well known toxic gas that is synthesized from the amino acids: cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) by three enzymes: cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). "	( Hydrogen sulfide in hemostasis: friend or foe? Olas, B, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a new type of neurotransmitter that regulates the nervous, circulatory and immune systems as well as various adverse factors that can reduce cerebral vascular or brain parenchyma injury."	( H₂S attenuates cognitive deficits through Akt1/JNK3 signaling pathway in ischemic stroke. Dong, H; Du, Y; Fu, Y; Huang, X; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Ma, K; Qi, D; Song, Y; Sun, Y; Wen, X; Wu, J; Zhang, F, 2014)	1.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gasotransmitter that has been reported to protect cellular aging."	( S-sulfhydration of MEK1 leads to PARP-1 activation and DNA damage repair. Altaany, Z; Ju, Y; Li, S; Wang, R; Yang, G; Zhao, K, 2014)	1.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule that exerts action on various bioinorganic targets. "	( Chemically reversible reactions of hydrogen sulfide with metal phthalocyanines. Dietrich, SR; Hartle, MD; Pluth, MD; Sommer, SK, 2014)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide is a gasotransmitter with far-reaching effects on cell function. "	( Hydrogen sulfide to the rescue in obstructive kidney injury. Kasinath, BS, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter synthesized in peripheral tissues by the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE). "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in the formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. Araujo, RM; Azevedo, LU; Branco, LG; Donatti, AF; Leite-Panissi, CA; Soriano, RN, 2014)	2.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly diffusible gasotransmitter, that influence cellular and organ functions by a number of different mechanisms. "	( Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/H₂S system and its pathological implication. Li, H; Li, S; Yang, G; Zhao, K, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well known toxic gas at high levels. "	( The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as a modulator of hemostatic parameters of plasma. Kontek, B; Olas, B, 2014)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule with physiological endpoints similar to those of nitric oxide (NO). "	( Working with "H2S": facts and apparent artifacts. Bertlein, S; Böltz, S; Filipovic, MR; Herrmann, M; Macinkovic, I; Miljkovic, JLj; Muñoz, LE; Wedmann, R, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an integral signaling molecule in biology with complex generation, translocation, and metabolism processes that are intertwined with cellular thiols. "	( Ratiometric measurement of hydrogen sulfide and cysteine/homocysteine ratios using a dual-fluorophore fragmentation strategy. Hammers, MD; Pluth, MD, 2014)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a potent vasodilator and regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. "	( Hydrogen sulfide treatment induces angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Choi, IY; Jang, H; Kim, YJ; Lee, SH; Oh, MY; Ryu, WS; Yang, HS; Yoon, BW, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that has several important biological functions in the human body. "	( Design and synthesis of polymeric hydrogen sulfide donors. Hasegawa, U; van der Vlies, AJ, 2014)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gasotransmitter with cardioprotective properties."	( Exogenous administration of thiosulfate, a donor of hydrogen sulfide, attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertensive heart disease in rats. de Boer, RA; Frenay, AR; Hillebrands, JL; Leuvenink, HG; Pasch, A; Snijder, PM; van Goor, H, 2015)	1.39
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous pleiotropic gasotransmitter, which mediates important physiological effects in the human body. "	( Hydrogen sulfide releasing capacity of natural isothiocyanates: is it a reliable explanation for the multiple biological effects of Brassicaceae? Breschi, MC; Calderone, V; Citi, V; Marino, A; Martelli, A; Testai, L, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological signaling agent that exerts action on numerous (patho)physiological processes. "	( Understanding hydrogen sulfide storage: probing conditions for sulfide release from hydrodisulfides. Bailey, TS; Pluth, MD; Zakharov, LN, 2014)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly recognized signaling molecule with very potent cytoprotective actions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing agents: chemistry and biological applications. Biggs, TD; Xian, M; Zhao, Y, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a gas produced by respiratory cells including smooth muscle cells and may play a role as a cellular gasotransmitter. "	( Sputum-to-serum hydrogen sulfide ratio in COPD. Bhavsar, PK; Chung, KF; Gibeon, D; Macedo, P; Mackay, AJ; Rossios, C; Saito, J; Sinharay, R; Wedzicha, JA, 2014)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known toxic gas with the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as a potent cardiovascular protective agent. Cayabyab, FS; Chen, ZW; Cui, LB; Tang, CK; Wu, K; Yu, XH; Zheng, XL, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signaling agent mediated by many physiological processes and diseases. "	( Inorganic-organic hybrid nanoprobe for NIR-excited imaging of hydrogen sulfide in cell cultures and inflammation in a mouse model. Chen, W; Huang, L; Huang, W; Loo, JS; Pei, W; Wang, C; Yan, Q; Yao, C; Zhang, Q; Zhou, Y; Zhu, J, 2014)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator synthesized in mammalian tissues by three main enzymes-cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate-sulfurtransferase-and its levels increase under inflammatory conditions or sepsis. "	( Annexin A1 mediates hydrogen sulfide properties in the control of inflammation. Brancaleone, V; Cirino, G; Flower, RJ; Mitidieri, E; Perretti, M, 2014)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) functions as a physiological gas transmitter in both normal and pathophysiological cellular events. "	( Hydrogen sulfide is essential for Schwann cell responses to peripheral nerve injury. Huh, Y; Jeong, NY; Jung, J; Kim, HW; Park, BS; Park, C; Rhyu, IJ; Yeo, SG, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule that elicits a number of cytoprotective effects in mammalian species. "	( Discoveries of hydrogen sulfide as a novel cardiovascular therapeutic. Barr, LA; Calvert, JW, 2014)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter, which may play important roles in normal physiology and disease. "	( Propargylglycine aggravates liver damage in LPS-treated rats: Possible relation of nitrosative stress with the inhibition of H2S formation. Bekpinar, S; Gurdol, F; Unlucerci, Y; Uysal, M, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator that promotes tissue repair and resolution of inflammation."	( Impaired hydrogen sulfide synthesis and IL-10 signaling underlie hyperhomocysteinemia-associated exacerbation of colitis. Agbor, TA; Blackler, RW; Ferraz, JG; Flannigan, KL; Khan, WI; Kim, JJ; Verdu, EF; Wallace, JL, 2014)	1.54
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that regulates cardiovascular function."	( miRNA-30 family inhibition protects against cardiac ischemic injury by regulating cystathionine-γ-lyase expression. Guo, W; Lin, S; Miao, L; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Xin, X; Zhu, Y; Zhu, YZ, 2015)	1.14
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous inflammatory mediator produced by the activity of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) in macrophages. "	( Inhibition of hydrogen sulfide production by gene silencing attenuates inflammatory activity by downregulation of NF-κB and MAP kinase activity in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Badiei, A; Bhatia, M; Chambers, S; Muniraj, N, 2014)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously generated and putative signaling/effector molecule. "	( Redox chemistry and chemical biology of H2S, hydropersulfides, and derived species: implications of their possible biological activity and utility. Akaike, T; Fukuto, JM; Hobbs, AJ; Kumagai, Y; Lin, J; Nagy, P; Ono, K; Sawa, T; Tantillo, DJ; Wink, DA; Xian, M, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with multiple biological functions. "	( o-Fluorination of aromatic azides yields improved azido-based fluorescent probes for hydrogen sulfide: synthesis, spectra, and bioimaging. Cheng, L; Li, Z; Wang, R; Wei, C; Wei, L; Xi, Z; Yi, L, 2014)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule with diverse biological roles. "	( Ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probes for mitochondrial hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Dai, CG; Du, XJ; Liu, XL; Song, QH, 2014)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas produced by degradation of proteins in the subgingival pocket."	( Hydrogen sulfide production from subgingival plaque samples. Basic, A; Dahlén, G, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous molecule in various plant developmental processes and plant stress responses. "	( Hydrogen sulfide regulates abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Bian, H; Chan, Z; Han, N; Liu, X; Shi, H; Ye, T, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signaling molecule that functions in physiological and pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. "	( Anti-atherogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide by over-expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) gene. Cheung, SH; Kwok, WK; Lau, JY; To, KF, 2014)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas. "	( Amperometric cell for subcutaneous detection of hydrogen sulfide in anesthetized experimental animals. Boros, M; Filotás, D; Nagy, G; Nagy, L; Pintér, E; Pozsgai, G, 2014)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide is a mediator of IRI and can ameliorate tissue injury in many organ systems."	( Hydrogen sulfide reduces inflammation following abdominal aortic occlusion in rats. Furness, P; Hosgood, SA; Hunter, JP; Nicholson, ML; Patel, M; Sayers, RD, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous regulatory factor produced by several enzymes, and plays a pivotal role in processes such as proliferation or vasodilation. "	( Endogenous S-sulfhydration of PTEN helps protect against modification by nitric oxide. Ohno, K; Okuda, K; Uehara, T, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel endogenous gaseous signal transducer (gasotransmitter). "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in skeletal muscle biology and metabolism. Tyagi, SC; Veeranki, S, 2015)	2.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential messenger that enhances plant tolerance to environmental stress; however, its role in alpine plant adaptation to environmental stress has not been reported until now."	( Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the role of hydrogen sulfide in the adaptation of the alpine plant Lamiophlomis rotata to altitude gradient in the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Hu, X; Kong, X; Ma, L; Wang, C; Wei, J; Yang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2015)	1.39
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gas that represents a novel third gaseous signaling molecule, neurotransmitter and cytoprotectant. "	( Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide and the underlying signaling pathways. Chen, WL; Jiang, WZ; Niu, YY; Tang, HL; Tang, XQ; Xia, QM; Zhang, C, 2015)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced signaling molecule that is critical for the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis."	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction via the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Barr, LA; Calvert, JW; Lambert, JP; Nicholson, CK; Shimizu, Y, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide is a redox active sulfur species that is endogenously generated in mammalian systems as an antioxidant and signaling molecule to support cellular function. "	( Azide-based fluorescent probes: imaging hydrogen sulfide in living systems. Chang, CJ; Lin, VS; Lippert, AR, 2015)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a metabolite and signaling molecule in biological tissues that regulates many physiological processes. "	( H2S analysis in biological samples using gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection. Banerjee, R; Vitvitsky, V, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator that has gained increasing recognition as an important player in modulating acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in paramyxovirus infections. Casola, A; Coletta, C; Escaffre, O; Garofalo, RP; Ivanciuc, T; Kelley, JP; Komaravelli, N; Li, H; Ma, Y; Rockx, B; Szabo, C, 2015)	2.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule with potent anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Intravital microscopic methods to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects and signaling mechanisms evoked by hydrogen sulfide. Korthuis, RJ; Zuidema, MY, 2015)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gaseous mediator that plays important roles in many physiological processes in microbes, plants, and animals. "	( Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties of hydrogen sulfide. Gemici, B; Wallace, JL, 2015)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gasotransmitter in both animals and plants. "	( Detection of thiol modifications by hydrogen sulfide. Hancock, JT; Ladomery, MR; Lisjak, M; Pead, S; Teklic, T; Whiteman, M; Williams, E; Wilson, ID; Wood, ME, 2015)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as a cardioprotective gas; however, the mechanism by which H2S mitigates homocysteine-mediated pathological remodeling in cardiomyocytes is unclear."	( Hydrogen sulfide mitigates homocysteine-mediated pathological remodeling by inducing miR-133a in cardiomyocytes. Kesherwani, V; Mishra, PK; Nandi, SS; Shahshahan, HR; Sharawat, SK, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gaseous messenger and serves as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the control of gastric function in rats. Ai, HB; Sun, HZ; Yu, KH, 2015)	2.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous messenger that participates in regulation of cardiovascular functions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats. Abdelrahman, RS; Ammar, EM; El-Awady, MS; Nader, MA, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that is actively synthesized in the tissues and is involved in the regulation of vascular tone, neuromodulation, cytoprotection, inflammation and apoptosis. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: metabolism, biological and medical role. Melnik, AV; Olhovskiy, AS; Palamarchuk, IV; Yoltukhivskyy, MM; Zaichko, NV, )	3.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a familiar toxic gas that smells of rotten eggs. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides as signaling molecules. Kimura, H, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous biological mediator, which regulates, among others, the oxidative balance of cells under normal physiological conditions, as well as in various diseases. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cytokine production through the modulation of chromatin remodeling. Olah, G; Rios, EC; Soriano, FG; Szabo, C; Szczesny, B, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a common occupational hazard, whose mortality and incidence rates are first and second, respectively, among occupational poisoning incidents in China. "	( A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based study on serum metabolomics in rats chronically poisoned with hydrogen sulfide. Deng, M; Hu, L; Huang, X; Lin, G; Ma, J; Wang, X; Zhang, M, 2015)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vasodilatory agent generated in endothelial cells by cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)."	( Cystathionine γ-lyase, a H2S-generating enzyme, is a GPBAR1-regulated gene and contributes to vasodilation caused by secondary bile acids. Bucci, M; Carino, A; Cipriani, S; d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, R; Distrutti, E; Fiorucci, S; Gargiulo, A; Monti, MC; Renga, B; Zampella, A, 2015)	1.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key signaling molecule regulating important physiological processes, including smooth muscle function. "	( Novel mechanism of hydrogen sulfide-induced guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction: role of BK channels and cholinergic neurotransmission. Fernandes, VS; Petkov, GV; Xin, W, 2015)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a critical gaseous signaling molecule emerging at the center of a rich field of chemical and biological research. "	( A Bright Fluorescent Probe for H2S Enables Analyte-Responsive, 3D Imaging in Live Zebrafish Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. Cerda, MM; Hammers, MD; Montoya, LA; Parthasarathy, R; Pluth, MD; Seidenkranz, DT; Taormina, MJ, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously-produced gasotransmitter that accumulates under hypoxia and has been shown to be pro-angiogenic and cytoprotective in cancer."	( Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines and xenografts restricts their growth, survival and angiogenic potential. Chambers, AF; Hammers, MD; Leong, HS; Lobb, I; Mazzola, CR; Pardhan, S; Pluth, MD; Postenka, CO; Power, NE; Sener, A; Sonke, E; Verrydt, M; Willie, CJ, 2015)	1.44
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous molecule formed from L-cysteine in vascular tissue. "	( Analysis of cardiovascular responses to the H2S donors Na2S and NaHS in the rat. Edward, JA; Jupiter, RC; Kadowitz, PJ; Mostany, R; Pankey, EA; Peak, TC; Reddy, VG; Swan, KW; Yoo, D, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant and also an important gaseous transmitter. "	( Selective Colorimetric Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Based on Primary Amine-Active Ester Cross-Linking of Gold Nanoparticles. Cai, N; Chang, HT; Du, Y; He, Y; Lien, CW; Lu, F; Peng, M; Tseng, YT; Wang, CW; Yeung, ES; Yuan, Z, 2015)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically active endogenous gasotransmitter formed in penile tissue that has been shown to relax isolated cavernosal smooth muscle. "	( Analysis of erectile responses to H2S donors in the anesthetized rat. Edward, JA; Jupiter, RC; Kadowitz, PJ; Katakam, P; Pankey, EA; Peak, TC; Polhemus, DJ; Reddy, VV; Yoo, D, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically active gas that is synthesized naturally by three enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). "	( H2S Synthesizing Enzymes: Biochemistry and Molecular Aspects. Huang, CW; Moore, PK, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide is a novel signal molecule for the central nervous system regulation and plays a role of neural protection in many diseases."	( Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide in Treating Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Wu, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y; Zu, H, )	1.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously found gasotransmitter that has been implicated in a variety of beneficial physiological functions. "	( Actions of a hydrogen sulfide donor (NaHS) on transient sodium, persistent sodium, and voltage-gated calcium currents in neurons of the subfornical organ. Ferguson, AV; Kuksis, M, 2015)	2.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a widespread gasotransmitter also known as a powerful neuroprotective agent in the central nervous system. "	( Mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) action on synaptic transmission at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Gerasimova, E; Giniatullin, R; Lebedeva, J; Sitdikova, G; Yakovlev, A; Zefirov, A, 2015)	2.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vasoactive gasotransmitter that is endogenously produced in the vasculature by the enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). "	( Cystathionine γ-lyase regulates arteriogenesis through NO-dependent monocyte recruitment. Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; Pardue, S; Shen, X; Wang, R; Yuan, S, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important endogenous modulator of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes."	( GYY4137 attenuates remodeling, preserves cardiac function and modulates the natriuretic peptide response to ischemia. Liew, OW; Lilyanna, S; Martinez, EC; Moore, PK; Peh, MT; Richards, AM; Wang, P, 2015)	1.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule which plays regulatory roles in many physiological and/or pathological processes. "	( Design, Synthesis, and Cardioprotective Effects of N-Mercapto-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Donors. Aguilar, HC; Bhushan, S; Kang, J; Lefer, DJ; Li, Z; Organ, C; Otsuka, H; Pacheco, A; Xian, M; Yang, C; Zhao, Y, 2015)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with multiple biological functions. "	( Multi-Fluorinated Azido Coumarins for Rapid and Selective Detection of Biological H2 S in Living Cells. Li, Y; Wei, C; Wen, X; Xi, Z; Yi, L; Zhu, Z, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an antioxidant gasotransmitter that protects endothelial cells against oxidative stress."	( SIRT3 Mediates the Antioxidant Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide in Endothelial Cells. Feng, H; Ferro, A; Gu, Y; Han, Y; Huang, Y; Ji, Y; Li, S; Liu, S; Ma, Y; Meng, G; Moore, PK; Park, CM; Shao, Y; Tang, X; Wang, H; Wang, R; Xian, M; Xiao, Y; Xie, L, 2016)	1.42
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a potent vasodilator and neuromodulator generated in corpus cavernosum."	( Resveratrol Stimulates Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S) Formation to Relax Murine Corpus Cavernosum. Ahmed, A; Dereli, MV; Erac, Y; Ozzayım, O; Sevin, G; Yetik-Anacak, G, 2015)	1.45
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a member of the growing family of gasotransmitters. "	( H2S: A Novel Gasotransmitter that Signals by Sulfhydration. Paul, BD; Snyder, SH, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent stimulator of autophagic flux."	( Hydrogen sulfide reduces serum triglyceride by activating liver autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Ding, X; Li, W; Li, Y; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Pan, Z; Sun, L; Wang, D; Wang, X; Yan, S; Yu, C; Yuan, Y; Yun, F; Zhang, S; Zhao, H; Zhao, J; Zhao, X, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gasotransmitter and its mechanism of action involves activation of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and phosphodiesterase inhibition. "	( Cystathionine β-synthase-derived hydrogen sulfide is involved in human malignant hyperthermia. Andria, B; Attanasio, C; Bucci, M; Calderone, V; Cantalupo, A; Cirino, G; Di Martino, A; Ianaro, A; Mancini, A; Panza, E; Savoia, G; Vellecco, V, 2016)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological mediator and has been at the center of a rapidly expanding field focused on understanding the biogenesis and action of H2S as well as other sulfur-related species. "	( Mechanistic Insights into the H₂S-Mediated Reduction of Aryl Azides Commonly Used in H₂S Detection. Henthorn, HA; Pluth, MD, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a hazard primarily in the oil and gas industry, agriculture, sewage and animal waste handling, construction (asphalt operations and disturbing marshy terrain), and other settings where organic material decomposes under reducing conditions, and in geothermal operations. "	( Hydrogen sulfide intoxication. Guidotti, TL, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a major odor in landfill gas and needs urgent treatment. "	( Effect of migration and transformation of iron on the endogenous reduction of H2S in anaerobic landfill. Du, Y; Fang, Y; He, YN; Long, YY; Shen, DS; Xu, J, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter, involved in the regulation of several biological functions. "	( Using hydrogen sulfide to design and develop drugs. Breschi, MC; Calderone, V; Citi, V; Martelli, A; Testai, L, 2016)	2.36
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gasotransmitter known to regulate bone formation and bone mass in unperturbed mice. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Novel Regulator of Bone Formation Implicated in the Bone Loss Induced by Estrogen Deficiency. Adams, J; Calvert, JW; Gambari, L; Grassi, F; Li, JY; Lisignoli, G; Pacifici, R; Robinson, J; Tyagi, AM; Vaccaro, C; Walker, LD; Yu, M, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous inflammatory mediator produced by the activity of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) in mammals. "	( LPS Up-Regulates Cystathionine γ -Lyase Gene Expression in Primary Human Macrophages via NF-κB/ERK Pathway. Badiei, A; Bhatia, M; Davies, S; Gieseg, S; Izani Othman, M, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that participates in many important biological processes. "	( Molecular Engineering of Aqueous Soluble Triarylboron-Compound-Based Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Mitochondria H2S with Analyte-Induced Finite Aggregation and Excellent Membrane Permeability. Guo, X; Hu, R; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, X; Wang, S; Yang, G, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous molecule with important roles in cellular signaling. "	( Mitochondrial Sulfide Quinone Oxidoreductase Prevents Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Hydrogen Sulfide. Horsman, JW; Miller, DL, 2016)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that has been described to affect the membrane potential of neurons in a number of brain areas. "	( Hydrogen sulfide depolarizes neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat. Ferguson, AV; Malik, R, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous transmitter in organisims. "	( Roles of H2S in adaptation of alpine plants Lamiophlomis rotata to altitude gradients. Hu, X; Ma, L; Yang, Y, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide is a novel gasotransmitter that has been shown to play a major role in regulating vascular tone. "	( The role of hydrogen sulfide in burns. Akter, F, 2016)	2.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes. "	( Low sulfide levels and a high degree of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activation by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the long-lived naked mole-rat. Dammann, P; Dziegelewska, M; Groth, M; Hildebrandt, T; Holtze, S; Huse, K; Menzel, U; Morhart, M; Platzer, M; Sahm, A; Sponholz, C; Szafranski, K; Vole, C; Wachter, U, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule with antihypertensive properties."	( Hydrogen sulfide in hypertension. Hillebrands, JL; Joles, JA; van den Born, JC; van Goor, H, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is an odourous, highly toxic gas commonly encountered in various commercial and municipal sectors. "	( Hydrogen sulfide oxidation in novel Horizontal-Flow Biofilm Reactors dominated by an Acidithiobacillus and a Thiobacillus species. Clifford, E; Collins, G; Gerrity, S; Kennelly, C, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly discovered gas transmitter. "	( Expression profile of hydrogen sulfide and its synthases correlates with tumor stage and grade in urothelial cell carcinoma of bladder. Gai, JW; Jin, J; Li, M; Liu, GM; Liu, M; Ma, HS; Ma, QT; Qin, W; Song, WH; Wang, HF; Zhang, M; Zhou, WH, 2016)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter. "	( Decreased Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Generation in Penile Tissues of Diabetic Rats with Erectile Dysfunction. Liu, JH; Wang, SG; Wang, T; Yang, J; Ye, ZQ; Yin, CP; Zhang, Y, 2016)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent toxicant interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and creating extreme environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems. "	( Mechanisms Underlying Adaptation to Life in Hydrogen Sulfide-Rich Environments. Arias-Rodriguez, L; Bustamante, CD; Kelley, JL; Patacsil Martin, D; Tobler, M; Yee, MC, 2016)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas-second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide--Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an Antidote. Ali, S; Ambasudhan, R; Boss, GR; Brenner, M; Chan, A; Glasheen, M; Haushalter, KJ; Jiang, J; Lam, WL; Lipton, SA; Mahon, SB; Parker, J; Patel, HH; Pilz, RB; Saha, A, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter produced from L-cysteine through the enzymatic action of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and/or cystathionine-β-synthase. "	( D-Penicillamine modulates hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway through selective inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase. Asimakopoulou, A; Brancaleone, V; Bucci, M; Calderone, V; Cirino, G; Citi, V; Esposito, I; Gargiulo, A; Gobbetti, T; Papapetropoulos, A; Perretti, M; Vellecco, V, 2016)	2.18
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known environmental chemical threat with an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. "	( Epithelial Electrolyte Transport Physiology and the Gasotransmitter Hydrogen Sulfide. Althaus, M; Pouokam, E, 2016)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a chemical hazard in the gas and farming industry. "	( Developing effective countermeasures against acute hydrogen sulfide intoxication: challenges and limitations. Haouzi, P; Judenherc-Haouzi, A; Sonobe, T, 2016)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an important endogenous signaling molecule with multiple biological functions. "	( Fast-Response Turn-on Fluorescent Probes Based on Thiolysis of NBD Amine for H2 S Bioimaging. Li, LY; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, R; Xi, Z; Xu, G; Yi, L; Zhang, C; Zhang, QZ, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is an important endogenous signaling molecule with a variety of biological functions. "	( Dual-Reactable Fluorescent Probes for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Biological H2 S. Li, LY; Li, Y; Wang, R; Wei, C; Xi, Z; Xu, G; Yi, L; Zhang, C; Zhang, QZ, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gaseous transmitter, regulating a multitude of biological processes in the cardiovascular and other systems. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis in rats. Hu, LF; Li, Q; Liu, CF; Qin, YR; Wang, F; Wang, XH; You, SJ; Zhang, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous neurotransmitter that importantly regulates various physiological and pathological events including pain signal transduction. "	( Upregulation of spinal NMDA receptors mediates hydrogen sulfide-induced hyperalgesia. Guo, YX; Jiang, YQ; Liu, FF; Wang, XL; Wu, YM; Zhao, S, 2016)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as a signal to induce many physiological processes in plants, but its role in controlling the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is not well established. "	( Hydrogen sulfide mediates nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) under high temperature conditions. Chen, Q; Chen, X; Ef, AA; Hu, L; Hu, X; Jia, A; Jia, Y; Li, R; Zhang, X, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasomediator synthesized from L- and D-cysteine in various tissues. "	( Medical Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide. Olas, B, 2016)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential biological signaling molecule in diverse biological regulatory pathways. "	( Organelle-Targeted H2S Probes Enable Visualization of the Subcellular Distribution of H2S Donors. Montoya, LA; Pluth, MD, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a critical signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and/or pathological processes. "	( pH-Controlled Hydrogen Sulfide Release for Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Kang, J; Lefer, DJ; Li, Z; Organ, CL; Pacheco, A; Park, CM; Wang, D; Xian, M; Yang, CT, 2016)	2.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological messenger, but few biologically-compatible methods are available for its detection in aqueous solution. "	( Structural effects of naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor for hydrogen sulfide and imaging in live zebrafish. Choi, SA; Giong, HK; Ha, TH; Kwon, OS; Lee, CS; Lee, JS; Park, CS, 2016)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological signaling molecule, and chemical tools for H2S delivery and detection have emerged as important investigative methods. "	( Self-Immolative Thiocarbamates Provide Access to Triggered H2S Donors and Analyte Replacement Fluorescent Probes. Kevil, CG; Pardue, S; Pluth, MD; Steiger, AK, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule with significant pathophysiological importance, but its role in retinal neovascular diseases is unknown. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Contributes to Retinal Neovascularization in Ischemia-Induced Retinopathy. Coletta, C; Gersztenkorn, D; Ha, Y; Liu, H; Motamedi, M; Szabo, C; Tie, H; Zhang, W; Zhou, J; Zhu, S, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule with protective effects in the cardiovascular system. "	( Cardioprotection by H2S Donors: Nitric Oxide-Dependent and ‑Independent Mechanisms. Andreadou, I; Bibli, SI; Chatzianastasiou, A; Daiber, A; Di Lisa, F; Efentakis, P; Kaludercic, N; Manolopoulos, VG; Papapetropoulos, A; Szabó, C; Whiteman, M; Wood, ME, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that exerts both direct and indirect anti-oxidant effects."	( Regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase redox state by hydrogen sulfide. Bucci, M; Cirino, G; Esposito, I; Martin, E; Papapetropoulos, A; Sharina, I; Szabo, C; Zhou, Z, 2016)	1.4
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a member of the gasotransmitter family, plays an important physiological and pathological role in cardiovascular system. "	( Involvement of exogenous H2S in recovery of cardioprotection from ischemic post-conditioning via increase of autophagy in the aged hearts. Bai, S; Chen, J; Gao, J; Li, H; Li, L; Li, X; Sun, W; Wang, R; Wang, Y; Wu, L; Xu, C, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gaseous signaling molecule and can serve as a heme axial ligand, but its interactions with heme-based oxygen sensors have not been studied as extensively as those of O2, CO, and NO."	( Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the heme coordination structure and catalytic activity of the globin-coupled oxygen sensor AfGcHK. Bartosova, M; Fojtikova, V; Man, P; Martinkova, M; Shimizu, T; Stranava, M, 2016)	1.55
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an emerging neuromodulator that is considered to be a gasotransmitter similar to nitrogen oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). "	( Physiological Importance of Hydrogen Sulfide: Emerging Potent Neuroprotector and Neuromodulator. Chung, HJ; Jeong, NY; Jung, J; Panthi, S, 2016)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signalling molecule with multiple biological functions. "	( A Redox-Nucleophilic Dual-Reactable Probe for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of H2S: Synthesis, Spectra and Bioimaging. Cheng, L; Li, B; Wang, R; Xi, Z; Yi, L; Zhang, C, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an attractive agent for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, however, systemic delivery of H2S may cause unwanted side effects. "	( Delivery of Hydrogen Sulfide by Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury. Bin, J; Cao, S; Chen, G; Cui, K; Huang, Q; Kutty, S; Liao, W; Liao, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Xiu, J; Yang, L; Zhang, W; Zhong, L, 2016)	2.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) functions as a protective gas transmitter in various physiological and pathological processes, but the lack of ideal donors severely hampers the clinical application of H2S. "	( Controlled release hydrogen sulfide delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles protects graft endothelium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Guo, C; Liu, Y; Sun, X; Wang, C; Wang, W; Yang, C; Yang, W; Zhang, H, 2016)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling gasotransmitter, involved in different physiological and pathological processes. "	( Biochemistry and therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide - reality or fantasy? Brodek, P; Olas, B, 2016)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas with important physiologic functions in the brain, vasculature and other organs."	( Hydrogen Sulfide and Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Blanco, FJ; Burguera, EF; Meijide-Failde, R, 2017)	2.62
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that regulates multiple cardiovascular functions. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Krüppel-Like Factor 5 Transcription Activity via Specificity Protein 1 S-Sulfhydration at Cys664 to Prevent Myocardial Hypertrophy. Ferro, A; Gu, Y; Han, Y; Ji, Y; Liu, J; Ma, Y; Meng, G; Moore, PK; Park, CM; Tang, X; Wang, H; Wang, R; Wang, X; Xian, M; Xiao, Y; Xie, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, Z, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic gaseous molecule that causes death to humans exposed to high concentrations. "	( Hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS induces death of alveolar epithelial L2 cells that is associated with cellular shrinkage, transgelin expression and myosin phosphorylation. Aki, T; Fujii, Y; Funakoshi, T; Noritake, K; Uemura, K; Unuma, K, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide is an essential catabolite that intervenes in the pathophysiology of several diseases from hypertension to stroke, diabetes and pancreatitis. "	( Fragment-based de novo design of a cystathionine γ-lyase selective inhibitor blocking hydrogen sulfide production. Bucci, M; Caliendo, G; Cirino, G; Corvino, A; Fiorino, F; Frecentese, F; Kelly, G; Magli, E; Pastore, A; Perissutti, E; Popowicz, G; Santagada, V; Servillo, L; Severino, B, 2016)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide is a critical biological messenger, but few biologically compatible methods are available for its detection in vivo. "	( A near-infrared "turn-on" fluorescent probe with a self-immolative linker for the in vivo quantitative detection and imaging of hydrogen sulfide. Choi, SA; Ha, TH; Kwon, OS; Lee, CS; Nguyen, DN; Noh, S; Park, CS; Yoon, H, 2017)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide is a signaling molecule that plays important roles in several physiological processes, and its methylation product trimethylsulfonium (TMS) is a natural constituent of human urine that could serve as a biomarker for hydrogen sulfide. "	( The Association between the Urinary Excretion of Trimethylselenonium and Trimethylsulfonium in Humans. Francesconi, KA; Lajin, B, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide is an important endogenous mediator that has been the focus of intense investigation in the past few years, leading to the discovery of its role in vasoactive, cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory responses. "	( Broad-Range Antiviral Activity of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Highly Pathogenic RNA Viruses. Bazhanov, N; Casola, A; Escaffre, O; Freiberg, AN; Garofalo, RP, 2017)	2.18
"Hydrogen sulfide is believed to be a signalling molecule in the central nervous system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide in stroke: Protective or deleterious? Chan, SJ; Wong, PT, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic gas with well-established, acute irritation effects on the eye. "	( Lens Opacity and Hydrogen Sulfide in a New Zealand Geothermal Area. Bailey, IL; Bates, MN; Crane, J; DiMartino, RB; Garrett, N; Pope, K, 2017)	2.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous mediator, synthesized from l-cysteine by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). "	( Exogenous and Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Gastric Mucosa against the Formation and Time-Dependent Development of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lesions Progressing into Deeper Ulcerations. Brzozowski, T; Ginter, G; Hubalewska-Mazgaj, M; Kwiecien, S; Magierowska, K; Magierowski, M; Pajdo, R; Sliwowski, Z, 2017)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide is a promising new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of CVD, however reports show exogenous H"	( H Caprnda, M; Hart, JL; Kobyliak, N; Kruzliak, P; Opatrilova, R; Qaradakhi, T; Zulli, A, 2017)	1.18
"Hydrogen sulfide is a critical signaling molecule, but high concentrations cause cellular toxicity. "	( A distal ligand mutes the interaction of hydrogen sulfide with human neuroglobin. Banerjee, R; Filipovic, MR; Kumutima, J; Lehnert, N; Lewis, BE; Ruetz, M; Stemmler, TL, 2017)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with diverse physiological activity. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic signaling. Calvert, JW; Duranski, MR; Jha, S; Lefer, DJ; Ramachandran, A, 2008)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gas involved in several biological functions, including modulation of nociception. "	( Dual role of hydrogen sulfide in mechanical inflammatory hypernociception. Cunha, FQ; Cunha, TM; Dal-Secco, D; Ferreira, SH; Guerrero, AT; Lotufo, CM; Neto, AF; Souza, GR; Verri, WA; Vieira, SM, 2008)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator with the ability to modulate tissue inflammation and pain. "	( Leukocyte trafficking and pain behavioral responses to a hydrogen sulfide donor in acute monoarthritis. Andruski, B; Ignacy, T; McCafferty, DM; McDougall, JJ; Millen, B, 2008)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a major odorant in landfills. "	( Metal oxides remove hydrogen sulfide from landfill gas produced from waste mixed with plaster board under wet conditions. Bergersen, O; Haarstad, K, 2008)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a synaptic modulator as well as a neuroprotectant. "	( 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase produces hydrogen sulfide and bound sulfane sulfur in the brain. Ishii, K; Kimura, H; Ogasawara, Y; Shibuya, N; Tanaka, M; Togawa, T; Yoshida, M, 2009)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a toxic gas that induces the modification and release of haemoglobin in erythrocytes; however, it also functions in methionine biosynthesis in bacteria. "	( Identification and molecular analysis of betaC-S lyase producing hydrogen sulfide in Streptococcus intermedius. Ito, S; Nagamune, H; Tamura, H; Yoshida, Y, 2008)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a very common odor nuisance which is best controlled by chemical or biological scrubbing. "	( Alkaline biofiltration of H2S odors. Deshusses, MA; González-Sánchez, A; Revah, S, 2008)	1.79
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously gaseous mediator, regulating many pathophysiological functions in mammalian cells. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects from intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Bai, XB; Cao, YX; Liu, H; Shi, S, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide acts as an environmental toxin across a range of concentrations and as a cellular signaling molecule at very low concentrations. "	( Hydrogen sulfide induces oxidative damage to RNA and DNA in a sulfide-tolerant marine invertebrate. Joyner-Matos, J; Julian, D; Leeuwenburgh, C; Predmore, BL; Stein, JR, )	3.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a well known and pungent toxic gas that has recently been shown to be synthesised in man from the amino acids cystathionine, homocysteine and cysteine by at least two distinct enzymes; cystathionine-gamma-lyase and cystathionine-beta-synthase. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and the vasculature: a novel vasculoprotective entity and regulator of nitric oxide bioavailability? Moore, PK; Whiteman, M, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator of mucosal defense with antiinflammatory effects that promote ulcer healing. "	( Endogenous and exogenous hydrogen sulfide promotes resolution of colitis in rats. Dicay, M; Martin, GR; McKnight, W; Vong, L; Wallace, JL, 2009)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a member of a growing family of "gasotransmitters"."	( Calcium sulfide (CaS), a donor of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S): a new antihypertensive drug? Hui, RT; Li, YF; Xiao, CS, 2009)	1.35
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous messenger and serves as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates neuronal injury induced by vascular dementia via inhibiting apoptosis in rats. Jiang, CX; Liu, DW; Zhang, LM, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known cytotoxic gas. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. He, JQ; Hu, B; Jiang, ZS; Tang, XQ; Yin, WL, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a main cause of physiologic halitosis. "	( Oral malodorous compound activates mitochondrial pathway inducing apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts. Calenic, B; Fujimura, M; Ii, H; Imai, T; Izumi, Y; Murata, T; Sato, T; Yaegaki, K, 2010)	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an essential physiological product in brain. "	( Astrocytes produce the antiinflammatory and neuroprotective agent hydrogen sulfide. Lee, M; McGeer, E; McGeer, PL; Schwab, C; Yu, S, 2009)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenously produced gas in the central nervous system and has been touted as the body's third gaseous signaling molecule after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: a novel signaling molecule in the central nervous system. Bian, JS; Tan, BH; Wong, PT, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous opener of K(ATP) channels in many different types of cells. "	( Molecular mechanism for H(2)S-induced activation of K(ATP) channels. Cao, K; Jiang, B; Tang, G; Wang, R; Wu, L, 2010)	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a colorless, water soluble, flammable gas that has the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. "	( Novel insights into hydrogen sulfide--mediated cytoprotection. Calvert, JW; Coetzee, WA; Lefer, DJ, 2010)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide is a signalling molecule of the inflammatory and nervous systems, and in particular the cardiovascular system where it regulates vascular tone, cardiac work, and exerts cardioprotection."	( Making and working with hydrogen sulfide: The chemistry and generation of hydrogen sulfide in vitro and its measurement in vivo: a review. Centelles, MN; Hughes, MN; Moore, KP, 2009)	1.38
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a malodorous gas which functions as an endogenous gasotransmitter in humans. "	( Hydrogen sulfide's involvement in modulating nociception. Smith, HS, )	3.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasotransmitter with multifaceted physiological functions, including the regulation of glucose metabolism. "	( Interaction of methylglyoxal and hydrogen sulfide in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Chang, T; Liu, J; Untereiner, A; Wu, L, 2010)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule produced from L-cysteine by cystathionine beta-synthetase (CBS) or cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE). "	( A crucial role for hydrogen sulfide in oxygen sensing via modulating large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Dong, L; Jiang, LH; Jin, Z; Li, Q; Rong, W; Sun, B; Wang, X; Zhou, Y, 2010)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a synaptic modulator as well as a neuroprotectant in the brain. "	( Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria. Goto, Y; Kimura, H; Kimura, Y, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous mediator involved in a multitude of physiological functions; however the role of H(2)S in the gut is far from being understood completely. "	( Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide synthesis by PAG protects against ethanol-induced gastric damage in the rat. Chávez-Piña, AE; Navarrete, A; Tapia-Alvarez, GR, 2010)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H( 2)S) is a biological mediator produced by enzyme-regulated pathways from L-cysteine, which is a substrate for cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE). "	( L-cysteine stimulates hydrogen sulfide synthesis in myocardium associated with attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Baxter, GF; Elsey, DJ; Fowkes, RC, 2010)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenously generated gaseous transmitter, which has recently been suggested to regulate cardiovascular functions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by preventing GSK-3beta-dependent opening of mPTP. Cao, YX; Huang, XW; Wang, YG; Yao, LL; Zhang, CC; Zhu, YC, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous messenger and serves as an important neuromodulator in central nervous system. "	( Dynamic change of hydrogen sulfide during global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and its effect in rats. Du, A; Li, D; Mayhan, WG; Ren, C; Sui, J; Zhao, H, 2010)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide gas (H(2)S) is a putative signaling molecule that causes diverse effects in mammalian tissues including relaxation of blood vessels and regulation of perfusion in the liver, but the effects of aging on H(2)S signaling are unknown. "	( The hydrogen sulfide signaling system: changes during aging and the benefits of caloric restriction. Ahmed, KI; Alendy, MJ; Julian, D; Leeuwenburgh, C; Predmore, BL, 2010)	2.36
"Hydrogen sulfide is a typical gas in volcanic and geothermal areas."	( Sulfur-rich geothermal emissions elevate acid aerosol levels in metropolitan Taipei. Chen, ML; Chen, YJ; Chuang, HY; Lin, CH; Mao, IF; Tsai, PH, 2010)	1.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous signaling molecule with potent cytoprotective effects. "	( Genetic and pharmacologic hydrogen sulfide therapy attenuates ischemia-induced heart failure in mice. Calvert, JW; Elrod, JW; Elston, M; Gundewar, S; Jha, S; Lefer, DJ; Nicholson, CK; Ramachandran, A, 2010)	2.1
"1. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a signalling gasotransmitter. "	( Interaction of hydrogen sulfide with ion channels. Tang, G; Wang, R; Wu, L, 2010)	1.33
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a powerful aroma compound largely produced by yeast during fermentation. "	( Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in wine and in fermentation: influence of yeast strain and supplementation of yeast available nitrogen. Henschke, PA; Kolouchova, R; Ugliano, M, 2011)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a toxic gas with the smells of "rotten egg"; its toxic effects are due to the blocking of cellular respiratory enzymes leading to cell anoxia and cell damage."	( Hydrogen sulfide toxicity in a thermal spring: a fatal outcome. Beder, B; Daldal, H; Serin, S; Sungurtekin, H, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a recently discovered gasotransmitter found in mammalian tissues and blood. "	( Pharmacological activation and genetic manipulation of cystathionine beta-synthase alter circulating levels of homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide in mice. Cheng, K; Geoghagen, NS; Holt, TG; Jensen, KK; Jin, L; Luo, MJ; Luo, Q; Malkowitz, L; Ni, W; Quan, S; Waters, MG; Zhang, A; Zhou, HH, 2011)	2.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a modulator of various physiological and pathological processes in the cardiovascular and nervous system and plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney function. "	( Ramipril affects hydrogen sulfide generation in mouse liver and kidney. Góralska, M; Piotrowska, J; Somogyi, E; Wiliński, B; Wiliński, J, 2010)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a new gasotransmitter synthesized enzymatically from l-cysteine in cytosol and is oxidized in mitochondria. "	( Differential effects of statins on endogenous H2S formation in perivascular adipose tissue. Atanasova, P; Bełtowski, J; Chaldakov, GN; Chylińska-Kula, B; Jamroz-Wiśniewska, A; Wójcicka, G, 2011)	1.81
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenously generated gas that can also be administered exogenously. "	( Reactivity of hydrogen sulfide with peroxynitrite and other oxidants of biological interest. Alvarez, B; Bartesaghi, S; Carballal, S; Cuevasanta, E; Denicola, A; Folkes, LK; García-Bereguiaín, MA; Gutiérrez-Merino, C; Möller, MN; Radi, R; Trujillo, M; Wardman, P, 2011)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide is a relatively common, frequently lethal, and unique occupational hazard for which research since 1990 has uncovered many anomalies and subtleties and a previously unsuspected physiological role for the endogenous agent. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: advances in understanding human toxicity. Guidotti, TL, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that appears to be involved in numerous biological processes, including regulation of blood pressure and vascular tone. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and cerebral microvascular tone in newborn pigs. Basuroy, S; Fedinec, AL; Jaggar, JH; Leffler, CW; Parfenova, H; Umstot, ES, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a gaseous mediator synthesized from cysteine by cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and other naturally occurring enzymes. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling. Li, L; Moore, PK; Rose, P, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a poisonous gas which can be lethal. "	( Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas with cardiovascular properties in uremia: how harmful is it? Capasso, R; De Santo, NG; Ingrosso, D; Lanza, D; Perna, AF; Raiola, I; Sepe, I, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gas that can be formed by the action of two enzymes, cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) and cystathionine beta synthase (CBS). "	( Hydrogen sulfide in gastrointestinal and liver physiopathology. Cipriani, S; Mencarelli, A, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter produced in mammalian cells. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: a novel signaling molecule in the vascular system. Bian, JS; Liu, YH; Yan, CD, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel neurotransmitter. "	( ACS84, a novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing compound, protects against amyloid β-induced cell cytotoxicity. Bian, JS; Del Soldato, P; Liu, YY; Sparatore, A, 2011)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous gas which has potent relaxant effect in vascular and nonvascular smooth muscles. "	( The vasorelaxant effect of hydrogen sulfide is enhanced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Abacıoğlu, N; Akpulat, U; Bozkurt, TE; Denizalti, M; Sahin-Erdemli, I, 2011)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide functions as a vasodilator as well as a regulator of neuronal ion channels and multiple intracellular signaling pathways."	( Gain-of-function polymorphisms of cystathionine β-synthase and delayed cerebral ischemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Badjatia, N; Claassen, J; Connolly, ES; DeRosa, PA; Ducruet, AF; Fernandez, L; Grobelny, BT; Hickman, ZL; Kotchetkov, IS; Lee, K; Mayer, SA; Narula, R; Zacharia, BE, 2011)	1.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that appears to contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. "	( Hydrogen sulfide dilates cerebral arterioles by activating smooth muscle cell plasma membrane KATP channels. Adebiyi, A; Jaggar, JH; Leffler, CW; Leo, MD; Liang, GH; McNally, EM, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a crucial co-modulator of cardiovascular, nervous, digestive and excretory systems function. "	( Atorvastatin affects the tissue concentration of hydrogen sulfide in mouse kidneys and other organs. Góralska, M; Piotrowska, J; Somogyi, E; Wiliński, B; Wiliński, J, 2011)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous transmitter involved in the control of vascular homeostasis. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and erectile function: a novel therapeutic target. Cirino, G; d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, R; Mirone, V; Sorrentino, R, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important modulator of many aspects of digestive function, both in health and disease. "	( Eukaryotic and prokaryotic contributions to colonic hydrogen sulfide synthesis. Flannigan, KL; McCoy, KD; Wallace, JL, 2011)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule in various mammalian cells and tissues. "	( Significance of hydrogen sulfide production in the pancreatic β-cell. Niki, I; Taniguchi, S, 2011)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel gasotransmitter with physiological and pathological functions in vascular homeostasis, cardiovascular system and central nervous system. "	( Endogenous production of hydrogen sulfide in isolated bovine eye. Kulkarni, M; Njie-Mbye, YF; Ohia, SE; Okpobiri, I; Opere, CA; Zhao, M, 2011)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) acts as an endogenous gaseous transmitter in the central nervous system and plays important roles in regulating cardiovascular function. "	( Hydrogen sulfide in the rostral ventrolateral medulla inhibits sympathetic vasomotor tone through ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Guo, Q; He, RR; Jin, S; Wang, R; Wang, XL; Wu, YM; Xiao, L, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a physiologic gaseous signaling molecule, like nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO)."	( Delivery of the bioactive gas hydrogen sulfide during cold preservation of rat liver: effects on hepatic function in an ex vivo model. Balaban, CL; Guibert, EE; Rodriguez, JV, 2011)	1.38
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a toxic gas that is now recognized as an important mediator of many physiological processes. "	( Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide in colonic physiology and pathophysiology. Baird, AW; Collins, D; Docherty, NG; Medani, M; O'Connell, PR; Winter, DC, 2011)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gas endogenously produced by cystathionine γ-lyase in VSMC."	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Agarwal, A; Balla, G; Balla, J; Jeney, V; Katkó, M; Oros, M; Varga, Z; Zarjou, A; Zavaczki, E, 2011)	2.53
"H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is a well known and pungent gas recently discovered to be synthesized enzymatically in mammalian and human tissues. "	( Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide in health and disease: critical appraisal of biomarkers and pharmacological tools. Chopra, M; Fox, B; Le Trionnaire, S; Whatmore, J; Whiteman, M, 2011)	1.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gasotransmitter that plays several roles in various tissues, including the cardiovascular system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide promotes calcium signals and migration in tumor-derived endothelial cells. Avanzato, D; Cruz, JE; Mancardi, D; Merlino, A; Moccia, F; Munaron, L; Pla, AF; Pupo, E; Tanzi, F, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a recently discovered gaseous transmitter, whose role in PSCs has not been explored yet."	( Effects of hydrogen sulfide on rat pancreatic stellate cells. Buerkle, H; Goebel, U; Hoetzel, A; Schmidt, R; Schwer, CI; Stoll, P, 2012)	1.49
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a prominent EDRF, since mice lacking its biosynthetic enzyme, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), display pronounced hypertension with deficient vasorelaxant responses to acetylcholine."	( Hydrogen sulfide as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor sulfhydrates potassium channels. Amzel, LM; Barodka, VM; Barrow, RK; Berkowitz, DE; Bhunia, AK; Gazi, FK; Gazi, SK; Jung, SM; Mustafa, AK; Sikka, G; Snyder, SH; Steppan, J; Wang, R, 2011)	2.53
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenously generated molecule with many reported physiological functions. "	( The reaction of H(2)S with oxidized thiols: generation of persulfides and implications to H(2)S biology. Carrington, SJ; Francoleon, NE; Fukuto, JM, 2011)	1.81
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas produced as a by-product of organic waste and many industrial processes. "	( Utilization of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and induced hypothermia after hydrogen sulfide exposure. Asif, MJ; Exline, MC, 2012)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel gasotransmitter that regulates cell proliferation and other cellular functions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide mediates the anti-survival effect of sulforaphane on human prostate cancer cells. Cao, Q; Pei, Y; Wu, B; Wu, L; Yang, G, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous signaling gas, which possesses potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and other regulatory functions."	( Downregulation of the renal and hepatic hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing enzymes and capacity in chronic kidney disease. Aminzadeh, MA; Vaziri, ND, 2012)	1.37
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a volatile gas of considerable interest as a physiologically relevant signaling molecule, but this volatility has typically been overlooked in the context of biological experiments. "	( Passive loss of hydrogen sulfide in biological experiments. DeLeon, ER; Olson, KR; Stoy, GF, 2012)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide is also known to be an etiological factor in periodontal disease."	( Oral malodorous compound causes caspase-8 and -9 mediated programmed cell death in osteoblasts. Aoyama, I; Calenic, B; Ii, H; Imai, T; Yaegaki, K, 2012)	1.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a vasodilatory gasotransmitter mediator in the cardiovascular system, proposed as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor."	( Hydrogen sulfide and the metabolic syndrome. Chang, T; Desai, KM; Untereiner, A; Wu, L, 2011)	2.53
"Hydrogen sulfide is a newly identified modulator of protein synthesis in the kidney, and reduction in its generation may contribute to kidney injury in diabetes."	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits high glucose-induced matrix protein synthesis by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in renal epithelial cells. Abboud, HE; Cavaglieri, RC; Choudhury, GG; Feliers, D; Kasinath, BS; Lee, HJ; Mariappan, MM; Sataranatarajan, K, 2012)	2.54
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a newly identified member of the small family of gasotransmitters that are endogenous gaseous signaling molecules that have a fundamental role in human biology and disease. "	( The global transcriptional response of fission yeast to hydrogen sulfide. Chen, D; He, W; Jia, X; Murchie, AI, 2011)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a signaling molecule, which influences many physiological processes. "	( High turnover rates for hydrogen sulfide allow for rapid regulation of its tissue concentrations. Banerjee, R; Kabil, O; Vitvitsky, V, 2012)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator which is a potent vasodilator and a neurotransmitter."	( Role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in neurogenic relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum. Dehpour, AR; Ghasemi, M; Mani, AR; Moore, KP, 2012)	1.43
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous reductant which can affect the intracellular redox state."	( Effect of H₂S on the circadian rhythm of mouse hepatocytes. Chen, S; Hua, L; Lu, C; Qian, R; Shang, Z, 2012)	1.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule involved in inflammation."	( Effect of endogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibition on structural and functional renal disturbances induced by gentamicin. Chierice, JR; Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; Cunha, FQ; Francescato, HD; Marin, EC; Silva, CG, 2012)	1.42
"Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely toxic gas that is also of great interest for biological applications when delivered in the correct amount and at the desired rate. "	( Metal-organic frameworks for the storage and delivery of biologically active hydrogen sulfide. Aldous, D; Allan, PK; Chapman, KW; De Weireld, G; Hriljac, JA; Megson, IL; Mohideen, MI; Morris, RE; Tang, C; Vaesen, S; Wheatley, PS, 2012)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel agent that has been previously shown to scavenge ROS and slow metabolism."	( Hydrogen sulfide decreases reactive oxygen in a model of lung transplantation. Arnaoutakis, GJ; Beaty, CA; Berkowitz, DE; George, TJ; Jandu, SK; Santhanam, L; Shah, AS, 2012)	2.54
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important biological messenger but few biologically-compatible methods are available for its detection. "	( Selective turn-on fluorescent probes for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Montoya, LA; Pluth, MD, 2012)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important gasotransmitter in the mammalian respiratory system. "	( The message in the air: hydrogen sulfide metabolism in chronic respiratory diseases. Chen, Y; Wang, R, 2012)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a gaseous vasodilator produced by endothelial cells. "	( Hydrogen sulfide activates Ca²⁺ sparks to induce cerebral arteriole dilatation. Jaggar, JH; Leffler, CW; Liang, GH; Xi, Q, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a ubiquitous gaseous signaling molecule that plays a vital role in numerous cellular functions and has become the focus of many research endeavors, including pharmacotherapeutic manipulation. "	( Analytical measurement of discrete hydrogen sulfide pools in biological specimens. Bir, S; Kevil, CG; Peter, EA; Shen, X; Wang, R, )	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a unique gasotransmitter, with regulatory roles in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide are mutually dependent in the regulation of angiogenesis and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Asimakopoulou, A; Coletta, C; Erdelyi, K; Gerö, D; Martin, E; Módis, K; Olah, G; Panopoulos, P; Papapetropoulos, A; Sharina, I; Szabo, C, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel gasotransmitter that inhibits L-type calcium currents (I (Ca, L)). "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits L-type calcium currents depending upon the protein sulfhydryl state in rat cardiomyocytes. Du, J; Jin, H; Sun, Y; Tang, C; Tsai, H; Zhang, R, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a causative agent of oral malodor and may play an important role in the pathogenicity of oral bacteria such as Streptococcus anginosus. "	( Structural insights into catalysis by βC-S lyase from Streptococcus anginosus. Kezuka, Y; Nonaka, T; Yoshida, Y, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous bacterial metabolite that reaches high levels in the large intestine. "	( Hydrogen sulfide lowers proliferation and induces protective autophagy in colon epithelial cells. Chan, FK; Cheng, AS; Cho, CH; Sung, JJ; Wang, XJ; Wu, WK; Wu, YC; Yu, J; Yu, L, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel agent previously shown to slow metabolism and scavenge reactive oxygen species, potentially mitigating IRI."	( Inhaled hydrogen sulfide improves graft function in an experimental model of lung transplantation. Arnaoutakis, GJ; Beaty, CA; Berkowitz, DE; George, TJ; Jandu, SK; Santhanam, L; Shah, AS, 2012)	1.53
"Hydrogen sulfide is an essential gasotransmitter associated with numerous pathologies. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and resolution of acute inflammation: A comparative study utilizing a novel fluorescent probe. Dufton, N; Natividad, J; Verdu, EF; Wallace, JL, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous mediator with peripheral vasorelaxant effects; however, the mechanism of H(2)S-induced vasorelaxation in cerebral blood vessels has not been extensively studied. "	( An investigation of the mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide-induced vasorelaxation in rat middle cerebral arteries. Badoer, E; Hart, J; Streeter, E, 2012)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a newly discovered transmitter with myorelaxant properties."	( Sildenafil effect on the human bladder involves the L-cysteine/hydrogen sulfide pathway: a novel mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Cirino, G; di Villa Bianca, Rd; Fusco, F; Mirone, V; Mitidieri, E; Sorrentino, R, 2012)	1.34
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel signaling molecule with both pro- or anti-inflammatory effect. "	( Hydrogen sulfide modulates the release of nitric oxide and VEGF in human keratinocytes. Borea, PA; Fazzi, D; Gessi, S; Merighi, S; Varani, K, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule."	( In African American type 2 diabetic patients, is vitamin D deficiency associated with lower blood levels of hydrogen sulfide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and elevated oxidative stress? Bass, PF; Hoeldtke, R; Jain, SK; Kahlon, G; Levine, SN; Lieblong, BJ; Manna, P; Micinski, D; Morehead, L, 2013)	1.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a potent vasodilator. "	( Differential effects of cystathionine-γ-lyase-dependent vasodilatory H2S in periadventitial vasoregulation of rat and mouse aortas. Dubrovska, G; Gollasch, M; Huang, Y; Köhn, C; Markó, L; Schleifenbaum, J; Szijártó, IA, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a signaling molecule in different systems, including the cardiovascular system. "	( Antioxidative properties of hydrogen sulfide may involve in its antiadhesive action on blood platelets. Malinowska, J; Morel, A; Olas, B, 2012)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important signaling molecule whose blood levels have been shown to be lower in certain disease states. "	( Relationship between hydrogen sulfide levels and HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin, and potassium levels in the blood of healthy subjects. Jain, SK; Lieblong, BJ; Micinski, D; Stapleton, T, 2012)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide is an environmental toxicant and gaseous neurotransmitter. "	( Presumed hydrogen sulfide-mediated neurotoxicity after streptococcus anginosus group meningitis. Landisch, R; Prah, M; Quirk, B; Schmainda, K; Verma, S; Whelan, HT; Willoughby, RE, 2013)	2.25
"Hydrogen sulfide ( H₂S ) is a volatile sulfur compound responsible for physiological halitosis. "	( p53-Pathway activity and apoptosis in hydrogen sulfide-exposed stem cells separated from human gingival epithelium. Calenic, B; Imai, T; Ishkitiev, N; Kumazawa, Y; Tanaka, T; Yaegaki, K, 2013)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a novel gaseous mediator that plays important roles in atherosclerosis. "	( Effect of S-aspirin, a novel hydrogen-sulfide-releasing aspirin (ACS14), on atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Fan, Y; Gu, T; Guo, C; Sparatore, A; Wang, C; Wu, D; Zhang, A; Zhang, H, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that until recently was only considered to be a toxic environmental pollutant with little or no physiological significance. "	( Biology and therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide-releasing chimeras. Kashfi, K; Olson, KR, 2013)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a newly-discovered signaling molecule in plants and has caused increasing attention in recent years, but its function in stomatal movement is unclear. "	( Hydrogen sulfide regulates ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Hou, L; Hou, Z; Liu, J; Liu, X; Wang, L, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a recently described endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule that influences various cellular processes in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal tract. "	( Characterization of patient mutations in human persulfide dioxygenase (ETHE1) involved in H2S catabolism. Banerjee, R; Kabil, O, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter and may play important roles in normal physiology and liver disease."	( Endogenous hydrogen sulfide formation mediates the liver damage in endotoxemic rats. Chen, C; Chen, L; Gao, H; Gao, L; Sun, Y; Yan, Y; Zhao, R; Zhou, H, 2013)	2.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a gaseous neuromodulator endogenously produced in the brain by the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits preoptic prostaglandin E2 production during endotoxemia. Araujo, RM; Azevedo, LU; Batalhao, ME; Branco, LG; Carnio, EC; Coimbra, TM; Francescato, HD; Kwiatkoski, M; Soriano, RN, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a promising cardioprotective agent and a potential modulator of cardiac ion currents. "	( Hydrogen sulfide suppresses outward rectifier potassium currents in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Gan, SU; Lu, J; Qiu, S; Sheng, J; Shim, W; Tan, G; Wei, H; Wong, P; Zhang, G, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) functions as a neuromodulator, but whether it modulates visceral pain is not well known. "	( Upregulation of cystathionine β-synthetase expression contributes to visceral hyperalgesia induced by heterotypic intermittent stress in rats. Hu, S; Jiang, X; Qu, R; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Xu, GY, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a lipid-soluble, endogenously produced gaseous messenger molecule collectively known as gasotransmitter. "	( Dynamic change of hydrogen sulfide after traumatic brain injury and its effect in mice. Chang, P; Chen, X; Dong, W; Liu, W; Shan, H; Tao, L; Wang, L; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, M, 2013)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known toxic gas with the smell of rotten eggs. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as a neuromodulator. Kimura, H, 2002)	3.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a newly found modulator in vascular system. "	( The possible role of hydrogen sulfide on the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in rats. Du, J; Tang, C; Yan, H, 2004)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous vasodilator in mammals, but its presence and function in other vertebrates is unknown. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous regulator of vascular smooth muscle tone in trout. Dombkowski, RA; Olson, KR; Russell, MJ, 2004)	3.21
"Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, odorless gas that may cause rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory depression without warning. "	( Co-worker fatalities from hydrogen sulfide. Chang, A; Hamilton, RJ; Hendrickson, RG, 2004)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, malodorous gas that results from the decay of organic material."	( Severe hydrogen sulfide exposure in a working adolescent. Burns, MM; Nikkanen, HE, 2004)	1.5
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a well-known toxic gas, is found in relatively high concentrations in the brain. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress. Kimura, H; Kimura, Y, 2004)	3.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known cytotoxic gas. "	( The novel neuromodulator hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous peroxynitrite 'scavenger'? Armstrong, JS; Cheung, NS; Chu, SH; Halliwell, B; Jia-Ling, S; Moore, PK; Whiteman, M; Wong, BS, 2004)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. "	( Vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity. Doellman, MM; Dombkowski, RA; Olson, KR; Russell, MJ; Schulman, AA, 2005)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gas with potent vasodilator activity. "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. Bhatia, M; Fu, D; Lau, HY; Moochhala, SM; Moore, PK; Wong, FL, 2005)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide is a direct and systemic poison, produced by organic matter decomposition."	( [Fatal outcome of an hydrogen sulfide poisoning]. Jaffrelot, M; Perfus, JP; Querellou, E; Savary, D; Savry, C, 2005)	1.37
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a prominent gaseous constituent of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with known cytotoxic properties. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects colon cancer cells from chemopreventative agent beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate induced apoptosis. Armstrong, JS; Ming, SH; Moore, PK; Nam, OC; Rose, P; Whiteman, M, 2005)	3.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter, which may play important roles in normal physiology and disease. "	( Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide formation reduces the organ injury caused by endotoxemia. Anuar, FB; Bhatia, M; Collin, M; Moore, PK; Murch, O; Thiemermann, C, 2005)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) functions as a neuromodulator, but whether it modulates visceral perception and pain is unknown. "	( Evidence that hydrogen sulfide exerts antinociceptive effects in the gastrointestinal tract by activating KATP channels. Antonelli, E; Cirino, G; Distrutti, E; Fiorucci, S; Mencarelli, A; Morelli, A; Orlandi, S; Renga, B; Roviezzo, F; Sediari, L; Wallace, JL, 2006)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator, produced by the metabolic pathways that regulate tissue concentrations of sulfur-containing amino acids. "	( Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects against regional myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury--Evidence for a role of K ATP channels. Baxter, GF; Johansen, D; Ytrehus, K, 2006)	2.18
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a naturally occurring gas that is also associated with several industries. "	( Changes in intracellular pH play a secondary role in hydrogen sulfide-induced nasal cytotoxicity. Dorman, DC; Lancianese, S; Marshall, MW; McManus, BE; Roberts, ES; Wong, VA, 2006)	2.03
"As hydrogen sulfide is a component of several natural compounds known to be effective in many inflammatory pathologies, particularly of the respiratory tract, we studied its effects in vitro on the survival and bactericidal activity of purified human neutrophils."	( Hydrogen sulfide prevents apoptosis of human PMN via inhibition of p38 and caspase 3. Gobbi, G; Micheloni, C; Mirandola, P; Pambianco, M; Rinaldi, L; Vitale, M, 2006)	2.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a well-known toxic gas with the smell of rotten eggs. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as a new endogenous gaseous transmitter in the cardiovascular system. Du, J; Li, X; Tang, C, 2006)	3.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a neuromodulator in the brain and a relaxant for smooth muscle. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects HT22 neuronal cells from oxidative stress. Dargusch, R; Kimura, H; Kimura, Y; Schubert, D, )	3.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a recently identified gasotransmitter that may mediate hypoxic responses in vascular smooth muscle. "	( Hydrogen sulfide mediates hypoxia-induced relaxation of trout urinary bladder smooth muscle. Doellman, MM; Dombkowski, RA; Head, SK; Olson, KR, 2006)	3.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring and industrially generated gas. "	( Use of a pharmacokinetic-driven computational fluid dynamics model to predict nasal extraction of hydrogen sulfide in rats and humans. Andersen, ME; Dorman, DC; Kimbell, JS; Schroeter, JD, 2006)	1.99
"Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless and flammable gas under room temperature. "	( Using carbon nanotubes to absorb low-concentration hydrogen sulfide in fluid. Sammynaiken, R; Wang, R; Wu, DQ; Wu, XC; Yang, Q; Zhang, WJ, 2006)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an important gasotransmitter that generated in mammalian cells from l-cysteine metabolism. "	( Effects of hydrogen sulfide on homocysteine-induced oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. Chang, T; Meng, QH; Wang, H; Wang, R; Wu, L; Yan, SK, 2006)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide is a lipid-soluble gas produced in occupational settings and from decaying organic matter."	( Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning in a dairy farmer. Bennett, S; Gerasimon, G; Musser, J; Rinard, J, 2007)	1.54
"Hydrogen sulfide is a mitochondrial toxin and inhibits cytochrome-aa(3) and prevents cellular aerobic metabolism. "	( Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning in a dairy farmer. Bennett, S; Gerasimon, G; Musser, J; Rinard, J, 2007)	2.26
"Hydrogen sulfide is a significant occupational health hazard. "	( Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning in a dairy farmer. Bennett, S; Gerasimon, G; Musser, J; Rinard, J, 2007)	2.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a naturally occurring gas that has been shown to be a potent vasodilator."	( Treatment with H2S-releasing diclofenac protects mice against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Bhatia, M; Moore, PK; Sidhapuriwala, JN; Sparatore, A, 2008)	1.07
"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous mediator that relaxes vascular smooth muscle, exhibits several antiinflammatory activities, and contributes to gastric mucosal defense. "	( Hydrogen sulfide enhances ulcer healing in rats. Dicay, M; Martin, GR; McKnight, W; Wallace, JL, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a cytotoxic gas recently proposed as a novel neuromodulator. "	( Hydrogen sulfide induced neuronal death occurs via glutamate receptor and is associated with calpain activation and lysosomal rupture in mouse primary cortical neurons. Chen, MJ; Cheung, NS; Moore, PK; Peng, ZF; Whiteman, M, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gas that may act as an endogenous signaling molecule. "	( Hydrogen sulphide in the hypothalamus causes an ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent decrease in blood pressure in freely moving rats. Bian, JS; Dawe, GS; Han, SP; Moore, PK, 2008)	1.79
"Hydrogen sulfide toxicity is a known risk for individuals working in the petroleum, sewer, maritime, and mining industries. "	( Acute hydrogen sulfide toxicity due to sewer gas exposure. Smith, MD; Yalamanchili, C, 2008)	2.27
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gas that is also associated with several industries. "	( Gene expression changes following acute hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-induced nasal respiratory epithelial injury. Dorman, DC; Roberts, ES; Thomas, RS, 2008)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide is a potent toxin of aerobic respiration, but also has physiological functions as a signalling molecule and as a substrate for ATP production. "	( Three enzymatic activities catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate in mammalian and invertebrate mitochondria. Grieshaber, MK; Hildebrandt, TM, 2008)	1.79
"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a rare but devastating injury. "	( Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: management and complications. Antipas, G; Dimopoulos, G; Gregorakos, L; Liberi, S, 1995)	3.18
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas produced in decaying substances containing organic sulfur. "	( [Hyperbaric oxygen for hydrogen sulfide poisoning]. Bentur, Y; Goldenberg, I; Melamed, Y; Mushkat, Y; Shoshani, O; Shupak, A, 1994)	2.04
"Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a well-known inhibitor of aerobic respiration via its reversible binding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, but recent studies have suggested that HS may have other non-respiratory actions. "	( Neuromuscular sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide in the marine invertebrate Urechis caupo. Arp, AJ; Dalia, WE; Julian, D, 1998)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas about which much has been written. "	( Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: clarification of some controversial issues. Baselt, RC; Milby, TH, 1999)	3.19
"Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, noxious gas with the distinctive smell of rotten eggs. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhalation injury. Fratianne, RB; Isakov, R; Polk, JD; van Aalst, JA; Van Antwerp, AD; Yang, M, )	3.02
"Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless irritant and asphyxiant gas with a noxious odor of "rotten eggs." Acute hydrogen sulfide exposure may cause, depending on the level and duration of toxicity, symptoms ranging from mild mucous membrane irritation to permanent neurologic impairment and cardiopulmonary arrest. "	( Twenty-foot fall averts fatality from massive hydrogen sulfide exposure. De Roos, F; Gabbay, DS; Perrone, J, 2001)	2.01
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important brain, lung, and nose toxicant. "	( Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhalation: correlation with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung, and nasal epithelium. Dorman, DC; James, RA; Mahle, KC; McManus, BE; Moulin, FJ; Struve, MF, 2002)	2.01
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a major metabolic end product detected in deep periodontal pockets that is produced by resident periodontopathic microbiota associated with the progression of periodontitis. "	( Role of glutathione metabolism of Treponema denticola in bacterial growth and virulence expression. Chu, L; Cochran, DL; Dong, Z; Ebersole, JL; Xu, X, 2002)	1.76
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a toxic gas that is released by both natural and industrial sources. "	( Predicted regional flux of hydrogen sulfide correlates with distribution of nasal olfactory lesions in rats. Brenneman, KA; Dorman, DC; Kimbell, JS; Moulin, FJ, 2002)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase (CO) and is associated with dysosmia and anosmia in humans and nasal lesions in exposed rodents. "	( Olfactory mucosal necrosis in male CD rats following acute inhalation exposure to hydrogen sulfide: reversibility and the possible role of regional metabolism. Brenneman, KA; Dorman, DC; Gross, EA; James, RA; Marshall, MW; Martin, JT; Meleason, DF; Sar, M, )	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide is an irritant and chemical asphyxiant gas that exerts its primary toxic effects on the respiratory and neurological systems. "	( Effects of hydrogen sulfide exposure on surface properties of lung surfactant. Cheng, S; De Sanctis, GT; Green, FH; Prior, M; Schürch, S; Wallace, JA, 1991)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide is a widespread environmental pollutant that may produce severe effects on the developing nervous system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide exposure alters the amino acid content in developing rat CNS. Hannah, RS; Hayden, LJ; Roth, SH, 1989)	3.16
"H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is a very toxic gas. "	( [H2S poisoning and nervous system damage]. Aaserud, O; Edland, A; Hobbesland, A; Mathiesen, T; Skyberg, K; Tvedt, B, 1989)	0.79

