Compounds > calcitriol
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

calcitriol

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Description

dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5280453
CHEMBL ID846
CHEBI ID17823
CHEBI ID93988
SCHEMBL ID3245
MeSH IDM0003148

Synonyms (189)

Synonym
AC-1859
HY-10002
AB00639957-06
gtpl2779
1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(1alpha,3beta,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol
calcijex
rocaltrol
(1s,3r,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol
calcitriolum
CHEBI:17823 ,
(1s,3r,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10-triene-1,3,25-triol
1,25-dhcc
1alpha,25(oh)2d3
1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
(5z,7e)-(1s,3r)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol
decostriol
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1.alpha.,3.beta,.5z,7e)- & cd4
1,25(oh)2d3 & cd4
cd-2027
1,25-(oh)2-d3
1,25d3
1alpha,25(oh)2-d3
ro-21-5535
vectical
silkis
asentar
rocaltrol (tn)
D00129
calcitriol (jan/usp/inn)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
u 49562
topitriol
9,10-seco(5z,7e)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol
dihydroxyvitamin d3
ro 215535
dn-101
soltriol
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d
ro 21-5535
cholecalciferol, 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy-
1,25-(oh)2d3
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1alpha,3beta,5z,7e)-
einecs 250-963-8
1,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol
hsdb 3482
ccris 5522
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d
(5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol
calcitriolum [inn-latin]
dn 101
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
IDI1_033757
BSPBIO_001287
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3, >=97.0% (hplc)
BCBCMAP01_000160
SPECTRUM5_002061
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
1,25(oh2)d3
(1r,3s,5z)-5-[(2e)-2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-[(1r)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1.alpha.,3.beta,.5z,7e)-
1-alpha,-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
(1r,3s)-5-{2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-1-((r)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4-ylidene]-ethylidene}-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol
1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy-26,27-hexadeuterovitamin d3
MLS001424122
(1s,3r,5z,7e)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1,3,25-triol
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
calcitriol ,
C01673
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3, >=99% (hplc)
MLS000759536
smr000466393
1DB1
cpd000466393
DB00136
(5z,7e)-(1s,3r)-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1,3,25-triol
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 / 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol / calcitriol
LMST03020258
NCGC00161327-01
NCGC00161327-04
vit d
1, 25-(oh)2d3
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin d3
1,25 (oh)2 d3
1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin d3
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin d3
d3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
d3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin
HMS2051F06
HMS1989A09
HMS2089N03
bdbm50200182
ro-215535
CHEMBL846 ,
BML2-E03
HMS1791A09
HMS1361A09
nsc749776
nsc-749776
1.alpha.,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(sub 3)
(5z,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1.alpha.,3.beta.,25-triol
dihydroxy-vitamin d3
dtxsid5022722 ,
dtxcid002722
BCP9000474
HMS2232D18
AKOS015961898
CCG-101001
panbonis
unii-fxc9231jvh
calcitriol [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
fxc9231jvh ,
BCPP000304
calcitriol [jan]
calcitriol [mi]
calcitriol [ep monograph]
calcitriol [usp monograph]
calcitriol [vandf]
calcitriol [usan]
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1.alpha.,3.beta.,5z,7e)-
calcitriol [hsdb]
calcitriol [mart.]
calcitriol [usp-rs]
calcitriol [who-dd]
calcitriol [inn]
calcitriol [orange book]
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, (1alpha)-
CS-0388
S1466
GMRQFYUYWCNGIN-NKMMMXOESA-N
1alpha 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
NC00251
SCHEMBL3245
BRD-K27316855-001-06-7
cas number 32222-06-3
toptriol
(1?,3?,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol
(1r,3s,z)-5-(2-((1r,3as,7ar,e)-1-((r)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-7a-methyloctahydro-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol
HMS3402A09
(1r,3s,z)-5-((e)-2-((1r,3as,7ar)-1-((r)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-7a-methylhexahydro-1h-inden-4(2h)-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol
1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
AB00639957_07
mfcd00867079
calcitriol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
SR-01000759361-4
sr-01000759361
CHEBI:93988
1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
(3b,5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trienetriol
1a,25-(oh)2d3
25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
ro215535
calcitriol; (5z,7e)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol
(1s,3r,5z,7e,14beta,17alpha)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10-triene-1,3,25-triol
'1,25 dihydroxy vitamin d3'
calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3)
1000873-74-4
C3078
sr-01000946978
SR-01000946978-1
Q139195
BRD-K27316855-001-19-0
9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1a,3b,5z,7e)-
calcitrol 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
EX-A4435
1 alpha ,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
STARBLD0021993
(1r,3s,5z)-5-{2-[(1r,3as,4e,7ar)-1-[(2r)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-7a-methyl-octahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene}-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol
EN300-22411582
vitamin d3-1alpha,25-dihydroxy (calcitriol)
1,3-cyclohexanediol, 4-methylene-5-[2-[(1r,3as,7ar)-octahydro-1-[(1r)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-, (1r,3s)-
calcitriol (ep monograph)
calcitriol (usp-rs)
calcitriol (mart.)
calcitriolum (inn-latin)
calcitrol
5-(2-(1-(5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4-ylidene)-ethylidene)-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol
calcitriol capsules 0.5 mcg
d05ax03
calcitriol capsules 0.25 mcg
calcitriol (usp monograph)
calcitriol (usan:usp:inn:ban:jan)
1,25(oh)2-d3
calcitriolo
a11cc04
calcitriol 0.25 mcg

Research Excerpts

Overview

Calcitriol is an active product of vitamin D produced by the liver and kidney hydroxylase metabolism with strong physiological activity. It is a rare source of hypercalcemia in solid tumors, especially in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) Cal citriol has potential to be a simple, economical means of increasing fat graft retention and long-term outcomes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Calcitriol secretion is a rare source of hypercalcemia in solid tumors, especially in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)."( Calcitriol-Mediated Hypercalcemia, Somatostatin Receptors Expression and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Blanco Molina, MA; Contreras González, MJ; Gálvez-Moreno, MA; González Menchen, A; Guerrero Martínez, MDC; Herrera-Martínez, AD; Herrera-Martínez, Y; Luque, RM; Moreno-Vega, AL; Pedraza-Arévalo, S; Rodrigo Martínez, Á, 2021)		2.79
"Calcitriol synthesis is a multistep process."( Regulation of 1 and 24 hydroxylation of vitamin D metabolites in the proximal tubule.
Alexander, RT; Beggs, MR; Grimbly, C; Young, K, 2022)		1.44
"Calcitriol is a nutraceutical essential regulator for host health benefits."( Capric Acid Behaves Agonistic Effect on Calcitriol to Control Inflammatory Mediators in Colon Cancer Cells.
Elsawy, H; Negm, A; Sedky, A, 2022)		1.71
"Calcitriol is a pleiotropic, safe nutrient with cell-specific influence on viability and metabolic flux."( Active Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) Increases Adipose Graft Retention in a Xenograft Model.
Amurgis, C; DeSanto, M; Guerrero, D; Gusenoff, JA; Kokai, LE; Lee, P; Loder, S; Olevian, D; Patadji, S; Peter Rubin, J; Stavros, AG; Wang, S, 2023)		1.96
"Calcitriol has potential to be a simple, economical means of increasing fat graft retention and long-term outcomes."( Active Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) Increases Adipose Graft Retention in a Xenograft Model.
Amurgis, C; DeSanto, M; Guerrero, D; Gusenoff, JA; Kokai, LE; Lee, P; Loder, S; Olevian, D; Patadji, S; Peter Rubin, J; Stavros, AG; Wang, S, 2023)		1.96
"Calcitriol is an active product of vitamin D produced by the liver and kidney hydroxylase metabolism with strong physiological activity. "( Economical irregular silica as an effective dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent for the quantification of calcitriol in soft capsules.
Hou, S; Ji, S; Li, T; Luo, X; Song, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)		2.28
"As calcitriol is a lipid-soluble molecule, its interaction with DNA and copper would require a "chaperone"-like molecule, which binds the relatively hydrophobic calcitriol and polar DNA."( Calcitriol-induced DNA damage: toward a molecular mechanism of selective cell death.
Hasan, SS; Naseem, I; Rizvi, A, 2013)		2.35
"Calcitriol is an important drug used for treating osteoporosis, which can be produced from vitamin D3. "( Whole cell bioconversion of vitamin D3 to calcitriol using Pseudonocardia sp. KCTC 1029BP.
Im, JH; Kang, DJ; Kang, JH; Kim, KH, 2015)		2.12
"Falecalcitriol is a novel vitamin D analog, which has a greater potential to suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a longer half-life. "( Comparison of oral falecalcitriol and intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized, crossover trial.
Ito, H; Kinugasa, E; Ogata, H; Shishido, K; Taguchi, S; Takahashi, J; Takahashi, K; Yamamoto, M, 2009)		1.22
"Calcitriol is a potent anti-proliferative agent in a wide variety of malignant cell types."( Anti-tumor activity of calcitriol: pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Ahmed, S; Bernardi, RJ; Fakih, M; Hershberger, PA; Johnson, CS; Muindi, J; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2004)		1.36
"Calcitriol seems to be a potent drug with various therapeutic applications, such as regulation of calcium-phosphate homeostasis and treatment of psoriasis, autoimmune diseases, and cancer."( [Biological activity of calcitriol and its new analogues -- potential therapeutic applications].
Jaroszewicz, I; Opolski, A; Pełczyńska, K; Switalska, M, 2005)		1.36
"Calcitriol is a potent antiproliferative agent against various tumour cells in vitro. "( Correlation between VDR expression and antiproliferative activity of vitamin D3 compounds in combination with cytostatics.
Jaroszewicz, I; Kutner, A; Nevozhay, D; Opolski, A; Pelczynska, M; Switalska, M; Wietrzyk, J; Zabel, M, )		1.57
"Calcitriol is a potent antiproliferative agent against various tumour cells in vitro. "( Antiproliferative activity of vitamin D compounds in combination with cytostatics.
Jaroszewicz, I; Kutner, A; Maciejewska, M; Opolski, A; Pelczynska, M; Switalska, M, )		1.57
"Calcitriol is a standard therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. "( Bone growth during daily or intermittent calcitriol treatment during renal failure with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
He, YZ; Sanchez, CP, 2007)		2.05
"Calcitriol therapy is a central strategy for the treatment of uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. "( Alterations in serum phosphate levels predict the long-term response to intravenous calcitriol therapy in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Gejyo, F; Hosaka, K; Iino, N; Ito, Y; Kazama, JJ; Maruyama, H; Narita, I; Saito, A; Yamamoto, S, 2008)		2.01
"Calcitriol is a biologic agent that has activity against multiple solid tumors, including ovarian carcinomas."( Additive inhibition of RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cell growth by carboplatin and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Cho, YL; Christensen, C; Deppe, G; Lawrence, WD; Malone, JM; Malviya, VK; Saunders, DE; Wappler, NL, 1993)		1.01
"Calcitriol is a potent differentiation agent that modulates mononuclear phagocyte activation and effector functions."( Monocyte 1 alpha-hydroxylase regulation: induction by inflammatory cytokines and suppression by dexamethasone and uremia toxin.
Gyetko, MR; Hsu, CH; Patel, S; Wilkinson, CC; Young, E, 1993)		1.01

Effects

Ccitriol has a dose-dependent inhibition on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. IV calcitriol therapy has a greater suppression of PTH at the 3rd month of the therapy.