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a potential role in skeletal muscle regeneration."	( Targeting Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Microvascular Rarefaction, through Inhibition of NOX4 and Induction of MGF, M2 Macrophages and Endothelial Progenitors. Adel, M; Al-Otaibi, ML; El Nashar, EM; El-Nablaway, M; Eladl, A; Elsayed, HRH; Fouad, S; Hamed, S; Rabei, MR, 2022)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide has a regulatory effect on ERK, JNK, and p38 in the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway in macrophages of burned rats."	( Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in Cultured Skin Macrophages of Burned Rats. Li, XL; Li, Y; Liu, H; Wang, HJ; Wang, XZ; Zhang, X, 2020)	2.4
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a neuroprotective effect during the neural injury of Parkinson's disease."	( Involvement of microRNA-135a-5p in the Protective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Parkinson's Disease. Li, J; Liao, S; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Quan, H; Yang, Q, 2016)	1.4
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been known for its toxicity. "	( Hydrogen sulfide disrupts insulin-induced glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Borquez, JC; Díaz-Castro, F; Donoso-Barraza, C; Porras, O; Rodríguez, JM; Sepúlveda, C; Sepúlveda-Quiñenao, C; Troncoso, R, 2022)	3.61
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a potential role in skeletal muscle regeneration."	( Targeting Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Microvascular Rarefaction, through Inhibition of NOX4 and Induction of MGF, M2 Macrophages and Endothelial Progenitors. Adel, M; Al-Otaibi, ML; El Nashar, EM; El-Nablaway, M; Eladl, A; Elsayed, HRH; Fouad, S; Hamed, S; Rabei, MR, 2022)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide has been recently introduced into the medical field for its antifibrotic properties in addition to enhancement of MSC stemness and function."	( Sodium hydrosulfide and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells combined therapy for bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: Implication of micro RNA-21 and Lnc GAS5. Abdelmonsif, DA; Ali, RG; Badae, NM; Nassar, SZ, 2022)	1.44
"Hydrogen sulfide has a regulatory effect on ERK, JNK, and p38 in the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway in macrophages of burned rats."	( Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in Cultured Skin Macrophages of Burned Rats. Li, XL; Li, Y; Liu, H; Wang, HJ; Wang, XZ; Zhang, X, 2020)	2.4
"Hydrogen sulfide has emerged as an important gaseous signaling molecule and a regulator of critical biological processes. "	( Reactive Sulfur Species: A New Redox Player in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; Shen, X, 2020)	2
"Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) has also recently been recognized as a new gasotransmitter with a diverse range of functions similar to those of NO."	( Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide: A Nice Pair in the Respiratory System. Capparelli, R; Fuschillo, S; Maniscalco, M; Motta, A; Palomba, L, 2020)	1.62
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been reported to be involved in numerous biological functions, and it has been shown that H2S can enhance the sodium current density, and inhibiting the endogenous production of H2S mediated by cystathionine β‑synthetase (CBS) using O‑(carboxymethyl)hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA) can significantly reduce the expression of Nav1.7 and thus the sodium current density in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons."	( Upregulation of Nav1.7 by endogenous hydrogen sulfide contributes to maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chen, QY; Li, L; Ma, KT; Qu, ZW; Shi, WY; Si, JQ; Tan, CY; Tian, JJ; Zhang, M; Zhou, Y, 2020)	1.55
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to act as a physiological intercellular messenger to regulate cell survival. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Cell Proliferation and Melanin Synthesis in Primary Human Epidermal Melanocytes. Jiang, M; Liu, W; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Xiang, L; Ying, J; Zhang, C, 2020)	3.44
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has drawn considerable attention in recent years for its potential as a cardiovascular protector."	( Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduces atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation induced by diabetes mellitus via activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Ling, X; Sun, J; Wang, P; Xi, W; Xiao, J; Xue, X; Yang, Q, 2020)	1.68
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a novel gaseous transmitter with several anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Host cystathionine-γ lyase derived hydrogen sulfide protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. Antonakos, N; Bauer, M; Damoraki, G; Droggiti, DE; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ; Gkavogianni, T; Jentho, E; Karageorgos, A; Karakike, E; Katrini, K; Katsouda, A; Koufargyris, P; Kouloulias, V; Papapetropoulos, A; Platoni, K; Renieris, G; Sabracos, L; Szabo, C; Wang, R; Weis, S, 2021)	2.34
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to have various effects on mitochondrial function. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits mitochondrial fission in neuroblastoma N2a cells through the Drp1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Gao, D; Liu, M; Qiao, P; Yan, Y; Zhang, H; Zhao, F, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has anti‑inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, particularly during pathological processes. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects against the development of experimental cerebral malaria in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Han, Z; Huang, J; Jiang, P; Lun, Z; Xiao, B; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Zhou, W, 2017)	3.34
"Hydrogen sulfide has been recognized as an important neuroprotective agent in the nervous system. "	( Hydrogen sulfide upregulated lncRNA CasC7 to reduce neuronal cell apoptosis in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury rat. Jiang, A; Liu, Y; Pan, L; Yin, M, 2018)	3.37
"Hydrogen sulfide [H2S] has been widely known as a toxic gas for more than 300 years in the scientific community. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide in Physiological and Pathological Mechanisms in Brain. Kumar, M; Sandhir, R, 2018)	3.37
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)has emerged as the third gasotransmitter following the nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the body, and plays an important role in both physiology and pathophysiology."	( [Research Advances in Hydrogen Sulfide and Diabetes Mellitus as Well as Diabetic Complications]. Gu, Y; Ji, Y; Meng, GL; Xie, LP, 2018)	1.52
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)has emerged as pivotal signaling molecules since it is recognized as the third gasotransmitter together with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( [The Molecular Switches and Atomic Biological Mechanisms Underlying the Physiological and Pathophysio-logical Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide to Regulate Its "Receptors"]. Cai, WJ; Li, XH; Tao, BB; Wang, MJ; Xue, WL; Zhu, YC, 2017)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been found to exert many physiological effects."	( Sulfated polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera increases hydrogen sulfide production and attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet rats. Chen, J; Gong, J; Huang, F; Huang, Y; Lin, S; Lin, W; Ren, R; Yang, Z; Zhao, A; Zhu, P, 2018)	1.44
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to have an anti-oxidative effect, but its mode of action on excessive autophagy in vascular endothelial cells is unclear."	( Exogenous H2S Inhibits Autophagy in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Mouse Renal Tubule Cells by Regulating the ROS-AMPK Signaling Pathway. Chen, Q; Gao, B; Li, C; Wang, Y; Yu, S; Zhang, K; Zhang, W; Zhang, Z, 2018)	1.2
"Hydrogen sulfide has emerged as a critical endogenous signaling transmitter and a potentially versatile therapeutic agent. "	( Clopidogrel as a donor probe and thioenol derivatives as flexible promoieties for enabling H Alshbool, FZ; Du, C; Geng, B; Karim, ZA; Khasawneh, FT; Liu, C; Ren, X; Romero, EL; Sanca, AJ; Zhong, D; Zhou, J; Zhu, Y, 2018)	1.92
"Hydrogen sulfide has been shown to improve the quality of oocytes destined for in vitro fertilization. "	( Involvement of K Hosek, P; Hoskova, K; Nevoral, J; Petelak, A; Petr, J; Stiavnicka, M; Zalmanova, T, 2018)	1.92
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has also recently been recognized as a new gasotransmitter with a diverse range of functions similar to those of NO."	( Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plants: which comes first? Cañas, A; Corpas, FJ; González-Gordo, S; Palma, JM, 2019)	1.57
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has antifibrotic activity in the kidneys, heart, lungs, and other organs. "	( Exogenous H2S mitigates myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats through suppression of the canonical Wnt pathway. Chen, Y; Jia, Q; Ma, SF; Mehmood, S; Wang, Y; Yang, R, 2019)	1.96
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported as a gaseous signaling molecule in cells. "	( Development of dansyl based copper(ii) complex to detect hydrogen sulfide in hypoxia. Bhise, A; Bobba, KN; Huynh, PT; Kim, JY; Sarkar, S; Yoo, J, 2019)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has many beneficial biological properties, including the ability to promote vasodilation. "	( Stem Cell Therapy and Hydrogen Sulfide: Conventional or Nonconventional Mechanisms of Action? Drucker, NA; Jensen, AR; Markel, TA; Olson, KR, 2020)	2.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule that regulates both blood pressure and neuronal activity. "	( Beyond H2S and NO interplay: hydrogen sulfide and nitroprusside react directly to give nitroxyl (HNO). A new pharmacological source of HNO. Eberhardt, M; Filipovic, MR; Ivanovic-Burmazovic, I; Mijuskovic, A; Orescanin-Dusic, Z; Prokopovic, V; Reeh, P, 2013)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as an important physiologically relevant gasotransmitter. "	( Microplate-based colorimetric detection of free hydrogen sulfide. Jarosz, AP; Mutus, B; Yep, T, 2013)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been considered as a phytotoxin, but nowadays as a cell signal molecule involved in growth, development, and the acquisition of stress tolerance in higher plants. "	( Hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide-improved heat tolerance in maize and involvement of proline. Ding, XJ; Du, PF; Li, ZG, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a new member of the gaseous transmitter family of signaling molecules and appears to play a regulatory role in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. "	( Persulfide reactivity in the detection of protein s-sulfhydration. Carroll, KS; Pan, J, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently found to act as a potent priming agent. "	( Hydrogen sulfide induces systemic tolerance to salinity and non-ionic osmotic stress in strawberry plants through modification of reactive species biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation of multiple defence pathways. Christou, A; Fotopoulos, V; Manganaris, GA; Papadopoulos, I, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a physiological mediator with a variety of functions. "	( Production and physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide. Kimura, H, 2014)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has recently emerged as an important mediator of mammalian cardiovascular homeostasis. "	( Akt/eNOS signaling and PLN S-sulfhydration are involved in H₂S-dependent cardiac effects in frog and rat. Angelone, T; Cerra, MC; Gattuso, A; Mazza, R; Pasqua, T, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to induce angiogenesis in in vitro models and to promote vessel growth in the setting of hindlimb ischemia. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac dysfunction after heart failure via induction of angiogenesis. Bhushan, S; Bir, SC; Calvert, JW; Kevil, CG; Kondo, K; Lefer, DJ; Murohara, T; Polhemus, D, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to have a potential protective role in a number of disease states including diabetes and various kidney disorders; however, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. "	( Hydrogen sulfide induces heme oxygenase-1 in human kidney cells. D'Araio, E; Demaine, A; Hodgkinson, A; Millward, A; Shaw, N; Whiteman, M, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as the third gasotransmitter. "	( Carbamoylation abrogates the antioxidant potential of hydrogen sulfide. Exner, M; Gmeiner, BM; Hermann, M; Jirovetz, L; Kapiotis, S; Laggner, C; Laggner, H; Praschberger, M, 2013)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to be involved in the signaling of the inflammatory response; however, there are differing views as to whether it is pro- or anti-inflammatory. "	( The effect of CSE gene deletion in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the mouse. Ang, AD; Bhatia, M; Hegde, A; Ishii, I; Rivers-Auty, J, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been implicated in regulating cardiovascular pathophysiology in experimental models. "	( Plasma free H2S levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Akkus, NI; Glawe, JD; Kevil, CG; Pardue, S; Peter, EA; Reddy, P; Shah, SH; Shen, X; Varma, J; Zhang, WW, 2013)	1.83
"Hydrogen sulfide has recently been found decreased in chronic kidney disease. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the renal fibrosis of obstructive nephropathy. Hu, LF; Li, Q; Liu, CF; Peng, H; Shen, HY; Shi, YB; Song, K; Wang, F; Zheng, HF, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gaseous signaling molecule that is produced endogenously by enzymes in the sulfur metabolic network. "	( H2S and its role in redox signaling. Banerjee, R; Kabil, O; Motl, N, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proposed as a novel gas-transmittter, which plays multiple physiological and pathological functions in various body systems, including gastrointestinal tract. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protected gastric epithelial cell from ischemia/reperfusion injury by Keap1 s-sulfhydration, MAPK dependent anti-apoptosis and NF-κB dependent anti-inflammation pathway. Guo, C; Liang, F; Shah Masood, W; Yan, X, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has proved to be a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants and animals. "	( Hydrogen sulfide prolongs postharvest storage of fresh-cut pears (Pyrus pyrifolia) by alleviation of oxidative damage and inhibition of fungal growth. Gao, SP; Han, Y; Hu, KD; Hu, LY; Li, YH; Liu, YS; Wang, Q; Wu, J; Zhang, H; Zheng, JL, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to have proangiogenic effects."	( Hydrogen sulfide improves wound healing via restoration of endothelial progenitor cell functions and activation of angiopoietin-1 in type 2 diabetes. Chen, AF; Chen, DD; Jia, W; Jia, WP; Liu, F; Sun, X; Xie, HH; Yuan, H, 2014)	2.57
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been considered to be a physiological mediator since the identification of endogenous sulfides in the mammalian brain. "	( The physiological role of hydrogen sulfide and beyond. Kimura, H, 2014)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been postulated to be the third gasotransmitter, and along with other reactive compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) it is thought to be a key signalling molecule. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling: team player or referee? Hancock, JT; Whiteman, M, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has complex effects in inflammation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions of this gas reported. "	( Effect of feeding a high fat diet on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism in the mouse. Anwar, AB; Atan, MS; Kumar, SD; Moore, PK; Ng, DS; Peh, MT, 2014)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been proposed as an endogenous mediator of cell apoptosis in various systems."	( Inhibition of the endogenous CSE/H₂S system contributes to hypoxia and serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells. Guo, B; Guo, Z; Li, C; Wang, A; Xie, Y; Yang, J, 2014)	1.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been implicated to exhibit antioxidative properties in many models. "	( The cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system maintains cellular glutathione status. Deng, LW; Huang, S; Lee, ZW; Low, YL; Wang, T, 2014)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide has emerged as an important endothelium-dependent vasodilator, but its role in shear stress-mediated dilation of coronary arteries is unclear. "	( Hydrogen sulfide impairs shear stress-induced vasodilation in mouse coronary arteries. Chai, Q; Lee, HC; Lu, T; Wang, XL, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. "	( Signaling molecules: hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide. Kimura, H, 2015)	2.18
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been regarded as the third gaseous transmitter. "	( Chemoselective reduction and self-immolation based FRET probes for detecting hydrogen sulfide in solution and in cells. Chen, B; Jin, Q; Tang, X; Wang, P, 2014)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been revealed to be a signal molecule with second messenger action in the somatic cells of many tissues, including the reproductive tract. "	( Dual effects of hydrogen sulfide donor on meiosis and cumulus expansion of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes. Bodart, JF; Dvorakova, M; Gelaude, A; Jilek, F; Kolbabova, T; Krejcova, T; Krivohlavkova, L; Kucerova-Chrpova, V; Nevoral, J; Petr, J; Sedmikova, M; Vyskocilova, A; Weingartova, I; Zalmanova, T, 2014)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has emerged as an important signaling molecule with beneficial effects on various cellular processes affecting, for example, cardiovascular and neurological functions. "	( Sulfur as a signaling nutrient through hydrogen sulfide. Banerjee, R; Kabil, O; Vitvitsky, V, 2014)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Epigenetically Attenuates Homocysteine-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity Mediated Through NMDA Receptor in Mouse Brain Endothelial (bEnd3) Cells. Kalani, A; Kamat, PK; Tyagi, N; Tyagi, SC, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has become a molecule of high interest in recent years, and it is now recognized as the third gasotransmitter in addition to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia. Bos, EM; Joles, JA; Leuvenink, HG; van Goor, H; Whiteman, M, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has traditionally been viewed as a highly toxic gas; however, recent studies have implicated H2 S as a third member of the gasotransmitter family, exhibiting properties similar to NO and carbon monoxide. "	( Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Ferro, A; Ji, Y; Ma, Y; Meng, G; Xie, L, 2015)	2.2
"Hydrogen sulfide has recently been identified as a biologically responsive species. "	( Nile-red and Nile-blue-based near-infrared fluorescent probes for in-cellulo imaging of hydrogen sulfide. Fan, C; Ge, JF; Liu, XD; Sun, R; Xu, YJ, 2014)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been shown to have an excitatory effect on gastric motility, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. "	( Exogenous H2 S enhances mice gastric smooth muscle tension through S-sulfhydration of KV 4.3, mediating the inhibition of the voltage-dependent potassium current. Huang, X; Kim, YC; Liu, DH; Lu, HL; Meng, XM; Xu, WX; Zhang, CM, 2014)	1.85
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently categorized as a gasotransmitter, and it may be involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-induced processing of the amyloid precursor protein in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells involves the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway. Gao, Y; Qiao, PF; Yan, Y; Zhang, H; Zhao, FL, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide has been demonstrated to be a critical mediator of gastric and intestinal mucosal protection and repair."	( Cytoprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in novel rat models of non-erosive esophagitis. Bula, N; Grushka, O; Havryluk, O; Hrycevych, N; Wallace, JL; Zayachkivska, O, 2014)	1.42
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been regarded as the third important gaseous signaling molecule involved in human physiological and pathological processes. "	( Heterogeneous nano metal-organic framework fluorescence probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Kuang, X; Li, X; Ma, Y; Su, H; Tang, B; Zhang, T, 2014)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide has systemic and renal anti-inflammatory effects in remote IRI following aortic occlusion in rats."	( Hydrogen sulfide reduces inflammation following abdominal aortic occlusion in rats. Furness, P; Hosgood, SA; Hunter, JP; Nicholson, ML; Patel, M; Sayers, RD, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide has emerged as an exciting endogenous gasotransmitter in addition to nitric oxide and carbon dioxide. "	( Toward a selective, sensitive, fast-responsive, and biocompatible two-photon probe for hydrogen sulfide in live cells. Ahn, KH; Jung, J; Kim, D; Kim, KH; Lee, SJ; Moon, H; Seo, E; Shin, YH; Singha, S; Wang, T, 2015)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has multiple physiological roles, for example, in vasodilation and inflammation. "	( Development of photo-controllable hydrogen sulfide donor applicable in live cells. Fukushima, N; Hanaoka, K; Ieda, N; Kawaguchi, M; Miyata, N; Nagano, T; Nakagawa, H; Sasakura, K, 2015)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to inhibit myocardial hypertrophy in a cell model of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. "	( Hydrogen sulfide improves glucose metabolism and prevents hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. Jin, S; Liang, M; Wang, MJ; Wu, DD; Zhu, YC, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been identified as an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule. "	( High glucose induces the release of endothelin-1 through the inhibition of hydrogen sulfide production in HUVECs. Fan, Y; Gao, L; Guan, Q; Liu, J; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Wang, S; Wang, X; Yu, C; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2015)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been drawing increasing attention because it plays an important role in the nervous system and has been deemed as a third endogenous gas signal molecule besides nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). "	( Reaction-based turn-on electrochemiluminescent sensor with a ruthenium(II) complex for selective detection of extracellular hydrogen sulfide in rat brain. Ye, Z; Yue, X; Zhang, M; Zhu, Z, 2015)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide has been shown to have a sympathoinhibitory effect in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). "	( Gene transfer of cystathionine β-synthase into RVLM increases hydrogen sulfide-mediated suppression of sympathetic outflow via KATP channel in normotensive rats. Duan, XC; Guo, Q; Guo, R; Jin, S; Liu, SY; Wu, YM; Xiao, L; Xue, HM, 2015)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been identified as the third gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in regulating many important cellular processes. "	( An iminocoumarin benzothiazole-based fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells. Chen, G; Hu, Y; Lam, YW; Liu, R; Sun, H; Wang, P; Xie, Y; Zhang, H; Zhu, Q, 2015)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as the most important biosynthetic gasotransmitters along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). "	( Reaction-based epoxide fluorescent probe for in vivo visualization of hydrogen sulfide. Chen, YH; Chen, YJ; Sathyadevi, P; Wang, YM; Wu, SC, 2015)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to enhance bone formation, but its osteogenic effect is unclarified during distraction osteogenesis (DO). "	( GYY4137 promotes bone formation in a rabbit distraction osteogenesis model: a preliminary report. Chen, Y; Fan, X; Jiang, X; Lu, K; Zhang, H, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been investigated widely in recent years. "	( Hydrogen sulfide decreases the plasma lipid peroxidation induced by homocysteine and its thiolactone. Kontek, B; Olas, B, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been considered as a phytotoxin but, nowadays, as a novel signaling molecule at low concentration in plants, which is involved in plant growth, development, and the acquisition of tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. "	( Quantification of hydrogen sulfide concentration using methylene blue and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) methods in plants. Li, ZG, 2015)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important biological signaling molecule. "	( Chemiluminescent detection of enzymatically produced H2S. Pluth, MD; Spencer Bailey, T, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been accepted as a physiologically relevant cell-signaling molecule with both toxic and beneficial effects depending on its concentration in mammalian tissues. "	( Inhalation exposure model of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-induced hypometabolism in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Bailey, SM; Doeller, JE; Kraus, DW; Stein, A, 2015)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to decrease MMP activities in all cases in the literature by acting as an antioxidant and vasodilator."	( Matrix metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis: role of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, homocysteine, and polymorphisms. Givimani, S; Neamtu, D; Rehman, S; Tyagi, SC; Vacek, TP; Yu, S, 2015)	1.37
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has become recognized as an important signalling molecule throughout the body, contributing to many physiological and pathological processes. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics: exploiting a unique but ubiquitous gasotransmitter. Wallace, JL; Wang, R, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to exacerbate stroke outcome in experimental models. "	( Cystathionine β-synthase inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of ischemic injury. Chai, C; Chan, SJ; Lai, MK; Lim, TW; Lo, EH; Wong, PT; Yamamoto, M, )	1.57
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been proposed as an endogenous mediator of cell apoptosis in various systems."	( CSE/H2S system protects mesenchymal stem cells from hypoxia and serum deprivation‑induced apoptosis via mitochondrial injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress and PI3K/Akt activation pathways. Guo, Z; Li, CS; Wang, AL; Wang, CM; Xie, YJ, 2015)	1.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been long recognized as a highly poisonous gas that is rapidly lethal in intoxicating dosage. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and cardioprotection--Mechanistic insights and clinical translatability. Salloum, FN, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to induce a "suspended animation-like" state in rodent models by reversible inhibition of cellular respiration and marked metabolic suppression and has been proposed as a potential pharmacologic adjunct to resuscitation from shock states. "	( Hydrogen sulfide improves resuscitation via non-hibernatory mechanisms in a porcine shock model. DeHart, MJ; Hempel, J; Hoffer, Z; Martin, M; Raywin, H; Salgar, S; Satterly, SA; Stallings, JD; Wingerd, M, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide has potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-based anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive therapies: an experimental approach. Flannigan, KL; Wallace, JL, 2015)	3.3
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been known as a novel gaseous signaling molecule."	( Administration of hydrogen sulfide protects ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury by reducing the oxidative stress. Ahghari, P; Azizi, F; Kadkhodaee, M; Seifi, B, 2016)	1.49
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule as well as a cytoprotective molecule. "	( Physiological Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfides. Kimura, H, 2015)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to possess a strong cardioprotective effect due to its anti-necrosis, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."	( PI3K/SGK1/GSK3β signaling pathway is involved in inhibition of autophagy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation by hydrogen sulfide. Jiang, H; Kang, B; Wang, Z; Xiao, J; Xin, N; Zhu, X, 2016)	1.36
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to be interwined in multiple systems, specifically in the cardiovascular system. "	( An exogenous hydrogen sulphide donor, NaHS, inhibits the apoptosis signaling pathway to exert cardio-protective effects in a rat hemorrhagic shock model. Dai, X; Gao, C; Wu, C; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Zhu, D, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has emerged as an important gasotransmitter in diverse physiological processes, although many aspects of its roles remain unclear, partly owing to a lack of robust analytical methods. "	( Monitoring of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Hu, K; Li, DW; Long, YT; Qu, LL; Tian, H, 2015)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, but its expression and effects in lung tissue from COPD patients are not clear."	( Metabolic changes of H2S in smokers and patients of COPD which might involve in inflammation, oxidative stress and steroid sensitivity. Chang, JR; Chen, YH; He, W; Li, MX; Liao, CC; Lin, F; Qi, YF; Sun, Y; Wang, K; Wang, R, 2015)	1.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an exciting endogenous gasotransmitter in addition to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( Visualization of in Vivo Hydrogen Sulfide Production by a Bioluminescence Probe in Cancer Cells and Nude Mice. Lau, C; Li, Z; Lu, J; Tian, X, 2015)	2.16
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gasotransmitter in the vasculature. "	( MPST but not CSE is the primary regulator of hydrogen sulfide production and function in the coronary artery. Abraham, TP; Bergman, Y; Berkowitz, DE; Jandu, S; Kim, DH; Kuo, MM; Pandey, DR; Santhanam, L; Shoukas, AA; Tan, S; Wang, H, 2016)	2.14
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to protect cardiomyocytes against IR injury, while whether it has anti-autophagy effect has not been known."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates Myocardial Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy via mTOR Activation. Hong, J; Kang, B; Ni, X; Wang, Z; Wu, L; Xiao, J; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2015)	2.58
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has anti-fibrotic potential in lung, kidney and other organs. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced EMT via Wnt/Catenin Pathway. Guo, L; Hei, H; Lan, Z; Pan, W; Peng, W; Tao, J; Tian, L; Wang, L; Zhang, X, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been considered as the third biologically gaseous messenger (gasotransmitter) after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). "	( Cyclodextrin-Based Metal-Organic Nanotube as Fluorescent Probe for Selective Turn-On Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells Based on H2S-Involved Coordination Mechanism. Dai, F; Dong, H; Gong, C; Ji, S; Meng, Q; Sun, D; Wang, J; Wang, R; Xin, X; Xu, H; Zhang, L, 2016)	2.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been demonstrated to possess cardioprotective effects post MI and during the progress of cardiac remodeling."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Recruits Macrophage Migration by Integrin β1-Src-FAK/Pyk2-Rac Pathway in Myocardial Infarction. Miao, L; Shen, X; Xin, H; Xin, X; Zhu, YZ, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to have a protective function against oxidative stress in the gut."	( Intestinal epithelial cell injury is rescued by hydrogen sulfide. Eaton, S; Lee, C; Li, B; Martin, Z; Pierro, A; Zani, A; Zani-Ruttenstock, E, 2016)	1.41
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been implicated to angiogenesis in various tissues. "	( MiR 20a,-20b and -200c are involved in hydrogen sulfide stimulation of VEGF production in human placental trophoblasts. Gao, L; Gu, H; Guo, XJ; He, P; Hu, TX; Huang, Y; Ni, X; Sun, QQ; Wang, G, 2016)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has only recently gained recognition for its physiological effects. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide in Renal Physiology and Disease. Feliers, D; Kasinath, BS; Lee, HJ, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has attracted interest as a gaseous mediator involved in diverse processes in the nervous system, particularly with respect to learning and memory. "	( The hydrogen sulfide releasing compounds ATB-346 and diallyl trisulfide attenuate streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in rats: involvement of asymmetric dimethylarginine. El Azhary, NM; Mostafa, DK; Nasra, RA, 2016)	2.44
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to be the third gaseous signaling molecule with anti‑ER stress effects."	( Hydrogen sulfide exhibits cardioprotective effects by decreasing endoplasmic reticulum stress in a diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model. Li, F; Li, L; Li, Y; Luo, J; Wu, Z; Xiao, T; Yang, J; Zeng, O, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects in MI."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigates Myocardial Infarction via Promotion of Mitochondrial Biogenesis-Dependent M2 Polarization of Macrophages. Miao, L; Moore, PK; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Whiteman, M; Xin, H; Xin, X; Zhu, YZ, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to have powerful antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that can regulate multiple cardiovascular functions. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Induces Keap1 S-sulfhydration and Suppresses Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis via Nrf2 Activation. Ferro, A; Gu, Y; Han, Y; Huang, Z; Ji, Y; Liu, G; Ma, Y; Meng, G; Moore, PK; Wang, H; Wang, W; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wen, M; Xie, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhao, S, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been widely accepted as a gas neuromodulator to regulate synaptic function. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Surface Insertion of Hippocampal AMPA Receptor GluR1 Subunit via Phosphorylating at Serine-831/Serine-845 Sites Through a Sulfhydration-Dependent Mechanism. Chen, JG; Hu, ZL; Li, YL; Long, LH; Luo, Y; Wang, F; Wu, PF; Zhang, H; Zhou, J, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has multifunctional roles as a gas signaling molecule in living systems. "	( Immobilization of the Gas Signaling Molecule H2 S by Radioisotopes: Detection, Quantification, and In Vivo Imaging. Ahn, H; An, GI; Bhatt, N; Ha, YS; Huynh, PT; Ishii, I; Kang, SG; Kim, JY; Kim, MH; Lee, W; Lee, YJ; Park, KM; Sarkar, S; Soni, N; Yoo, J, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling molecule whose intracellular concentrations critically depend on oxygen levels."	( Hydrogen sulfide contributes to hypoxic inhibition of airway transepithelial sodium absorption. Althaus, M; DeLeon, ER; Dittrich, NP; Krause, NC; Kutsche, HS; Olson, KR; Santangelo, F, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important regulator of glucose homeostasis."	( Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide in Glucose Regulation: How H2S Can Alter Glucose Homeostasis through Metabolic Hormones. Gagnon, J; Pichette, J, 2016)	1.5
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has emerged as a crucial biomolecule in physiology and cellular signaling. "	( A Synthetic Supramolecular Receptor for the Hydrosulfide Anion. Haley, MM; Hansen, RJ; Hartle, MD; Johnson, DW; Pluth, MD; Prakel, SS; Tresca, BW; Zakharov, LN, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as an important gaseous signal in plants. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Postharvest Senescence of Grape by Modulating the Antioxidant Defenses. Fu, LH; Hu, KD; Li, ZR; Ma, RH; Ni, ZJ; Song, CB; Wei, ZJ; Zhang, H; Zheng, JL, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proposed to exert pro- as well as anti-inflammatory effects in various models of critical illness. "	( Effect of endotoxemia in mice genetically deficient in cystathionine-γ-lyase, cystathionine-β-synthase or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Ahmad, A; Gerö, D; Olah, G; Szabo, C, 2016)	1.88
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a neuroprotective effect during the neural injury of Parkinson's disease."	( Involvement of microRNA-135a-5p in the Protective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Parkinson's Disease. Li, J; Liao, S; Lin, Y; Liu, Y; Quan, H; Yang, Q, 2016)	1.4
"Hydrogen sulfide emissions have been sharply rising with increasingly intensive livestock production and are of particular concern because of the acute toxicity of this gas."	( Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate Treatment Reduces Hydrogen Sulfide and the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Population of Swine Manure. Cotta, M; Hengemuehle, SM; Spence, C; von Bernuth, R; Whitehead, TR; Yokoyama, MT, 2016)	1.41
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been proposed to mediate hypoxic vasoconstriction (HVC), however, other studies suggest the vasoconstrictory effect indirectly results from an oxidation product of H(2)S. "	( Oxygen dependency of hydrogen sulfide-mediated vasoconstriction in cyclostome aortas. Dombkowski, RA; Forgan, LG; Forster, ME; Olson, KR, 2008)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been proposed as a novel neuromodulator, which plays critical roles in the central nervous system affecting both neurons and glial cells. "	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits rotenone-induced apoptosis via preservation of mitochondrial function. Bian, JS; Hu, LF; Lu, M; Wong, PT; Wu, ZY, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been recognized as a novel signaling molecule with vasoactive properties."	( H2S contributes to the hepatic arterial buffer response and mediates vasorelaxation of the hepatic artery via activation of K(ATP) channels. Cantré, D; Eipel, C; Siebert, N; Vollmar, B, 2008)	1.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been traditionally known for its toxic effects on living organisms. "	( Pancreatic islet overproduction of H2S and suppressed insulin release in Zucker diabetic rats. Cao, K; Duridanova, D; Jia, X; Wang, R; Wu, L; Yang, G; Yang, W, 2009)	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been known for hundreds of years because of its poisoning effect. "	( Physiological and pharmacological features of the novel gasotransmitter: hydrogen sulfide. Del Soldato, P; Mancardi, D; Merlino, A; Pagliaro, P; Penna, C; Wink, DA, 2009)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide has been shown to activate the apoptotic process in different tissues."	( Oral malodorous compound triggers mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and causes genomic DNA damage in human gingival epithelial cells. Aoyama, I; Calenic, B; Ii, H; Imai, T; Murata, T; Sato, T; Yaegaki, K, 2010)	1.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been recognized as a smooth muscle relaxant. "	( Vascular endothelium expresses 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and produces hydrogen sulfide. Kimura, H; Kimura, Y; Mikami, Y; Nagahara, N; Shibuya, N, 2009)	2.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has long been associated with the gastrointestinal tract, especially the bacteria-derived H(2)S present in flatus. "	( Endogenous production of H2S in the gastrointestinal tract: still in search of a physiologic function. Farrugia, G; Levitt, MD; Linden, DR; Szurszewski, JH, 2010)	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide has recently been considered to have an important role as a gasotransmitter in the cardiovascular system as well as in the central nervous system, but its action seems directly related to the presence of nitric oxide/nitric oxide-derivatives. "	( Hydrogen sulfide induces nitric oxide release from nitrite. Grossi, L, 2009)	3.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has emerged as a new and important member in the group of gaseous signaling molecules. "	( No facilitator required for membrane transport of hydrogen sulfide. Kügler, P; Lee, JK; Mathai, JC; Missner, A; Pohl, P; Saparov, SM; Zeidel, ML, 2009)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide has been demonstrated to be involved in many inflammatory states including sepsis."	( Hydrogen sulfide promotes transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-mediated neurogenic inflammation in polymicrobial sepsis. Ang, SF; Bhatia, M; Moochhala, SM, 2010)	2.52
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been reported to exert pharmacological effects on neural and non-neural tissues from several mammalian species. "	( Effect of hydrogen sulfide on cyclic AMP production in isolated bovine and porcine neural retinae. Bongmba, OY; Chitnis, A; Kulkarni, M; LeDay, AM; Njie-Mbye, YF; Ohia, SE; Onyema, CC; Opere, CA, 2010)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been suggested as a gaseous neuromodulator in mammals. "	( Mechanisms of action of hydrogen sulfide in relaxation of mouse distal colonic smooth muscle. Dhaese, I; Lefebvre, RA; Van Colen, I, 2010)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide has demonstrated remarkable improvements in outcomes in small animal models of severe hypoxia or hemorrhage."	( Hydrogen sulfide does not increase resuscitability in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest. Coburn, M; Deike-Glindemann, J; Derwall, M; Fries, M; Gaisa, N; Häusler, M; Löwer, C; Nolte, KW; Rossaint, R; Schnorrenberger, NK; Siepmann, K; Weis, J; Westerkamp, M, 2010)	2.52
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to play a protective role in injury of cells induced by hypoxia. "	( Protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on hypoxic respiratory suppression in medullary slice of neonatal rats. Chen, L; Hu, HY; Pan, JG; Tang, YH; Zhang, J; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H, 2010)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been reported to be a gaseous transmitter that regulates cellular proliferation."	( Hydrogen sulfide, a gaseous transmitter, stimulates proliferation of interstitial cells of Cajal via phosphorylation of AKT protein kinase. Fu, T; He, Y; Huang, Y; Li, F; Liu, B; Tong, W; Zhang, A, 2010)	2.52
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to effect physiological alterations in several animals, frequently leading to an improvement in survival in otherwise lethal conditions. "	( Hydrogen sulfide exposure increases desiccation tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Li, GQ; Mu, LL; Shi, XQ; Wang, SP; Zhong, JF, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to protect neurons against oxidative stress. "	( Hydrogen sulfide antagonizes homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Chen, RQ; He, JQ; Hu, B; Huang, YE; Jiang, ZS; Ren, YK; Shen, XT; Tang, XQ; Xu, JH; Yin, WL, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to improve survival in rodent models of lethal hemorrhage. "	( Effects of hydrogen sulfide on hemodynamics, inflammatory response and oxidative stress during resuscitated hemorrhagic shock in rats. Asfar, P; Burban, M; Calès, P; de la Bourdonnaye, M; Douay, O; Fizanne, L; Ganster, F; Henrion, D; Loufrani, L; Mercat, A; Meziani, F; Radermacher, P, 2010)	2.19
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to protect neurons."	( Inhaled hydrogen sulfide prevents neurodegeneration and movement disorder in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Ichinose, F; Kakinohana, M; Kaneki, M; Kida, K; Marutani, E; Tokuda, K; Yamada, M, 2011)	1.52
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been recognized as a toxic gas and environment pollutant. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as an effective and specific novel therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Li, ZG; Shao, JH; Wang, DZ; Yu, YP; Zhan, X, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has emerged as the third endogenous gaseous mediator in the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( The neurophysiology of hydrogen sulfide. Grundy, D; Kimura, H; Rong, W, 2011)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been classified as a third novel gasotransmitter signaling molecule alongside nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( Hydrogen sulfide gas has cell growth regulatory role. Baskar, R; Bian, J, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been established as the third gaseous signaling molecule following nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and participates in a variety of cellular functions such as modulation of neuronal transmission, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, stimulation of angiogenesis and regulation of insulin release. "	( Production of H2S by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase. Tanizawa, K, 2011)	1.81
"Hydrogen sulfide has recently been identified as a potent cardioprotective signaling molecule, which is a highly effective pre- and post-conditioning agent."	( Hydrogen sulfide-mediated myocardial pre- and post-conditioning. Lefer, DJ; Predmore, BL, 2011)	2.53
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has become the hot new signaling molecule that seemingly affects all organ systems and biological processes in which it has been investigated. "	( The therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide: separating hype from hope. Olson, KR, 2011)	2.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes including nociception."	( Paracetamol (acetaminophen) decreases hydrogen sulfide tissue concentration in brain but increases it in the heart, liver and kidney in mice. Góralska, M; Piotrowska, J; Somogyi, E; Wiliński, B; Wiliński, J, 2011)	1.36
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been known as a highly toxic gas for several centuries. "	( Cytoprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide in ischaemia-reperfusion injury. King, AL; Lefer, DJ, 2011)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been proposed as an endogenous mediator of inflammation and is present in human synovial fluid. "	( Inducible hydrogen sulfide synthesis in chondrocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells: is H2S a novel cytoprotective mediator in the inflamed joint? Fox, B; Haigh, R; Moore, PK; Schantz, JT; Spencer, JP; Viner, N; Whiteman, M; Winyard, PG; Wood, ME, 2012)	2.22
"H2S (hydrogen sulfide) has recently been recognized as a signalling molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. "	( Thioredoxin and dihydrolipoic acid are required for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to produce hydrogen sulfide. Kimura, H; Kimura, Y; Mikami, Y; Nagahara, N; Ogasawara, Y; Shibuya, N, 2011)	1.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to protect against oxidative stress injury and inflammation in various hypoxia-induced insult models. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects against chemical hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in HaCaT cells through inhibition of ROS/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway. Chen, P; Dong, Q; Feng, J; Lan, A; Wang, C; Wang, X; Yang, C; Yang, Z; Zeng, F; Zhang, M, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been shown to play a key role in the control of smooth muscle tension."	( Expression of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase in human pregnant myometrium and their roles in the control of uterine contractility. Cui, XR; Gao, L; Gu, H; Li, Y; Lu, JQ; Ni, X; Xu, C; You, XJ; Zhu, XY, 2011)	1.09
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been reported to be a signaling molecule in plants. "	( Hydrogen sulfide effects on stomatal apertures. Hancock, JT; Lisjak, M; Teklić, T; Whiteman, M; Wilson, ID; Wood, M, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to induce transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-mediated neurogenic inflammation in polymicrobial sepsis. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and neurogenic inflammation in polymicrobial sepsis: involvement of substance P and ERK-NF-κB signaling. Ang, SF; Bhatia, M; MacAry, PA; Moochhala, SM, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been recognized as a signaling molecule as well as a cytoprotectant. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects the retina from light-induced degeneration by the modulation of Ca2+ influx. Kimura, H; Kimura, Y; Mikami, Y; Nagahara, N; Shibuya, N; Yamada, M, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to promote transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)-mediated neurogenic inflammation in sepsis and its associated multiple organ failure, including acute lung injury (ALI). "	( Hydrogen sulfide upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E metabolite in sepsis-evoked acute lung injury via transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel activation. Ang, SF; Bhatia, M; MacAry, PA; Moochhala, SM; Sio, SW, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has dramatic physiological effects on animals that are associated with improved survival. "	( HIF-1 and SKN-1 coordinate the transcriptional response to hydrogen sulfide in Caenorhabditis elegans. Budde, MW; Miller, DL; Roth, MB, 2011)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been proposed as a novel neuromodulator and neuroprotective agent. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects against chemical hypoxia-induced injury by inhibiting ROS-activated ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways in PC12 cells. Chen, P; Feng, J; Hu, F; Lan, A; Liao, X; Mo, L; Wang, X; Xiao, L; Yang, C; Yang, Z; Zheng, D, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been identified as a biological response modifier. "	( Development of a highly selective fluorescence probe for hydrogen sulfide. Hanaoka, K; Kimura, H; Kimura, Y; Komatsu, T; Mikami, Y; Nagano, T; Sasakura, K; Shibuya, N; Terai, T; Ueno, T, 2011)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has traditionally been considered a toxic environmental pollutant. "	( Role of cystathionine γ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in cardiovascular disease: a novel therapeutic strategy? Gong, QH; Liu, XH; Pan, LL; Yang, HB; Zhu, YZ, 2012)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has attracted increasing interest as a vasodilator in cardiovascular systems."	( Protective role of hydrogen sulfide against noise-induced cochlear damage: a chronic intracochlear infusion model. Hei, RY; Li, X; Mao, XB; Qiao, L; Qiu, JH; Wen, LT; Zhang, PZ; Zhang, ZB, 2011)	1.42
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to affect gastrointestinal (GI) motility and signaling in mammals and O(2)-dependent H(2)S metabolism has been proposed to serve as an O(2) 'sensor' that couples hypoxic stimuli to effector responses in a variety of other O(2)-sensing tissues. "	( Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and hypoxia inhibit salmonid gastrointestinal motility: evidence for H₂S as an oxygen sensor. DeLeon, ER; Dombkowski, RA; Gao, Y; Naylor, MG; Olson, KR; Shoemaker, E; Smith, M; Stoy, GF, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been found to play an important role as a signal molecule in regulating cell survival. "	( Hydrogen sulfide in cell survival: a double-edged sword. Yang, G, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to exert cardioprotective effects. "	( Inhibition of ROS-activated ERK1/2 pathway contributes to the protection of H2S against chemical hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells. Chen, PX; Dong, XB; Feng, JQ; Hu, F; Lan, AP; Liao, XX; Mo, LQ; Wang, XY; Yang, CT; Zhang, MF; Zheng, DD, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently found to be an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by abdominal aortic coarctation in rats. Huang, J; Huang, X; Jin, H; Wang, D; Zheng, J, 2012)	3.26
"As hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has pro-angiogenic and anti-oxidative characteristics, we hypothesized that H(2)S levels could play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and studied the placental expression of the H(2)S-producing enzymes cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)."	( Hydrogen sulfide producing enzymes in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Bos, EM; Erwich, JJ; Faas, MM; Holwerda, KM; Lely, AT; Rajakumar, A; Ris-Stalpers, C; Timmer, A; van Goor, H; van Pampus, MG, 2012)	2.34
"Hydrogen sulfide has been implicated as a tissue protectant in many pathological conditions, the mechanisms of tissue protection is a point of controversy, particularly distinguishing the direct actions from the indirect downstream effects of hydrogen sulfide."	( Hydrogen sulfide as a therapeutic target for inflammation. Badiei, A; Bhatia, M; Rivers, JR, 2012)	2.54
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been identified as a regulator of various physiological events, including vasodilation, angiogenesis, antiapoptotic, and cellular signaling. "	( Increased endogenous H2S generation by CBS, CSE, and 3MST gene therapy improves ex vivo renovascular relaxation in hyperhomocysteinemia. Coley, DM; Givvimani, S; Kundu, S; Metreveli, N; Mishra, PK; Qipshidze, N; Sathnur, PB; Sen, U; Tyagi, N; Tyagi, SC, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to act as a neuroprotectant and antioxidant. "	( Hydrogen sulfide prevents formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity to PC12 cells by attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-apoptotic potential. Chen, RQ; Fang, HR; Gu, HF; He, JQ; Ren, YK; Tang, XQ; Wang, CY; Yang, CT; Zhou, CF; Zhuang, YY, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has long been known for its toxic properties; however, in recent years, evidence has emerged that this small, gaseous molecule may serve as an endogenous cell-signaling agent. "	( Generation of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species via the autoxidation of hydrogen sulfide under physiologically relevant conditions: chemistry relevant to both the genotoxic and cell signaling properties of H(2)S. Gates, KS; Hoffman, M; Rajapakse, A; Shen, X, 2012)	2.05
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently emerged as a mammalian gaseous messenger molecule, akin to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. "	( H₂S signalling through protein sulfhydration and beyond. Paul, BD; Snyder, SH, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been found to play beneficial roles in ameliorating several diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiac/renal ischemia-reperfusion injuries. "	( Distribution of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)-producing enzymes and the roles of the H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide in diabetic nephropathy. Imai, E; Kimura, T; Kojima, H; Kosugi, T; Maruyama, S; Matsuo, S; Niki, I; Sato, W; Taniguchi, S; Yamamoto, J; Yamamoto, T; Yuzawa, Y, 2013)	2.18
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has long been recognized as a toxic molecule in biological systems. "	( Fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biological hydrogen sulfide. Chang, CJ; Lin, VS, 2012)	2.07
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has emerged as an important gasotransmitter, offering protection against ischemia-reperfusion damage to the heart. "	( Is cystathionine gamma-lyase protein expressed in the heart? Fu, M; Wang, R; Yang, G; Zhang, W, 2012)	1.82
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been confirmed as the third gas-transmitter over recent years."	( An Arabidopsis mutant atcsr-2 exhibits high cadmium stress sensitivity involved in the restriction of H2S emission. Gong, ZH; Jin, ZP; Li, H; Li, YW; Mu, Y; Pei, YX; Qiao, ZJ; Zhang, LP; Zhang, YX, 2012)	1.1
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has historically been considered to be a toxic gas, an environmental and occupational hazard. "	( Hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous modulator in mitochondria and mitochondria dysfunction. Chen, JF; Cheng, ZY; Guo, W; Kan, JT; Shen, YQ; Wu, D; Xu, J; Zhu, YZ, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has traditionally been thought of as a phytotoxin, having deleterious effects on the plant growth and survival. "	( Hydrogen sulfide: environmental factor or signalling molecule? Hancock, JT; Lisjak, M; Teklic, T; Whiteman, M; Wilson, ID, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to have cytoprotective effects in models of hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion and Alzheimer's disease. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects HUVECs against hydrogen peroxide induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Kho, SH; Rinkiko, S; Shen, HM; Sheng, X; Wang, H; Wen, YD; Zhu, YZ, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown recently to function as an important gasotransmitter. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-induced relaxation of resistance mesenteric artery beds of rats. Cao, K; Cheng, Y; Ndisang, JF; Tang, G; Wang, R, 2004)	3.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been observed in relatively high concentrations in the mammalian brain and has been shown to act as a neuromodulator. "	( Production of the neuromodulator H2S by cystathionine beta-synthase via the condensation of cysteine and homocysteine. Chen, X; Jhee, KH; Kruger, WD, 2004)	1.77
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified as a principal odorous component of gaseous emissions from construction and demolition debris (C&D) landfills. "	( Hydrogen sulfide flux measurements from construction and demolition debris (C&D) landfills. Cooper, CD; Eun, S; Faour, A; Reinhart, DR; Townsend, TG, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has been recognized as a toxic gas, can be endogenously produced in the body."	( [Role of gasotransmitters in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension]. Du, JB; Jin, HF; Tang, CS; Wang, YF, 2006)	1.06
"Hydrogen sulfide has also been shown to play a key role in modulation of visceral hyperalgesia."	( The emerging roles of hydrogen sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Cirino, G; Distrutti, E; Fiorucci, S; Wallace, JL, 2006)	1.37
"Hydrogen Sulfide has been found to be produced endogenously in amounts that cause vasodilatation. "	( Endogenous hydrogen sulfide and the cardiovascular system-what's the smell all about? Pearson, RJ; Wang, R; Wilson, T, 2006)	2.17
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been suggested as a novel gasomediator. "	( Hydrogen sulfide is a novel prosecretory neuromodulator in the Guinea-pig and human colon. Campi, B; De Giorgio, R; Frieling, T; Ishii, I; Kimura, H; Krueger, D; Schemann, M; Schicho, R; Von Weyhern, CW; Zeller, F, 2006)	3.22
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown previously to exert proapoptotic activity. "	( Hydrogen sulfide-induces DNA damage and changes in apoptotic gene expression in human lung fibroblast cells. Baskar, R; Li, L; Moore, PK, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has recently been shown to have a signaling role in vascular cells. "	( Hydrogen sulfide mediates vasoactivity in an O2-dependent manner. Benavides, GA; Darley-Usmar, VM; Dickinson, DA; Doeller, JE; Isbell, TS; Koenitzer, JR; Kraus, DW; Lancaster, JR; Patel, HD; Patel, RP, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been reported to be a gasotransmitter which regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. "	( The novel proangiogenic effect of hydrogen sulfide is dependent on Akt phosphorylation. Cai, WJ; Jin, HM; Moore, PK; Wang, MJ; Yao, T; Zhu, YC, 2007)	2.06
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to induce the activation of neurogenic inflammation especially in normal airways and urinary bladder. "	( Hydrogen sulfide up-regulates substance P in polymicrobial sepsis-associated lung injury. Adhikari, S; Bhatia, M; Hegde, A; Moochhala, SM; Ng, SW; Zhang, H, 2007)	3.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been traditionally viewed as a toxic gas. "	( The vasorelaxant effect of H(2)S as a novel endogenous gaseous K(ATP) channel opener. Lu, Y; Wang, R; Zhang, J; Zhao, W, 2001)	1.75