Ccitriol has been safely used outside the USA in Europe under the trade name Silkis Ointment for almost a decade in the treatment of psoriasis. It is currently FDA-approved as Vectical Ointments.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Calcitriol has a dose-dependent inhibition on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis and has immunoregulatory activities."( Treatment of linear scleroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in seven children.
Elst, EF; Oranje, AP; Van Suijlekom-Smit, LW, )		1.09
"Calcitriol has a similar effect on kidney distal tubule PMCA activity in vivo but the cellular basis for this effect has not been studied."( Calcitriol upregulates expression and activity of the 1b isoform of the plasma membrane calcium pump in immortalized distal kidney tubular cells.
Dick, IM; Glendenning, P; Prince, RL; Ratajczak, T, 2000)		2.47
"IV calcitriol therapy has a greater suppression of PTH at the 3rd month of the therapy. "( Comparative effect of oral pulse and intravenous calcitriol treatment in hemodialysis patients: the effect on serum IL-1 and IL-6 levels and bone mineral density.
Akbulut, M; Gönen, S; Gürbilek, M; Tombul, Z; Türk, S; Yeksan, M; Yildiz, A, 2002)		1.19
"Calcitriol has been revealed to exert neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke; however, its role and the underlying mechanisms in brain injury induced by ischemia are not well known. "( Calcitriol Ameliorates Brain Injury in the Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Through Nrf2/HO-1 Signalling Axis: An in Silico and in Vivo Study.
Joghataei, MT; Karimian, M; Khassafi, N; Moradi, F; Tameh, AA; Vahidinia, Z; Zare-Dehghanani, Z, 2022)		3.61
"Calcitriol has potential to be a simple, economical means of increasing fat graft retention and long-term outcomes."( Active Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) Increases Adipose Graft Retention in a Xenograft Model.
Amurgis, C; DeSanto, M; Guerrero, D; Gusenoff, JA; Kokai, LE; Lee, P; Loder, S; Olevian, D; Patadji, S; Peter Rubin, J; Stavros, AG; Wang, S, 2023)		1.96
"Calcitriol has antimicrobial activity against H."( Molecular mechanism of calcitriol enhances membrane water permeability.
Cao, Z; Chen, M; Liu, L; Shi, Z; Zhao, L, 2024)		2.47
"Calcitriol has been shown to lessen skin fibrosis and may be therapeutically beneficial to FAs."( The efficacy and safety of topical rapamycin-calcitriol for facial angiofibromas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Chen, PL; Chen, YT; Hong, JB; Liao, YH; Shen, LJ; Wang, SJ, 2020)		1.54
"Calcitriol has several antineoplastic effects in CRC: it promotes the G1-phase cycle arrest, lowers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis and acts on tumour stromal fibroblasts to limit cell migration and angiogenesis."( Vitamin D and the insulin-like growth factor system: Implications for colorectal neoplasia.
Ciulei, G; Coste, SC; Cozma, A; Negrean, V; Orasan, OH; Procopciuc, LM, 2020)		1.28
"Calcitriol has been shown to have enhancing effects on the immune system, the cardiovascular system, the endocrine system, and other metabolic pathways."( Vitamin D: Vitamin or Hormone?
Ellison, DL; Moran, HR, 2021)		1.34
"Calcitriol has important effects on cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as on the regulation of the renin gene. "( Calcitriol reduces kidney development disorders in rats provoked by losartan administration during lactation.
Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; da Silva, CGA; de Almeida, LF; Francescato, HDC, 2017)		3.34
"Calcitriol has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. "( Neuroprotective effect of calcitriol on ischemic/reperfusion injury through the NR3A/CREB pathways in the rat hippocampus.
Fu, J; Gu, J; Pan, X; Ran, R; Xiao, Y; Xue, R; Zhong, H, 2013)		2.13
"Calcitriol has apparent beneficial effect on acute cellular rejection of liver transplants, which may be associated with increases in the proportion of circulating Treg cells."( Calcitriol reduces the occurrence of acute cellular rejection of liver transplants: a prospective controlled study.
Huang, L; Ling, L; Peng, Z; Qiu, G; Xing, T; Zhong, L, 2013)		3.28
"Calcitriol has been shown to exert various beneficial cardiovascular effects."( Calcitriol modulates receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in diabetic hearts.
Chang, CJ; Chen, YJ; Kao, YH; Lee, TI; Lee, TW; Lien, GS, 2014)		2.57
"Calcitriol has been safely used outside the USA in Europe under the trade name Silkis Ointment for almost a decade in the treatment of psoriasis, and it is currently FDA-approved as Vectical Ointment."( Calcitriol ointment: a review of a topical vitamin D analog for psoriasis.
Feldman, SR; Sigmon, JR; Yentzer, BA, 2009)		2.52
"Calcitriol has important immunomodulatory properties."( Vitamin D and the adaptive immune system with special emphasis to allergic reactions and allograft rejection.
Koerfer, R; Tenderich, G; Zittermann, A, 2009)		1.07
"Calcitriol has antitumoural properties."( Calcitriol down-regulates human ether a go-go 1 potassium channel expression in cervical cancer cells.
Avila, E; Barrera, D; Camacho, J; Díaz, L; García-Becerra, R; Halhali, A; Larrea, F; Ordaz-Rosado, D; Rodríguez-Rasgado, JA; Steinmeyer, A; Zügel, U, 2010)		2.52
"Calcitriol has been shown to inhibit the synthesis and release of certain cytokines, such as RANTES, platelet-derived growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinases, from bronchial smooth muscle cells, thereby leading to decreased lung inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation."( The role of vitamin D in asthma.
Casale, TB; Sandhu, MS, 2010)		1.08
"VD3 (calcitriol) has been identified as a possible adjunct in the treatment of cancer because of its antiproliferative and antitumorigenic properties."( Use of 1,25α dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a cryosensitizing agent in a murine prostate cancer model.
Baust, JG; Baust, JM; Gage, AA; Mouraviev, V; Polascik, TJ; Santucci, KL; Snyder, KK; Van Buskirk, RG, 2011)		0.82
"Calcitriol has anti-proliferative properties in PCASMCs and these actions are mediated through VDR."( Decreased expression of vitamin D receptors in neointimal lesions following coronary artery angioplasty in atherosclerotic swine.
Agrawal, DK; Agrawal, T; Del Core, MG; Gupta, GK; Hunter, WJ, 2012)		1.1
"Calcitriol has been associated with calcium homeostasis regulation."( Molecular aspects of vitamin D anticancer activity.
Bohl, L; Liaudat, AC; Picotto, G; Tolosa de Talamoni, N, 2012)		1.1
"Calcitriol has known anticancer properties on different neoplastic cell lines, but no data are available regarding its activity on tumorigenic pancreatic beta-cells."( Antitumorigenic and antiinsulinogenic effects of calcitriol on insulinoma cells and solid beta-cell tumors.
Adorini, L; Bertuzzi, F; Casorati, M; Cavallaro, U; Christofori, G; Davalli, AM; Fiorina, P; Folli, F; Freschi, M; Galbiati, F; Gregori, S; Polastri, L; Pozza, G; Zerbi, A, 2002)		1.29
"Calcitriol has been widely used for the treatment of 2HPT."( Effects of calcitriol on parathyroid function and on bone remodelling in secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Costa, AF; dos Reis, LM; Jorgetti, V; Moysés, RM; Ribeiro, MC, 2003)		1.43
"Calcitriol has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. "( Reduction of immunosuppressant therapy requirement in heart transplantation by calcitriol.
Briffa, NK; Eisman, JA; Keogh, AM; Sambrook, PN, 2003)		1.99
"Calcitriol has shown a beneficial effect in scleroderma and morphea during open studies. "( Oral calcitriol: a new therapeutic agent in cutaneous lichen sclerosis.
Balme, B; Chouvet, B; Meunier-Mure, F; Ronger, S; Thomas, L; Viallard, AM, 2003)		2.28
"Calcitriol ointment has been approved for the treatment of psoriasis in many countries around the world. "( Topical calcitriol is degraded by ultraviolet light.
Gilliard, J; Lebwohl, M; Quijije, J; Rollin, T; Watts, O, 2003)		2.2
"Calcitriol has been shown to prolong the doubling time of PSA in this context, but near-toxic doses are required."( Pilot study: potential role of vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) in patients with PSA relapse after definitive therapy.
Chander, S; Choo, R; Jamieson, M; Vieth, R; Woo, TC, 2005)		1.05
"Calcitriol has been implicated as an agent that has neuroprotective effects in various animal models of diseases, possibly by upregulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). "( Calcitriol protection against dopamine loss induced by intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine.
Cass, WA; Fletcher-Turner, A; Smith, MP; Yurek, DM, 2006)		3.22
"Calcitriol has traditionally been the most widely used treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in uremic patients. "( [A long-term comparative study of calcitriol versus alphacalcidol in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on hemodialysis].
Amoedo, ML; Arenas, MD; Egea, JJ; Gil, MT; Millán, I; Muray, S, 2006)		2.06
"Calcitriol has strong antiproliferative effects in prostate, breast, colorectal, head/neck and lung cancer, as well as lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma model systems."( Vitamin D compounds: clinical development as cancer therapy and prevention agents.
Fakih, M; Johnson, CS; Muindi, J; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, )		0.85
"Calcitriol has important immunomodulation action and can prolong recipient survival after organ transplantation. "( Calcitriol prolongs recipient survival by inducing expression of zinc-finger protein A20 and inhibiting its downstream gene following rat orthotopic liver transplantation.
Wang, Y; Xie, H; Zhang, A; Zhang, M; Zheng, S, 2006)		3.22
"Calcitriol has no effect on DHT mediated expression of the three genes."( Regulation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, type 4 and type 5 by calcitriol, LXR agonist and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in human prostate cancer cells.
Tuohimaa, P; Wang, JH, 2007)		1.29
"Calcitriol has long been used as the main therapy in renal osteodystrophy, but the efficacy of the oral route is not always as high as expected."( Intraperitoneal calcitriol in infants on peritoneal dialysis.
Azocar, MA; Cano, FJ; Delucchi, MA; Emilfork, M; Guerrero, JL; Lillo, AM; Rodríguez, EE, )		1.92
"Calcitriol deficit has been described in patients with acute lymphoblast leukemia (ALL). "( Effect of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D on bone mass in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Arinoviche, RS; Arriagada, MM; Casanova, DM; Díaz, PR; Fischer, SG; Giadrosich, VR; Milinarsky, AT; Neira, LC; Teresa Torres, MC, 2008)		1.79
"Calcitriol has been shown to inhibit (i) cell proliferation of renal carcinoma cell lines and of cultured adult human mesangial cells in vitro, and (ii) renal compensatory growth in vivo. "( Inhibition of growth by calcitriol in a proximal tubular cell line (OK).
Orth, S; Reichel, H; Ritz, E; Weih, M; Weinreich, T, 1994)		2.04
"Calcitriol has recently been shown to be effective against psoriasis. "( Effect of calcitriol on growth, differentiation, chemokine mRNA expression of cultured keratinocytes and on keratinocyte-T cell binding.
Boorsma, DM; Bruynzeel, I; de Haan, P; Sampat, S; Stoof, TJ; van der Raaij, EM; Willemze, R, 1994)		2.13
"Calcitriol therapy has been documented to reduce PTH levels by shifting the curve to the left and downward."( Different effects of calcitriol and parathyroidectomy on the PTH-calcium curve in dialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism.
Colecchia, M; Corradi, B; Cosci, P; Grossi, L; Imbasciati, E; Leopardi, O; Malberti, F; Oldini, C, 1996)		1.33
"Calcitriol pulse therapy has markedly changed the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic dialysis patients. "( Ultrasonographic intervention of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic dialysis patients: a theoretical approach.
Fukagawa, M; Kitaoka, M; Kurokawa, K, 1996)		1.74
"Calcitriol has been widely used in the management of osteoporosis, but its efficiency is a matter of controversy. "( Comparison of calcitriol treatment with etidronate-calcitriol and calcitonin-calcitriol combinations in Turkish women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a prospective study.
Bayraktar, M; Gedik, O; Gürlek, A, 1997)		2.1
"Calcitriol has been shown to cause a shift from Th-1 to Th-2 type reactions when applied locally to the skin."( Effects of calcitriol on eosinophil activity and antibody responses in patients with schistosomiasis.
de Sommers, K; Lizamore, DJ; Snyman, JR; Steinmann, MA, 1997)		1.41
"Oral calcitriol has been beneficial in the treatment of localized and extensive morphea/scleroderma, but the use of topical calcipotriene has not been reported."( Topical calcipotriene for morphea/linear scleroderma.
Cunningham, BB; Landells, ID; Langman, C; Paller, AS; Sailer, DE, 1998)		0.76
"Calcitriol has a dose-dependent inhibition on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis and has immunoregulatory activities."( Treatment of linear scleroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in seven children.
Elst, EF; Oranje, AP; Van Suijlekom-Smit, LW, )		1.09
"Calcitriol has a similar effect on kidney distal tubule PMCA activity in vivo but the cellular basis for this effect has not been studied."( Calcitriol upregulates expression and activity of the 1b isoform of the plasma membrane calcium pump in immortalized distal kidney tubular cells.
Dick, IM; Glendenning, P; Prince, RL; Ratajczak, T, 2000)		2.47
"Calcitriol has shown a benefit in various small uncontrolled studies of ex vivo immune function. "( A placebo-controlled trial to evaluate immunomodulatory effects of paricalcitol.
Ambrosius, WT; Batiuk, TD; Gassensmith, CM; Harezlak, J; Moe, SM; Murphy, CL; Russell, RR; Zekonis, M, 2001)		1.75
"IV calcitriol therapy has a greater suppression of PTH at the 3rd month of the therapy. "( Comparative effect of oral pulse and intravenous calcitriol treatment in hemodialysis patients: the effect on serum IL-1 and IL-6 levels and bone mineral density.
Akbulut, M; Gönen, S; Gürbilek, M; Tombul, Z; Türk, S; Yeksan, M; Yildiz, A, 2002)		1.19
"Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) has been shown, under certain conditions, to elicit an in vitro response in adult avian calvarium which may be interpreted as calcium uptake by the bone. "( Vitamin D3 and avian bone in vitro: specificity of effect on Japanese quail calvaria.
Gunasekaran, S; Kenny, AD, 1986)		1.71

Actions

Calcitriol treatment can increase lumbar BMD and improve balance ability, and these effects become more obvious with prolongation of intervention time. Calcitril may directly suppress osteoblastic activity in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism when given in large doses.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Calcitriol can inhibit osteoclastogenesis in an inflammatory environment by changing the proportion and function of Th cell subsets. "( Calcitriol inhibits osteoclastogenesis in an inflammatory environment by changing the proportion and function of T helper cell subsets (Th2/Th17).
An, Y; Bi, CS; Chen, FM; Hong, YL; Li, X; Qu, HL; Sun, LJ; Tian, BM, 2020)		3.44
"Calcitriol tended to increase plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and serotonin, but concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and C-telopeptide of type I collagen in plasma did not differ between treatments."( Use of calcitriol to maintain postpartum blood calcium and improve immune function in dairy cows.
Galvão, K; Jeong, KC; Lima, IRP; Lopera, C; Lopes, F; Nelson, CD; Santos, JEP; Sinedino, LDP; Thatcher, WW; Vieira-Neto, A; Zimpel, R, 2017)		1.63
"Calcitriol could inhibit NF-κB activation and necroptotic pathway."( Calcitriol Ameliorates AngiotensinII-Induced Renal Injury Partly via Upregulating A20.
Gan, H; Xia, Y; Zhao, H, 2017)		2.62
"Calcitriol treatment can increase lumbar BMD and improve balance ability, and these effects become more obvious with prolongation of intervention time."( Correlations of Serum Hormones and Bone Mineral Density with Fracture and Balance Ability of Postmenopausal Patients and Effects of Calcitriol.
Han, J; Li, J; Li, P; Liu, B; Wang, J; Xu, L; Yang, N, 2018)		1.41
"Calcitriol did not suppress HBV transcription, cccDNA expression or HBV RNA levels in HepG2.2.15 cells. "( Hepatitis B virus downregulates vitamin D receptor levels in hepatoma cell lines, thereby preventing vitamin D-dependent inhibition of viral transcription and production.
Ben-Ari, Z; Gotlieb, N; Lapidot, Y; Safran, M; Sultan, M; Tachlytski, I, 2018)		1.92
"Calcitriol promotes vascular calcification through a systemic action rather than through a direct vascular action."( Role of local versus systemic vitamin D receptors in vascular calcification.
Lomashvili, KA; O'Neill, WC; Wang, X, 2014)		1.85
"Calcitriol could inhibit proliferation of HaCaT at the concentration of 10(-9) -10(-6 ) mol/L."( Calcitriol inhibits keratinocyte proliferation by upregulating leukocyte elastase inhibitor (serpin B1).
Hui, L; Jun, G; Yongxia, Z; Zhili, G, 2014)		2.57
"Calcitriol can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation in vitro. "( Calcitriol does not significantly enhance the efficacy of radiation of human cervical tumors in mice.
Ma, Y; Song, S; Wang, M; Xing, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, F, 2015)		3.3
"Calcitriol promotes locomotor recovery after SCI by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis, as well as promoting autophagy."( Effects of calcitriol on experimental spinal cord injury in rats.
Chen, DH; Jin, HM; Wang, XY; Wu, K; Xu, HZ; Zhang, XL; Zhou, KL, 2016)		2.27
"Calcitriol plays an important role in modulating the immune response to viral infections."( Effects of calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) on the inflammatory response induced by H9N2 influenza virus infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells and in mice.
Chen, Q; Gui, B; He, G; Hu, C; Zhu, C, 2017)		1.57
"Calcitriol is needed because hypomagnesemia results in decreased production and resistance to the actions of active vitamin D, which leads to the disturbance of intracellular signal transmission."( Primary familial hypomagnesemia syndrome: a new approach in treatment.
Nesibe, A; Sinasi, O, 2012)		1.1
"Calcitriol may directly suppress osteoblastic activity in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism when given in large doses to patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis."( Development of adynamic bone in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after intermittent calcitriol therapy.
Belin, TR; Chon, Y; Gales, B; Goodman, WG; Ramirez, JA; Salusky, IB; Segre, GV, 1994)		1.23
"Calcitriol deficits cause increased PTH and, as these two hormones are designed to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, the PTH increase is initially adaptive."( Benefits of calcitriol therapy and serum phosphorus control in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure. Both are essential to prevent of suppress toxic hyperparathyroidism.
Chew, DJ; Nagode, LA; Podell, M, 1996)		1.39
"The calcitriol-mediated increase in Na+ uptake appeared to be related to increased tight-junctional or paracellular permeability."( Calcitriol-dependent, paracellular sodium transport in the embryonic chick intestine.
Corradino, RA; Cross, HS; Peterlik, M, 1987)		2.2
"Calcitriol induced an increase in u-PA mRNA with a marked reduction in PAI-2 mRNA."( Modulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 expression by U-937 mononuclear phagocytes. Effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and phorbol ester.
Gyetko, MR; Sitrin, RG; Webb, AC, 1988)		1