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Hydrogen sulfide plays a significant part in anti-oxidative stress, which may participate in the general mechanism of ferroptosis and regulate it by some signaling molecules."	( Ferroptosis and Hydrogen Sulfide in Cardiovascular Disease. Gui, DD; Jiang, ZS; Luo, W; Ma, Y; Ren, Z; Wu, ZF; Yan, BJ, 2023)	1.98
"Hydrogen sulfide plays a crucial role in the maintenance and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that have the potential to differentiate to a diverse group of mesenchymally derived cells."	( 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase disruption in dermal fibroblasts facilitates adipogenic trans-differentiation. Akakura, S; Ostrakhovitch, EA; Sanokawa-Akakura, R; Tabibzadeh, S, 2019)	1.24
"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning can cause severe myocardial injury, but the damage is subtle and can be easily misdiagnosed. "	( Acute myocardial injury following hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Huang, X; Mo, W; Shen, J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.28
"Hydrogen sulfide poisoning can cause damage to myocardial function and the damage can be more insidious in nature and with a delayed onset. "	( Acute myocardial injury following hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Huang, X; Mo, W; Shen, J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.28
"Hydrogen sulfide exposure can cause symptoms ranging in severity from mild effects (dizziness, headache, nausea) to severe lactic acidosis, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias and death."	( Novel treatment of dihydrogen sulfide inhalation using hyperbaric oxygen during mass casualty. Johnston, M; Price, SM; Price, WD, )	1.17
"Hydrogen sulfide plays important regulatory roles in different physiological and pathological conditions."	( Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway participated in the protection of hydrogen sulfide on neuropathic pain in rats. Chen, H; Chen, Y; Lian, N; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zhang, K, 2019)	1.48
"Hydrogen sulfide was found to inhibit growth of D."	( Enhanced aniline degradation by Desulfatiglans anilini in a synthetic microbial community with the phototrophic purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Müller, N; Xie, X, 2019)	1.24
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a protective role during acute lung injury."	( Hydrogen sulfide donor regulates alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in rats with acute lung injury. Li, TS; Liu, WL; Liu, ZW; Wang, C; Zhao, B, 2013)	2.55
""Hydrogen sulfide treatment promotes glucose uptake by increasing insulin receptor sensitivity and ameliorates kidney lesions in type 2 diabetes." The work was rejected by the standard peer review system and subsequently rescued via the Rebound Peer Review mechanism offered by Antioxidants and Redox Signaling (Antoxid Redox Signal 16: 293-296, 2012)."	( Testing the rebound peer review concept. Olson, KR, 2013)	1.01
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays important roles in the enteric system in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. "	( Hydrogen sulfide selectively potentiates central preganglionic fast nicotinic synaptic input in mouse superior mesenteric ganglion. Farrugia, G; Linden, DR; Sha, L; Szurszewski, JH, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) displays vasodilative, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats by inhibiting NF-κB expression and regulating Th1/Th2 balance. Cao, H; Chu, L; Huang, X; Zhai, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2014)	3.29
"Hydrogen sulfide displays a dual role in the mechanism of AP according to its concentration in the system."	( From nitric oxide to hyperbaric oxygen: invisible and subtle but nonnegligible gaseous signaling molecules in acute pancreatitis. Dong, DL; Iv, JC; Li, L; Sun, B; Wang, G; Wu, LF, 2014)	1.12
"Hydrogen sulfide can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway and elevate the expression of collagen I and collagen III in rat hepatic stellate cells."	( [Role of PI3K/Akt signaling in hydrogen sulfide-induced alteration in expression of collagen I and III in hepatic stellate cells]. Chen, W; Li, R; Qi, C; Ren, Q; Song, L; Wang, H; Zhang, N; Zheng, Y, 2014)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide also plays an important role in promoting resolution of inflammation, and restoration of normal tissue function."	( Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties of hydrogen sulfide. Gemici, B; Wallace, JL, 2015)	1.39
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in human physiology, exerting vasodilatory, neuromodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. "	( Endogenous prostaglandins and afferent sensory nerves in gastroprotective effect of hydrogen sulfide against stress-induced gastric lesions. Brzozowski, T; Drozdowicz, D; Jasnos, K; Kwiecien, S; Magierowski, M; Ptak-Belowska, A; Strzalka, M; Surmiak, M; Wallace, JL, 2015)	2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) plays a protective role in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. "	( Correlation of Lower Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide with Activation of Protein Kinase CβII in Uremic Accelerated Atherosclerosis Patients. Feng, SJ; Li, H; Wang, SX; Wang, W; Zhang, XD, 2015)	2.13
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and oxidative stress. "	( Superoxide Mediates Depressive Effects Induced by Hydrogen Sulfide in Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. He, A; Liu, X; Lu, N; Xu, H; Yu, H; Yu, J; Zhang, N, 2015)	2.11
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays multiple roles in the function of the central nervous system in physiological and pathological conditions, such as cerebral ischemia. "	( Effect of the Inhibition of Hydrogen Sulfide Synthesis on Ischemic Injury and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in a Transient Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Bandegi, AR; Hadadha, M; Vakili, A, 2015)	2.15
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a large role in female and male sexual responses characterized by a smooth muscle relaxant effect. "	( Hydrogen Sulfide Facilitates Vaginal Lubrication by Activation of Epithelial ATP-Sensitive K(+) Channels and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Huang, J; Jiang, P; Sun, Q; Xu, JB; Yang, DL; Yue, YJ; Zeng, Y; Zhou, WL, 2016)	3.32
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in renal physiological and pathophysiological processes."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Mitigates Kidney Injury in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Chen, M; Gao, B; Ji, A; Li, H; Li, M; Li, Y; Ma, C; Wang, S; Wu, D; Yao, L, 2016)	2.6
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an essential role in bone formation, in part, by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, maintaining mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis ability, or reducing osteoblast injury. "	( Cystathionine γ-Lyase-Hydrogen Sulfide Induces Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Sulfhydration, Thereby Increasing Osteoblast Activity to Promote Bone Fracture Healing. Cai, J; Cui, Q; Fan, J; Geng, B; Liao, F; Lin, X; Yang, J; Zheng, F; Zheng, Y, 2017)	2.21
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), can produce pharmacological effects on neural and non-neural tissues from several mammalian species. "	( Regulation of [3H] D-aspartate release from mammalian isolated retinae by hydrogen sulfide. Kulkarni, KH; Monjok, EM; Njie, YF; Ohia, SE; Opere, CA, 2009)	2.03
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) displays anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities as evidenced by the inhibition of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and production of lipid peroxidation. "	( Role of hydrogen sulfide in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in rats. Jiang, H; Kang, K; Pan, S; Sun, X; Tan, G; Zhao, M, 2009)	2.23
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays an important role in cardiovascular, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. "	( Hydrogen sulfide and substance P in inflammation. Bhatia, M, 2010)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays an important role in inflammation. "	( Glucocorticoids suppress cystathionine gamma-lyase expression and H2S production in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. Liu, SJ; Liu, YJ; Ni, X; Wang, S; Zhu, XY, 2010)	1.8
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) displays anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities to attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR)-induced injury, but its role in MIR in diabetics is not known. "	( The protective role of hydrogen sulfide in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in diabetic rats. Gao, Y; Kang, K; Li, W; Sun, L; Sun, X; Yao, X; Zhang, Y, 2011)	2.12
"Hydrogen sulfide was found to inhibit calcium deposition in the extracellular matrix and to suppress the induction of the genes involved in osteoblastic transformation of VSMC: alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and Cbfa1."	( Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Agarwal, A; Balla, G; Balla, J; Jeney, V; Katkó, M; Oros, M; Varga, Z; Zarjou, A; Zavaczki, E, 2011)	2.53
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a crucial role in human and animal physiology. "	( Hydrogen sulfide improves drought resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Jin, Z; Pei, Y; Qiao, Z; Shen, J; Wang, R; Yang, G, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) displays vasodilative, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. "	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension in rats. Dong, X; Jiang, H; Jiang, X; Kang, K; Kanwar, JR; Li, J; Pan, S; Qiao, H; Sun, X; Tan, G; Zhao, M, 2011)	3.25
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays potential roles in many physiological processes, such as vasodilatation and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation."	( Effect of hydrogen sulfide on restenosis of peripheral arteries after angioplasty. Chen, Y; Liang, G; Ma, B; Zhang, F; Zhang, H, 2012)	1.5
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) displays an anti-apoptotic activity against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MIR). "	( Hydrogen sulfide protects cardiomyocytes from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing phosphorylation of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain. Gao, Y; He, C; Jiang, H; Pan, S; Sun, X; Tan, G; Yao, X; Zhang, Y, 2012)	3.26
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) plays a crucial role in the regulation of stomatal closure in plant response to drought stress, and l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) has been identified as being mainly responsible for the degradation of cysteine to generate H(2)S. "	( Hydrogen sulfide interacting with abscisic acid in stomatal regulation responses to drought stress in Arabidopsis. Fang, H; Jin, Z; Li, H; Luo, Y; Pei, Y; Tian, B; Xue, S, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide was found to inhibit growth and decrease both the growth yields and the sulfate-specific reduction rate."	( Physiologic studies with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: evaluation for use in a biofuel cell. Comninellis, C; Cooney, MJ; Marison, IW; Roschi, E; von Stockar, U, 1996)	1.02
"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may produce deleterious effects on the developing central nervous system. "	( Chronic exposure to low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide produces abnormal growth in developing cerebellar Purkinje cells. Hannah, RS; Roth, SH, 1991)	1.99

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Hydrogen sulfide cotreatment significantly reduced cyclo phosp hamid e-ind uced inflammation, histological alterations, and apoptosis in the liver."	( Dose-Dependent Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Arı, NS; Çengelli Ünel, Ç; Koçak, H; Özatik, FY; Özatik, O; Tekşen, Y, 2023)	1.93
"Hydrogen sulfide treatment suppressed miR-26b and miR-199a expression in chorionic trophoblasts."	( Reduced Expression of Hydrogen Sulfide-Generating Enzymes Down-Regulates 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase in Chorion during Term and Preterm Labor. Chen, Z; Ding, X; Gu, H; He, P; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Ni, X; Sun, Q, 2018)	1.52
""Hydrogen sulfide treatment promotes glucose uptake by increasing insulin receptor sensitivity and ameliorates kidney lesions in type 2 diabetes." The work was rejected by the standard peer review system and subsequently rescued via the Rebound Peer Review mechanism offered by Antioxidants and Redox Signaling (Antoxid Redox Signal 16: 293-296, 2012)."	( Testing the rebound peer review concept. Olson, KR, 2013)	1.01
"Hydrogen sulfide treatment significantly increased L-selectin shedding from human neutrophils following activation by fMLP and interleukin-8 in an ADAM-17-dependent manner. "	( Hydrogen sulfide reduces neutrophil recruitment in hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in an L-selectin and ADAM-17-dependent manner. Ball, CJ; Chintalapani, S; Kim, M; King, MR; Reiffel, AJ; Spector, JA, 2013)	3.28
"Hydrogen sulfide pretreatment of roots resulted in increased leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content as well as lower lipid peroxidation levels in comparison with plants directly subjected to salt and non-ionic osmotic stress, thus suggesting a systemic mitigating effect of H2S pretreatment to cellular damage derived from abiotic stress factors."	( Hydrogen sulfide induces systemic tolerance to salinity and non-ionic osmotic stress in strawberry plants through modification of reactive species biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation of multiple defence pathways. Christou, A; Fotopoulos, V; Manganaris, GA; Papadopoulos, I, 2013)	2.55
"Treatment with hydrogen sulfide restored Sirtuin3 expression and decreased lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus by improving lung functional recovery, decreasing oxidative damage, suppressing inflammation, ameliorating cell apoptosis, and preserving mitochondrial function (P < .05)."	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury through SIRT3-dependent regulation of mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetic rats. Cui, X; Ding, W; Jiang, T; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Lv, X; Meng, Q; Yue, Z, 2019)	2.3
"Mice treated with hydrogen sulfide to raise bloodstream concentration by 20 μM before ischemia or reperfusion showed a significant reduction in neutrophil recruitment into skeletal muscle tissue following tourniquet-induced hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury."	( Hydrogen sulfide reduces neutrophil recruitment in hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in an L-selectin and ADAM-17-dependent manner. Ball, CJ; Chintalapani, S; Kim, M; King, MR; Reiffel, AJ; Spector, JA, 2013)	2.16