Treatment

Ccitriol treatment after uric acid induction may attenuate kidney injury through upregulation of SOD-1 and downregulation of Collagen-1, TGF-1 gene expression. Treatment repressed renal injury in rat diabetic kidneys and reduced high glucose-induced damage to cultured podocytes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Calcitriol treatment attenuated the injury with reducing uric acid and creatinine levels, as well as tubular injury."( Calcitriol Treatment Attenuates Uric Acid-Induced Kidney Injury via Super Oxide Dismutase-1 (SOD-1) Upregulation and Fibrosis Reduction
Arefian, N; Juffrie, M; Perdana Putri, RG; Ratna Sari, DC; Romi, MM; Wahyu Setyaningsih, WA, 2021)		2.79
"Calcitriol treatment after uric acid induction may attenuate kidney injury through upregulation of SOD-1 and downregulation of Collagen-1 and TGF-1 gene expression."( Calcitriol Treatment Attenuates Uric Acid-Induced Kidney Injury via Super Oxide Dismutase-1 (SOD-1) Upregulation and Fibrosis Reduction
Arefian, N; Juffrie, M; Perdana Putri, RG; Ratna Sari, DC; Romi, MM; Wahyu Setyaningsih, WA, 2021)		3.51
"Calcitriol treatment repressed renal injury in rat diabetic kidneys and reduced high glucose-induced damage to cultured podocytes."( Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor/Atg16L1 axis maintains podocyte autophagy and survival in diabetic kidney disease.
Shi, L; Song, Z; Xia, Y; Xiao, C; Zha, H; Zhang, Y; Zhu, J, 2022)		1.44
"Calcitriol treatment did not affect miR-21 levels in HEK-293 cells."( Vitamin D Status, Cardiovascular Risk Profile, and miRNA-21 Levels in Hypertensive Patients: Results of the HYPODD Study.
Abate, V; Buondonno, I; D Amelio, P; D Elia, L; De Filippo, G; Fallo, F; Faraonio, R; Martinelli, F; Muscariello, R; Rebellato, A; Rendina, D; Strazzullo, P; Succoio, M, 2022)		1.44
"Calcitriol treatment induced cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner and caused growth arrest in HeLa cells. "( Calcitriol potentially alters HeLa cell viability via inhibition of autophagy.
Abdulah, R; Gatera, VA; Goenawan, H; Judistiani, RTD; Lesmana, R; Setiabudiawan, B; Setiawan, I; Suardi, D; Supratman, U, )		3.02
"Calcitriol treatments resulted in a significant fall in iPTH, CTX, PINP and OCN levels and rise FGF-23, with mean (95 % confidence interval) between group differences in iPTH [-27.8 pg/ml; 95 % CI (-42.3 to -13.2); p < 0.001], FGF-23 [30.6 pg/ml; 95 % CI (14.8 to 46.3); p < 0.001], CTX [0.12 μg/l; 95 % CI (-0.19 to -0.06); (p < 0.001) and OCN [-4.03 ng/ml; 95 % CI (-7.8 to -0.27); p = 0.036]."( Impact of treatment with active vitamin D calcitriol on bone turnover markers in people with type 2 diabetes and stage 3 chronic kidney disease.
Ayis, S; Corcillo, A; Fountoulakis, N; Gnudi, L; Karalliedde, J; Maltese, G; Mangelis, A; Panagiotou, A; Stathi, D, 2023)		1.9
"Calcitriol-treated lipoaspirate demonstrated dose-dependent increases in SVF viability and metabolic reserve during hypoxic stress. "( Active Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) Increases Adipose Graft Retention in a Xenograft Model.
Amurgis, C; DeSanto, M; Guerrero, D; Gusenoff, JA; Kokai, LE; Lee, P; Loder, S; Olevian, D; Patadji, S; Peter Rubin, J; Stavros, AG; Wang, S, 2023)		2.68
"Calcitriol-treated MSCs significantly increased the levels of IL-12, TGF-β, and IFN-γ compared to non-treated MSCs groups. "( Effect of Calcitriol Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells as an Immunomodulation Micro-environment on Allergic Asthma in a Mouse Model.
Ghalavand, M; Gouvarchin Ghaleh, HE; Khafaei, M; Kondori, BJ; Mohammadi-Yeganeh, S; Nodoushan, MM; Paryan, M; Vazifedust, S, 2023)		2.76
"Calcitriol treatment attenuated FGF23-induced cardiac fibrosis and improved diastolic function via inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling."( Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Exacerbates Cardiac Fibrosis in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Mice With Hypertension.
Honda, H; Kato, T; Koiwa, F; Mizobuchi, M; Ogata, H; Saito, T, 2023)		1.63
"Calcitriol treatment suppressed the expression of genes and proteins implicated in glycolysis (GLUT1, HKII, LDHA), promoted cancer cell apoptosis, and reduced viability and Cyclin D1gene expression in MCM-induced breast cancer cells. "( A High Dose of Calcitriol Inhibits Glycolysis and M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Tumor Microenvironment by Repressing mTOR Activation: in vitro and Molecular Docking Studies.
Al-Harrasi, A; Gollahon, LS; Halim, SA; Hussain, F; Khan, A; Khan, F; Munir, MT; Rahman, MM; Rahman, SM; Santos, JM, 2023)		2.71
"Calcitriol-treated groups had higher RAS-associated AT2R, MasR, ACE2, and angiopoietin 1-7 (Ang(1-7)) levels in the lungs."( Potential therapeutic implications of calcitriol administration and weight reduction on CD4 T cell dysregulation and renin angiotensin system-associated acute lung injury in septic obese mice.
Chen, KY; Chen, PD; Kuo, TC; Lee, PC; Lin, MT; Wu, JM; Wu, MH; Yang, PJ; Yeh, CL; Yeh, SL, 2023)		1.9
"The calcitriol treatments did not prevent hyperthermia during the multiple injections of METH, indicating that the protective effects of calcitriol are not due to prevention of METH-induced increases in body temperature."( Calcitriol protects against reductions in striatal serotonin in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.
Cass, WA; Peters, LE, 2023)		2.83
"Calcitriol treatment did not alter serum oestradiol concentrations, while 25(OH) D levels significantly decreased in both treated groups."( The effect of calcitriol on the development and implantation capacity of embryos from hyper-stimulated mice.
Bognár, Z; Csabai-Tanics, TJ; Görgey, É; Horváth-Szalai, Z; Mikó, É; Szekeres-Barthó, J, 2023)		1.99
"Calcitriol as adjunctive treatment can result in beneficial treatment outcomes in M.tb infection by suppressing the inflammatory response and up-regulating the expression of anti-microbial peptides. "( Calcitriol enhances pyrazinamide treatment of murine tuberculosis.
Bao, R; Dai, M; Guo, M; Huang, ZX; Rao, Y; Wang, X; Yu, Q; Zhang, J, 2019)		3.4
"Calcitriol treatment also decreased production of granzyme, IL-2 and MIP-1β by T cells and increased the transcriptional expression of the inhibitor of NF-kB and the antiviral genes cathelicidin (CAMP) and APOBEC3G in PBMCs from Co-HC."( Vitamin D treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells modulated immune activation and reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Aguilar-Jimenez, W; Ball, TB; Gonzalez, SM; Rugeles, MT; Su, RC; Trujillo-Gil, E; Zapata, W, 2019)		1.24
"Calcitriol-treated group (especially SND2) demonstrated significant lower tubular injury, glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis compared to SN."( Calcitriol Ameliorates Kidney Injury Through Reducing Podocytopathy, Tubular Injury, Inflammation and Fibrosis in 5/6 Subtotal Nephrectomy Model in Rats.
Arfian, N; Chairunnisa, N; Debora, J; Leksono, TP; Putri, MW; Reynaldi, GN; Sari, DCR; Simanjuntak, BC; Yunus, J, 2020)		2.72
"Calcitriol treatment up-regulated VDR and protein tyrosine phosphatase N 2 (PTPN2) expression, down-regulated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3) phosphorylation and thereby facilitating chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in PTC cell lines."( Calcitriol enhances Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells via regulating VDR/PTPN2/p-STAT3 pathway.
Dong, W; He, L; Qin, Y; Sun, W; Wang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, T, 2020)		2.72
"Calcitriol treatment ameliorated the severity of proteinuria and reduced renal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis in DN rats. "( Calcitriol attenuates renal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis via inhibiting p38MAPK signaling in diabetic nephropathy.
Guo, Y; Xie, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y; Zhou, M, 2020)		3.44
"Calcitriol treatment attenuates intestinal permeability, reduces bacterial translocation, and enriches potentially beneficial gut microbiota in cirrhotic rats that may enable it as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cirrhotic complications."( Active Vitamin D
Hou, MC; Hsieh, YC; Huang, YH; Huo, TI; Lee, KC; Lee, PC; Li, CP; Lin, CH; Lin, HC; Yang, UC, 2021)		2.06
"Calcitriol treatment decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the release of cancer cytochrome C."( Progesterone induces apoptosis by activation of caspase-8 and calcitriol via activation of caspase-9 pathways in ovarian and endometrial cancer cells in vitro.
Casablanca, Y; Maxwell, GL; McGlorthan, L; Paucarmayta, A; Syed, V, 2021)		1.58
"Calcitriol treatments along with weight loss and diet recommendations decreased the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP, p < 0.001 for all) and fatty liver indices (HSI, p < 0.01 and APRI, p < 0.001), compared to the baseline. "( The efficacy of calcitriol treatment in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients with different genotypes of vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism.
Cheraghian, B; Ghanavati, F; Mohammadtaghvaei, N; Seyedian, SS; Yaghooti, H, 2021)		2.41
"Calcitriol treatment lowered expressions of blood and lung inflammatory mediators at 12 and/or 24 h after CLP."( Intravenous calcitriol administration regulates the renin-angiotensin system and attenuates acute lung injury in obese mice complicated with polymicrobial sepsis.
Chen, KY; Lee, PC; Lin, MT; Su, LH; Wu, JM; Yang, PJ; Yeh, CL; Yeh, SL, 2021)		1.72
"Calcitriol treatment also resulted in an improvement in renal pathological injury."( Effects of calcitriol on peripheral endothelial progenitor cells and renal renovation in rats with chronic renal failure.
Da, JJ; Dong, R; Sun, ZL; Wan, JX; Yang, X; Yuan, J; Zha, Y, 2021)		1.73
"The calcitriol treatments significantly increased evoked overflow of DA from the lesioned striatum in both the young adult and middle-aged rats."( Reduced ability of calcitriol to promote augmented dopamine release in the lesioned striatum of aged rats.
Cass, WA; Peters, LE, 2017)		1.26
"Calcitriol treatment activated VDR protein expression and attenuated neurological deficits in this rat TBI model. "( Induction of the Vitamin D Receptor Attenuates Autophagy Dysfunction-Mediated Cell Death Following Traumatic Brain Injury.
Cui, C; Cui, J; Cui, Y; Gao, J; Jiang, P; Jiang, X; Jin, F; Li, R; Tian, Y; Wang, K, 2017)		1.9
"Calcitriol treatment can increase lumbar BMD and improve balance ability, and these effects become more obvious with prolongation of intervention time."( Correlations of Serum Hormones and Bone Mineral Density with Fracture and Balance Ability of Postmenopausal Patients and Effects of Calcitriol.
Han, J; Li, J; Li, P; Liu, B; Wang, J; Xu, L; Yang, N, 2018)		1.41
"Calcitriol treatment yields a considerable decrease in serum sclerostin and significant increase of handgrip strength, and the change in serum sclerostin is regulated by serum PTH and by muscle strength."( Levels of serum sclerostin, FGF-23, and intact parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women treated with calcitriol.
Chen, M; Cheng, Q; Du, Y; Hong, W; Li, H; Tang, W; Wu, X; Zheng, S, 2018)		2.14
"Calcitriol treatment increased mRNA expression of triglyceride synthesizing genes DGAT1 and DGAT2 and also lipolytic genes ATGL and CGI-58."( Vitamin D produces a perilipin 2-dependent increase in mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes.
Bollinger, LM; Peterson, CA; Schnell, DM; Sullivan, PG; Thomas, DT; Vekaria, HJ; Walton, RG, 2019)		1.24
"Calcitriol treatment significantly alleviated bone loss, and improved bone microarchitecture and biomechanical properties and also decreased serum glucose and glycated serum protein levels."( 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 treatment attenuates osteopenia, and improves bone muscle quality in Goto-Kakizaki type 2 diabetes model rats.
Cui, L; Du, M; Lai, W; Li, S; Liang, Y; Liu, Y; Min, Y; Mo, Y; Wang, P; Zhou, L, 2019)		1.24
"Calcitriol (1 μg/kg) treatment for 7 consecutive days after SCI was compared SCI control and Sham control rat groups."( Immunomodulatory effects of Calcitriol in acute spinal cord injury in rats.
Askarifirouzjaei, H; Fazeli, M; Khajoueinejad, L; Mohammadi, A; Namazi, F; Pourfathollah, AA; Rajaian, H, 2019)		1.53
"Calcitriol treatment improved the cardiac injury resulting from excessive ISO stimulation, as supported by the suppression of the development of myocardial hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and H2O2 level in heart tissue. "( Cardioprotective effect of calcitriol on myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats.
Cheng, S; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2013)		2.13
"Calcitriol-treated diabetic hearts also had lesser expressions of p-SMAD2/3 and p-ERK signaling than those of diabetic hearts."( Calcitriol modulates receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in diabetic hearts.
Chang, CJ; Chen, YJ; Kao, YH; Lee, TI; Lee, TW; Lien, GS, 2014)		2.57
"The calcitriol treatments also led to increases in postmortem tissue levels of DA in the striatum and substantia nigra."( Calcitriol promotes augmented dopamine release in the lesioned striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats.
Cass, WA; Fletcher, AM; Peters, LE; Yurek, DM, 2014)		2.33
"Calcitriol-treated patients had higher cathelicidin (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.03) mRNA expression than placebo-treated patients 24 hours after study drug administration."( Randomized controlled trial of calcitriol in severe sepsis.
Donnino, MW; Ginde, AA; Leaf, DE; Raed, A; Waikar, SS, 2014)		1.41
"Calcitriol treatment began on the day of challenge, and survival assessed for 10 days."( Vitamin D and experimental invasive aspergillosis.
Chen, V; Clemons, KV; Martinez, M; Sirivoranankul, C; Stevens, DA, 2014)		1.12
"Calcitriol treatment alone significantly decreased TRPM7 protein (↓ to ∼11%), whereas the combination treatment increased both mRNA (1.7×) and protein (6.8×) expression compared with calcitriol alone."( Magnesium Modifies the Impact of Calcitriol Treatment on Vascular Calcification in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease.
Adams, MA; Barron, H; Holden, RM; Laverty, K; McCabe, KM; Svajger, B; Zelt, JG, 2015)		1.42
"With calcitriol treatment, oxidative stress was decreased, SOD activity and GSH content were increased and MDA content was decreased. "( Effects of calcitriol on experimental spinal cord injury in rats.
Chen, DH; Jin, HM; Wang, XY; Wu, K; Xu, HZ; Zhang, XL; Zhou, KL, 2016)		1.34
"Calcitriol treatment resulted in a 60% suppression of PTH levels in animals with CKD."( Calcitriol Suppression of Parathyroid Hormone Fails to Improve Skeletal Properties in an Animal Model of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Allen, MR; Brown, DM; Chen, NX; Hammond, MA; Moe, SM; Newman, CL; Tian, N; Wallace, JM, 2016)		2.6
"Calcitriol treatment of the TL-1 cell line (model of T-LGLL) led to decreased phospho-Y701 STAT1 and phospho-Y705 STAT3 and increased vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels."( Vitamin D decreases STAT phosphorylation and inflammatory cytokine output in T-LGL leukemia.
Feith, DJ; Kulling, PM; Loughran, TP; Olson, KC; Olson, TL; Rainbow, RJ; Tan, SF, 2017)		1.18
"Calcitriol treatment of cardiomyocytes induced a concentration-dependent increase in I"( Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Bas, M; Delgado, C; Fernández-Velasco, M; Jesús Larriba, M; Manzanares, E; Martín-Nunes, L; Tamayo, M; Val-Blasco, A, 2017)		3.34
"Calcitriol treatment prior to and post infection with H9N2 influenza significantly decreased expression of the influenza M gene, IL-6, and IFN-β in A549 cells, but did not affect virus replication. "( Effects of calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) on the inflammatory response induced by H9N2 influenza virus infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells and in mice.