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The efficient mitochondrial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide apparently serves to protect mitochondria against the toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide generated from CTFC."	( Metabolism of S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine to hydrogen sulfide and the role of hydrogen sulfide in S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Anders, MW; Banki, K; Elfarra, AA; Lash, LH, 1986)	0.78
" The information was selected as it might relate to potential toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide to man and summarized, noting information gaps that may require further investigation."	( A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Andjelkovich, DA; Beauchamp, RO; Boreiko, CJ; Bus, JS; Popp, JA, 1984)	0.76
" The multi-component natural gas was proved to induce more intensive toxic effects, than its components do."	( [Current aspects of mechanisms underlying effects of multi-component natural gas, its toxicity and selectivity]. Setko, NP, 1996)	0.29
" This is extension of the one-comportment model that applies to toxic endpoints categorised by grades (e."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models for categorical toxicity data. Bois, FY; Diack, C, 2005)	0.33
" The potential for widespread human inhalation exposure to this toxic gas is recognized as a public health concern."	( Changes in intracellular pH play a secondary role in hydrogen sulfide-induced nasal cytotoxicity. Dorman, DC; Lancianese, S; Marshall, MW; McManus, BE; Roberts, ES; Wong, VA, 2006)	0.58
"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently associated with adverse reactions, related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) in tissues where prostaglandins exert physiological effects, such as gastric mucosal defense and renal homeostasis."	( Gastrointestinal safety of novel nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: selective COX-2 inhibitors and beyond. Coruzzi, G; Spaggiari, S; Venturi, N, 2007)	0.34
"Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, which when occurs in excess in the growth medium, becomes toxic to plants."	( Boron toxicity is alleviated by hydrogen sulfide in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Li, YX; Shi, L; Wang, BL; Zhang, WH, 2010)	0.64
"Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a toxic gas with the smells of "rotten egg"; its toxic effects are due to the blocking of cellular respiratory enzymes leading to cell anoxia and cell damage."	( Hydrogen sulfide toxicity in a thermal spring: a fatal outcome. Beder, B; Daldal, H; Serin, S; Sungurtekin, H, 2010)	3.25
"B12 could be a used as an effective and safe way to test the role of endogenous H2S in vivo."	( Ferric Iron and Cobalt (III) compounds to safely decrease hydrogen sulfide in the body? Haouzi, P; Van de Louw, A, 2013)	0.63
" We hypothesized that if the supplemental Mo adequately bound excess S in the rumen, it would not be available at toxic concentrations."	( Effects of supplemental molybdenum on animal performance, liver copper concentrations, ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations, and the appearance of sulfur and molybdenum toxicity in steers receiving fiber-based diets. Austin, KJ; Cammack, KM; Johnson, PS; Kessler, KL; Olson, KC; Wright, CL, 2012)	0.6
"Sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) is an example of a pesticide that when prepared for use in aqueous solution releases two toxic products carbon disulfide (CS2 ) (active ingredient) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in ambient air in equimolar concentrations resulting in potential exposure to workers and bystanders."	( A review of developmental and reproductive toxicity of CS2 and H2 S generated by the pesticide sodium tetrathiocarbonate. Silva, M, 2013)	0.58
" We studied the toxic effects of HG PDFs and their reversal by H2S on cultures of rat PMCs."	( Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates high-glucose toxicity in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells by attenuating oxidative stress. Feng, S; Lu, Y; Shen, H; Shi, X; Shi, Y; Wang, Z, 2014)	1.85
" Ammonia (NH3), in equilibrium with NH4(+), is a toxic compound to the methanogenic community, which limits the organic loading rate and endangers process stability."	( Electrochemical nutrient recovery enables ammonia toxicity control and biogas desulfurization in anaerobic digestion. De Vrieze, J; Desloover, J; Mortelmans, J; Rabaey, K; Rozendal, R; Van de Vijver, M, 2015)	0.42
"Formaldehyde (FA) is a common environmental contaminant that has toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS)."	( BDNF-TrkB pathway mediates neuroprotection of hydrogen sulfide against formaldehyde-induced toxicity to PC12 cells. Gao, SL; Gu, HF; Jiang, JM; Tang, XQ; Tian, Y; Wang, CY; Wang, L; Zhou, CF, 2015)	0.68
"Corticosterone, one of the glucocorticoids, is toxic to neurons and plays an important role in depressive-like behavior and depression."	( H2S protects PC12 cells against toxicity of corticosterone by modulation of BDNF-TrkB pathway. Gao, S; Gu, H; Li, W; Tang, X; Tian, Y; Xiao, F; Zhang, P; Zou, W, 2015)	0.42
" Taken together, these data implicate that H2S can afford protection to rat kidneys against uranium-induced adverse effects through induction of antioxidant defense by activating Nrf2 pathway and reduction of inflammatory response by suppressing NF-κB pathway."	( Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) attenuates uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress and inflammatory response via Nrf2-NF-κB pathways. Hu, N; Tang, X; Yuan, Y; Zhao, T; Zheng, J, 2015)	1.86
"Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas-second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths."	( Hydrogen Sulfide--Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an Antidote. Ali, S; Ambasudhan, R; Boss, GR; Brenner, M; Chan, A; Glasheen, M; Haushalter, KJ; Jiang, J; Lam, WL; Lipton, SA; Mahon, SB; Parker, J; Patel, HH; Pilz, RB; Saha, A, 2016)	3.32
" However, a plethora of evidence indicates that nephrotoxicity is a major side effect of cisplatin therapy."	( Hydrogen sulfide: A novel nephroprotectant against cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Bouma, HR; Dugbartey, GJ; Lobb, I; Sener, A, 2016)	1.88
" Differently from DOXO, most of the products were not toxic at 5 μM concentration on H9c2 cells."	( H2S-Donating Doxorubicins May Overcome Cardiotoxicity and Multidrug Resistance. Buondonno, I; Chegaev, K; Cortese, D; Fanelli, M; Fruttero, R; Gasco, A; Gazzano, E; Ghigo, D; Hattinger, CM; Lazzarato, L; Riganti, C; Rolando, B; Serra, M, 2016)	0.43
"Efforts, aiming to the development of safe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, are evolving, however there are still several problems concerning gastro-protection to be efficiently solved, thus, design of effective and safe agents for the treatment of inflammatory conditions still remains a major challenge."	( Medicinal Chemistry Approaches of Controlling Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Endogenous Protective Mechanisms and Drug Design. Rekka, EA; Theodosis-Nobelos, P; Tziona, P, 2017)	0.46
"Formaldehyde (FA), a common environmental contaminant, has toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS)."	( Inhibition of ALDH2 protects PC12 cells against formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity: involving the protection of hydrogen sulphide. Chen, Y; Gu, HF; Huang, HL; Tang, XQ; Xiao, F; Zhang, P; Zhou, CF, 2017)	0.46
"Though historically known as a toxic gas, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has displayed a new face as the third endogenous gaseous signaling molecule after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO)."	( Protective Smell of Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Bian, J; Cao, X; Moore, PK; Zhang, W, 2019)	1.1
"Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element and acts as a redox cofactor for many enzymes; however, excess Cu is toxic to cells."	( Hydrogen sulfide increases copper-dependent neurotoxicity via intracellular copper accumulation. Adachi, T; Goto, N; Hara, H; Kamiya, T; Kondo, M; Okuda, K; Yasuda, N, 2020)	2
" APAP is safe at therapeutic levels, however, an overdose can cause severe liver injury."	( Potential benefits of using hydrogen sulfide, vitamin E and necrostatin-1 to counteract acetaminophen‑induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Hakeem, EA; El-Tahawy, NF; Elbassuoni, EA; Saad, AH; Saleh, NEH, 2021)	0.92
" Additionally, drugs could deviate hydrogen sulfide metabolism from the normal state due to their instability of structure, local over exposure and/or excessive pharmacological effects, thus inducing toxic and side effects or transforming therapeutic effects into toxic and side effects."	( [Dual modulating effects of hydrogen sulfide on gastrointestinal tract and efficacy-toxicity transformation of hydrogen sulfide-mediated drugs]. Fan, XH; He, Y; Hui, YJ; Li, N; Wang, Z; Yu, JG, 2022)	1.29

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Kinetic parameters for the rat were estimated from an air-tissue pharmacokinetic (PK) model that was fit to experimental nasal extraction (NE) data."	( Use of a pharmacokinetic-driven computational fluid dynamics model to predict nasal extraction of hydrogen sulfide in rats and humans. Andersen, ME; Dorman, DC; Kimbell, JS; Schroeter, JD, 2006)	0.55
" In pharmacokinetic studies, male rats were exposed either to intravenous infusions of sodium sulphide or to H(2)S gas inhalation, and levels of available blood sulphide were measured."	( A monobromobimane-based assay to measure the pharmacokinetic profile of reactive sulphide species in blood. Bengtsson, A; Deckwerth, TL; Dumpit, R; Hill, P; Insko, MA; Langston, W; Leviten, D; Szabo, C; Toombs, CF; VandenEkart, E; Wintner, EA, 2010)	0.36
" In the present study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects and pharmacokinetic properties of a controlled release formulation of SPRC (CR-SPRC) in an in vivo rat model of myocardial infarction (MI)."	( Cardioprotective effects and pharmacokinetic properties of a controlled release formulation of a novel hydrogen sulfide donor in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Huang, C; Lin, S; Liu, H; Liu, X; Tran, BH; Wang, S; Zhang, Q; Zhu, YZ, 2015)	0.63