Chen, Q; Gui, B; He, G; Hu, C; Zhu, C, 2017)		2.29
"Calcitriol or PRI-2191 treatment caused differentiation of WEHI-3 mouse leukemia cells, but apoptosis of LLC cells."( The influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on alphavbeta3 integrin expression in cancer cell lines.
Dabrowska, K; Dzimira, S; Filip, B; Klopotowska, D; Kurzepa, A; Kutner, A; Maciejewska, M; Madej, J; Milczarek, M; Wietrzyk, J, 2008)		1.07
"calcitriol for the treatment of severe SHPT in our chronic haemodialysis population."( Intravenous calcitriol versus paricalcitol in haemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Abdul Gafor, AH; Loo, CY; Mohd, R; Norella, KC; Saidin, R; Shah, SA; Zainudin, S, 2009)		1.45
"Calcitriol pretreatment of the cells elevated their PpIX levels. "( Calcitriol treatment improves methyl aminolaevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in human squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells.
Cicarma, E; Juzeniene, A; Ma, LW; Moan, J; Tuorkey, M, 2009)		3.24
"calcitriol treatment in the maintenance of normal serum calcium values and renal calcium excretion in children with hypoparathyroidism."( Long-term treatment of 12 children with chronic hypoparathyroidism: a randomized trial comparing synthetic human parathyroid hormone 1-34 versus calcitriol and calcium.
Cutler, GB; Dowdy, K; Peterson, D; Reynolds, J; Sinaii, N; Winer, KK, 2010)		1.28
"Oral calcitriol treatment could prevent the development of atherosclerosis by changing the function or differentiation of DCs and regulatory T cells. "( Oral administration of an active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) decreases atherosclerosis in mice by inducing regulatory T cells and immature dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions.
Hirata, K; Ishida, T; Kita, T; Nakajima, K; Sasaki, N; Shinohara, M; Takeda, M; Yamashita, T, 2010)		1.12
"Calcitriol-pretreated tumors underwent enhanced apoptotic cell death after ALA-based PDT."( Vitamin D3 enhances the apoptotic response of epithelial tumors to aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy.
Anand, S; Hasan, T; Maytin, EV; Wilson, C, 2011)		1.09
"Calcitriol treatment reduced the levels of urinary miR-155 in patients with SLE."( Expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in the urinary sediment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Chow, KM; Kwan, BC; Li, EK; Li, PK; Luk, CC; Szeto, CC; Tam, LS; Wang, G, 2012)		1.1
"Calcitriol treatment reduced actin cytoskeleton reorganization, reduced polarized formation of lamellipodia and reduced colocalization of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) with lamellipodia, all consistent with reduced cell ability to move and invade."( The vitamin D receptor regulates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast invasion and morphology.
Gulko, PS; Laragione, T; Shah, A, 2012)		1.1
"Calcitriol treatment can reduce proteinuria in patients with DKD without serious adverse events."( An open label, randomized controlled study of oral calcitriol for the treatment of proteinuria in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
Bunnag, S; Krairittichai, U; Mahannopkul, R, 2012)		2.07
"Calcitriol treatment resulted in 35% reduction of atherosclerosis at the aortic sinus, and in a significant decrease in blood pressure. "( Low-dose calcitriol decreases aortic renin, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis in apoe-null mice.
Entin-Meer, M; Harats, D; Ish-Shalom, M; Kamari, Y; Keren, G; Maysel-Auslender, S; Sack, J; Shaish, A; Stern, N; Tordjman, K; Vechoropoulos, M, 2012)		2.24
"Calcitriol (C) treatment strategies for secondary hyperparathyroidism remain controversial regarding efficacy and safety. "( Growth in children with chronic renal failure on intermittent versus daily calcitriol.
Ardissino, G; Claris-Appiani, A; Mehls, O; Schmitt, CP; Testa, S, 2003)		1.99
"Calcitriol treatment increased phosphaturic response to PTH (1-34) (P < 0.05), and there was a negative correlation between phosphaturic response and the PTH levels (P < 0.05)."( Plasma levels of parathyroid hormone (1-84) whole molecule and parathyroid hormone (7-84)-like fragments in pseudohypoparathyroidism type I.
Furukawa, Y; Hatakeyama, Y; Igarashi, T; Mizunashi, K; Sato, Y; Yabuki, S, 2003)		1.04
"Calcitriol treatment for 6 months significantly increased BMD and reduced serum IL-1 and TNF-alpha concentrations compared with no significant changes in patients treated with calcium alone."( The effects of calcitriol therapy on serum interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in post-menopausal patients with osteoporosis.
Inanir, A; Mermerci, B; Ozoran, K; Tutkak, H, )		1.21
"Calcitriol treatment did not result in a statistically significant change in the fraction of cells expressing TGFbeta RII, PTEN, or proliferating cell nuclear antigen."( Randomized study of high-dose pulse calcitriol or placebo prior to radical prostatectomy.
Beer, TM; Chin, R; Corless, CL; Garzotto, M; Henner, WD; Lowe, BA; Montalto, MA; Myrthue, A; O'hara, MF, 2004)		1.32
"Calcitriol treatment produced little or no expression of this approximately 52 kDa band, but markedly increased the expression of a approximately 32 kDa band that was only detected with an antibody directed to the N-terminus of RANKL."( Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand protein expression in UMR-106 cells is differentially regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitriol.
Dossing, DA; Stern, PH, 2005)		1.25
"Calcitriol treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients can lead to increased serum calcium and phosphorus, which have been associated as risk factors for vascular calcification. "( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 but not cinacalcet HCl (Sensipar/Mimpara) treatment mediates aortic calcification in a rat model of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Cattley, RC; Colloton, M; Henley, C; Lacey, D; Martin, D; Shatzen, E; Towler, DA, 2005)		1.77
"Calcitriol-treated rats had moderate to marked aortic calcification, whereas no significant calcification was observed in vehicle- or cinacalcet HCl-only treated groups. "( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 but not cinacalcet HCl (Sensipar/Mimpara) treatment mediates aortic calcification in a rat model of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Cattley, RC; Colloton, M; Henley, C; Lacey, D; Martin, D; Shatzen, E; Towler, DA, 2005)		1.77
"Calcitriol treatment attenuated PG-mediated functional responses, including the stimulation of prostate cancer cell growth."( Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism by calcitriol attenuates growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells.
Feldman, D; Krishnan, AV; Moreno, J; Nonn, L; Peehl, DM; Swami, S, 2005)		1.31
"Calcitriol treatment resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition of LNCaP with approximately 50% growth inhibition at the clinically achievable concentration of 1 nmol/L. "( Effect of calcitriol on prostate-specific antigen in vitro and in humans.
Beer, TM; Eilers, K; Garzotto, M; Janeba, N; Mori, M; Myrthue, A; Park, B; Sauer, D, 2006)		2.18
"Calcitriol treatment-induced increase in FBPase and decrease in CDDase activities in cancer patient PBM are potential early and sensitive non-hypercalcemia PD measures of calcitriol effects."( Monocyte fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and cytidine deaminase enzyme activities: potential pharmacodynamic measures of calcitriol effects in cancer patients.
Branch, RA; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Peng, Y; Trump, DL; Wilson, JW, 2007)		1.99
"Calcitriol treatment decreased the number of fallers and falls. "( An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment.
Gallagher, JC; Rapuri, PB; Smith, LM, 2007)		1.98
"Calcitriol treatment decreases falls in all subjects but especially in elderly women with decreased renal function (<60 ml/min) and frequent fallers."( An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women receiving calcitriol treatment.
Gallagher, JC; Rapuri, PB; Smith, LM, 2007)		1.98
"The calcitriol treatments did not reduce the hyperthermia associated with multiple injections of METH, indicating that the neuroprotective effects of calcitriol are not due to the prevention of increases in body temperature."( Calcitriol protects against the dopamine- and serotonin-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.
Cass, WA; Peters, LE; Smith, MP, 2006)		2.26
"Calcitriol treatment significantly reduced the number of falls by 50% (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, p=0.010) compared to placebo in the low CrCl group."( Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney.
Gallagher, JC; Rapuri, P; Smith, L, 2007)		1.3
"Calcitriol-treatment increased LPS-induced TNFalpha release in MM6 cells but inhibited TNFalpha release from peripheral blood monocytes."( Modulation of monocytic lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression and tumor necrosis factor alpha release by estrogen and calcitriol.
Angstwurm, MW; Gaertner, R; Vlotides, G, )		1.06
"Calcitriol-treated animals demonstrated a significant decrease in retinal neovascularization compared with control animals. "( Calcitriol is a potent inhibitor of retinal neovascularization.
Albert, DM; Darjatmoko, SR; Mehraein, F; Scheef, EA; Sheibani, N; Sorenson, CM; Wang, S, 2007)		3.23
"Calcitriol treatment upregulated the PTH/PTHrP receptor but also increased inhibitors of cell proliferation such as p21(Waf1/Cip1), IGFBP3, and FGFR3."( Bone growth during daily or intermittent calcitriol treatment during renal failure with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism.
He, YZ; Sanchez, CP, 2007)		1.33
"Calcitriol-treated uremic rats with acidosis did not develop aortic or soft-tissue calcification, did not increase aortic Pit-1 expression, and had significantly lower mortality."( Metabolic acidosis inhibits soft tissue calcification in uremic rats.
Aguilera-Tejero, E; Lopez, I; Mendoza, FJ; Montes de Oca, A; Perez, J; Rodriguez, M, 2008)		1.07
"Calcitriol treatment must be closely supervised to prevent hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and excessive suppression of parathyroid hormone."( Vitamin D therapy in patients receiving dialysis.
Mehls, O; Ritz, E, 1995)		1.01
"Calcitriol treatment also induced a significant increase in CTR serum levels (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in total parathyroid hormone (PTH)."( Calcitriol effect on natural killer cells from hemodialyzed and normal subjects.
Borrego, F; Martin, A; Peña, J; Quesada, JM; Serrano, I; Solana, R, 1995)		2.46
"Calcitriol treatment of JB6 Cl41.5a cells for 6 h caused increased secretion of [35S]methionine-labeled OPN, with maximal levels attained after 8 h of treatment."( Calcitriol regulation of osteopontin expression in mouse epidermal cells.
Chang, PL; Prince, CW; Ridall, AL, 1994)		2.45
"Calcitriol pretreatment (1 microM, 5 days) also decreased the levels of phosphatidyl-inositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by 23, 55 and 32%, respectively."( Calcitriol attenuates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated inositol phosphate production in clonal rat pituitary (GH4C1) cells.
Haug, E; Sørnes, G; Torjesen, PA, 1993)		2.45
"Calcitriol treatment of hemodialysis patients with osteitis fibrosa resulted in a significant decrease in PTH throughout the PTH-calcium curve and also reduced the sensitivity (slope) of the PTH-calcium curve."( Parathyroid gland function in chronic renal failure.
Felsenfeld, AJ; Llach, F, 1993)		1.01
"Calcitriol treatment had no effect on biochemical markers of bone resorption [serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and fasting urinary excretion of hydroxyproline/creatinine (OHP)]."( Dose-response effect of short-term calcitriol treatment on bone and mineral metabolism in normal males.
Bollerslev, J; Gram, J; Junker, P; Nielsen, HK, 1996)		1.29
"Calcitriol treatment decreased keratinocyte proliferation, normalized keratinocyte differentiation and decreased immune activation in plaques."( Modulation of epidermal differentiation, tissue inflammation, and T-lymphocyte infilitration in psoriatic plaques by topical calcitriol.
Gilleaudeau, P; Gottlieb, AB; Gottlieb, S; Heftler, N; Kamber, M; Krueger, JG; Lu, I; McLane, JA, 1996)		1.22
"Calcitriol treatment decreased serum PTH levels and increased the serum calcium and the setpoint (PTHstim); however, the increase in serum calcium was greater than the increase in the setpoint (PTHstim)."( Evidence for both abnormal set point of PTH stimulation by calcium and adaptation to serum calcium in hemodialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism.
Betriu, A; Borrego, MJ; Caravaca, F; Cubero, J; Felsenfeld, AJ; Fernandez, E; Lorenzo, V; Martin-Malo, A; Rodriguez, AP; Rodriguez, M, 1997)		1.02
"3. Calcitriol treatment should attempt to maintain slightly raised PTH levels."( [Pulsed doses of calcitriol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on hemodialysis].
Adamec, M; Petrásek, R; Schück, O; Smrcková, I; Sotorník, I; Tocík, J, 1997)		1.15
"The calcitriol-pretreated groups demonstrated a significant reduction of apoptosis, with a maximal inhibition seen on day 14."( Reduction of intrafollicular apoptosis in chemotherapy-induced alopecia by topical calcitriol-analogs.
Menrad, A; Paus, R; Schilli, MB, 1998)		1.01
"Calcitriol treatment significantly lowered serum iPTH levels in group A patients (from 419 +/- 185 to 173 +/- 142 pg/mL, p < 0.0001, delta iPTH: -246 +/- 161 pg/mL); iPTH remained stable in group B patients (delta iPTH: +7.9 +/- 116 pg/mL) with an intergroup significant difference at P < 0.0001."( Long-term effects of small doses of calcitriol in hemodialysis patients with moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Arvanitis, D; Hadjiconstantinou, V; Hadjilouka-Mantaka, A; Noussias, C; Revenas, K; Tzortzis, G; Vlassopoulos, D, 1999)		1.3
"The calcitriol-treated mice did not have significantly smaller average tumor size (1.26 cm3) than the 16,23-D3-treated mice (P = .35), had significant body weight loss compared with the control animals (calcitriol-treated mice lost 4.03 g) (P =.001), and had a mortality of 90% by the completion of the experiment."( Antineoplastic effect and toxicity of 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 in athymic mice with Y-79 human retinoblastoma tumors.
Albert, DM; Darjatmoko, SR; Lindstrom, MJ; Sabet, SJ, 1999)		0.78
"Calcitriol treatment, either through a reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels or direct effect on bone, decreases the osteoblast and osteoclast surface and bone formation rate."( Effect of calcitriol and age on recovery from hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients.
Aljama, P; Almaden, Y; Borrego, MJ; Felsenfeld, AJ; Martin-Malo, A; Rodriguez, M, 1999)		1.43
"calcitriol treatment period, the observed plasma IPTH concentrations compared with the baseline values were significantly lower (p < 0.01 for A and B group and p < 0.05 for C group) from the sixth month onwards in group A and C and from the third month onwards in group B."( Effective treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients by titration of intravenous calcitriol dosage.
Balaskas, E; Benos, A; Grekas, D; Kampouris, H; Konstantinou, A; Sioullis, A; Tourkantonis, A, 1999)		1.24
"Calcitriol treatment abolishes the upregulation of the TSHR number occurring in cells cultivated in the absence of TSH."( Vitamin D: a hormonal regulator of the cAMP signaling pathway.