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pregnant rats were exposed to 0, 100, 200, 400 or 800 ppm of carbon disulfide (CS2), 100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) alone or in combination with 400 and 800 ppm CS2, 6 h/d during days 6-20 of gestation."	( Effects of inhalation exposure to carbon disulfide and its combination with hydrogen sulfide on embryonal and fetal development in rats. Bonnet, P; de Ceaurriz, J; Saillenfait, AM, 1989)	0.72
" Tongue cleaning with tooth & tongue gel in combination with other oral hygiene procedures is a promising approach to control halitosis."	( Short term clinical efficacy of new meridol HALITOSIS tooth & tongue gel in combination with a tongue cleaner to reduce oral malodor. Himmelmann, A; Krause, C; Wilhelm, D; Wilhelm, KP, 2013)	0.39
"We investigated whether mild hypothermia combined with sodium hydrosulfide treatment during resuscitation improves neuron survival following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury beyond that observed for the individual treatments."	( Mild Hypothermia Combined with Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment During Resuscitation Reduces Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis Via NR2A, NR2B, and PI3K-Akt Signaling in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Dai, HB; Duan, ML; Ji, XJ; Lv, J; Ma, RM; Miao, XL; Xu, MM; Zhu, SH, 2016)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" High bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide in inhalations provides antiinflammatory, analgetic, trophic effects, stimulates general and immune reactivity of the body."	( [The inhalation use of hydrogen sulfide water in the health resort rehabilitation of osteoarthrosis patients living in areas with radionuclide contamination]. Ibadova, GD; Lopatinskiĭ, VV; Shaĭdenko, BA, )	0.75
" hypoxia/anoxia, hydrogen sulphide, elevated bioavailability of metals) induces, in a certain part of the population, morphological deformation of shell (thereby leading to irregular shape) and in parallel physiological adaptations which result in greater sensitivity to trace metals of "irregular" clams."	( The relationship between metal concentrations and phenotypes in the Baltic clam Macoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern Baltic. Blanchard, G; Fichet, D; Garcia-Meunier, P; Radenac, G; Sokolowski, A; Wolowicz, M, 2002)	0.31
" Presence of biosulfur particles was found to enhance the absorption rate of H(2)S gas in the mildly alkaline liquid."	( Effect of biologically produced sulfur on gas absorption in a biotechnological hydrogen sulfide removal process. de Keizer, A; Janssen, AJ; Kleinjan, WE; Lammers, JN, 2006)	0.56
" The effect of contact time, temperature, and amine concentration on the rate of absorption and the selectivity were studied by absorption experiments in a wetted wall column at atmospheric pressure and constant feed gas ratio."	( Simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S into aqueous blends of N-methyldiethanolamine and diethanolamine. Bandyopadhyay, SS; Mandald, B, 2006)	0.33
"Successful phytoremediation depends mainly on the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the soil."	( Effect of sulphur on soil Cu/Zn availability and microbial community composition. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Hui, W; Li, Q; Lin, Q; Shi, J; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Endogenous H2S bioavailability is regulated by several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cysteine."	( Potential importance of alterations in hydrogen sulphide (H2S) bioavailability in diabetes. Lefer, DJ, 2008)	0.35
" This was partly attributed to low bioavailability and microbial toxicity of the xenobiotics."	( Toxicity of xenobiotics during sulfate, iron, and nitrate reduction in primary sewage sludge suspensions. Elsgaard, L, 2010)	0.36
" At lower concentrations, it induces vasoconstriction predominantly via decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate in smooth muscle cell and inhibiting the production and bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( Hydrogen sulfide: a novel signaling molecule in the vascular system. Bian, JS; Liu, YH; Yan, CD, 2011)	1.81
" Nitrates that have been used for over a century and nebivolol, a third-generation b-blocker with vasodilating properties by increasing bioavailability of NO, provide convincing arguments that the compounds acting via NO pathway will remain an important class of cardiovascular drugs."	( [The role of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in the regulation of the circulatory system and their pharmacotherapeutic potential]. Ufnal, M; Żera, T, 2010)	0.66
" We believe that additional agents regulating H(2)S bioavailability will be developed during the next 10 years."	( Hydrogen sulfide in biochemistry and medicine. Gojon, G; Lefer, DJ; Predmore, BL, 2012)	1.82
" In this study, we tested the hypothesis that age-dependent changes in the bioavailability of H(2)S increased the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED)."	( Endogenous hydrogen sulfide insufficiency as a predictor of sexual dysfunction in aging rats. Adaikan, PG; Moore, PK; Muthulakshmi, P; Srilatha, B, 2012)	0.77
"The unilateral, permanent femoral artery ligation model of hind-limb ischemia was performed in C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial NO synthase-knockout mice to evaluate exogenous H(2)S effects on NO bioavailability and ischemic revascularization."	( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis. Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)	1.82
"These data demonstrate that H(2)S differentially regulates NO metabolism during chronic tissue ischemia, highlighting novel biochemical pathways to increase NO bioavailability for ischemic vascular remodeling."	( Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis. Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; McCarthy, P; Pardue, S; Pattillo, CB; Shen, X, 2012)	1.82
" However, the impact of the microbiota on host global H2S bioavailability and metabolism remains unknown."	( Microbial regulation of host hydrogen sulfide bioavailability and metabolism. Borniquel, S; Carlström, M; Jädert, C; Kevil, CG; Lundberg, JO; Shen, X, 2013)	0.68
" Further studies revealed that H2S therapy increased the expression of the proliferation marker, Ki67, as well as increased the phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase and the bioavailability of NO."	( Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac dysfunction after heart failure via induction of angiogenesis. Bhushan, S; Bir, SC; Calvert, JW; Kevil, CG; Kondo, K; Lefer, DJ; Murohara, T; Polhemus, D, 2013)	1.83
" Studies over the past decade have revealed that H2S can be synthesized through numerous pathways and its bioavailability regulated through its conversion into different biochemical forms."	( Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: pathophysiological roles and detection. Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; Shen, X, 2013)	1.83
" sepsis), while in other disease states H2 S levels and H2 S bioavailability are reduced and its therapeutic replacement is warranted (e."	( Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by hydrogen sulfide. Part II. Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Bos, EM; Bouillaud, F; Calzia, E; Coletta, C; Hellmich, MR; Módis, K; Papapetropoulos, A; Radermacher, P; Szabo, C; van Goor, H, 2014)	0.65
" Furthermore, these properties protect endothelial function and NO bioavailability in an in vitro model of acute oxidative stress."	( Hydrogen sulfide protects endothelial nitric oxide function under conditions of acute oxidative stress in vitro. Al-Magableh, MR; Hart, JL; Kemp-Harper, BK; Miller, AA; Ng, HH, 2014)	1.85
" In this study we examine the levels of H2S in patients with cardiovascular disease as well as bioavailability of nitric oxide and inflammatory indicators."	( Plasma free H2S levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Akkus, NI; Glawe, JD; Kevil, CG; Pardue, S; Peter, EA; Reddy, P; Shah, SH; Shen, X; Varma, J; Zhang, WW, 2013)	0.39
" Lastly, plasma IL-6, ICAM-1, and TSP-1 levels did not correlate with H2S or NO bioavailability in either vascular disease condition."	( Plasma free H2S levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Akkus, NI; Glawe, JD; Kevil, CG; Pardue, S; Peter, EA; Reddy, P; Shah, SH; Shen, X; Varma, J; Zhang, WW, 2013)	0.39
"Findings reported in this study reveal that plasma-free H2S levels are significantly elevated in vascular disease and identify a novel inverse relationship with NO bioavailability in patients with peripheral arterial disease."	( Plasma free H2S levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Akkus, NI; Glawe, JD; Kevil, CG; Pardue, S; Peter, EA; Reddy, P; Shah, SH; Shen, X; Varma, J; Zhang, WW, 2013)	0.39
" H2S therapy also has been shown to augment NO bioavailability and signaling."	( Hydrogen sulfide cytoprotective signaling is endothelial nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide dependent. Bhushan, S; Bradley, JM; Calvert, JW; Dugas, TR; Elrod, JW; Huang, PL; Islam, KN; Kelley, EE; King, AL; Kondo, K; Lefer, DJ; Nicholson, CK; Otsuka, H; Polhemus, DJ; Tao, YX; Wang, R, 2014)	1.85
"Accurate measurement of hydrogen sulfide bioavailability remains a technical challenge due to numerous issues involving sample processing, detection methods used, and actual biochemical products measured."	( Hydrogen sulfide measurement using sulfide dibimane: critical evaluation with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Chakraborty, S; Dugas, TR; Kevil, CG; Shen, X, 2014)	2.15
"How cells regulate the bioavailability of utilizable sulfur while mitigating the effects of hydrogen sulfide toxicity is poorly understood."	( The CsoR-like sulfurtransferase repressor (CstR) is a persulfide sensor in Staphylococcus aureus. Bruce, KE; Giedroc, DP; Kehl-Fie, TE; Luebke, JL; Peng, H; Shen, J; Skaar, EP, 2014)	0.62
" H2S therapy can also restore eNOS function and NO bioavailability and attenuate the pathological changes in the liver in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats."	( Hydrogen sulfide defends against the cardiovascular risk of Nw-nitro-L-argininemethyl ester-induced hypertension in rats via the nitric oxide/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Dai, J; Duan, X; Ji, W; Jiang, X; Liu, S; Wu, Y; Yang, T, 2014)	1.85
" The aim of this current study was (i) to investigate the effects of a novel triphenylphosphonium derivatised dithiolethione (AP39), in the presence and absence of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and (ii) to determine the effects of AP39 on myocardial membrane channels; CaV3, RyR2 and Cl(-)."	( Effects of AP39, a novel triphenylphosphonium derivatised anethole dithiolethione hydrogen sulfide donor, on rat haemodynamic parameters and chloride and calcium Cav3 and RyR2 channels. Cacanyiova, S; Grman, M; Kristek, F; Lacinova, L; Malekova, L; Misak, A; Ondrias, K; Pavlovicova, M; Perry, A; Tomasek, M; Tomaskova, Z; Tomasova, L; Whiteman, M; Wood, ME, 2015)	0.64
" By having both direct effects on its receptor and increasing the bioavailability of vascular endothelial growth factor, H2S is proangiogenic."	( Hydrogen sulfide: role in vascular physiology and pathology. Holwerda, KM; Karumanchi, SA; Lely, AT, 2015)	1.86
" This chapter provides an overview of our mechanistic perspective on the reactions that govern (i) sulfide's bioavailability (including the delicate enzyme machineries that orchestrate sulfide production and consumption and the roles of the large sulfide-storing pools as biological buffers), (ii) biological significance and mechanisms of persulfide formation (including the reduction of disulfides, condensation with sulfenic acids, oxidation of thiols with polysulfides and radical-mediated pathways), (iii) coordination and redox chemical interactions of sulfide with heme proteins (including cytochrome c oxidase, hemoglobins, myoglobins and peroxidases), and (iv) the chemistry of polysulfides."	( Mechanistic chemical perspective of hydrogen sulfide signaling. Nagy, P, 2015)	0.69
"001), reduced NO bioavailability and H2S production (P<0."	( Ginkgolide B increases hydrogen sulfide and protects against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Chen, QY; Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.73
"Ginkgolide B alleviates endothelial dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and elevating NO bioavailability and H2S production in diabetic rats."	( Ginkgolide B increases hydrogen sulfide and protects against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Chen, QY; Li, W; Lu, XH; Wang, GG; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.73
" A phase I clinical trial of a novel H2 S prodrug (SG1002) was designed to assess safety and changes in H2 S and NO bioavailability in healthy and HF subjects."	( A novel hydrogen sulfide prodrug, SG1002, promotes hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide bioavailability in heart failure patients. Giordano, T; Gojon, G; Krum, H; Li, Z; Pattillo, CB; Polhemus, DJ, 2015)	0.85
"The data demonstrate that H2S bioavailability and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation are both attenuated in CLI tissues concomitant with significantly increased oxidative stress."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Levels and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) Activity Are Attenuated in the Setting of Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI). Brewster, LP; Donnarumma, E; Islam, KN; Lefer, DJ; Polhemus, DJ, 2015)	1.86
" Disturbed H2S bioavailability has been suggested to be a novel indicator of EDF progress and prognosis."	( The role of H2S bioavailability in endothelial dysfunction. Ahmed, A; Ichinose, F; Papapetropoulos, A; Szabo, C; Wang, R; Whiteman, M, 2015)	0.42
" Importantly, exogenous H2S therapy restored nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in CSE KO mice that was responsible for monocyte recruitment and arteriogenesis."	( Cystathionine γ-lyase regulates arteriogenesis through NO-dependent monocyte recruitment. Bir, SC; Kevil, CG; Kolluru, GK; Pardue, S; Shen, X; Wang, R; Yuan, S, 2015)	0.42
"The rate of H2S generation, the physicochemical characteristics and the bioavailability greatly affect the overall pharmacological profile of each H2S-releasing compound."	( Using hydrogen sulfide to design and develop drugs. Breschi, MC; Calderone, V; Citi, V; Martelli, A; Testai, L, 2016)	0.92
" We found that obesity in mice reduced the bioavailability of the gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S)."	( Depletion of H2S during obesity enhances store-operated Ca2+ entry in adipose tissue macrophages to increase cytokine production. Beaman, KD; Candela, J; Huang, H; Jaiswal, MK; Prakriya, M; Sun, H; Velmurugan, GV; White, C; Yamashita, M, 2015)	0.64
" In patients with diabetes, a lower bioavailability of the different gasotransmitters is observed when compared with healthy individuals."	( Gasotransmitters in Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Greffrath, W; Hammes, HP; Hillebrands, JL; van den Born, JC; van Goor, H, 2016)	0.43
" The impact of H(2)S on mitochondrial energy metabolism crucially depends on the bioavailability of this gaseous molecule and its interplay with the other two gasotransmitters."	( Bioenergetic relevance of hydrogen sulfide and the interplay between gasotransmitters at human cystathionine β-synthase. Arese, M; Forte, E; Giuffrè, A; Malagrinò, F; Sarti, P; Vicente, JB, 2016)	0.73
" Endothelial function and NO bioavailability were significantly reduced in the WD group (p < 0."	( Decreased vascular H2S production is associated with vascular oxidative stress in rats fed a high-fat western diet. Hart, JL; Jenkins, TA; Nguyen, JC, 2016)	0.43
" Zofenopril is a unique ACEI that has been shown to increase hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bioavailability and nitric oxide (NO) levels via bradykinin-dependent signaling."	( Zofenopril Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Increasing Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Bioavailability. Ali, MJ; Bradley, JM; Cirino, G; Donnarumma, E; Evangelista, S; Goodchild, TT; Islam, KN; Jenkins, JS; Lefer, DJ; Organ, CL; Patel, RA; Polhemus, DJ; Rushing, AM; Scarborough, AL, 2016)	0.89
" We examined the NaNO2 effects on endogenous H2S bioavailability and Nrf2 activation in mice subjected to ischemia-induced chronic heart failure (CHF)."	( Nitrite Therapy Ameliorates Myocardial Dysfunction via H2S and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)-Dependent Signaling in Chronic Heart Failure. Bhushan, S; Bradley, JM; Donnarumma, E; Donnelly, EL; Islam, KN; Lefer, DJ; Otsuka, H, 2016)	0.43
" Furthermore, NaNO2 upregulated the activity of Nrf2, as well as H2S-producing enzymes, and ultimately increased H2S bioavailability in ischemia-induced CHF in mice as compared with vehicle."	( Nitrite Therapy Ameliorates Myocardial Dysfunction via H2S and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)-Dependent Signaling in Chronic Heart Failure. Bhushan, S; Bradley, JM; Donnarumma, E; Donnelly, EL; Islam, KN; Lefer, DJ; Otsuka, H, 2016)	0.43
"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreases bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and impairs NO-dependent relaxations."	( Hydrogen sulfide: A novel mechanism for the vascular protection by resveratrol under oxidative stress in mouse aorta. Ahmed, A; Dereli, MV; Ozzayım, O; Sevin, G; Yetik-Anacak, G, 2016)	1.88
" The results indicated that the levels of H2S derived from the brain decreased over time following ECM infection, and that the low H2S bioavailability was partially caused by decreased expression of the H2S generating enzyme, cystathionine‑β‑synthase."	( Hydrogen sulfide protects against the development of experimental cerebral malaria in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Han, Z; Huang, J; Jiang, P; Lun, Z; Xiao, B; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Zhou, W, 2017)	1.9
" However, its use is limited by the low bioavailability and irritating quality."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel hydrogen sulfide releasing capsaicin derivatives. Gao, M; Li, J; Nie, C; Qian, H; Song, B; Yan, L, 2018)	0.73
" Collectively, exercise restored bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide in the heart of aged rats, which partly explained the benefits of exercise against myocardial fibrosis of aged population."	( Chronic aerobic exercise training alleviates myocardial fibrosis in aged rats through restoring bioavailability of hydrogen sulfide. Liu, HM; Liu, JD; Ma, N; Wang, XZ; Xia, T, 2018)	0.94
" Our group has also revealed that H 2 S bioavailability and the ATR kinase regulate each other with ATR inhibition lowering cellular H 2 S concentrations, whereas intracellular H 2 S concentrations regulate ATR kinase activity via ATR serine 435 phosphorylation."	( Hydrogen sulfide and DNA repair. Ghali, G; Hopper, B; Islam, MZ; Kevil, CG; Meram, A; Ozluk, E; Shackelford, R, 2021)	2.06
" In this review, we discuss the bioavailability of DOSCs in human digestion before illustrating their potential mechanisms for health promotion related to cardiovascular health, cancer chemoprevention, and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities."	( Dietary Organosulfur-Containing Compounds and Their Health-Promotion Mechanisms. Huang, D; Lu, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)	0.72
"Endothelial-cell-specific CSE knockout mice exhibited increased endothelial-mesenchymal transition and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in the myocardium, which was associated with increased cardiac fibrosis, impaired cardiac and vascular function, and worsened exercise performance."	( Hydrogen Sulfide Modulates Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Heart Failure. Beck, KF; Elrod, JW; Goodchild, TT; Katsouda, A; LaPenna, KB; Lefer, DJ; Li, Z; Papapetropoulos, A; Pfeilschifter, J; Sharp, TE; Xia, H; Xian, M; Xu, S, 2023)	2.35

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"29) during the previous 12 months were increased, with a dose-response pattern."	( The South Karelia Air Pollution Study. The effects of malodorous sulfur compounds from pulp mills on respiratory and other symptoms. Haahtela, T; Jaakkola, JJ; Jäppinen, P; Marttila, O; Vilkka, V, 1990)	0.28
" There was suggestive evidence for a dose-response association between environmental exposures to carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)."	( Acute effects of the work environment on pulmonary functions of swine confinement workers. Donham, KJ; Merchant, J; Zavala, DC, 1984)	0.47
" Contraction amplitude in response to electric field stimulation under anoxic conditions was completely abolished by HS within minutes in a classic dose-response relationship (Kd=31 mmol l-1, r2=0."	( Neuromuscular sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide in the marine invertebrate Urechis caupo. Arp, AJ; Dalia, WE; Julian, D, 1998)	0.59
" In treating the landfill leachate, increasing ash dosage increased the removal efficiency but decreased the adsorption amount per unit mass of ash."	( Removal of hydrogen sulfide gas and landfill leachate treatment using coal bottom ash. Hesu, PH; Lin, CY; Yang, DH, 2001)	0.7
" Odour concentration was highest at the beginning of the trials and lowest during the high H2S dosing period, with similar values being obtained for test and control."	( Hydrogen sulphide removal by activated sludge diffusion. Barbosa, VL; Callan, JL; Dufol, D; Sneath, R; Stuetz, RM, 2004)	0.32
" Moreover the model bridges mechanistically based dose-response models and standard dose-response models, retaining the advantages of both."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models for categorical toxicity data. Bois, FY; Diack, C, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of this review was to assess the relationship between mean organoleptic scores (using a 0-to-5 scale) and concentrations of putative odorants representative of those thought to be important in oral malodor, as well as to propose a simple model that explains the dose-response curves obtained from a group of odor judges."	( Assessing the relationship between concentrations of malodor compounds and odor scores from judges. Corry, D; Duffield, J; El-Maaytah, M; Greenman, J; Lenton, P; Majerus, G; Nachnani, S; Rosenberg, M; Saad, S; Spencer, P, 2005)	0.33
" To prevent this production, the efficiency of nitrate addition to wastewater was tested at plant-scale by dosing concentrated calcium nitrate (Nutriox) in the works inlet."	( Nitrate promotes biological oxidation of sulfide in wastewaters: experiment at plant-scale. Andrades, JA; Corzo, A; García de Lomas, J; Gonzalez, JM; Iglesias, E; Montero, MJ, 2006)	0.33
" As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches."	( Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling. Charles, W; Cord-Ruwisch, R; Costa, M; Ho, G; Spencer, P, 2006)	0.59
"We hypothesized a dose-response increase in symptom severity and reduction in sensory and cognitive performance in response to controlled H2S exposures."	( Sensory and cognitive effects of acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide. Fiedler, N; Kelly-McNeil, K; Kipen, H; Laumbach, R; Lioy, P; Ohman-Strickland, P; Olejeme, K; Weisel, C; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.6
" No dose-response effect was observed for sensory or cognitive measures."	( Sensory and cognitive effects of acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide. Fiedler, N; Kelly-McNeil, K; Kipen, H; Laumbach, R; Lioy, P; Ohman-Strickland, P; Olejeme, K; Weisel, C; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.6
" The optimum dosage to inhibit sulfide generation in sewage was 12-19 mg L(-1) formaldehyde."	( Inhibition of sulfide generation by dosing formaldehyde and its derivatives in sewage under anaerobic conditions. Marzorati, M; Mendoza, L; Verstraete, W; Zhang, L, 2008)	0.35
" Nitrite was continuously dosed in the reactor for 25 days at concentrations of 20-140mgN/L."	( Nitrite effectively inhibits sulfide and methane production in a laboratory scale sewer reactor. Gutierrez, O; Meyer, RL; Mohanakrishnan, J; Yuan, Z, 2008)	0.35
" Schizophrenia patients had abnormally large depolarization responses following odor stimulation, independent of clinical symptomatology, antipsychotic medication dosage or smoking history."	( Olfactory receptor neuron dysfunction in schizophrenia. Arnold, SE; Hahn, CG; Moberg, PJ; Turetsky, BI, 2009)	0.35
" In both cases the application of microaerobic conditions (that means controlled dosing of small amount of air or oxygen into digester) was an efficient tool to increase the biodegradability of treated material and/or to increase the activity of methanogenic bacteria by removal of their inhibitor."	( Use of microaerobic conditions for the improvement of anaerobic digestion of solid wastes. Bindzar, J; Jenicek, P; Keclik, F; Maca, J, 2008)	0.35
"The dosage of alkali is often applied by the wastewater industry to reduce the transfer of hydrogen sulfide from wastewater to the sewer atmosphere."	( Effects of long-term pH elevation on the sulfate-reducing and methanogenic activities of anaerobic sewer biofilms. Gutierrez, O; Park, D; Sharma, KR; Yuan, Z, 2009)	0.57
" We hypotheses that CaS might be given by mouth as a new antihypertensive drug through certain dosage form designing."	( Calcium sulfide (CaS), a donor of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S): a new antihypertensive drug? Hui, RT; Li, YF; Xiao, CS, 2009)	0.63
" The dose-response curve for the inhibitory effect of NaHS on the spontaneous contraction of gastric smooth muscle was shifted significantly to the left by TEA and 4-AP."	( Dual effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on the spontaneous contraction of gastric smooth muscle in guinea-pig. Han, YF; Huang, X; Kim, YC; Lu, HL; Qiu, ZX; Wang, ZY; Xu, WX; Zhao, P, 2009)	0.66
" Finally, in addition to the question of dosing and timing (for example, bolus administration versus continuous intravenous infusion), the preferred route of H2S administration remains to be settled--that is, inhaling gaseous H2S versus intra-venous administration of injectable H2S preparations or H2S donors."	( Bench-to-bedside review: Hydrogen sulfide--the third gaseous transmitter: applications for critical care. Asfar, P; Calzia, E; Radermacher, P; Szabó, C; Wagner, F, 2009)	0.66
" In a previously published study, we showed that the inhibitory effect of sulfide to N(2)O reduction in mixed microbial communities is reversible and can be counteracted by dosing trace amounts of copper."	( Divalent metal addition restores sulfide-inhibited N(2)O reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bartacek, J; Lens, PN; Manconi, I; Murgia, R; Sansone, G, 2010)	0.36
" The total nitrogen removal efficiency increased as SSC dosage increased, and the highest efficiency was observed as 77."	( Characteristics of nitrogen removal and microbial distribution by application of spent sulfidic caustic in pilot scale wastewater treatment plant. Byun, I; Lee, J; Lee, T; Park, J; Park, S; Park, T, 2010)	0.36
" Dosage in the headspace resulted in a more stable operation."	( Effect of oxygen dosing point and mixing on the microaerobic removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge digesters. Díaz, I; Fdz-Polanco, M; Ferrero, EM; Pérez, SI, 2011)	0.37
" The applicability of this technique to real-world nanoparticle dosing problems was demonstrated in a study of the effect of H2S on nanoshell uptake using two donor molecules, NaHS and GYY4137."	( Imaging the uptake of gold nanoshells in live cells using plasmon resonance enhanced four wave mixing microscopy. Garrett, N; Moger, J; Whiteman, M, 2011)	0.37
" The inability to maintain H(2)S concentration, even briefly, questions the accuracy of dose-response studies and the relevance of long-term (>10 min) exposure to a single treatment of H(2)S."	( Passive loss of hydrogen sulfide in biological experiments. DeLeon, ER; Olson, KR; Stoy, GF, 2012)	0.72
" In its non-calibrated state, the model was used as a planning tool to identify problem areas and to identify locations to install monitoring equipment and make preliminary choices for control strategies in terms of dosing of nitrate and iron salts."	( A sewer process model as planning and management tool--hydrogen sulfide simulation at catchment scale. Blicher, TD; Hvitved-Jacobsen, T; Nielsen, AH; Nielsen, L; Vollertsen, J, 2011)	0.62
" After the dosing of H(2)S donor (NaHS), the BALF percentage of PMN cell and the lung IQA decreased in the three subgroup rats (2, 4 and 6 h) versus the OA group."	( [Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the expressions of nuclear factor-κB and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in pulmonary tissue of rats with acute lung injury]. DU, JB; Guan, L; Jin, HF; Li, M; Li, TS; Liu, ZW; Zhao, B, 2011)	0.75
" We first determined the ventilatory dose-response curves during intravenous injections of H(2)S."	( Inhibitory effects of hyperoxia and methemoglobinemia on H(2)S induced ventilatory stimulation in the rat. Haouzi, P; Van de Louw, A, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, sulfide treatment can be effective in hemorrhagic shock, but its effectiveness is restricted to a narrow timing and dosing window."	( Effects of intravenous sulfide during resuscitated porcine hemorrhagic shock*. Asfar, P; Bracht, H; Calzia, E; Georgieff, M; Gröger, M; Hauser, B; Hoppe, K; Lampl, L; Matallo, J; Matejovic, M; McCook, O; Möller, P; Radermacher, P; Scheuerle, A; Seifritz, A; Simon, F; Stahl, B; Stahl, W; Szabó, C; Vogt, JA; Wachter, U; Wagner, F, 2012)	0.38
" As part of this study, the evaluation of a cost-effective dosing strategy with ferrous sulphate was performed to better control the sulphide contents in wastewater."	( Evaluation of hydrogen sulphide concentration and control in a sewer system. Johnson, D; Oviedo, ER; Shipley, H, 2012)	0.38
" The reactors were operated at 10 °C, often typical of ambient temperatures in Ireland, and were simultaneously dosed with an air mixture containing the gas in question and with synthetic wastewater (SWW)."	( A horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) technology for the removal of methane and hydrogen sulphide at low temperatures. Clifford, E; Collins, G; Gerrity, S; Kennelly, C; Rodgers, M; Walsh, R, 2012)	0.38
" In the NaHS group, there was an intraperitoneal dosing of NaHS (28 µmol/kg) at 5 min pre-reperfusion."	( [Alternation of thioredoxin system in postconditioning with hydrogen sulfide against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. DU, J; Li, QM; Wang, GL; Wang, Q; Xie, KL; Zhang, BM, 2012)	0.62
"Intermittent dosing of free nitrous acid (FNA), with or without the simultaneous dosing of hydrogen peroxide, is a new strategy developed recently for the control of sulfide production in sewers."	( Dosing free nitrous acid for sulfide control in sewers: results of field trials in Australia. Corrie, S; Jiang, G; Keating, A; Nguyen, L; O'halloran, K; Yuan, Z, 2013)	0.39
" Innovative new oral and intra-articular pharmaceutically engineered dosage forms are examined."	( What's new in NSAID pharmacotherapy: oral agents to injectables. Atkinson, TJ; Fudin, J; Jahn, HL; Kubotera, N; Rennick, AL; Rhorer, M, 2013)	0.39
"A trace element dosing strategy for the anaerobic digestion of wheat stillage was developed in this study."	( Trace element supplementation in the biogas production from wheat stillage--optimization of metal dosing. Nelles, M; Pröter, J; Schmidt, T; Scholwin, F, 2014)	0.4
" The dose-response curves differed in shape, and CH3SH curve was shifted to higher concentration compared to H2S/HS(-)."	( Comparison of the effects of methanethiol and sodium sulphide on uterine contractile activity. Blagojević, D; Mijušković, A; Nikolić-Kokić, A; Oreščanin-Dušić, Z; Slavić, M; Spasić, MB; Spasojević, I, 2014)	0.4
" In the NaHS group, D-gal was administered as above but with NaHS intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 1, 10, 100 μmol·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ respectively."	( [Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduces vascular aging in D-galactose-induced subacute aging rats]. Cui, J; Liu, H; Liu, L; Qiao, WL; Shi, Y; Yan, CD; Yang, WX, 2014)	0.79
" A fully anaerobic UASB reactor served as a control while air was dosed into a microaerobic UASB reactor (UMSB)."	( Microaeration for hydrogen sulfide removal in UASB reactor. Bartacek, J; Jenicek, P; Kolesarova, N; Krayzelova, L, 2014)	0.74
" The aim of this study is to propose a new control strategy and the optimal condition for sulfide elimination by intermittent nitrate dosing in sewer sediments."	( Sulfide elimination by intermittent nitrate dosing in sewer sediments. Liu, Y; Shi, H; Wu, C; Zhou, X; Zhu, DZ, 2015)	0.42
" Using the proposed model outputs, we suggest an optimum application dosage of granulated coal ash for remediating eutrophic marine sediment."	( Estimation of hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency with granulated coal ash applied to eutrophic marine sediment using a simplified simulation model. Asaoka, S; Hino, K; Nakamoto, K; Okamura, H; Saito, T; Yamamoto, H; Yamamoto, T, 2015)	0.78
"Male BALB/C mice were given several cocaine dosage and treatment regimens, and the free and acid-labile H2S tissue concentrations were determined with a modified spectrophotometric method of Siegel."	( Cocaine exposure alters H2S tissue concentrations in peripheral mouse organs. Filip, M; Frankowska, M; Opoka, W; Piotrowska, J; Somogyi, E; Wiliński, B, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, three microaerobic treatments were considered as an alternative to the technique of biogas desulfurization applied (FeCl3 dosing to the digesters) in a WWTP comprising three full-scale anaerobic reactors treating sewage sludge, depending on the reactant: pure O2 from cryogenic tanks, concentrated O2 from PSA generators, and air."	( Economic analysis of microaerobic removal of H2S from biogas in full-scale sludge digesters. Díaz, I; Fdz-Polanco, M; Ramos, I, 2015)	0.42
" Then the protein expression level of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) was measured by Western blot to define the effect of various concentrations of nicotine and different dosing periods of nicotine on the protein expression level of CHOP."	( [Hydrogen sulfide attenuates bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress]. Bai, Y; Chen, Y; Li, M; Liao, C; Liao, Y; Lin, F; Qi, Y; Sun, Y, 2015)	1.33
" (but not 1 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg), starting 24 h post-CLP, with dosing repeated every 6 h, improved the survival rate in CLP animals."	( Delayed Treatment with Sodium Hydrosulfide Improves Regional Blood Flow and Alleviates Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)-Induced Septic Shock. Ahmad, A; Druzhyna, N; Szabo, C, 2016)	0.43
"Nitrate dosing is commonly used to control hydrogen sulfide production in sewer systems."	( Indirect sulfur reduction via polysulfide contributes to serious odor problem in a sewer receiving nitrate dosage. Jiang, F; Liang, S; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.7
"Zofenopril (10 mg/kg PO) was administered for 1, 8, and 24 hours to establish optimal dosing in mice."	( Zofenopril Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Increasing Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Bioavailability. Ali, MJ; Bradley, JM; Cirino, G; Donnarumma, E; Evangelista, S; Goodchild, TT; Islam, KN; Jenkins, JS; Lefer, DJ; Organ, CL; Patel, RA; Polhemus, DJ; Rushing, AM; Scarborough, AL, 2016)	0.65
"Supplementation of exogenous hydrogen sulfide in small dosage can increase the secretion of growth factors bFGF and TGF-β1 in macrophages of wound in rats with deep partial-thickness burn in the early stage and reduce the release of inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-1β in the meantime, thus affecting the healing of wound."	( [Effects of hydrogen sulfide on the secretion of cytokines in macrophages of deep partial-thickness burn wound in rats]. Li, Y; Wang, HJ; Xu, DB, 2016)	1.1
" dosing of small amount of air, is suitable and cost effective biochemical method of sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur."	( Simple biogas desulfurization by microaeration - Full scale experience. Bartáček, J; Bindzar, J; Horejš, J; Jeníček, P; Pokorná-Krayzelová, L, 2017)	0.46
"The addition of iron salts is one of the most commonly used dosing strategies for sulfide control in sewers."	( Electrochemical oxidation of iron and alkalinity generation for efficient sulfide control in sewers. Kustermans, C; Lin, HW; Pikaar, I; Prévoteau, A; Rabaey, K; Vaiopoulou, E; Yuan, Z, 2017)	0.46
" Iron dosage must hence correspond to an estimate of how much sulfide will form while the wastewater stays in the main, which is not straightforward."	( Kinetics of sulfide precipitation with ferrous and ferric iron in wastewater. Kiilerich, B; Nielsen, AH; Vollertsen, J, 2018)	0.48
"Chemical dosing is a commonly used strategy for mitigating sewer corrosion and odour problems caused by sulfide production."	( Real-time prediction of rain-impacted sewage flow for on-line control of chemical dosing in sewers. Jiang, G; Li, J; Liu, Y; Sharma, K; Yuan, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Furthermore, we describe the long-term effect of dosing pea, radish, and lettuce plants with GYY-4137 for up to six weeks."	( Improved growth of pea, lettuce, and radish plants using the slow release of hydrogen sulfide from GYY-4137. Bowden, NB; Brown, EM; Carter, JM; Grace, JP; Irish, EE; Salem, AK, 2018)	0.71
"The purpose of this study is to investigate whether airborne exposure to endotoxins, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and inhalable particles negatively impacts the respiratory system and inflammatory blood proteins in sewage plant and sewer net system workers and, further, to determine dose-response associations between exposure and health outcomes."	( Endotoxin and Hydrogen Sulphide Exposure and Effects on the Airways Among Waste Water Workers in Sewage Treatment Plants and Sewer Net System. Austigard, ÅD; Einarsdottir, E; Goffeng, LO; Heldal, KK; Nordby, KC; Sikkeland, LI; Svendsen, KH, 2019)	0.51
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."	( Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)	0.51
"This study demonstrates the full scale application of iron dosing in a metropolitan wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the upstream sewer system for multiple benefits."	( Full-scale investigation of ferrous dosing in sewers and a wastewater treatment plant for multiple benefits. Bell, L; Dwyer, J; Hu, S; Jiang, G; Khan, W; Kulandaivelu, J; Mcphee, P; Shrestha, S; Smith, P; Steward, A; Yuan, Z, 2020)	0.56
" The potential for HNF4α to regulate SBP1 expression was supported by data indicating that HNF4α inhibition resulted in a dose-response increase in the levels of SBP1 messenger RNA and protein, identifying HNF4α as a novel negative regulator of SBP1 expression in prostate cancer cells."	( Selenium-binding protein 1 alters energy metabolism in prostate cancer cells. Diamond, AM; Elhodaky, M; Hong, LK; Kadkol, S, 2020)	0.56
" The identification of sulfide generation hotspots will greatly help determine how to economically control sulfide generation by chemical dosing or pipe structural modification."	( Rapid dynamic quantification of sulfide generation flux in spatially heterogeneous sediments of gravity sewers. Huang, X; Li, H; Liu, Y; Qiao, L; Ren, D; Zuo, Z, 2021)	0.62
" The wastewater treatment tests showed that the best option was the combination of both coagulants, in a 50:50 ratio, resulting in a total coagulant dosage of 3,000 mg/L."	( Reducing the pollution load of tannery wastewater and the atmospheric emission of hydrogen sulfide using modified tannin. de Aquim, PM; Hansen, E; Osório, DM; Uez, DE, 2023)	1.14
" Although in-sewer dosing of chemicals has been widely applied, it is prone to high chemical consumption and cost."	( In-situ advanced oxidation of sediment iron for sulfide control in sewers. Cheng, D; Guo, M; Huang, X; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Xing, Y; Yuan, Z; Zheng, M; Zuo, Z, 2023)	0.91
" In vitro dose-response experiments showed increased proliferation and tube formation by NaHS-treated human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) compared with control cells."	( Hydrogen sulfide donor activates AKT-eNOS signaling and promotes lymphatic vessel formation. Aithabathula, RV; Kathuria, I; Kumar, S; Park, F; Pervaiz, N; Singh, UP; Singla, B; Swanson, M, 2023)	2.35