Berg, JP; Haug, E, 1999)		1.02
"Calcitriol treatment is used to reduce parathyroid hormone levels in azotemic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). "( The in vitro effect of calcitriol on parathyroid cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Almadén, Y; Campistol, JM; Canalejo, A; Felsenfeld, AJ; Gomez-Villamandos, JC; Ramos, B; Rodríguez, M; Torregrosa, V, 2000)		2.06
"Calcitriol treatment increased the blood calcium and inorganic phosphorous levels, and reduced the blood PTH level."( Intravenous 1alpha, 25[OH]2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol) pulse therapy for bone lesions in a murine model of chronic cadmium toxicosis.
Hiratsuka, H; Katsuta, O; Kurata, Y; Tsuchitani, M; Umemura, T, 2001)		1.3
"Calcitriol pretreatment induced a defect in accessory cell function that was evident with fixed monocytes, suggesting a cell-surface-associated mechanism."( Decreased accessory cell function and costimulatory activity by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated monocytes.
Rigby, WF; Waugh, MG, 1992)		1
"Calcitriol treatment provides a powerful means to reduce PTH concentration in uremic patients that may not be achieved with other methods."( Nephrocalcinosis caused by hyperparathyroidism in progression of renal failure: treatment with calcitriol.
Chew, DJ; Nagode, LA, 1992)		1.22
"Calcitriol treatment of starved, confluent cultures of MC3T3-E1 cells induced a rapid and transient stimulation of the expression of c-fos, fos-B, c-jun, and jun-B with varying kinetics."( Differential stimulation of fos and jun family members by calcitriol in osteoblastic cells.
Candeliere, GA; Prud'homme, J; St-Arnaud, R, 1991)		1.25
"Calcitriol-treated cells were morphologically indistinguishable from control cells, while 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated cells acquired a distinctive morphology."( 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates synthesis and secretion of nonphosphorylated osteopontin (secreted phosphoprotein 1) in mouse JB6 epidermal cells.
Chang, PL; Prince, CW, 1991)		1
"Calcitriol treatment reduced TfR expression by activated T lymphocytes independent of their location in the cell cycle, further suggesting its independence from IL-2-mediated events."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the effects of interleukin 2 independent of IL-2 receptor binding.
Hamilton, BJ; Rigby, WF; Waugh, MG, 1990)		1
"Calcitriol treatment was associated with a significant fall in serum phosphorus concentrations and alkaline phosphatase levels as well as with histological evidence of an amelioration of hyperparathyroid changes."( Early therapy of renal bone disease with calcitriol: a prospective double-blind study.
Abrams, SM; Baker, LR; Fanti, P; Faugere, MC; Malluche, HH; Roe, CJ; Subayti, Y, 1989)		1.26
"In calcitriol pre-treated cells, PMA induced a moderate increase in u-PA mRNA and a marked increase in PAI-2 mRNA."( Modulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 expression by U-937 mononuclear phagocytes. Effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and phorbol ester.
Gyetko, MR; Sitrin, RG; Webb, AC, 1988)		0.79
"Calcitriol treatment did not significantly influence either serum A1 levels or the presence of stainable Al in bone."( Low dose calcitriol versus placebo in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure.
Dahl, E; Nordal, KP, 1988)		1.41
"Calcitriol treatment of sham-operated rats produced an increase in cancellous and cortical bone mass."( Calcitriol corrects bone loss induced by oophorectomy in rats.
DeLuca, HF; Faugere, MC; Malluche, HH; Okamoto, S, 1986)		2.44
"Treatment with Calcitriol produced protein carbonyl levels similar to those in the cisplatin-treated and control groups."( Calcitriol potentially alters HeLa cell viability via inhibition of autophagy.
Abdulah, R; Gatera, VA; Goenawan, H; Judistiani, RTD; Lesmana, R; Setiabudiawan, B; Setiawan, I; Suardi, D; Supratman, U, )		1.91
"Treatment with calcitriol inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion."( Vitamin D Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Growth and Invasion by Targeting Long Non-Coding RNA CCAT2.
Guo, B; Wang, L; Zhou, S, 2020)		0.9
"Cows treated with calcitriol excreted more urinary tCa (control = 0.5 vs."( Use of calcitriol to maintain postpartum blood calcium and improve immune function in dairy cows.
Galvão, K; Jeong, KC; Lima, IRP; Lopera, C; Lopes, F; Nelson, CD; Santos, JEP; Sinedino, LDP; Thatcher, WW; Vieira-Neto, A; Zimpel, R, 2017)		1.23
"Treatment with calcitriol not only reduced proteinuria, but also normalized TRPC6 expression."( The novel role of TRPC6 in vitamin D ameliorating podocyte injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Guo, Y; Song, Z; Zhang, X; Zhou, M, 2015)		0.76
"Co-treatment with calcitriol (10(-8)M) partially reversed this zoledronate-induced inhibition."( The effect of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates, zoledronate and alendronate, on the production of pro-angiogenic factors by osteoblastic cells.
Edwards, S; Elford, C; Evans, BA; Fogelman, I; Frost, ML; Hampson, G; Ishtiaq, S; Sankaralingam, A, 2015)		0.74
"Rats treated with calcitriol, especially with the higher dose, exhibited elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) status."( Neurochemical effects of chronic administration of calcitriol in rats.
Cai, HL; Dang, RL; He, X; Jiang, P; Li, HD; Liu, YP; Tang, MM; Xue, Y; Zhang, LH; Zhu, WY, 2014)		0.98
"Pretreatment with calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) reduced cellular injury induced by exposure to catalytic iron."( Protective effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cultured neural cells exposed to catalytic iron.
Bardelli, C; Molinari, C; Morsanuto, V; Uberti, F, 2016)		0.76
"Oral treatment with calcitriol reduced Ang-II-induced dissecting AAA formation in apoE(-/-) mice, which was unrelated to systolic blood pressure or plasma cholesterol concentrations. "( Vitamin D Receptor Activation Reduces Angiotensin-II-Induced Dissecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice.
Collado, A; Gonzalez-Navarro, H; Hueso, L; Martorell, S; Piqueras, L; Sanz, MJ, 2016)		0.76
"Treatment with calcitriol for 6 months significantly decreased Th17 cytokine levels compared with the baseline values in another 42 KTRs."( Suppressive Effect of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Th17-Immune Responses in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression.
Cho, ML; Chung, BH; Doh, KC; Kim, BM; Kim, KW; Min, JW; Yang, CW, 2017)		0.79
"Treatment with calcitriol reduced albuminuria and prevented reduction of capillary density and expansion of interstitium without affecting significant blood pressure and heart weight after perfusion fixation."( Calcitriol ameliorates capillary deficit and fibrosis of the heart in subtotally nephrectomized rats.
Gross, ML; Koleganova, N; Piecha, G; Ritz, E, 2009)		2.14
"Treatment with calcitriol resulted in growth inhibition in TDEC expressing VDR."( Role of vitamin D receptor in the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol in tumor-derived endothelial cells and tumor angiogenesis in vivo.
Chung, I; Foster, BA; Gillard, BM; Han, G; Johnson, CS; Seshadri, M; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2009)		0.93
"Treatment with calcitriol or tacalcitol inhibits the synthesis of both IL-6 and IL-8 compared to the control group. "( Vitamin D derivatives: calcitriol and tacalcitol inhibits interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in human nasal polyp fibroblast cultures.
Fraczek, M; Krecicki, T; Kubik, P; Kusmierz, D; Latocha, M; Potyka, J; Rostkowska-Nadolska, B; Sliupkas-Dyrda, E; Zatonski, M, 2010)		1.02
"Treatment with calcitriol resulted in the normalization of biochemical parameters and mean lumbar spine areal bone mineral density z-scores within 3 months, whereas height z-scores increased more gradually."( Short- and long-term outcome of patients with pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets treated with calcitriol.
Alos, N; Chabot, G; Edouard, T; Glorieux, FH; Rauch, F; Roughley, P, 2011)		0.93
"Treatment with calcitriol started in infancy results in short- and long-term correction of all clinical, biochemical, and radiological abnormalities related to PDDR."( Short- and long-term outcome of patients with pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets treated with calcitriol.
Alos, N; Chabot, G; Edouard, T; Glorieux, FH; Rauch, F; Roughley, P, 2011)		0.94
"Treatment with calcitriol produced significantly elevated urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio."( Persistent hypocalcaemia in a Chinese girl due to a novel de-novo activating mutation of the calcium-sensing receptor gene.
Lam, CW; Tong, CT; Tong, SF; Wong, WC, 2011)		0.71
"Cotreatment with calcitriol enhanced both modes of TNFalpha-induced death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells."( Vitamin D enhances caspase-dependent and -independent TNFalpha-induced breast cancer cell death: The role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria.
Koren, R; Liberman, UA; Ravid, A; Weitsman, GE, 2003)		0.65
"Treatment of calcitriol has a beneficial effect on renal anemia in ESRD patients with SHP."( Improved anemia and reduced erythropoietin need by medical or surgical intervention of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients.
Huang, CC; Hung, CC; Lin, CL; Yang, CT, 2004)		0.68
"Treatment with calcitriol was not underway at the time of the biopsy."( 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bone histomorphometry in hemodialysis renal osteodystrophy.
Balducci, A; Ballanti, P; Bonucci, E; Coen, G; Manni, M; Mantella, D; Nofroni, I; Sardella, D, 2005)		0.67
"Treatment with calcitriol induced significant vascular calcification (aortic Ca increased to 4.2+/-1.2 mg/g at day 14 and to 11.4+/-0.7 mg/g at day 56; P<0.05 versus vehicle)."( Calcimimetic R-568 decreases extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats treated with calcitriol.
Aguilera-Tejero, E; Almaden, Y; Lopez, I; Martin, D; Mendoza, FJ; Perez, J; Rodriguez, M, 2006)		0.9
"Treatment with calcitriol for 8 days resulted in massive medial calcification of the aorta with a 10- to 30-fold increase in the aortic Ca and P content."( Reversibility of calcitriol-induced medial artery calcification in rats with intact renal function.
Aguilera-Tejero, E; Bas, A; Lopez, I; Perez, J; Rodriguez, M, 2006)		1.01
"Pretreatment with calcitriol (100 nM, 48 h) sensitized HT-29 colon cancer cells to cell death induced by acute exposure to H2O2 or chronic exposure to the H2O2 generating system, glucose/glucose-oxidase."( Calcitriol sensitizes colon cancer cells to H2O2-induced cytotoxicity while inhibiting caspase activation.
Koren, R; Ravid, A; Wacksberg, S; Weitsman, GE, 2006)		2.1
"Pretreatment with calcitriol, enhanced TNF-induced EGFR-Src dependent ERK activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR, but abolished the EGFR-Src independent ERK activation."( Two modes of ERK activation by TNF in keratinocytes: different cellular outcomes and bi-directional modulation by vitamin D.
Koren, R; Miodovnik, M; Ravid, A; Rotem, C; Ziv, E, 2008)		0.67
"Treatment with calcitriol was associated with a trend toward a lower incidence of dialysis."( Association of activated vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease.
Ahmadzadeh, S; Anderson, JE; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Kovesdy, CP, 2008)		0.69
"Treatment with calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, reduces serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels but may result in both hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, increasing the risk of vascular calcification in CKD. "( Emerging role for the vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA), paricalcitol, in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Brancaccio, D; Cozzolino, M, 2008)		0.7
"Treatment with calcitriol (0.25 to 2 microgram/day) returned all the biochemical values to normal within four months."( Vitamin D dependency: replacement therapy with calcitriol?
Delvin, EE; Glorieux, FH; Marie, PJ; Pettifor, JM, 1981)		0.86
"Treatment with calcitriol, 1.0 microgram daily, was associated with bone mineral accretion and a diminished incidence of fractures."( Calcitriol deficiency in idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis.
Crawford, AC; Hug, G; Marder, HK; Tsang, RC, 1982)		2.05
"Treatment with calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) induced a dramatic improvement of bone lesions."( Direct effect of calcitriol on the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in a case of pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (a 24-month follow-up study).
Audran, M; Basle, MF; Bigorgne, JC; Bregeon, C; Giraud, P; Jallet, P; Rohmer, V, 1995)		0.97
"Treatment with calcitriol markedly increased the enzyme activity about 20-fold and the mRNA level about six-fold."( Short-term starvation increases calcidiol-24-hydroxylase activity and mRNA level in rat kidney.
Björkhem, I; Hagenfeldt-Pernow, Y; Ohyama, Y; Okuda, K; Sudjana-Sugiaman, E, 1994)		0.63
"Treatment with calcitriol or its analogue, alfacalcidol often leads to hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia or both in patients which chronic renal failure and advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. "( Effects of new vitamin D analogues on parathyroid function in chronically uraemic rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Drüeke, TB; Hruby, M; Lacour, B; Mannstadt, M; Schmitt, F; Ureña, P, 1996)		0.65
"treatment with calcitriol is effective in the treatment of severe secondary HPT."( Long-term effect of intravenous calcitriol on the treatment of severe hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid gland mass and bone mineral density in haemodialysis patients.
Abed, J; Abu-Aisha, H; Al Desouki, M; Al Wakeel, J; Huraib, S; Memon, N, 1997)		0.92
"Treatment with calcitriol for 12 months followed by calcium for 12 months resulted in similar proximal femoral bone loss to that seen in those patients treated with calcium for 24 months, suggesting calcitriol prophylaxis needs to be continued beyond 12 months."( Effect of calcitriol on bone loss after cardiac or lung transplantation.
Bergin, P; Ebeling, P; Eisman, J; Glanville, A; Henderson, NK; Keogh, A; MacDonald, P; Sambrook, P; Spratt, P, 2000)		1.05
"Treatment with calcitriol and DHT also results in differences in nuclear matrix protein composition."( In vitro and in vivo effects of vitamin D (calcitriol) administration on the normal neonatal and prepubertal prostate.
Arlotti, J; Dhir, R; Getzenberg, RH; Konety, BR; Leman, E; Vietmeier, B, 2000)		0.91
"Treatment with calcitriol resulted in a time and dose dependent increase in EGFR mRNA levels in confluent cultures of UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. "( Mechanisms of the regulation of EGF receptor gene expression by calcitriol and parathyroid hormone in UMR 106-01 cells.
Disthabanchong, S; González, EA; Kowalewski, R; Martin, KJ, 2002)		0.91
"Treatment with calcitriol of isolated cartilage cells derived from epiphyseal growth plates of rachitic chicks results in reduced intracellular calcium concentrations. "( Calcitriol increases Ca2+-ATPase activity.
Edelstein, S; Lidor, C, 1987)		2.07
"Treatment with calcitriol (0.5-0.75 micrograms/day) increased calcium absorption after 6-12 months to 0.67 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) and, in 29 patients, to 0.66 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) after 24 months."( Effect of long term treatment with calcitriol on calcium absorption and mineral metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Nelson, KI; Riggs, BL, 1985)		0.89