Role	Description
signalling molecule	A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
vasodilator agent	A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
toxin	Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
genotoxin	A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
Escherichia coli metabolite	Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
hydracid	A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
sulfur hydride
mononuclear parent hydride
gas molecular entity	Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Amino acid and derivative metabolism	250	260
Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation	20	37
Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly	13	9
L-cysteine degradation II	0	7
sulfide oxidation III (persulfide dioxygenase)	0	9
cyanide degradation	1	5
cyanide detoxification I	0	12
L-cysteine biosynthesis I	3	8
Methionine and Cysteine metabolism ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	23	42
assimilatory sulfate reduction II	2	11
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy	3	11
Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis	0	4
Metabolic Epileptic Disorders	25	89
Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (yeast)	12	9
dissimilatory sulfate reduction I (to hydrogen sufide))	8	14
L-homocysteine biosynthesis	7	25
thiosulfate disproportionation I (thiol-dependent)	1	4
superpathway of thiosulfate metabolism (Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans)	0	10
thiosulfate disproportionation III (quinone)	3	5
thiosulfate disproportionation II (cytochrome)	1	9
succinate to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	8	31
NADH to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer II	5	26
D-lactate to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	5	27
glycerol-3-phosphate to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	5	29
proline to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	5	31
hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis II (mammalian)	2	14
NADH to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer I	17	34
pyruvate to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	5	35
assimilatory sulfate reduction I	10	24
assimilatory sulfate reduction II	13	13
assimilatory sulfate reduction III	3	11
superpathway of sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis	12	41
superpathway of dimethylsulfone degradation	2	19
4,4'-disulfanediyldibutanoate degradation	1	11
L-cysteine biosynthesis II (tRNA-dependent)	2	10
superpathway of sulfur metabolism (Desulfocapsa sulfoexigens)	0	11
galena oxidation	0	5
sulfide oxidation I (sulfide-quinone reductase)	5	3
sulfide oxidation III (persulfide dioxygenase)	1	9
sulfate activation for sulfonation	13	11
parathion degradation	2	13
thiocyanate degradation I	0	4
thiocyanate degradation II	4	11
glutathione amide metabolism	0	11
coenzyme B biosynthesis	3	31
sulfide oxidation IV (metazoa)	3	15
sulfide oxidation II (sulfide dehydrogenase)	2	4
L-methionine biosynthesis III	9	28
L-methionine biosynthesis IV (archaea)	4	16
superpathway of L-methionine biosynthesis (by sulfhydrylation)	19	55
sulfur disproportionation I (anaerobic)	0	5
sulfur disproportionation II (aerobic)	1	12
L-cysteine biosynthesis IX (Trichomonas vaginalis)	5	14
superpathway of L-cysteine biosynthesis (fungi)	6	28
L-cysteine biosynthesis I	9	11
L-cysteine biosynthesis VIII (Thermococcus kodakarensis)	2	9
sulfur reduction II (via polysulfide)	6	9
sulfur reduction III	1	4
sulfur reduction I	3	4
superpathway of sulfur amino acid biosynthesis (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	10	43
dimethyl sulfide degradation I	2	17
superpathway of sulfur oxidation (Acidianus ambivalens)	3	22
cyanide degradation	0	12
cyanide detoxification I	4	13
carbon disulfide oxidation I (anaerobic)	1	6
carbon disulfide oxidation II (aerobic)	0	9
carbon disulfide oxidation III (metazoa)	2	10
L-cysteine degradation III	4	7
gallate degradation III (anaerobic)	1	30
superpathway of sulfide oxidation (phototrophic sulfur bacteria)	16	9
superpathway of tetrathionate reduction (Salmonella typhimurium)	8	9
superpathway of sulfide oxidation (Starkeya novella)	2	13
superpathway of sulfide oxidation (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)	2	26
hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis I	2	6
sulfate reduction I (assimilatory)	5	18
L-methionine biosynthesis	3	23
cysteine biosynthesis IV (fungi)	6	28
sulfate reduction II (assimilatory)	1	11
cysteine biosynthesis I	0	8
homocysteine biosynthesis	1	8
superpathway of methionine biosynthesis (by sulfhydrylation)	6	30
sulfate reduction III (assimilatory)	1	11
thiosulfate disproportionation II (non thiol-dependent)	0	4
sulfate assimilation	0	11
sulfate reduction IV (dissimilatory, to hydrogen sufide))	5	9
Cysteine and methionine catabolism	14	36
Tyrosine metabolism and related disorders	7	24