Toxicity

This study demonstrates that pulse and daily calcitriol are similarly effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism in CAPD patients. We conclude that long-term, low-dose IV calcitril is a safe and effective therapy for most hemodialysis patients with secondary hyper parathyroidISM. For postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, calcitrile combined with bisphosphonate therapy can notoriously enhance the clinical therapy effect of sufferers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Topical application of up to 50 gm of calcipotriol ointment per week was found to be an effective and safe treatment of psoriasis vulgaris."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment in psoriasis vulgaris. A randomized, double-blind, right/left comparative, vehicle-controlled study.
Bazex, JA; Beylot, C; Chevrant-Breton, J; Dubertret, L; Jurgensen, HJ; Kalis, B; Meynadier, J; Perussel, M; Souteyrand, P; Wallach, D, 1992)		0.28
" We conclude that long-term, low-dose IV calcitriol is a safe and effective therapy for most hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism."( Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism by low-dose intravenous calcitriol.
Moe, SM; Sprague, SM, 1992)		0.77
" Preexposure of cells to 45 degrees C for 20 min, 4 h earlier, partially prevented the toxic effects of H2O2 particularly in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated cells, even in the presence of physiological levels of [Ca2+]e."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide: the role of calcium and heat shock.
Bonventre, JV; Krane, SM; Polla, BS, 1990)		0.28
" Therefore, these preliminary findings suggest that orally or topically administered 1,25-(OH)2-D3 may be a safe and effective alternative therapy for the treatment of psoriasis."( A novel approach for the evaluation and treatment of psoriasis. Oral or topical use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis.
Donovan, L; Holick, MF; Pincus, SH; Smith, EL, 1988)		0.27
" Preexposure of cells to 45 degrees C for 20 min, 4 h earlier, partially prevented the toxic effects of H2O2 particularly in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated cells, even in the presence of physiological levels of [Ca2+]e."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in the human monocytic line U937: the role of calcium and heat shock.
Bonventre, JV; Krane, SM; Polla, BS, 1988)		0.27
" The adverse effect on erythropoiesis appeared related to the degree of the concurrent hypercalcemia, which in turn depends upon the calcium content of the diet."( Adverse effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on erythrocyte precursors in the rat.
Orsatti, MB; Puche, RC, 1986)		0.27
" We conclude that alpha-calcidol is more toxic than calcitriol in the mouse and suggest that the degree of toxicity is correlated to the degree of hypercalcemia and to the vitamin D metabolite used."( The comparative toxicity of vitamin D metabolites in the weanling mouse.
Cole, DE; Crocker, JF; Hamilton, DC; Muhtadie, SF, 1985)		0.52
"Short-term treatment with calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g) used in amounts up to about 100 g/wk is moderately efficacious, well-tolerated, and safe in adult patients with various ichthyoses."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of calcipotriol ointment in disorders of keratinization. Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, right/left comparative study.
Axelsen, MB; Esmann, J; Ibsen, HH; Kragballe, K; Sorensen, LH; Steijlen, PM; van de Kerkhof, PC, 1995)		0.29
" A safe and convenient new treatment modality would be of value to most patients with psoriasis."( Calcipotriene ointment 0.005% for psoriasis: a safety and efficacy study. Calcipotriene Study Group.
Highton, A; Quell, J, 1995)		0.29
" Only minor treatment-related adverse events were observed."( Calcipotriene ointment 0.005% for psoriasis: a safety and efficacy study. Calcipotriene Study Group.
Highton, A; Quell, J, 1995)		0.29
" However, the treated cells were more sensitive to a toxic effect of the bacteria."( Apparent killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by cytokine-activated human monocytes can be an artefact of a cytotoxic effect on the monocytes.
Andrew, PW; Dhillon, J; Lowrie, DB; O'Brien, L; Warwick-Davies, J, 1994)		0.29
" This may permit a better evaluation of the pharmacologic and toxic effects not directly associated with the calcium-regulating properties of vitamin D metabolites and analogues."( Toxicity of vitamin D analogues in rats fed diets with standard or low calcium contents.
Binderup, L; Brinck, P; Mortensen, JT, 1993)		0.29
"1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) has recently been reported to exert a toxic effect on both rat and human glioma cell lines."( Cytotoxic effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic vitamin D3 analogues on a glioma cell line.
Baudet, C; Binderup, L; Brachet, P; Chevalier, G; Naveilhan, P; Wion, D, 1996)		0.29
" The drug did not have any adverse effects on the postnatal development of the offspring such as differentiation, functional development, emotionality, motor ability, learning ability or reproductive performance."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of calcipotriol (MC903): (4)--A perinatal and postnatal study in rats by subcutaneous administration].
Koike, Y; Konishi, R; Nagata, M; Ono, M; Shirakawa, K; Suzuki, T; Uchiyama, H, 1996)		0.29
" Topical calcitriol is safe and effective for the treatment of psoriasis."( Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3) for the treatment of psoriasis.
Bhawan, J; Chen, TC; Holick, MF; Pèrez, A; Poche, P; Raab, R; Turner, A, 1996)		1
" Oral calcitriol is effective and safe for the treatment of psoriasis."( Safety and efficacy of oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for the treatment of psoriasis.
Chen, TC; Holick, MF; Perez, A; Raab, R; Turner, A, 1996)		1.07
" Patients were carefully questioned and observed at each visit for adverse events."( Long-term effectiveness and safety of topical calcipotriene for psoriasis. Calcipotriene Study Group.
Cullen, SI, 1996)		0.29
" The treatment was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events occurring during the course of the study."( A long-term multicentre assessment of the safety and tolerability of calcitriol ointment in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis.
Ashton, P; Langner, A; Van De Kerkhof, PC; Verjans, H, 1996)		0.53
" Eight patients withdrew from the study (four defaulted, two unacceptable responses, two adverse events)."( Safety and efficacy of calcipotriol ointment (Dovonex) in treating children with psoriasis vulgaris.
Cunliffe, WJ; Darley, CR; Downes, N; Green, CM; Hutchinson, PE; Klaber, MR, 1996)		0.29
" The incidence of adverse reactions in ipriflavone-treated patients (14."( Efficacy of ipriflavone in established osteoporosis and long-term safety.
Agnusdei, D; Bufalino, L, 1997)		0.3
" Moreover, 45,000 IU/kg of dietary vitamin A ameliorated the potential toxic effects of feeding high levels of vitamin D3, 25-(OH)D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 to young broiler chickens."( The influence of vitamin A on the utilization and amelioration of toxicity of cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in young broiler chickens.
Aburto, A; Britton, WM; Edwards, HM, 1998)		0.3
"This study demonstrates that pulse and daily calcitriol are similarly effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism in CAPD patients despite higher peak levels of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D with pulse therapy."( Safety and efficacy of pulse and daily calcitriol in patients on CAPD: a randomized trial.
Fineberg, NS; Gannon, FH; Gassensmith, CM; Kraus, MA; Moe, SM; Peacock, M, 1998)		0.83
" After an overload of vitamin D, DBP-/- mice were unexpectedly less susceptible to hypercalcemia and its toxic effects."( Osteopathy and resistance to vitamin D toxicity in mice null for vitamin D binding protein.
Cooke, NE; Gentile, M; Haddad, JG; Hollis, BW; Liebhaber, SA; Magiera, H; Safadi, FF; Thornton, P, 1999)		0.3
" Therefore an effective and safe treatment modality is needed."( A pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of topical calcipotriol treatment in childhood psoriasis.
Park, SB; Suh, DH; Youn, JI, )		0.13
" There was no difference in the PASI, patient's and investigator's overall assessments and number of adverse events recorded by either group for both the treatment and follow-up phases."( Calcipotriol cream combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy: a safe, effective and UVB-sparing antipsoriatric combination treatment. The Canadian Calcipotriol and UVB Study Group.
Bolduc, A; Gilbert, M; Lowson, D; Papp, K; Ramsay, CA; Schwartz, BE, 2000)		0.31
"Calcipotriol cream + twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy is an effective and safe antipsoriatric treatment, resulting in fewer UVB exposures, lower cumulative irradiance and a saving of time."( Calcipotriol cream combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy: a safe, effective and UVB-sparing antipsoriatric combination treatment. The Canadian Calcipotriol and UVB Study Group.
Bolduc, A; Gilbert, M; Lowson, D; Papp, K; Ramsay, CA; Schwartz, BE, 2000)		0.31
" Safety was determined from reports of adverse events and blood chemistry analysis."( The efficacy, safety and tolerance of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a comparison with short-contact dithranol.
Hutchinson, PE; Marks, R; White, J, 2000)		0.58
", 1-100 nM, of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) protect cultured dopaminergic neurons against this toxicity, although higher concentrations of this active form of vitamin D have been found to enhance the toxic effect."( Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the combined toxicity caused by L-buthionine sulfoximine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine.
Kikuchi, S; Moriwaka, F; Sasaki, H; Shinpo, K; Tashiro, K, 2000)		0.31
"This article reviews the different treatments currently available for osteoporosis and examines the benefits and adverse events that are associated with each."( Comparative safety of bone remodeling agents with a focus on osteoporosis therapies.
Kleerekoper, M; Schein, JR, 2001)		0.31
" No serious adverse events were reported: 37 patients (14."( Long-term safety of topical calcitriol 3 microg g(-1) ointment.
Gerritsen, MJ; Langner, A; Van De Kerkhof, PC, 2001)		0.6
" No adverse local events were observed when calcitriol was applied to animal skin."( Topical calcitriol--studies on local tolerance and systemic safety.
Corroller, M; Rizova, E, 2001)		1.01
" Treatment was generally well tolerated and there were no serious or unexpected adverse events reported."( Long-term efficacy and safety of tacalcitol ointment in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.
Berth-Jones, J; Griffiths, CE; Harrison, PV; Hönigsmann, H; Marks, R; Roelandts, R; Schöpf, E; Trompke, C; van de Kerkhof, PC, 2002)		0.31
"Tacalcitol ointment once daily was demonstrated to be efficacious, safe and well tolerated in the long-term control of plaque psoriasis in patients with up to 20% body surface involvement."( Long-term efficacy and safety of tacalcitol ointment in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.
Berth-Jones, J; Griffiths, CE; Harrison, PV; Hönigsmann, H; Marks, R; Roelandts, R; Schöpf, E; Trompke, C; van de Kerkhof, PC, 2002)		0.31
" Safety data showed the frequency of adverse events to be less in the combined formulation groups than in both the calcipotriol group and the vehicle group."( Efficacy and safety of a new combination of calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate (once or twice daily) compared to calcipotriol (twice daily) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial.
Chu, AC; Garcia-Diez, A; Guenther, L; Kragballe, K; Snellman, E; Springborg, J; Tegner, E; Van de Kerkhof, PC, 2002)		0.31
" Several clinical trials have demonstrated that calcitriol, the naturally occurring and hormonally active form of vitamin D3, is effective and safe at the dose of 3 microg g(-1) for the treatment of psoriasis affecting the trunk and limbs."( Intra-individual comparison of the cutaneous safety and efficacy of calcitriol 3 microg g(-1) ointment and calcipotriol 50 microg g(-1) ointment on chronic plaque psoriasis localized in facial, hairline, retroauricular or flexural areas.
Czernielewski, J; Dubertret, L; Humbert, P; Janin, A; Lahfa, M; Nicolas, JF; Ortonne, JP; Tonev, SD; Tsankov, N, 2003)		0.81
" Our purpose is to compare the rates of adverse events associated with different topical psoriasis treatments."( A systematic review of adverse effects associated with topical treatments for psoriasis.
Bruner, CR; Feldman, SR; Fleischer, AB; Ventrapragada, M, 2003)		0.32
" No significant side effect was seen during the trial."( Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate.
Khajehdehi, P; Taheri, S, 2003)		0.67
"Our findings indicate that short-term oral calcitriol pulse therapy in combination with calcium carbonate is safe and beneficial for metabolic abnormalities of HD patients; however, its safety for prolonged therapy is yet to be proved."( Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate.
Khajehdehi, P; Taheri, S, 2003)		0.93
"Many efforts have been made to obtain active and less toxic Vitamin D analogs for new clinical applications."( Toxicity and antineoplastic effect of (24R)-1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (PRI-2191).
Dzimira, S; Kuśnierczyk, H; Kutner, A; Madej, J; Opolski, A; Pełczyńska, M; Szelejewski, W; Wietrzyk, J, 2004)		0.32
" Adverse events were more common in the calcipotriol group than in the clobetasol propionate shampoo group."( Clobetasol propionate shampoo 0.05% and calcipotriol solution 0.005%: a randomized comparison of efficacy and safety in subjects with scalp psoriasis.
Acebes, LO; Arsonnaud, S; Caputo, R; de Waard-van der Spek, FB; Decroix, J; Figueiredo, A; Mrowietz, U; Poncet, M; Reygagne, P, 2005)		0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
"The calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex(LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of psoriasis for up to 8 weeks."( A 52-week randomized safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.
Austad, J; Barnes, L; Bibby, A; Cambazard, F; de la Brassinne, M; Fleming, C; Heikkilä, H; Jolliffe, D; Kragballe, K; Peyri, J; Svensson, A; Toole, J; Wozel, G, 2006)		0.33
"Treatment with the two-compound product for up to 52 weeks appears to be safe and well tolerated whether used on its own or alternating every 4 weeks with calcipotriol treatment."( A 52-week randomized safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.
Austad, J; Barnes, L; Bibby, A; Cambazard, F; de la Brassinne, M; Fleming, C; Heikkilä, H; Jolliffe, D; Kragballe, K; Peyri, J; Svensson, A; Toole, J; Wozel, G, 2006)		0.33
"The calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product is safe and effective in the short-term treatment of psoriasis."( Efficacy results of a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, safety study of a calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate two-compound product (Daivobet/Dovobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.
Austad, J; Barnes, L; Bibby, A; Cambazard, F; de la Brassinne, M; Fleming, C; Heikkilä, H; Kragballe, K; Peyri Rey, J; Svensson, A; Toole, J; Williams, Z; Wozel, G, 2006)		0.33
" Safety evaluations included adverse event reporting, cutaneous safety assessed by the investigator and cutaneous discomfort assessment by the subject (both on a 5-point scale from 0: none, to 4: very severe)."( An investigator-masked comparison of the efficacy and safety of twice daily applications of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment vs. calcipotriol 50 microg/g ointment in subjects with mild to moderate chronic plaque-type psoriasis.
Andres, P; Briantais, P; Chen, Z; Gu, J; Wang, B; Zhao, G; Zhu, X, 2007)		0.56
" Fourteen dermatological and treatment-related adverse events were reported with calcipotriol vs."( An investigator-masked comparison of the efficacy and safety of twice daily applications of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment vs. calcipotriol 50 microg/g ointment in subjects with mild to moderate chronic plaque-type psoriasis.
Andres, P; Briantais, P; Chen, Z; Gu, J; Wang, B; Zhao, G; Zhu, X, 2007)		0.56
" Both treatments were safe and well tolerated."( Efficacy, safety and quality of life of calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate (Dovobet) versus calcipotriol (Daivonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized, multicentre, clinical trial.
Andreassi, L; Ayala, F; Bongiorno, MR; Chimenti, S; Giannetti, A; Lisi, P; Martini, P; Peris, K; Peserico, A; Saraceno, R, 2007)		0.34
"Active and less toxic vitamin D analogs could be useful for clinical applications."( Toxicity and antitumor activity of the vitamin D analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907 in combined treatment with cyclophosphamide in a mouse mammary cancer model.
Filip, B; Kutner, A; Milczarek, M; Nevozhay, D; Wietrzyk, J, 2008)		0.35
"The LD50 values after five daily subcutaneous (s."( Toxicity and antitumor activity of the vitamin D analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-1907 in combined treatment with cyclophosphamide in a mouse mammary cancer model.
Filip, B; Kutner, A; Milczarek, M; Nevozhay, D; Wietrzyk, J, 2008)		0.35
" Past policy of the Institute of Medicine has set the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D at 50 mug (2000 IU)/d, defining this as "the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population."( Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science.
Vieth, R, 2007)		0.34
"Effective and safe products are needed for long-term management of scalp psoriasis."( A study of the safety and efficacy of calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate scalp formulation in the long-term management of scalp psoriasis.
Bourcier, M; Cambazard, F; Clonier, F; Gupta, G; Kidson, P; Larsen, FG; Luger, TA; Shear, NH, 2008)		0.35
" Incidences of adverse events possibly associated with long-term corticosteroid use were low in both the two-compound (2."( A study of the safety and efficacy of calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate scalp formulation in the long-term management of scalp psoriasis.
Bourcier, M; Cambazard, F; Clonier, F; Gupta, G; Kidson, P; Larsen, FG; Luger, TA; Shear, NH, 2008)		0.35
" No severe adverse event related to these medications occurred throughout the study."( The efficacy and safety of calcitriol and/or Caltrate D in elderly Chinese women with low bone mass.
Hu, YY; Jiang, Y; Liu, JL; Meng, XW; Tian, JP; Wang, HF; Wang, LH; Weng, SF; Xia, WB; Xing, XP; Xu, T; Yu, W; Zhang, Y; Zhang, ZL; Zhu, GY, 2009)		0.65
" Secondary efficacy outcomes and adverse events were also evaluated."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate scalp formulation compared with calcipotriol scalp solution in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial.
Hoffmann, V; Kragballe, K; Nordin, P; Ortonne, JP; Segaert, S; Tan, J, 2009)		0.35
" Further evidence of the superiority of the two-compound scalp formulation over the scalp solution was demonstrated through greater improvements in clinical signs and fewer adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate scalp formulation compared with calcipotriol scalp solution in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial.
Hoffmann, V; Kragballe, K; Nordin, P; Ortonne, JP; Segaert, S; Tan, J, 2009)		0.35
" Serious adverse events (AEs) (reported by 1 participant each unless otherwise noted) included a pretibial skin ulcer (study drug was used only on the upper body), a joint disorder, metrorrhagia (2 participants), heart failure, hospitalization due to arteriosclerosis, breast carcinoma, and an infection (due to a dog bite)."( Calcitriol ointment 3 microg/g is safe and effective over 52 weeks for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis.
Andres, P; Briantais, P; Lebwohl, M; Ortonne, JP, 2009)		1.8
" Calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment has been extensively evaluated for the treatment of chronic plaque-type psoriasis and has been shown to be effective, safe and well-tolerated in a number of short-term and long-term clinical trials."( Efficacy and safety of topical calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment, a new topical therapy for chronic plaque psoriasis.
Kircik, L, 2009)		1.55
"High-potency topical corticosteroids are very effective for the treatment of psoriasis, but are associated with a number of cutaneous adverse effects."( Calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment: an effective and safe addition to the armamentarium in topical psoriasis therapy.
Abramovits, W, 2009)		1.8
" Administration of vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists can ameliorate spontaneous and induced animal models of colitis, but hypercalcemia is a dose-limiting adverse event."( Efficacy of a potent and safe vitamin D receptor agonist for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Adorini, L; Correale, C; Danese, S; Laverny, G; Nebuloni, M; Penna, G; Vetrano, S, 2010)		0.36
" No serious adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, liver impairment, or heart failure were observed in any of the patients."( Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis.
Abe, M; Maruyama, N; Maruyama, T; Matsumoto, K; Okada, K; Soma, M, 2010)		0.36
" These compounds were equally toxic in wild-type and the mutant mice."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D is not responsible for toxicity caused by vitamin D or 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Deluca, HF; Plum, LA; Prahl, JM, 2011)		0.37
" Adverse event incidences were similar between patients with and without prior anti-TNF therapy."( Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with psoriasis previously treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor agents: subanalysis of BELIEVE.
Chimenti, S; Gniadecki, R; Goldblum, O; Kupper, H; Ortonne, JP; Reich, K; Sprøgel, P; Thaçi, D; Unnebrink, K, 2011)		0.37
" Topical vitamin D, which is used to treat mild-to-moderate psoriasis, has been shown to be safe when used daily for up to 52 weeks."( A multi-center, open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a sequential treatment regimen of clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray followed by Calcitriol 3 mg/g ointment in the management of plaque psoriasis.
Brodell, RT; Bruce, S; Colón, LE; Gottschalk, RW; Hudson, CP; Johnson, LA; Weiss, JS, 2011)		0.57
" The sequential treatment regimen was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events."( A multi-center, open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a sequential treatment regimen of clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray followed by Calcitriol 3 mg/g ointment in the management of plaque psoriasis.
Brodell, RT; Bruce, S; Colón, LE; Gottschalk, RW; Hudson, CP; Johnson, LA; Weiss, JS, 2011)		0.57
"05% spray treatment for four weeks immediately followed by an eight-week treatment phase with calcitriol 3 μg/g ointment is efficacious and safe for the management of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis."( A multi-center, open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a sequential treatment regimen of clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray followed by Calcitriol 3 mg/g ointment in the management of plaque psoriasis.
Brodell, RT; Bruce, S; Colón, LE; Gottschalk, RW; Hudson, CP; Johnson, LA; Weiss, JS, 2011)		0.79
" Dermatologists seek alternative treatments of patients with plaque psoriasis that provide both efficacy and safety while minimizing exposure to high-potency steroids that can have adverse effects following long-term use."( An open-label, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of an AM/PM treatment regimen with clobetasol propionate spray 0.05% and calcitriol ointment 3 microg/g in the management of plaque psoriasis.
Colón, LE; Gottschalk, R; Hudson, CP; Johnson, LA; Kempers, S; Menter, A; Papp, K; Smith, S; Sofen, H, 2011)		0.57
" No adverse effects related to the study, including skin irritation, were observed or reported."( Evaluating the efficacy and safety of calcipotriene/betamethasone ointment occluded with a hydrogel patch: a 6-week bilaterally controlled, investigator-blinded trial.
Bhutani, T; Busse, KL; Koo, J; Patel, T, 2011)		0.37
"The adverse effects of metabolic disorders in obesity have been extensively studied; however, the pathologic effects of hyperphosphatemia or phosphate toxicity in obesity have not been studied in similar depth and detail, chiefly because such an association is thought to be uncommon."( Genetic induction of phosphate toxicity significantly reduces the survival of hypercholesterolemic obese mice.
Kato, S; Ohnishi, M; Razzaque, MS, 2011)		0.37
" Although highly effective, long-term use of topical steroids can cause adverse side effects."( An open-label, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of a weekday/weekend treatment regimen with calcitriol ointment 3 microg/g and clobetasol propionate spray 0.05% in the management of plaque psoriasis.
Colón, LE; Gottschalk, R; Hudson, CP; Johnson, LA; Kempers, S; Menter, A; Papp, K; Smith, S; Sofen, H, 2011)		0.58
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriene 0.005% foam for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis: results of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase III clinical trials.
Bruce, S; Brundage, T; Feldman, SR; Grande, K; Kempers, S; Markowitz, O; Matheson, R; Wyres, M, 2012)		0.38
" Calcipotriene foam was safe with an overall incidence of AEs similar to those experienced in the vehicle foam group."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriene 0.005% foam for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis: results of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase III clinical trials.
Bruce, S; Brundage, T; Feldman, SR; Grande, K; Kempers, S; Markowitz, O; Matheson, R; Wyres, M, 2012)		0.38
"005% foam was safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque-type psoriasis for up to 8 weeks."( Efficacy and safety of calcipotriene 0.005% foam for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis: results of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase III clinical trials.
Bruce, S; Brundage, T; Feldman, SR; Grande, K; Kempers, S; Markowitz, O; Matheson, R; Wyres, M, 2012)		0.38
" Other adverse events were similar between groups."( Randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of oral paricalcitol with oral calcitriol in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Ching, CH; Ghazali, A; Ghazalli, R; Goh, BL; Goh, HK; Manocha, AB; Mohamad, S; Narayanan, P; Omar, M; Ong, LM; Rahmat, K; Seman, MR; Shaariah, W; Shah, S; Vaithilingam, I, 2013)		0.61
" The treatment did not cause any serious adverse events, except hypercalcemia grade I, once in 72 administrations."( Evaluation of efficacy, safety and tolerability of high dose-intermittent calcitriol supplementation to advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients--a pilot study.
Bhudhisawasdi, V; Chamadol, N; Chur-in, S; Janeklang, S; Khuntikeo, N; Kukongviriyapan, V; Pairojkul, C; Prawan, A; Pugkhem, A; Sookprasert, A; Vaeteewoottacharn, K; Wongkham, S, 2012)		0.61
" Mortality was used as an end point to study the toxic effects of calcitriol; the relative risk of mortality in mice injected with saline was evaluated from our previously published animal experiments."( Hydration with saline decreases toxicity of mice injected with calcitriol in preclinical studies.
Albert, DM; Azari, AA; Darjatmoko, SR; Kanavi, MR; Kim, K; Lee, V; Potter, HD, 2013)		0.87
" Most adverse events (AEs) were mild-moderate severity."( Pooled safety analysis of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel for the treatment of psoriasis on the body and scalp.
Kragballe, K; van de Kerkhof, P, 2014)		0.4
" Twenty-seven patients (35%) reported a total of 64 adverse events (AEs); most were mild (33/64) or moderate (22/64) in severity and there were no serious AEs."( Safety and efficacy of calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel in the treatment of scalp psoriasis in adolescents 12-17 years of age.
Debarre, JM; Gooderham, M; Goodfield, M; Keddy-Grant, J; Kurvits, M; Xu, Z, 2014)		0.4
"Narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) is an effective and safe treatment for vitiligo."( Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of topical calcipotriol ointment in combination with NB-UVB vs. NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo: a 24-week prospective right-left comparative clinical trial.
Kanwar, AJ; Khullar, G; Parsad, D; Singh, S, 2015)		0.42
" Calcipotriol produced mild local adverse effects."( Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of topical calcipotriol ointment in combination with NB-UVB vs. NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo: a 24-week prospective right-left comparative clinical trial.
Kanwar, AJ; Khullar, G; Parsad, D; Singh, S, 2015)		0.42
" Sixteen patients (52%) experienced a total of 20 adverse events; 19 were considered unrelated to study treatment, 14 were mild, and none were serious or lesional or perilesional on the scalp."( Safety and efficacy of calcipotriene plus betamethasone dipropionate topical suspension in the treatment of extensive scalp psoriasis in adolescents ages 12 to 17 years.
Eichenfield, LF; Ganslandt, C; Kurvits, M; Schlessinger, J, )		0.13
"Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate combination in a non-alcoholic, lipophilic gel formulation (two-compound gel) has previously been demonstrated as a safe and effective treatment for scalp psoriasis in Caucasian, Hispanic/Latino, and Black/African American populations."( Calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel compared with calcipotriol scalp solution in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a randomized, controlled trial investigating efficacy and safety in a Chinese population.
Cui, P; Facy, P; Gao, T; Ge, M; Gu, J; Hao, F; Kurvits, M; Li, R; Ma, L; Sun, Q; Wang, G; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Yang, H; Yang, Q; Zheng, M, 2016)		0.43
" The two-compound gel was associated with fewer adverse drug reactions than calcipotriol scalp solution (18."( Calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel compared with calcipotriol scalp solution in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: a randomized, controlled trial investigating efficacy and safety in a Chinese population.
Cui, P; Facy, P; Gao, T; Ge, M; Gu, J; Hao, F; Kurvits, M; Li, R; Ma, L; Sun, Q; Wang, G; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Yang, H; Yang, Q; Zheng, M, 2016)		0.43
" Cholecalciferol substitution was well tolerated without adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		0.42
"The study aimed to characterize the short-term safety profile of ZA and identify risk factors for ZA-related adverse events (AEs) in young patients."( Short-Term Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Young Patients With Bone Disorders: An Extensive Institutional Experience.
George, S; Hummel, K; Kaplan, P; Levine, MA; Monk, HM; Weber, DR, 2015)		0.42
" Safety was monitored by adverse events/calcium homeostasis."( Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriene Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Aerosol Foam in Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris--a Randomized Phase III Study (PSO-FAST).
Bagel, J; Leonardi, C; Olesen, M; Pariser, D; Stein Gold, L; Xu, Z; Yamauchi, P; Østerdal, ML, 2015)		0.42
" Adverse drug reactions were reported in 10 Cal/BD foam patients (3."( Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriene Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate Aerosol Foam in Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris--a Randomized Phase III Study (PSO-FAST).
Bagel, J; Leonardi, C; Olesen, M; Pariser, D; Stein Gold, L; Xu, Z; Yamauchi, P; Østerdal, ML, 2015)		0.42
"Severe adverse effects of ointment application were not observed in the healthy subjects or oMGD patients."( Clinical safety and efficacy of vitamin D3 analog ointment for treatment of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction.
Arita, R; Ito, M; Kawashima, M; Tsubota, K, 2017)		0.46
"Topical eyelid application of an analog of the active form of vitamin D3 was found to be safe as well as to improve the condition of patients with oMGD."( Clinical safety and efficacy of vitamin D3 analog ointment for treatment of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction.
Arita, R; Ito, M; Kawashima, M; Tsubota, K, 2017)		0.46
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 11 (58%) patients in the 25-μg group and 17 (74%) patients in the 50-μg group."( Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism Randomly Assigned to Receive Fixed 25-μg or 50-μg Daily Doses.
Bilezikian, JP; Clarke, BL; Krasner, A; Lee, HM; Mannstadt, M; Rothman, J; Vokes, T, 2017)		0.46
" During follow-up for a period of 275 person-years, 50 adverse events were recorded."( Parathyroid hormone, calcidiol, calcitriol and adverse events in the acute coronary syndrome.
Castañeda Sancirilo, M; Castillo Moreno, JA; Clavel Ruipérez, G; Consuegra Sánchez, L; García de Guadiana Romualdo, L; García Escribano, I; Jaulent Huertas, L; Martínez Díaz, JJ; Merelo Nicolás, M; Ramos Ruiz, P; Soria Arcos, F; Wasniewski, S, 2018)		0.76
" The adverse effects (most commonly hyperpigmentation) were noted more frequently on the excimer-treated sides; however, they were well tolerated."( Comparison of effectiveness and safety of excimer lamp vs topical calcipotriol-clobetasol propionate combination in the treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis.
Bishnoi, A; Dogra, S; Narang, T; Thakur, A, 2018)		0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were reported in 48 patients (98."( Safety and Efficacy of 5 Years of Treatment With Recombinant Human Parathyroid Hormone in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism.
Bilezikian, JP; Bone, H; Clarke, BL; Denham, D; Lee, HM; Levine, MA; Mannstadt, M; Peacock, M; Rothman, J; Sherry, N; Shoback, DM; Vokes, TJ; Warren, ML; Watts, NB, 2019)		0.51
"Psoriasis is commonly treated with topical corticosteroids, oral cytotoxic drugs and biologic agents, which can be associated with significant adverse effects (AEs), high cost and response attenuation."( Efficacy and safety of HAT1 compared with calcipotriol in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate chronic plaque psoriasis: results from an open-label randomized comparative pilot clinical study.
Alex, P; Centola, M; Sutton, C; Sutton, L; Thomas, S; Williams, S; Yesudas, T, 2020)		0.56
" Safety response criteria included adverse drug reactions [ADRs; any adverse event (AE) possibly or probably related to treatment as determined by the investigator; a primary response criterion] and AEs (a secondary response criterion)."( Safety and efficacy of topical, fixed-dose combination calcipotriene (0.005%) and betamethasone (0.064% as dipropionate) gel in adolescent patients with scalp and body psoriasis: a phase II trial.
Eichenfield, LF; Kurvits, M; Liljedahl, M; Marcoux, D, 2020)		0.56
"To evaluate whether topical rapamycin-calcitriol combination is an effective and safe treatment for TSC-related FAs."( The efficacy and safety of topical rapamycin-calcitriol for facial angiofibromas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Chen, PL; Chen, YT; Hong, JB; Liao, YH; Shen, LJ; Wang, SJ, 2020)		1.09
"This randomized clinical trial demonstrates that topical rapamycin-calcitriol combination therapy is an effective and safe regimen for TSC-related FAs."( The efficacy and safety of topical rapamycin-calcitriol for facial angiofibromas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Chen, PL; Chen, YT; Hong, JB; Liao, YH; Shen, LJ; Wang, SJ, 2020)		1.05
" Primary objectives included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and systemic calcium levels in the overall population, and HPA-axis function, change in calcium excretion and the calcium:creatinine ratio in the HPA-axis cohort."( Safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination calcipotriol (50 μg/g) and betamethasone dipropionate (0.5 mg/g) cutaneous foam in adolescent patients (aged 12 to <17 years) with plaque psoriasis: results of a phase II, open-label trial.
Abramovits, W; Hoejen, MN; Liljedahl, M; Seyger, M; Teng, J, 2020)		0.56
"The safety of diclofenac (DIC) use in clinical practice has been questioned because of adverse cardiovascular effects."( Calcitriol Reduces Adverse Effects of Diclofenac on Mitochondrial Function in Isolated Rat Heart Mitochondria.
Atashbar, S; Azizian, S; Khezri, S; Kurdpour, P; Salimi, A; Shaikhgermchi, Z, 2020)		2
" Cal/BD foam plus apremilast appeared to be safe and well tolerated."( Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriene 0.005%/Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% Foam With Apremilast for Moderate Plaque Psoriasis.
Kircik, LH; Schlesinger, TE; Tanghetti, E, 2020)		0.56
" Incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of any type and adverse events (AEs) of concern associated with long-term corticosteroid use on the scalp were evaluated."( Comparison of safety and efficacy between calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel and calcipotriol scalp solution as long-term treatment for scalp psoriasis in Chinese patients: a national, multicentre, prospective, randomized, active-controlled
Cao, S; Chen, K; Chen, Y; Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Fang, H; Han, X; He, L; He, Y; Huang, J; Li, M; Li, S; Li, W; Liu, L; Lu, Q; Lu, Y; Pan, W; Wang, J; Yan, G; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zheng, M; Zhu, W, 2020)		0.56
" There was no significant difference in treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) associated with long-term topical corticosteroid use on the scalp (1."( Comparison of safety and efficacy between calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate gel and calcipotriol scalp solution as long-term treatment for scalp psoriasis in Chinese patients: a national, multicentre, prospective, randomized, active-controlled
Cao, S; Chen, K; Chen, Y; Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Fang, H; Han, X; He, L; He, Y; Huang, J; Li, M; Li, S; Li, W; Liu, L; Lu, Q; Lu, Y; Pan, W; Wang, J; Yan, G; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zheng, M; Zhu, W, 2020)		0.56
" Adverse event (AE) monitoring, pharmacokinetics, blinded photographic assessments, and patient self-assessment were evaluated."( A phase I safety study of topical calcitriol (BPM31543) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
Benaim, E; Berman, B; Dion, H; DiTommaso, N; Goldfarb, SB; Granger, E; Grund, EM; Jimenez, JJ; Lacouture, ME; Luan, S; Narain, NR; Ravipaty, S; Sarangarajan, R; Tanna, N; Thapa, K, 2021)		0.9
"Out of 23 patients treated with BPM31543, 8 patients experienced at least 1 treatment-related adverse event (AE)."( A phase I safety study of topical calcitriol (BPM31543) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
Benaim, E; Berman, B; Dion, H; DiTommaso, N; Goldfarb, SB; Granger, E; Grund, EM; Jimenez, JJ; Lacouture, ME; Luan, S; Narain, NR; Ravipaty, S; Sarangarajan, R; Tanna, N; Thapa, K, 2021)		0.9
"BPM31543 applied topically twice daily to the scalp is safe and well tolerated in patients receiving taxane-based chemotherapy."( A phase I safety study of topical calcitriol (BPM31543) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
Benaim, E; Berman, B; Dion, H; DiTommaso, N; Goldfarb, SB; Granger, E; Grund, EM; Jimenez, JJ; Lacouture, ME; Luan, S; Narain, NR; Ravipaty, S; Sarangarajan, R; Tanna, N; Thapa, K, 2021)		0.9
" This superior efficacy was not associated with an increased frequency or severity of adverse events, and there was no evidence for dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or calcium homeostasis."( Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam for the treatment of psoriasis.
Paul, C; Romiti, R; Stein Gold, L, 2021)		0.62
" Only four possible drug-related, non-serious adverse events were reported over the 16-week study, all by the same patient."( Safety and Efficacy of Oral Human Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) in Hypoparathyroidism: An Open-Label Study.
Arbit, E; Blum, M; Burshtein, G; Caraco, Y; Fraser, WD; Galitzer, H; Gershinsky, M; Ish-Shalom, S; Khazen, NS; Raskin, A; Rothner, A; Schwartz, P; Szalat, A; Tang, JC, 2021)		0.62
"This case suggests calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia as a novel immune-related adverse event."( Calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia as an immune-related adverse event in a patient receiving nivolumab and ipilimumab for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, case report.
Issa, M; Johnson, K; Monk, P; Mortazavi, A; Parikh, A; Yang, Y; Yin, M, 2021)		2.39
"4 and 1 μg/ml) and AlP (20 μg/ml) showed the ability to reduce the toxic effects of AlP."( Calcitriol attenuates the cytotoxicity induced by aluminium phosphide via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rat isolated cardiomyocytes.
Hafez, AA; Jamali, Z; Khezri, S; Salimi, A; Samiei, S; Sheikhghaderi, H, 2021)		2.06
" Efficacy was evaluated based on primary outcome indicators including skin lesion improvement and overall adverse reaction rate."( Clinical efficacy and safety of using calcipotriol-betamethasone compounding agent for psoriasis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ding, H; Dong, S; Feng, J; Li, N; Li, X; Ren, J; Sun, Z; Wang, H; Wang, S; Zhu, Q, 2022)		0.72
" There was no adverse drug reaction reported with a frequency of >1%, associated with the CAL/BDP PAD-cream."( A pooled analysis of randomized, controlled, phase 3 trials investigating the efficacy and safety of a novel, fixed dose calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate cream for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis.
Augustin, M; Gold, LS; Green, LJ; Pinter, A; Praestegaard, M; Selmer, J, 2022)		0.72
" Moreover, 40 ng/kg/d calcitriol was not associated with increasing adverse events."( The efficacy and safety of different doses of calcitriol combined with neutral phosphate in X-linked hypophosphatemia: a prospective study.
Chi, Y; Jiajue, R; Jiang, Y; Jin, C; Li, M; Meng, X; Ni, X; Wang, O; Wu, B; Xia, W; Xing, X; Xu, L; Zhang, C; Zhao, Z, 2022)		1.29
" The experimental results show that for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, calcitriol combined with bisphosphonate therapy can notoriously enhance the clinical therapy effect of sufferers, with low adverse reactions, and can effectively enhance the bone mineral density and bone density of sufferers."( Clinical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Calcitriol Combined with Bisphosphonates in the Therapy of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Based on a Retrospective Cohort Study.
Dai, Y; Deng, S; Jing, W; Zhu, J, 2022)		1.21
" Overall, nine mild non-serious treatment-emergent adverse effects related to all calcipotriol formulations were reported in four subjects, but all recovered at the follow-up visit."( Efficacy and Safety of Water-Free Lipid Formulation System Containing Calcipotriol Against Psoriasis Vulgaris.
Carlsson, A; Holmback, J; Rinwa, P, 2023)		0.91
"Calcifediol is a safe and efficacious alternative for oral Vitamin D supplementation in young adults."( Efficacy, safety, and dose-response effects of calcifediol supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy adults: An open-label, interventional pilot study.
Bhadada, SK; Das, L; Dutta, P; Holick, MF; Marwaha, RK; Sachdeva, N; Singhmar, S; Thakur, N, )		0.13