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase	Stylophora pistillata	Ki	580.0000	0.0000	0.6867	10.0000	AID552130
Carbonic anhydrase	Stylophora pistillata	Ki	3,940.0000	0.0000	0.5071	5.7100	AID552131
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.6000	0.0000	1.3726	10.0000	AID1249580; AID1262263; AID1278739; AID1306523; AID238317; AID238513; AID238687; AID552127
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	35.8667	0.0000	0.7236	9.9200	AID1249581; AID1262264; AID1278740; AID1306524; AID238327; AID238542; AID238715; AID552128; AID730875
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	3,900.0000	0.0002	1.9720	9.9200	AID238544
Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	710.0000	0.0001	1.4710	9.9200	AID552129
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	1.2725	9.9000	AID238515; AID238688
Carbonic anhydrase	Methanosarcina thermophila	Ki	50.0000	0.0600	0.9714	8.5000	AID238607
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1,240.0000	0.0002	1.3737	9.9000	AID265737
Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	7.0000	0.0001	0.7874	9.9000	AID238546
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus XCL-2	Ki	1.1000	0.0025	0.3234	1.1000	AID1249576
Carbonic anhydrase	Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. Delta H	Ki	700.0000	5.3500	5.3500	5.3500	AID238958
Carbonic anhydrase 13	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	5,200.0000	0.0002	1.3974	9.9000	AID238853
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0000	1.3412	9.9700	AID238515; AID238688
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	116.0000	0.0600	2.2223	8.4000	AID1236295
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transport	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosterone	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1278741	Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae alpha-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1262267	Inhibition of Chionodraco hamatus alphaCA incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID1262264	Inhibition of human CA2 incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID1278740	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1262263	Inhibition of human CA1 incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Anion and sulfonamide inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic hemoglobinless fish Chionodraco hamatus.
AID1306524	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID238542	Inhibition constant of anion against human carbonic anhydrase isozyme hCA II	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 14, Issue:23	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.
AID238853	Inhibitory activity against mouse carbonic anhydrase XIII expressed in Escherichia coli TOP 10	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 14, Issue:21	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions.
AID1249582	Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 alpha-carbonic anhydrase to Ki for Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 alpha-carbonic anhydrase	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID1249581	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-2 by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID238513	Inhibition constant of anion against human carbonic anhydrase isozyme hCA I	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 14, Issue:23	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.
AID238317	Inhibitory constant against carbonic anhydrase I	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions.
AID1306526	Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae alpha carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID265737	Inhibition of human recombinant CA7	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the cytosolic human isozyme VII with anions.
AID1278739	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID238607	Inhibitory constant against Zn-Cam (Methanosarcina thermophila)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions.
AID1306525	Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori alpha carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID238544	Inhibition constant of anion against human carbonic anhydrase isozyme hCA IV	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 14, Issue:23	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.
AID238515	Inhibition constant of anion against human carbonic anhydrase isozyme hCA V	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 14, Issue:23	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.
AID730518	Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori alpha-carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6	An α-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulphurihydrogenibium azorense is the fastest enzyme known for the CO2 hydration reaction.
AID238687	Inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase I expressed in Escherichia coli	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 14, Issue:21	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions.
AID1249579	Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae alpha-carbonic anhydrase by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID238653	Inhibitory constant against carbonic anhydrase IV; nt= not tested	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions.
AID1249583	Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense alpha-carbonic anhydrase to Ki for Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 alpha-carbonic anhydrase	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID238715	Inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase II expressed in Escherichia coli	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 14, Issue:21	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions.
AID730874	Inhibition of Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6	An α-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulphurihydrogenibium azorense is the fastest enzyme known for the CO2 hydration reaction.
AID1249580	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase-1 by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID730875	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6	An α-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulphurihydrogenibium azorense is the fastest enzyme known for the CO2 hydration reaction.
AID238327	Inhibitory constant against carbonic anhydrase II	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions.
AID238546	Inhibition constant of anion against human carbonic anhydrase isozyme hCA IX	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 14, Issue:23	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.
AID238958	Inhibitory constant against methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab)	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-06, Volume: 14, Issue:17	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the beta-class enzyme from the methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Cab) with anions.
AID1249576	Inhibition of Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 alpha-carbonic anhydrase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID1306523	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1249577	Inhibition of Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 alpha-carbonic anhydrase by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID1306530	Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae carbonic anhydrase beta preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID730519	Inhibition of Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense carbonic anhydrase preincubated for 15 mins by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6	An α-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulphurihydrogenibium azorense is the fastest enzyme known for the CO2 hydration reaction.
AID1278742	Inhibition of recombinant Vibrio cholerae beta-carbonic anhydrase expressed in competent Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5	Anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1306532	Inhibition of Vibrio cholerae recombinant carbonic anhydrase gamma expressed in Escherichia coli DE3 cells preincubated for 15 mins by stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16	Anion inhibition profiles of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AID1249578	Inhibition of Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense alpha-carbonic anhydrase by [18O]-exchange mass spectroscopy	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21	Activity and anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrase from Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 Gammaproteobacterium.
AID238688	Inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase V expressed in Escherichia coli	2004	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 14, Issue:21	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the newly isolated murine isozyme XIII with anions.
AID1236295	Activation of TRPA1 in rat astrocytes assessed as induction of Ca2+ influx by calcium green-1/acetoxymethyl ester-based fluorescence assay	2014	MedChemComm, Oct-01, Volume: 5, Issue:10	Cytoprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide-releasing
AID552130	Inhibition of Stylophora pistillata carbonic anhydrase by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID552127	Inhibition of human recombinant CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID552129	Inhibition of human recombinant CA6 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID552131	Inhibition of Stylophora pistillata carbonic anhydrase 2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
AID552128	Inhibition of human recombinant CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of a new cytosolic enzyme from the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	711 (9.23)	18.7374
1990's	279 (3.62)	18.2507
2000's	1282 (16.65)	29.6817
2010's	4019 (52.20)	24.3611
2020's	1408 (18.29)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	83 (1.03%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,010 (12.56%)	6.00%
Case Studies	149 (1.85%)	4.05%
Observational	10 (0.12%)	0.25%
Other	6,787 (84.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Plasma Measurement of Hydrogen Sulfide, Nitric Oxide and Stress Hyperglycemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction [NCT03829605]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-02-15	Not yet recruiting
A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase I Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Oral Doses of GIC-1001 in Normal Healthy Volunteers [NCT01738425]	Phase 1	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	trichlorobenzene
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	2.46	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.31	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	5.09	1	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-chloroalanine 3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.	1.96	1	0	chloroalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound
3-mercaptopyruvic acid 3-mercaptopyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-mercaptopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.99	12	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; thiol	antidote to cyanide poisoning; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.72	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.81	3	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	5.12	2	1	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	12.35	19	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.97	13	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetoin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4.87	10	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	7.99	4	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	13.09	235	2	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.11	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	1.92	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.97	12	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.1	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.84	5	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	8.02	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	3.85	11	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.69	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	4.08	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.07	5	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	13.91	250	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	7.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	7.11	39	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	3.41	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	13.52	191	3	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.69	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.13	5	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	7.07	30	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	10.63	23	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.72	9	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.27	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	7.5	2	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	1.96	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	3.81	10	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.05	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen selenide hydrogen selenide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0	mononuclear parent hydride; selenium hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyanic acid [no description available]	3.44	7	0	one-carbon compound; pseudohalogen oxoacid
creatine [no description available]	2.53	2	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.57	23	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.05	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	7.67	11	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.4	30	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	14.75	144	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.31	10	2	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.88	12	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	6.6	27	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	4.75	9	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	5.49	2	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	3.43	7	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	13.33	163	3	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	5.48	23	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	1.98	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	7.03	10	2	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.52	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
indol-3-yl pyruvic acid 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It has been found in Lycopersicon esculentum	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.68	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
aspartic semialdehyde aspartic semialdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	5.11	13	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
racemethionine Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.	2.6	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; sulfur-containing amino acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	16.23	159	16	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.69	8	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.78	27	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.66	3	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	8.41	15	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	7.78	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.74	17	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.08	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	7.74	85	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	4.53	7	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	6.2	16	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.88	63	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	5.26	16	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.38	2	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.25	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	3.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.05	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.14	5	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.46	2	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.81	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.28	4	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	3.49	2	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	1.99	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
putrescine [no description available]	4.48	8	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	7.11	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	3.03	4	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	13.13	24	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	6.96	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.84	3	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.84	11	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	12.66	75	7	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	12.18	109	2	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.17	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.53	2	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	1.96	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	15.51	65	1	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sulfurous acid [no description available]	3.56	8	0	sulfur oxoacid
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	7.83	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	4.26	17	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	9.77	133	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	7.57	31	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.48	2	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	4.17	5	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	6.57	20	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	4.08	4	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	5.46	7	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylsulfonium [no description available]	4.52	4	1	sulfonium compound	animal metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.9	2	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.53	2	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.49	16	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	4.97	12	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.04	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.9	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.41	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.69	3	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.07	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.25	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.75	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.78	3	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.15	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	7.95	4	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.21	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.92	4	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.1	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.33	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.05	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	3.31	6	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.98	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	5.09	1	1	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.22	5	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.3	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.51	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	7.81	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.08	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
theophylline [no description available]	5.33	2	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	7.06	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	3.63	8	0	methoxybenzenes
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.77	3	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	2.13	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	6.76	30	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.54	2	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
baclofen [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.46	7	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.21	1	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	1.99	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.63	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.1	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
berberine [no description available]	7.41	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
betaxolol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.49	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.03	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bumetanide [no description available]	2.55	2	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.77	3	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	3.55	8	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.93	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carvedilol [no description available]	7.06	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.01	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	3	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.47	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	6.96	6	3	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.04	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.97	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	7.01	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.9	4	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.13	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	5.29	3	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.11	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.45	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.07	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.45	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	5.16	8	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.03	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	7.25	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	3.73	3	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	3.16	5	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.08	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	2.66	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.07	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.75	5	1
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	7.96	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.96	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	7.03	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.53	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.31	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.77	3	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.46	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.1	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.44	63	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gö6983 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	indoles; maleimides
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.48	2	0	methoxybenzenes
halothane [no description available]	2.5	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.95	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.11	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.91	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.49	7	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.95	4	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.07	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.74	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.78	10	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.21	1	0	alkylbenzene
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	7.01	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.52	2	0
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.66	2	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.08	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.1	14	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mafenide Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amine
memantine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.55	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	9.07	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.37	5	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.35	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.49	2	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.05	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	7.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	1.93	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.74	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.08	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	7.08	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.51	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	9.19	5	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	5.13	5	0	purine nucleoside
naled Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.03	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.98	4	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilutamide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.04	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	8.28	6	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ns 2028 NS 2028: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.75	9	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.66	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.18	5	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.08	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.95	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	7.13	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	3.47	7	0	pyridines
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.75	10	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.05	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.67	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.17	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.54	2	0
rolipram [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.49	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	3.31	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	7.54	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	5.09	1	1	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.84	7	3	fluoride salt	mutagen
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.08	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.27	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	3.55	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.01	1	0
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	7.82	3	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.49	2	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94	2.49	2	0	organic molecular entity
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.13	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.55	2	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.45	7	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.31	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	1.95	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.77	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.11	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
triclosan [no description available]	7.69	6	5	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	1.99	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	1.93	1	0	aromatic amine
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	2.13	1	0
urethane [no description available]	2.42	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	5.73	7	1	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.49	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	5.09	1	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.46	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.04	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.36	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.41	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.52	2	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	5.14	10	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.17	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.85	11	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.21	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	3.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.86	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
androsterone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.1	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.89	4	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	3.66	9	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.12	28	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.65	28	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.57	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.89	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.56	8	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	8.21	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	5.91	25	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	4.86	7	1	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	7.35	27	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	3.55	8	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	5.24	12	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.85	3	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.78	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	1.96	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.1	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.41	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.72	5	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.53	4	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.02	13	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	4.78	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.49	8	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	5.13	10	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.05	14	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.06	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	4.11	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	7.03	24	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.78	3	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	7.75	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	2.04	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	5.58	18	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	12.12	75	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.1	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.75	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	1.98	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.46	2	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	sulfone
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.5	2	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.64	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.23	6	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.94	4	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	5.09	1	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	5.42	15	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.24	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.43	1	1	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.15	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.52	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.65	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorquinaldol Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.	5.09	1	1	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	8.21	6	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.66	28	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	3.17	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	4.01	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	5.55	12	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.02	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.41	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.04	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	3.49	2	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.38	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	7.94	4	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	4.72	5	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	2.08	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	7.14	38	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.06	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.89	4	0	acyl chloride
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.8	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	4.08	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
chloropicrin chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	7.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; fumigant insecticide; nematicide
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.11	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.54	2	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.07	22	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
hexachlorocyclopentadiene [no description available]	2.01	1	0
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2	1	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
isophorone isophorone : A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.	2.11	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone	plant metabolite; solvent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.25	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.28	6	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.11	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acrylamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	2.1	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.01	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3	4	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
alpha-pinene [no description available]	3.03	4	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.68	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	3.35	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
acenaphthene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acenaphthenes
skatole [no description available]	3.85	4	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.12	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	1.99	1	0	anthraquinone
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	1.99	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol [no description available]	2.07	1	0
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.21	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	1.94	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.52	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound
quinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	1.92	1	0	quinolines
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.37	4	1	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.1	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	7.78	3	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
benzenearsonic acid benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.16	5	0	arsonic acids; organoarsonic acid
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.15	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	7.42	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2.17	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	diamine; substituted aniline
4-acetylanisole 4-acetylanisole: structure given in first source. 4-methoxyacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4.	2.21	1	0	acetophenones; monomethoxybenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	8.52	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.47	2	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.	3.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.25	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
n-methyldiethanolamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.07	1	0	aminotoluene
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.07	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	1.98	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
acrolein [no description available]	5	8	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propanethiol propanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. propane-1-thiol : An alkanethiol that is propane substituted by a thiol group at position 1.	2.17	1	0	alkanethiol	plant metabolite
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glycolonitrile glycolonitrile : An cyanohydrin that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	cyanohydrin
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	3.82	3	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.83	3	0	alkane
vinyl acetate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acetate ester
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	1.99	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.41	1	0	xylene
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.13	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	aryl thiol
propyl chloroformate propyl chloroformate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	3.14	5	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.03	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
n-butyl mercaptan n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	alkanethiol
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.8	11	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.49	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	5.66	14	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.09	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.05	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.78	3	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene propylene: structure	6.93	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
isobutylene 2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.61	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	3.31	1	0	benzodioxoles
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	7.1	1	0	dichlorophenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.	2.07	1	0	dinitrotoluene
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	tertiary amine
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.45	2	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.49	7	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
carzenide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	5.09	1	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.43	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.02	4	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	9.46	5	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.76	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.91	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.58	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.63	3	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.1	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.44	2	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.08	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.37	5	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.63	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.46	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.29	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.04	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	8.23	5	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	8.27	6	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide: An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.. N-{5-carbamimidamido-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl}benzamide : A member of the class of N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamides that is 5-carbamimidamido-N-(naphthalen-2-yl)pentanamide in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a benzamido group.	5.7	4	1	arginine derivative; benzamides; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.58	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	8.08	4	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
cuprizone [no description available]	7.6	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
4-fluorophenol 4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.	2.08	1	0	fluorophenol; monofluorobenzenes
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	7.52	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	3.63	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.15	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	3.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	2.65	3	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
carbonyl sulfide carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.	6.21	24	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4.08	4	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.73	3	0
adenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.	3.31	1	0	acyl monophosphate; acyl sulfate; adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.83	3	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.04	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	4.05	5	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.88	3	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.42	2	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.15	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
thioacetic acid ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.21	1	0	thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	7.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	5.4	3	1
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.6	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.8	2	1	organic molecular entity
1,1-dimethoxyethane 1,1-dimethoxyethane : An acetal that is dimethoxymethane substituted by a methyl group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	acetal; diether	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.99	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	5.94	91	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(Chloromethyl) Ether: A substance that is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tract and may be carcinogenic.. bis(chloromethyl) ether : An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.97	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.17	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.93	4	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	3.4	1	1	phenoxazine
trimellitic anhydride trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.	1.99	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	allergen; epitope; hapten
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: structure. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane : A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of cyclotetrasiloxane.	2.13	1	0	cyclosiloxane; organosilicon compound
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.03	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.21	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.13	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
3-methylhexane 3-methylhexane: a biliary biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. 3-methylhexane : An alkane that is hexane substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	human metabolite
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.47	2	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.04	4	0	organic sulfide
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.21	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
galactitol [no description available]	3.05	5	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-dibromophenol 2,4-dibromophenol : A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 have been replaced by bromines.	2.07	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromophenol; dibromobenzene	marine metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	6.33	26	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	5.44	23	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
1,3,5-tribromobenzene [no description available]	1.97	1	0
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.21	1	0
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	2	1	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	3.75	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-cyanoalanine 3-cyanoalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-cyanoalanine : An alanine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens in alanine with a cyano group	4.59	9	0	alanine derivative; aliphatic nitrile; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	methylpyridines
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.05	1	0
cyanoacetylene cyanoacetylene: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	2.06	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	5.09	1	1
calcium peroxide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	calcium oxides
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	9.72	9	0	alkali metal hydroxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	11.66	15	1	zinc molecular entity
lead sulfide lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa	2.42	2	0
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S	3.72	10	0
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	4.16	4	0
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	5.95	19	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.72	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
dodecyldimethylamine oxide dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.	2.6	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	detergent; plant metabolite
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.11	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.98	3	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	6.63	22	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.23	5	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.95	11	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	2.1	1	0
tetrapentylammonium tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.6	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	2.08	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
o-cymen-5-ol o-cymen-5-ol: structure in first source	3.85	2	1	alkylbenzene
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.34	6	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	2.49	2	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.66	3	0	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	1.98	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles; phenols	geroprotector
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	6.26	10	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
zinc carbonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organooxygen compound
dimethyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.64	9	0	organic trisulfide
streptomycin [no description available]	2.89	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	5.05	13	0	carbon oxoanion
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	7.21	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.48	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	7.01	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.21	1	0	dioxolane
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.45	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	5.61	4	1	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.45	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	10.81	16	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	5.99	21	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	5.63	17	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.08	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.67	8	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	4.77	9	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.49	2	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.06	1	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.98	11	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.49	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.22	28	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.02	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.35	2	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.08	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	4.24	17	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	4.13	4	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	4.05	4	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	6.74	40	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.51	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	5.84	25	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	5.43	3	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.45	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.49	40	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	2.41	1	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	4.93	6	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	3.29	6	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	1.99	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.35	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.11	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.11	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.31	1	0	titanium group element atom
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.72	3	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
selenium disulfide [no description available]	3.06	1	0	sulfide salt
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.5	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.01	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.81	3	0	chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.11	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	5.22	14	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	8.47	7	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.42	2	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.74	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	7.67	3	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.41	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	8.69	9	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	4.02	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
magnesium phosphate (2:3) [no description available]	2.13	1	0	inorganic magnesium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.05	1	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.73	3	0	iron coordination entity
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	2	1	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.01	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.17	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	3.08	5	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	5.71	13	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	4.69	8	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.08	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.51	8	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.47	2	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.78	11	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.94	12	0	nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acid [no description available]	3.12	5	0	nitrogen hydride
silver chloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
bismuth trichloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.8	3	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	3.43	7	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
sulfur trioxide sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.51	2	0	sulfur oxide
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.33	2	0
sodium hydride [no description available]	2.11	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	4.54	24	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.41	2	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
hydroiodic acid hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.	3.76	10	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.42	2	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	3.06	5	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ferric phosphate ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.	2.02	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic phosphate; iron molecular entity
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	5.24	4	1	chlorine dioxide
1,3-dichloro-1-propene 1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..	2.03	1	0
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	1.99	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.74	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4	2.05	1	0	cadmium salt
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.03	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.54	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
cadmium nitrate cadmium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cadmium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.	2.07	1	0	cadmium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; hepatotoxic agent
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	5.3	6	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.35	2	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.31	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	halide
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	7.21	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ammonium sulfide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
nickel carbonyl nickel carbonyl: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(CO)4; structure	3.11	1	0	metal carbonyl; nickel coordination entity
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	4.1	14	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
beryllium sulfate beryllium sulfate: used as a diagnostic aid for allergic reactions in patients with fungal infection; RN given refers to (Be sulfate[1:1]). beryllium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the metal is beryllium (in the +2 oxidation state) and the ratio of beryllium to sulfate is 1:1.	2.9	2	0	metal sulfate	allergen
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	3.78	3	0	sulfur oxoacid
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	2.17	1	0	aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.55	2	0
4-nitrobenzofurazan 4-nitrobenzofurazan: structure	2.1	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.89	3	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	14.71	401	3
potassium metabisulfite potassium metabisulfite: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2O5S2; request from searcher; structure	2.07	1	0
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	2.69	3	0
fluorides [no description available]	7.12	10	3	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	3.34	6	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	5	10	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
iodine [no description available]	3.13	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	6.14	24	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.13	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
ethyl hexanoate ethyl hexanoate : A fatty acid ethyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of hexanoic acid with ethanol.	2.03	1	0	fatty acid ethyl ester; hexanoate ester	metabolite
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	3.43	1	1	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfolane sulfolane : A member of the class of tetrahydrothiophenes that is tetrahydrothiophene in which the sulfur has been oxidised to give the corresponding sulfone. A colourless, high-boiling (285degreeC) liquid that is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons, it is used as an industrial solvent, particularly for the purification of hydrocarbon mixtures by liquid-vapour extraction.	2	1	0	sulfone; tetrahydrothiophenes	polar aprotic solvent
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.69	2	0
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.48	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.45	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.41	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.11	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.31	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	3.67	10	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	10.23	14	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	3.31	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.57	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	6.83	45	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.41	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.64	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a methanogenic inhibitor	2	1	0
2-methyl-3-furanthiol 2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice	2.07	1	0	heteroarene
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	2.17	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	7.81	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	7.64	18	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.01	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	8.19	5	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	5.01	36	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.25	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	9.75	8	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.31	6	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	7.6	1	0	isoquinolines
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.4	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.57	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	3.4	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.1	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.06	1	0
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.31	1	0	tetralins
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	5.09	1	1	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.17	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	3.31	6	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.31	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.11	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.17	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	2.21	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	2.05	1	0	organoiodine compound
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.2	5	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	3.89	2	1	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	7.52	2	0	benzofurans
sodium molybdate(vi) sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.	2.42	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.1	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
magnesium peroxide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	4.54	6	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
titanium trichloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.08	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.07	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
urea formaldehyde foam urea formaldehyde foam: widely used foam insulation	2.04	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.3	17	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
u 37883a U 37883A: an antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	2.02	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.52	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	8.1	4	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.99	4	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
allicin [no description available]	5.79	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.11	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.41	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.15	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide: disulfide is an important moiety in this cpd. aldrithiol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols.	6.95	1	0	organic disulfide; pyridines	oxidising agent
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.9	3	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.11	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
n-acetylserine acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine.. N-acetyl-L-serine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.02	1	0	acetyl-L-serine; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	human metabolite
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.15	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	5.1	13	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	3.14	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.21	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	5.86	26	0
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	3.55	8	0	boronic acids
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide: metabolite of hydrochlorothiazide	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.49	2	0	phenanthroline
benzofurazan benzofurazan: structure	2.08	1	0	benzoxadiazole
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.55	4	1	1,2,3-triazole
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.48	2	0	anthocyanidin chloride
azure b Azure B: RN given refers to chloride. azure B : An organic chloride salt having 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and is an active metabolite of methylene blue.	2.11	1	0
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	3.65	2	0	1,2-dithiole
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.49	2	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.6	1	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
trithiocarbonic acid trithiocarbonic acid: RN & Nl from 9th CI; cpd not in Chemline 8/83	2.8	3	0	chalcocarbonic acid; one-carbon compound; thiocarbonyl compound
resorufin [no description available]	7.63	2	0	phenoxazine
2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline: precursor of hydroflumethiazide	2.06	1	0
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.08	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.05	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
honokiol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	biphenyls
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	7.13	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
2-aminobenzenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
serpentine (alkaloid) serpentine (alkaloid): do not confuse with mineral serpentine; RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	2.25	1	0	carboxylic ester; iminium betaine; indole alkaloid; quinolizines; zwitterion
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.51	2	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.	2.15	1	0	benzyl bromides; fluorobenzenes
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.21	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erucin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	isothiocyanate
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0
sulfamide sulfamide : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to two amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	3.55	8	0	sulfamides
sodium tetrasulfide sodium tetrasulfide: a mercury capturing agent	2.52	2	0
propagermanium propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents	2.6	1	0	organogermanium compound
hypobromous acid [no description available]	7.08	1	0	bromine oxoacid
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	3.31	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.08	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.15	1	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.8	3	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
manganese sulfide manganese sulfide: colloidal MnS used as NMR contrast material; RN given refers to cpd with MF MnS	7.25	1	0
2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide: thiation agent; structure in first source	3.86	3	0
4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one: a varietal aroma compound of Vitis vinifera; structure in first source. 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one : An alkylthiol that is 4-methylpentan-2-one substituted at position 4 by a mercapto group.	2.07	1	0	alkanethiol; methyl ketone	plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.16	5	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	9.1	4	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.59	2	0
goethite [no description available]	2.43	2	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	11.24	111	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
trimethylselenonium trimethylselenonium: product of selenite metabolism in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylselenonium : An organic cation consisting of three methyl groups covalently bound to a central selenium atom.	3.51	1	1	organic cation	human xenobiotic metabolite
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	2.03	1	0
zofenopril zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.	4.18	4	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thioester	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug; vasodilator agent
uvaol uvaol: from Vauquelinia corymbosa (Rosaceae)	7.13	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
4,16-androstadien-3-one [no description available]	2.03	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.45	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone: causes relaxation of cavernosum; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
poly-o-acetylserine O-acetylserine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. O-acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-L-serine where the acetyl group is attached to the side-chain oxygen. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria.	3	4	0	acetate ester; acetyl-L-serine; amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-glutamyltryptophan alpha-glutamyltryptophan: RN refers to L-isomer; a naturally occurring thymic immunomodulator. Glu-Trp : A dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-tryptophan joined by a peptide linkage.	1.98	1	0	dipeptide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator; metabolite
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	5.09	1	1	methyladenosine
lanthionine lanthionine: a thioether analogue of cystine; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure; a component of lantibiotics (BACTERIOCINS). lanthionine : An alanine derivative in which two alanine residues are linked on their beta-carbons by a thioether linkage.	6.46	12	1	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	bacterial metabolite
methionylmethionine methionylmethionine: has growth-promoting ability equal to DL-methionine; RN given refers to (DL-Met-DL-Met)-isomer. Met-Met : A dipeptide formed from two L-methionine residues.	1.98	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	11.65	26	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.6	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	3.87	3	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	1.96	1	0
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	2.21	1	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.91	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	6.49	7	0
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	3.57	8	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.21	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.94	1	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.21	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.13	1	0
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.48	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.55	2	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.29	6	0
s-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)cysteine S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)cysteine: nephrotoxic cpd	1.96	1	0
hypotaurine [no description available]	8.89	11	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.08	1	0	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.25	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2.06	1	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.13	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.25	1	0
tadalafil [no description available]	3.05	4	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.17	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	5.12	9	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
sulfur monoxide [no description available]	4.61	4	0	sulfur oxide
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.05	1	0
listerine Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol	2	1	0
s-sulphocysteine S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.	3.31	1	0	organic thiosulfate; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; plant metabolite
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0	monoterpenoid
iodofiltic acid iodofiltic acid: labeled with 123 I for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled, non-isomeric cpd	2.05	1	0
nitroflurbiprofen nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.	2.03	1	0	biphenyls; carboxylic ester; nitrate ester; organofluorine compound	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; vasodilator agent
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.43	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.21	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.31	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.49	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	3.18	1	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.97	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
alliin alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid
meridol Meridol: contains amine fluoride 242 & stannous fluoride	5.35	2	2
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	3.31	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.07	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.71	14	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	3.05	4	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.79	3	0	fullerene	geroprotector
5-iodoacetamidofluorescein [no description available]	2.11	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	3.81	10	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2	1	0
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	2.04	1	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.17	1	0
s-propylcysteine S-propylcysteine: RN given refers to (DL-Cys)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cysteine derivative; organic sulfide
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	morpholines
methotrexate [no description available]	7.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-n-oxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
l 703606 L 703606: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ml-3000 [no description available]	3.13	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.44	2	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.87	4	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	3.57	2	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.31	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	3.66	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	5.71	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkanethiol
s-carbamylcysteine S-carbamylcysteine: L-glutamine analog; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
cyanoacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.04	1	0
zinc glycinate zinc glycinate: glycoprotein marker of gastrointestinal cancer	2.01	1	0
phosphorodithioic acid dithiophosphoric acid : A phosphorothioic acid that is the phosphoric acid having two of its oxygen atoms replaced by sulfur atoms.	3.9	3	0	phosphorothioic acid
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	8.7	22	2	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	6.54	13	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
gallium oxide gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.15	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.13	4	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ferrocene carbamate ferrocene carbamate: used in pretreatment for soman poisoning	2.15	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.06	1	0	carbodiimide
phenylethyl isocyanate 2-phenylethyl isocyanate : An isocyanate having a 2-phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.02	1	0	isocyanates	hapten
4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate: found in white mustard; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	phenols
zinc hematoporphyrin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
leonurine leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
roussin's red salt [no description available]	2.1	1	0
thiocysteine cysteine persulfide: structure in first source. 3-disulfanyl-L-alanine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as sulfanyl.	4.65	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	5.79	16	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	4.38	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.02	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	8.76	2	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.24	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	5.09	1	1	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	2.06	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.51	2	0
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	13.6	136	0
dimethyldithioarsinic acid dimethyldithioarsinic acid: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.95	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
chlorite [no description available]	2.71	3	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source. indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development.	2.49	2	0	chloroindole; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	8.81	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
delrin delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer	3.35	1	0
cortisone [no description available]	6.93	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.2	5	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	9.12	82	1
methylsulfonyl benzothiazole methylsulfonyl benzothiazole: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.01	4	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.99	1	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.21	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.03	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	3.31	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.81	3	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	1.94	1	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	2.35	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	2.58	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.51	2	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.41	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	5.09	1	1	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	8.07	5	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.41	1	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	3.25	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.09	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
o-succinylhomoserine O-succinylhomoserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.04	1	0	hemisuccinate; o-succinylhomoserine	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.8	3	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	3.25	6	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	7.06	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.07	4	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.1	1	0
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	6.92	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.08	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.4	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.8	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
indican [no description available]	2.63	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	7.5	2	0
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.63	2	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.13	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	8.2	5	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.56	7	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
methionine sulfone methionine sulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation. methionine sulfone : A methionine derivative in which the sulfur has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfone.. L-methionine sulfone : An L-methionine derivative in which the sulfur has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfone.	2.06	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine derivative; methionine sulfone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.21	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.75	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.58	7	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	8.01	4	0
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.21	5	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.08	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.13	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.76	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.31	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	1.95	1	0	enal
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.15	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
roflumilast [no description available]	2.72	2	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.11	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.44	2	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.05	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.03	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	7.06	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	6.32	4	3	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium acetate Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions	2.03	1	0	potassium salt	food acidity regulator
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.11	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-mercaptohexanol 3-mercaptohexanol: structure in first source. 3-mercaptohexanol : An alkanethiol that is hexane substituted at positions 1 and 3 by hydroxy and sulfanyl groups respectively.	7.78	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.8	3	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	9.71	6	1	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.17	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	7.6	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.43	22	1	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	3.35	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.66	8	0	stilbene
alpha-cyanocinnamate alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.74	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	3.35	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	3.1	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	7.76	3	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.21	1	0	benzamides
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	4.9	2	1	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.97	1	0	anthracenes
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.31	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.38	2	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
thiobenzamide thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats	2.03	1	0	benzenes
diphenylthiourea N,N'-diphenylthiourea : Thiourea in which each nitrogen carries a phenyl substituent.	2.25	1	0	thioureas	allergen
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.05	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.69	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	3.02	4	0
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.36	2	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	7.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.03	22	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.77	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.52	2	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.39	7	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	5.09	1	1
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.29	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.65	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	3.1	4	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	7.06	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	4.5	8	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.9	2	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.47	2	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nadp [no description available]	9.95	11	0
4-aminophenylboronic acid 4-aminophenylboronic acid: used in sensors for detection of sialic acid residues; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid 2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid: used for separation of antibodies; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate: a fluorescent substrate of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A	2.11	1	0	coumarins
thioacridone thioacridone: structure	1.92	1	0	acridines
sirtinol [no description available]	2.66	2	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.84	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.22	6	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.25	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.11	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	4.86	12	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	12.19	17	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	1.95	1	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	1.95	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
zofenoprilate zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thiol	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
4,6-cholestadien-3-one [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cholestanoid
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0
cystine [no description available]	5.7	27	0
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.5	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
4-azidophenylalanine 4-azidophenylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 4-azido-L-phenylalanine : A 4-azidophenylalanine that has L-configuration. It is used as a bioorthogonal click-chemistry reagent.. 4-azidophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine substituted by an azido group at position 4.	2.21	1	0
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.11	1	0
desmethylanethol trithione desmethylanethol trithione: metabolite of anethol trithione; structure given in first source	3.49	5	0
4-methylumbelliferyl caprylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.41	7	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.9	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	naphthoic acid
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.45	2	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.44	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.48	2	0
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	8.03	4	0	long-chain fatty acid
kojibiose [no description available]	2.21	1	0
4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2h)-furanone 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-furanone : A member of the class of furans that is 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran with a hydroxy group at position 4 and a keto group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	metabolite
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.15	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.13	1	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
isoselenocyanic acid [no description available]	2.51	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	7.44	2	0
methanethiosulfonate methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.52	2	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
quercetin [no description available]	7.53	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.49	14	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.5	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.95	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.03	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.83	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.15	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.02	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.98	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.38	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2.15	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	2.08	1	0	thromboxane	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	4.92	5	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.41	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
cucurbitacin c cucurbitacin C: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	cucurbitacin
esculin [no description available]	3.98	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.08	1	0	alpha-humulene
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.11	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	7.31	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	4.85	3	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.05	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	2.05	1	0	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.52	2	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	3.17	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.33	6	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.48	2	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	6.93	8	1	hydrochloride
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.49	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.92	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.41	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	3.9	3	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	1.94	1	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.57	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.08	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	8.85	3	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	2.02	1	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.05	1	0
biliverdine [no description available]	2.17	1	0
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.08	1	0	but-2-enedial
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.07	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
palbociclib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	6.86	21	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.03	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.76	3	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.76	3	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	1.95	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	5.04	12	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	3.5	1	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.03	21	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.93	1	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.88	6	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	3.15	5	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	3.35	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	8.53	1	1	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.54	2	0	boron group element atom
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.76	3	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	17.97	490	12	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	7.41	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	16.75	471	2	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	3.17	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.83	9	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.69	23	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.13	5	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	5.09	1	1	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.5	2	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.96	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.31	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	2.86	3	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.13	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	7.24	23	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.8	10	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.64	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.74	3	0
ma-1 tipiracil: inhibits thymidine phosphorylase. tipiracil : A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.	5.09	1	1	carboxamidine; organochlorine compound; pyrimidone; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.4 (thymidine phosphorylase) inhibitor
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	2.02	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.14	5	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	6.56	16	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	3.81	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).	1.96	1	0	chalcogen; metal atom
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.52	2	0	organic anion
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.03	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.51	2	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
selenocyanic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic radical
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.98	4	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.07	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.57	2	0
aminoethoxyvinylglycine aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer	2.44	2	0
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2.21	1	0
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.	2.68	3	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.06	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.06	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin [no description available]	2.49	2	0
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	2.17	1	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.99	4	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
corrole corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.	7.6	1	0
thiotaurine thiotaurine: structure in first source	4.11	4	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.51	2	0
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	3.17	1	0
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	2.11	1	0	cholanic acids
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	14.87	13	7	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.45	2	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.93	4	0
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	7.99	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
bay 58-2667 BAY 58-2667: activates guanylyl cyclase; structure in first source. cinaciguat : A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.01	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.15	1	0	oligopeptide
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
tetraborate tetraborate: RN given refers to ion(2-). borate ion : Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).	2.13	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	8.7	49	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
naproxen-n-butyl nitrate naproxen-n-butyl nitrate: a nitric oxide-releasing NSAID derivative. naproxcinod : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of naproxen with the hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. A cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator that is metabolised to naproxen and a nitric oxide donating moiety, effective in treatment of osteoarthritis.	3.18	1	0	carboxylic ester; methoxynaphthalene; nitrate ester	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
zeolites [no description available]	6.97	12	2
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	aromatic ether
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.15	5	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	5.85	29	0	cysteine derivative
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.08	1	0
calcium sulfide calcium sulfide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)	8.16	5	0	organic molecular entity
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	7.03	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	7.15	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.78	2	0
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2.05	1	0
myrsinoic acid b myrsinoic acid B: from Myrsine seguinii; structure in first source. myrsinoic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran substituted by a carboxy group at position 5, a 1',5'-dimethyl-1'-hydroxy-4'-hexenyl group at position 2 and a prenyl group at position 7. Isolated from Myrsine seguinii, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	7.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 4.4.1.11 (methionine gamma-lyase) inhibitor; metabolite
4-hna 4-hydroxynonenoic acid: metabolite of 4-hydroxynonenal; structure in first source. 4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is non-2-enoic acid substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.. (2E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid : A 4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid in which the double bond has (E)-configuration.	2.11	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.85	9	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	5.38	4	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	2.59	2	0
regorafenib [no description available]	5.09	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
px 478 2-amino-3-(4'-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylpropionic acid N-oxide: inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha	2.11	1	0
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	3.35	1	0
thiopyrylium thiopyrylium: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.45	2	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	2.6	1	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.63	2	0
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid 4-(3h-1,2-dithiol-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl ester 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid 4-(3H-1,2-dithiol-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl ester: an NSAID; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.	2.42	2	0	bacteriochlorophyll; methyl ester
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.78	3	0	benzoxazole
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.	2.03	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.41	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	3.31	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.47	2	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	2.06	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.41	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.14	5	0
titanium sulfide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.86	10	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.72	27	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	5.76	15	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.7	8	0	polypeptide
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.17	5	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.08	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	7.58	2	0
liraglutide [no description available]	7.31	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	6.75	6	2
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.1	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.2	15	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.71	9	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.88	5	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	4.76	29	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	3.29	6	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.46	2	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.05	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.98	12	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	7.03	1	0
thiocystine thiocystine: produced in the hydrolysis of proteins	1.96	1	0
2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 3-sulfopropanediol(1-) : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3-sulfolactaldehyde, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.78	2	0	alkanesulfonate oxoanion
pyrazolopyridine pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors	2.25	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.35	1	0
dioxetanone dioxetanone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
nnc 55-0396 NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.	2.99	4	0	hydrochloride	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; potassium channel blocker; T-type calcium channel blocker
perylenequinone perylenequinone: structure in first source	7.21	1	0
s-propargylcysteine S-propargylcysteine: a memory enhancing agent; structure in first source	5.33	16	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.05	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.75	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	3.82	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	3.25	5	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	2	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	5.64	14	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	7.51	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.79	3	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.11	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.73	3	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	7.15	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	7.73	20	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	4.4	18	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	8.64	17	0
atb-346 2-(6-methoxy-napthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester: NSAIDs; structure in first source	6.91	11	1
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.11	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.46	2	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	8.95	4	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.02	4	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.79	3	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	6	24	1
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	6.27	10	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.1	1	0
gsk0660 GSK0660: PPAR antagonist; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	sulfonamide
S-sulfanylglutathionate(1-) glutathione persulfide: used to accelerate disulfide exchange reactions. S-sulfanylglutathionate(1-) : Conjugate base of S-sulfanylglutathione having both carboxy groups in anionic form and a protonated primary amino group.	5.03	6	0	alpha-amino-acid anion
gyy 4137 GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	10.35	126	0	organic molecular entity
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.21	1	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	5.52	5	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	8.28	47	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	11.39	30	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.56	8	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.52	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.78	27	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.03	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.04	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	3.01	4	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.65	5	1
cyanophycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	7.51	2	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	1.99	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	4.52	25	0
olivine olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1	1.96	1	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.49	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.31	6	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	7.21	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.65	3	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.01	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	7.1	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.17	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.31	1	0
cobinamide [no description available]	4.78	6	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.95	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	9.98	4	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.48	2	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	7.11	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.25	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.54	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.37	6	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	9.5	5	1
roussin's black salt Roussin's Black Salt: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide generator	2.05	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.03	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.99	4	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	5.17	3	1
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.25	1	0
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.8	3	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.97	7	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.76	3	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.85	3	0
perlite Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide	2.83	3	0
dodecyl polyoxyethylene sulfuric acid, sodium salt sodium laureth sulfate: do not confuse with sodium lauryl sulfate, which is also known by this name	2.04	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	13.05	45	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.51	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	1.95	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.44	2	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	9.89	5	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.75	3	0
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.6	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.44	6	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.04	1	0
guanosine 5'-monophosphorothioate guanosine 5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source	2.51	2	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.8	3	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.96	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.52	2	0	guanosines	biomarker
8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: a signal for protein S-guanylation; structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in which the hydrogen at position 8 on the purine fragment has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.78	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; C-nitro compound	biomarker; Brassica napus metabolite; human metabolite; signalling molecule
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	3.35	1	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
nucleoside q Nucleoside Q: A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.. queuosine : A nucleoside found in tRNA that has an additional cyclopentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methyl-7-deazaguanosine. The cyclopentenyl ring may carry other substituents.	3.31	1	0	7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	1.99	1	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.06	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.33	7	0
colibactin colibactin: a hybrid peptide-polyketide secreted by E coli. colibactin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles that comprises of two units of 2-[(2-{6-[(2S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl]-5-oxo-4-azaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl}acetamido)methyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid linked together via the formal condensation of the carboxy groups. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of bacteria found in the human gut such as Escherichia coli. It has the ability to bind covalently to DNA and is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.	3.7	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; azaspiro compound; polyketide; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	3.15	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	7.58	2	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.04	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.12	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	3.06	4	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	5.02	11	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.25	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.78	3	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	11.97	78	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	11.97	78	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.63	2	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	13.6	75	1
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.31	5	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.31	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	21.32	264	3
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.32	264	3
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	7.61	14	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.61	14	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	5.34	8	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	5.5	6	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	5.5	6	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	7.48	63	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	5.34	8	0
Ache [description not available]	10.63	33	5
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	10.63	33	5
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	6.99	25	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.7	10	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	9.08	25	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.7	10	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	14.8	150	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	14.8	150	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	13.89	46	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	7.1	16	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	7.88	15	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.89	46	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	12.1	16	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	12.88	15	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	10.69	36	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10.69	36	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.29	6	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	12.52	65	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	9.19	42	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.29	6	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	8.74	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.49	7	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	4.87	11	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	9.33	19	2
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	9.33	19	2
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.32	345	5
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	13.75	108	9
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.31	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.12	27	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	8.12	27	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.77	19	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.77	19	1
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	6.37	18	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	9.91	83	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	7.2	32	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	7.2	32	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	12.03	150	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	12.03	150	2
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.98	12	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.98	12	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.58	58	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.58	58	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	8.55	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.65	23	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.65	23	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	9.37	22	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	9.37	22	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	5.07	14	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	12.45	133	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.28	5	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	12.45	133	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.63	2	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.76	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	13.67	45	9
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	5.64	27	0
MODS [description not available]	5.07	9	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	5.07	9	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	13.67	45	9
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	5.64	27	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	10	33	4
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	8.1	25	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	10	33	4
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	8.1	25	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	9.64	5	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.64	20	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.64	20	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.2	32	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	8.03	27	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	8.03	27	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	13.26	20	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	7.12	27	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	12.12	27	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.26	20	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.82	59	0
Atheroma [description not available]	4.66	9	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.82	59	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	4.06	5	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.31	6	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	9.28	38	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	5.47	4	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	10.47	4	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	7.27	25	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	7.27	25	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	6.58	32	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	5.71	8	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	5.71	8	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.78	2	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	4.6	5	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.04	8	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	5.04	8	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	4.6	5	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	10.61	47	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.41	1	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	4.95	5	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.41	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	9.95	5	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.62	8	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	11	25	6
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	11	25	6
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	12.05	33	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	12.05	33	4
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.23	33	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	12.23	33	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	7.24	13	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	7.24	13	0
Halitosis An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.	16.99	144	30
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	5.67	2	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.41	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	7.6	18	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	7.6	18	0
Asialia [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	3.92	4	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	7.41	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	6.24	19	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	5.22	7	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	9.2	26	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	4.28	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	4.28	2	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	9.2	26	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	10.32	12	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	9.02	4	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	4.02	4	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	8.72	32	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	5.52	3	1
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	4.56	8	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	4.56	8	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	3.44	7	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	8.5	24	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	8.5	24	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	2.74	3	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	9.13	40	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	9.13	40	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.55	7	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.55	7	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	10.38	61	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.06	13	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.06	13	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	4.22	5	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	4.22	5	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	6.6	12	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	7.08	69	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	6.69	11	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	6.69	11	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.76	10	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	5.73	14	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	10.63	10	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	5.73	14	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	7.12	9	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	7.12	9	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	3.38	7	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.43	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.88	4	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.41	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	4.74	11	0
Capillary Rarefaction [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.41	2	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	6.18	23	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	4.91	6	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	4.91	6	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	5.59	5	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	5.59	5	1
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	4.42	7	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	4.42	7	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6.83	12	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	6.11	27	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	11.83	12	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	4.93	8	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	4.93	8	1
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	4.53	4	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	6.07	4	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	11.07	4	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.93	4	2
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	7.1	15	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	7.1	15	0
Aura [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.9	2	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	8.42	7	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.21	5	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.1	4	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.21	5	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	6.92	10	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.64	13	2
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	7.64	13	2
Brain Swelling [description not available]	5.96	22	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	5.96	22	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.41	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	6.53	28	0
Asystole [description not available]	6.15	27	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	4.46	19	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	6.53	28	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	6.15	27	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	4.46	19	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	5.28	4	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	5.28	4	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	8.49	7	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.89	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.01	3	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.55	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.45	22	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.45	22	0
Beryllium Disease Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.	2.6	1	0
Berylliosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.	2.6	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.72	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.72	3	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	3.75	9	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	2.6	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	3.75	9	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	8.53	2	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.82	3	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.82	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	4.13	3	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	3.99	4	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.23	10	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.23	10	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.15	5	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	7.07	7	1
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	5.07	2	1
Malnourishment [description not available]	5.12	2	1
DDPAC [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	6.8	8	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	5.55	5	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	11.57	37	4
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	6.16	5	1
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	5.27	3	1
African Lymphoma [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	7.78	5	4
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	5.56	5	1
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Exanthem [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	7.69	11	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	5.94	3	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	11.9	20	16
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	5.44	4	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	8.03	4	4
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	5.15	3	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	16.78	24	2
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.99	2	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	4.91	1	1
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.64	11	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	10.55	5	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	5.23	4	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	11.57	37	4
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	6.16	5	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	4.91	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	10.3	4	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	4.91	1	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	5.27	3	1
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	4.91	1	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.56	5	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	5.12	2	1
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	4.9	2	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	4.91	1	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	10.62	3	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	4.91	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.91	1	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	4.91	1	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.9	20	16
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	5.44	4	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.91	1	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	8.03	4	4
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	5.15	3	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	9.67	65	3
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	11.78	24	2
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	5.04	3	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.99	2	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	4.91	1	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	5.07	2	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.91	1	1
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	10.12	2	1
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	4.91	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.91	1	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	4.91	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	6.22	6	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	11.22	6	0
Itching [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.57	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.27	19	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.6	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	9.32	29	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.81	6	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.81	6	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	6.04	10	1
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.6	1	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.52	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.84	3	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3.64	2	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.96	3	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	3.25	6	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	2.6	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.88	7	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	3.36	2	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.88	7	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	4.02	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	4.02	4	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.12	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	9.56	25	2
Apoplexy [description not available]	6.12	15	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Neonatal Death The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.	3.12	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	6.91	12	0
Debility [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.74	13	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.12	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	3.12	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.12	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	9.56	25	2
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.12	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.8	6	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5	6	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.74	13	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	3.12	1	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	3.12	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	11.81	9	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.12	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.12	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	3.12	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	4.11	5	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	3.12	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	3.12	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.12	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	6.12	15	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.68	7	1
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	5.71	10	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	5.71	10	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	3.65	3	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	4.42	7	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.27	5	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	4.42	7	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	3.4	6	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.9	12	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	4.27	3	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	4.27	3	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	2.66	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	10.65	27	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	7.54	2	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	3.57	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.75	10	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	4.75	10	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	4.91	7	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	4.91	7	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	7.24	43	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	3.8	10	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.61	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.22	5	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	4.79	6	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	3.26	5	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	3.39	6	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	3.26	5	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	3.39	6	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	7.53	2	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	8.57	2	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	8.74	3	0
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.25	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.88	33	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	5.06	6	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	10.06	6	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.25	3	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.25	3	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	6.17	13	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	6.17	13	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.54	2	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	2.42	2	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.25	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	3.68	3	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	4.21	3	1
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.58	2	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.58	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	5.86	15	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.86	15	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	3.64	1	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	3.64	1	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	5.19	3	1
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.21	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.25	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.38	12	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.38	12	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.25	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.38	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.66	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.66	2	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.8	3	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.63	5	0
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.25	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.61	2	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.25	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.25	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.25	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.17	15	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	4.7	10	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	4.7	10	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.54	2	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	2.78	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	3.69	9	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.17	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	3.17	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	3.17	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.03	4	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.58	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	6.62	23	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	5.22	8	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	8.07	4	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	3.07	4	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.61	2	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.66	2	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	3.17	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.25	1	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.25	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	4.04	5	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	8.14	16	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	8.14	16	1
Diathesis [description not available]	4.71	4	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	5.3	11	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	10.3	11	0
Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome A reperfusion syndrome characterized by various pathophysiological processes after CARDIAC ARREST. It may include post-cardiac arrest brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN), cardiocirculatory dysfunction, (e.g., systemic ISCHEMIA), HYPERGLYCEMIA; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE and delayed death.	3.17	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	7.61	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	2.25	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	7.54	2	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.57	2	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	7.58	2	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	3.41	2	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.31	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.31	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.44	7	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	3.02	4	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.31	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.31	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	3.06	4	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.63	2	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.1	5	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.03	4	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.83	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.75	7	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.75	7	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	8.82	28	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	8.82	28	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	3.76	3	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.74	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.3	6	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	3.46	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.96	12	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.96	12	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.69	3	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	4.95	5	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.34	2	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.06	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.17	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	5.99	9	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	5.99	9	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	8.29	2	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	4.08	5	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	4.08	5	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.78	3	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	2.57	2	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.17	1	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.88	4	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	5.89	9	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.39	2	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.7	3	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	4.64	9	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	4.53	9	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	8.94	4	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	7.15	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	4.12	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	4.12	5	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	6.63	18	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.04	15	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	7.82	81	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	5.93	9	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.93	9	1
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.15	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.53	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.58	6	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	10.58	6	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.03	14	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.03	14	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.17	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	4.74	6	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	4.74	6	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.8	3	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.8	3	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.67	3	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	5.08	15	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	3.64	3	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	7.51	2	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	3.09	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	3.09	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.21	5	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.39	2	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	3.05	4	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.87	2	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	5.79	9	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	5.79	9	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.54	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	6.98	4	0
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome [description not available]	7.15	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	6.98	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	5.4	13	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	5.4	13	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.17	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.17	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.17	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	5.5	10	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	5.5	10	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Mouth Breathing Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.	2.21	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.17	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.17	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.81	3	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	10.36	29	4
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	7.21	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	3.3	2	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	6.55	11	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	3.03	4	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.21	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.21	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.12	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Chemically-Induced Disorders Disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; NOXAE; and PESTICIDES.	3.12	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	5.25	12	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	5.25	12	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.74	3	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	3.12	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	4.53	9	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	4.53	9	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.39	2	0
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	2.08	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	3.01	4	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	2.48	2	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	2.47	2	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	3.39	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.5	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.61	4	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	9.61	4	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	6.99	9	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	11.99	9	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.1	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	3.19	5	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.47	7	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.3	24	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	7.3	24	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.1	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	3.87	2	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.1	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.1	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.11	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.11	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.9	4	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.03	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.1	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	7.52	2	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.9	12	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.48	2	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	7.1	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.97	4	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.97	4	0
Pregnancy, Tubal The most common (	2.1	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	3.34	6	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.5	2	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.66	3	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	3.01	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.46	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.46	2	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.11	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.15	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.01	4	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	4.07	5	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	4.53	5	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	4.53	5	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.45	7	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.11	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	7.44	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.52	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.11	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.1	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	3.84	11	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	4.88	13	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	5.2	8	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	5.2	8	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.1	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.47	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.35	6	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	7.8	3	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.11	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	7.11	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.11	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2.52	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	3.03	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.11	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.11	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	4.17	6	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	4.17	6	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.99	4	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.82	4	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.92	4	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Flatus [description not available]	6.37	8	2
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	6.37	8	2
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.16	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.16	3	0
Achalasia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	2.52	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	7.11	1	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	2.52	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.48	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.11	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.13	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.68	3	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.11	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	3.09	5	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	2.94	4	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.13	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.13	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.47	2	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.47	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.11	1	0
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	8.02	4	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	4.18	3	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	4.18	3	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.13	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Regurgitation, Gastric GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER	2.13	1	0
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.	2.13	1	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.77	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	8.2	5	0
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	3.04	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.69	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.51	2	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.13	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.13	1	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.13	1	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.13	1	0
Diseases of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.8	3	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Morning Sickness Symptoms of NAUSEA and VOMITING in pregnant women that usually occur in the morning during the first 2 to 3 months of PREGNANCY. Severe persistent vomiting during pregnancy is called HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM.	2.13	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	7.13	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.13	1	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	2.46	2	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.13	1	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.46	2	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.13	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	8.05	11	2
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.15	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	3.29	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.49	2	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.15	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.15	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.7	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	7.15	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2.04	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.96	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	7.43	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.46	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.63	3	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.42	2	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	2.05	1	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	8.13	19	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	13.13	19	1
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.47	2	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	2.05	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.66	7	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.66	7	1
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.05	1	0
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.	2.05	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.97	1	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.46	2	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	2.05	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.05	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	2.44	2	0
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	5.24	4	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.05	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.05	1	0
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2.05	1	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.05	1	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	8.63	3	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	2.97	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	2.97	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.97	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	2.97	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.06	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.75	3	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.46	2	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.06	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	7	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.06	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.48	2	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.06	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.74	3	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	4.1	3	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.44	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.47	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.06	1	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.06	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.06	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.06	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.06	1	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	7.07	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2.07	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.07	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	7.06	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.06	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.7	3	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	2.07	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.07	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.42	2	0
Arginino Succinase Deficiency [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Argininosuccinic Aciduria Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.	2.07	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.07	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.44	2	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.44	2	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.08	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.07	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.46	1	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.46	1	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.08	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	7.65	3	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	3.32	2	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.01	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.01	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.01	1	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.01	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	7.85	4	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	7.34	2	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.93	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.93	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	1.93	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.34	2	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	6.93	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	1.93	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.35	2	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	1.93	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.01	1	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	1.93	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	6.92	1	0
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	8.34	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.32	2	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	1.95	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.03	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.04	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.89	4	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	2.03	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.95	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.95	1	0
Sulfhemoglobinemia A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.07	5	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	1.96	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.28	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	4.06	3	0
Acne [description not available]	7.36	2	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.36	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	1.96	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	1.96	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	1.96	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.86	4	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.36	2	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	2.64	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.38	2	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.35	2	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	3.3	2	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.36	2	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	1.98	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	1.98	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	1.98	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	3.78	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.9	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	4.26	4	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	4.26	4	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.37	2	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	1.98	1	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.91	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.68	3	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.37	2	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	1.99	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	2.01	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.92	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.92	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.92	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.01	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	1.95	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	1.95	1	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2.35	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.95	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	6.95	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	2.86	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	1.98	1	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	1.98	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.36	2	0
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	1.97	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	1.97	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.97	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	3.27	2	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.96	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	1.97	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	1.97	1	0
Ear Deformities, Acquired Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.	1.96	1	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.35	2	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	1.95	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	1.95	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	1.95	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.94	1	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2.86	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	4.25	1	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	4.25	1	1
Grippe [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	1.95	1	0
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	1.95	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	1.95	1	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	1.94	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	1.96	1	0

hydrogen sulfide

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Studies (7,699)

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Research Demand Index: 119.88

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Trial Overview

hydrogen sulfide

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (730)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (6)

Drug Classes (4)

Pathways (83)

Protein Targets (15)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (18)

Molecular Functions (7)

Ceullar Components (25)

Bioassays (46)

Research

Studies (7,699)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 119.88

Study Types

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (1,439)

Related Conditions (1,203)