Pharmacokinetics

This article reviews the pharmacokinetic characteristics of calcitriol, paricalcitol, and doxercalciferol. It also provides an overview of the metabolism of vitamin D.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" To elucidate this difference, the pharmacokinetic profiles after a single intravenous dose (50 micrograms/kg) of the two compounds to rats were compared."( Calcipotriol (MC 903): pharmacokinetics in rats and biological activities of metabolites. A comparative study with 1,25(OH)2D3.
Binderup, L; Kissmeyer, AM, 1991)		0.28
" Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) did not restore POM pharmacokinetic parameters to PRM values."( Menopause: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Benet, LZ; Gustavson, LE, )		0.13
" Two pharmacokinetic studies (PK1, PK2) were performed 10 days apart, during which the patients received calcitriol after each dialysis."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pulse oral versus intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients.
Levine, BS; Song, M, 1996)		0.75
" In rat, the pharmacokinetic profile of Seocalcitol (Cmax, AUC, Tmax, T(1/2)) was the same after single and oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a vitamin D analogue (Seocalcitol) in rat and minipig.
Kissmeyer, AM; Mortensen, JT, 2000)		0.31
" 1,25-D(3) plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters associated with antitumor activity in experimental animal models are unknown."( Pharmacokinetics of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal mice after systemic exposure to effective and safe antitumor doses.
Johnson, CS; Modzelewski, RA; Muindi, JR; Peng, Y; Trump, DL, 2004)		0.32
" The primary objective of this analysis was to determine whether a liquid 1,25-D(3) formulation had a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile."( Pharmacokinetics of liquid calcitriol formulation in advanced solid tumor patients: comparison with caplet formulation.
Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Peng, Y; Potter, DM; Trump, DL, 2005)		0.63
" A dose-proportional increase in peak concentration (C(max)) and area under the concentration curve (AUC) was seen across the full range of DN-101 doses tested."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a single dose of DN-101, a new formulation of calcitriol, in patients with cancer.
Beer, TM; Henner, WD; Javle, M; Lam, GN; Trump, DL; Wong, A, 2005)		0.55
"To determine, in peripheral blood monocytes (PBM), whether the enzymatic activities of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), cytidine deaminase (CDDase) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), enzymes regulated by calcitriol are useful pharmacodynamic (PD) measures of calcitriol effects in cancer patients."( Monocyte fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and cytidine deaminase enzyme activities: potential pharmacodynamic measures of calcitriol effects in cancer patients.
Branch, RA; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Peng, Y; Trump, DL; Wilson, JW, 2007)		0.74
" Pharmacokinetic studies were done for calcitriol and gefitinib."( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bernardi, RJ; Black, JD; Brattain, MG; Creaven, PJ; Fakih, MG; French, R; Hutson, A; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Schwartz, J; Trump, DL, 2007)		0.85
" The effects of topically applied dermatologic preparations have routinely been assessed by their pharmacodynamic profiles and their concentrations in the skin correlate well with these profiles."( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion.
Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)		0.35
" From our results, it can offer new opportunities to design and determine individually appropriate therapeutic dosage regimens based on a pharmacokinetic profile and be used for bioequivalence and reevaluation study of generic drug."( Pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol in healthy human based on the analysis with an enzyme immunoassay.
Jin, SE; Kim, CK; Park, JS, 2009)		0.66
" The pharmacokinetic properties of synthetic 1,25(OH)2D3 and glycosylated 1,25(OH)2D3 extracted from SG were compared in male rats."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside of herbal origin exhibits delayed release pharmacokinetics when compared to its synthetic counterpart.
Bachmann, H; Horcajada, MN; Mathis, GA; Offord-Cavin, E; Phothirath, P; Romeis, P, 2013)		0.39
" To develop an evidence-based clinical algorithm to monitor hypoPT patients treated with recombinant human PTH (rhPTH[1-84]) injected subcutaneously in the thigh, we performed a 24-hour monitoring study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in a group of 38 patients who had completed a 6-month randomized study on effects of treatment with a fixed rhPTH(1-84) dose of 100 µg/d or similar placebo as an add-on to conventional treatment."( PTH(1-84) replacement therapy in hypoparathyroidism: a randomized controlled trial on pharmacokinetic and dynamic effects after 6 months of treatment.
Amstrup, AK; Kjaer, SG; Mosekilde, L; Rejnmark, L; Rolighed, L; Sikjaer, T, 2013)		0.39
" Separate pharmacokinetic properties may be associated with distinct TDF toxicities: tenofovir with parathyroid hormone and altered calcium balance and tenofovir diphosphate with hypophosphatemia and FGF23 regulation."( Association of higher plasma vitamin D binding protein and lower free calcitriol levels with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and plasma and intracellular tenofovir pharmacokinetics: cause of a functional vitamin D deficiency?
Baker, A; Bethel, J; Flynn, PM; Gordon, CM; Havens, PL; Hazra, R; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, N; Lujan-Zilbermann, J; Mulligan, K; Pan, CG; Rutledge, B; Stephensen, CB; Van Loan, MD; Wilson, CM; Woodhouse, LR, 2013)		0.62
" The oral pharmacokinetic properties of 1,25(OH)2D3 of SG origin were established and the subjects were monitored until day 28 for safety reasons."( Human pharmacokinetic profile of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside of herbal origin.
Autzen, S; Bachmann, H; Ibanez, R; Mathis, GA; Pokorny, R; Romeis, P; Toggenburger, A, 2014)		0.4
" The elimination half-life was 17."( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses from a 4-month intradose escalation and its subsequent 12-month dose titration studies for a human monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody (KRN23) in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia.
Carpenter, TO; Gosselin, NH; Imel, EA; Marier, JF; Peyret, T; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed after the first and final dose."( Pharmacokinetics of a New Oral Vitamin D Receptor Activator (2-Methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Bedale, W; Blaser, WJ; Clagett-Dame, M; Coyne, DW; DeLuca, HF; Pandey, R; Plum, LA; Zella, JB; Zhu, JG, 2017)		0.46
"After the first and final dose, the half-life of DP001 was similar (55."( Pharmacokinetics of a New Oral Vitamin D Receptor Activator (2-Methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Bedale, W; Blaser, WJ; Clagett-Dame, M; Coyne, DW; DeLuca, HF; Pandey, R; Plum, LA; Zella, JB; Zhu, JG, 2017)		0.46
"In hemodialysis patients, DP001 has a longer half-life than existing vitamin D therapies and enables control of parathyroid hormone when administered every 2-3 days on the day of dialysis."( Pharmacokinetics of a New Oral Vitamin D Receptor Activator (2-Methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Bedale, W; Blaser, WJ; Clagett-Dame, M; Coyne, DW; DeLuca, HF; Pandey, R; Plum, LA; Zella, JB; Zhu, JG, 2017)		0.46
" We previously reported a potent non-secosteroidal VDR modulator (sw-22) with modest anti-tumor activity, which could be due to its undesirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties."( Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
Du, JJ; Han, XL; Hao, MX; Hou, SY; Kang, ZS; Li, YY; Wang, B; Wang, C; Yuan, HL; Zhang, C; Zhou, AW, 2018)		0.48
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model has been constructed and optimized to match experimental data for multiple QDs: control QDs, QDs conjugated with calcitriol, and QDs conjugated with both calcitriol and SM3 MUC1 antibodies."( A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Targeting Calcitriol-Conjugated Quantum Dots to Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells.
Dhurjati, P; Forder, J; Gorky, J; Nohe, A; Schaefer, RJ; Smith, M; van Golen, KL; Wagner, M, 2019)		0.95
"We developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models using a modeling and simulation approach."( Maxacalcitol Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis.
Abe, M; Chen, HH; Fukazawa-Shinotsuka, M; Iida, S; Liu, MC; Saito, T; Terao, K; Wang, IT, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Study evaluated the preliminary efficacy, safety, and impact on quality of life (QoL) of high-dose calcitriol (DN-101) combined with mitoxantrone and glucocorticoids in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This investigation was undertaken to determine: (1) the effectiveness of CaCO3 as the sole P binder in combination with low (2."( The effects of calcium carbonate as the sole phosphate binder in combination with low calcium dialysate and calcitriol therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Macon, EJ; Oettinger, CW; Oliver, JC, 1992)		0.5
"Parathyroid hormone (PTH) alone is known to increase bone mass, but clinical studies of osteoporotic men suggest that when 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is given in combination with PTH, the effect on bone growth is enhanced."( 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 alone or in combination with parathyroid hormone does not increase bone mass in young rats.
Fonseca, J; Gera, I; Gunness-Hey, M; Hock, JM; Raisz, LG, 1988)		0.27
"25 micrograms, oestrogens/gestagen alone or combined with 1,25(OH)2D3, and placebo."( Effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in itself or combined with hormone treatment in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Christensen, MS; Christiansen, C; Hagen, C; Rødbro, P; Transbøl, I, 1981)		0.26
"The effects of the novel vitamin D analogue, EB1089 alone, or in combination with the retinoid, 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA) on indices of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells have been examined."( Vitamin D derivatives in combination with 9-cis retinoic acid promote active cell death in breast cancer cells.
Colston, KW; James, SY; Mackay, AG, 1995)		0.29
" Neopterin secretion was also synergistically enhanced in AML blasts by the action of 1,25(OH)2D3 in combination with IFN but not GM-CSF; secretion was enhanced in AML blasts without concomitant evidence of phenotypic maturation."( Neopterin release by myeloid leukaemic cells can be synergistically augmented by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with gamma interferon or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.
Coldwell, RD; Kelsey, SM; Makin, HL; Newland, AC; Syndercombe-Court, D, 1994)		0.29
" GM-CSF and IFN-gamma combined with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased cellular TNF secretion to levels not seen with these agents alone."( Induction of surface tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression and possible facilitation of surface TNF release from human monocytic cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or gamma interferon in combination with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Allen, PD; Kelsey, SM; Macey, MG; Newland, AC; Razak, K, 1993)		0.29
"Therapies utilizing intermittent human parathyroid hormone(1-34) (hPTH[1-34]) in combination with other agents have recently been proposed as possible anabolic regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis."( Effects of intermittent hPTH(1-34) alone and in combination with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or risedronate on endosteal bone remodeling in canine cancellous and cortical bone.
Boyce, RW; Eriksen, EF; Franks, AF; Jankowsky, ML; Paddock, CL, 1996)		0.29
" We, therefore, evaluated the protective potential of MC1288 (20-epi-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) a nonhypercalcemic analog of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, both alone and in combination with a short induction course of cyclosporin A, in NOD mice that already have insulitis, as demonstrated in pancreatic biopsies performed 15 days before the start oftherapy."( Prevention of type I diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by late intervention with nonhypercalcemic analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with a short induction course of cyclosporin A.
Bouillon, R; Casteels, KM; Laureys, JM; Mathieu, C; Overbergh, L; Valckx, D; Waer, M, 1998)		0.3
" We examined the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 in combination with several anti-cancer drugs to inhibit the proliferation of, and induce differentiation in, human monoblastic leukaemia U937 cells."( Growth inhibition and differentiation induction in human monoblastic leukaemia cells by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D derivatives and their enhancement by combination with hydroxyurea.
Honma, Y; Makishima, M; Okabe-Kado, J, 1998)		0.3
" We used low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy, combined with balneotherapy, short-contact anthralin, liquor carbonis detergens and calcipotriol for treatment of psoriatic patients in our day care centre."( Low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy combined with topical therapy is effective in psoriasis and does not inhibit systemic T-cell activation.
Bos, JD; de Rie, MA; Out, TA, 1998)		0.3
" Subsequently, this low-dose irradiation regimen was used in combination with topical medication in 26 psoriatic patients."( Low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy combined with topical therapy is effective in psoriasis and does not inhibit systemic T-cell activation.
Bos, JD; de Rie, MA; Out, TA, 1998)		0.3
"Our data indicate that low-dose narrow-band UVB can be used successfully, in combination with topical treatment, in a day care setting to treat psoriatic patients."( Low-dose narrow-band UVB phototherapy combined with topical therapy is effective in psoriasis and does not inhibit systemic T-cell activation.
Bos, JD; de Rie, MA; Out, TA, 1998)		0.3
"We examined the ability of four novel 20-epi-vitamin D3 analogs (CB1093, KH1060, KH1266, and CB1267), either alone or in combination with 9-cis retinoic acid (RA) to inhibit colony growth of a human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, using soft agar as well as bone marrow stroma."( Novel 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog combined with 9-cis-retinoic acid markedly inhibits colony growth of prostate cancer cells.
Binderup, L; Campbell, MJ; Elstner, E; Heber, D; Koeffler, HP; Munker, R; Said, J; Shintaku, P, 1999)		0.3
"Calcipotriol has been combined with a number of systemic antipsoriatric treatments, improving efficacy or reducing the systemic treatment required."( Calcipotriol cream combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy: a safe, effective and UVB-sparing antipsoriatric combination treatment. The Canadian Calcipotriol and UVB Study Group.
Bolduc, A; Gilbert, M; Lowson, D; Papp, K; Ramsay, CA; Schwartz, BE, 2000)		0.31
"To assess the efficacy and safety of calcipotriol cream (50 microg/g) combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB and to determine if this treatment would require fewer UVB treatments and lower cumulative UVB irradiance when compared to a standard 3 times weekly broad-band UVB regime in patients with extensive psoriasis."( Calcipotriol cream combined with twice weekly broad-band UVB phototherapy: a safe, effective and UVB-sparing antipsoriatric combination treatment. The Canadian Calcipotriol and UVB Study Group.
Bolduc, A; Gilbert, M; Lowson, D; Papp, K; Ramsay, CA; Schwartz, BE, 2000)		0.31
" NB4 cells treated with ATRA in combination with 1,25 D(3), a monocytic differentiation inducer, while continuing to reduce NBT also failed to mature into neutrophils or monocytes and again showed features of apoptosis."( All trans retinoic acid induces apoptosis in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells when combined with isoquinolinediol, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor.
Berry, DM; Meckling-Gill, KA; Williams, K, 2000)		0.31
"To determine the efficacy of calcitriol 3 microg g-1 ointment in combination with UVB phototherapy in treating plaque psoriasis."( Calcitriol 3 microg g-1 ointment in combination with ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: results of a comparative study.
Altmeyer, P; Christophers, E; Kowalzick, L; Ring, J; Schill, WB; Schöpf, E; Ständer, M; Wolff, HH, 2001)		2.04
" We tested the growth inhibitory activity of ketoconazole combined with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and with the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 in a preclinical model of prostate cancer."( Preclinical activity of ketoconazole in combination with calcitriol or the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 in prostate cancer cells.
Feldman, D; Hsu, JY; Peehl, DM; Seto, E, 2002)		0.78
"Clonal assays with primary cultures of human prostatic cancer cells were performed to test anti-proliferative effects of ketoconazole alone or in combination with calcitriol or EB 1089."( Preclinical activity of ketoconazole in combination with calcitriol or the vitamin D analogue EB 1089 in prostate cancer cells.
Feldman, D; Hsu, JY; Peehl, DM; Seto, E, 2002)		0.76
"To more clearly elucidate the conflicting results that have been obtained after oral calcitriol pulse therapy on lipid, glucose, and calcium levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and to determine safety of oral calcitriol pulse therapy in a combination with calcium carbonate."( Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate.
Khajehdehi, P; Taheri, S, 2003)		0.9
"Our findings indicate that short-term oral calcitriol pulse therapy in combination with calcium carbonate is safe and beneficial for metabolic abnormalities of HD patients; however, its safety for prolonged therapy is yet to be proved."( Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate.
Khajehdehi, P; Taheri, S, 2003)		0.93
"To compare the clinical efficacy, in a half-side manner, of UVB (311 nm) in combination with either calcitriol or dithranol."( Calcitriol vs. dithranol in combination with narrow-band ultraviolet B (311 nm) in psoriasis.
Bröcker, EB; Eggert, AA; Goebeler, M; Hofmann, UB, 2003)		1.98
" A clinical comparison of UVB (311 nm) in combination with either calcitriol or dithranol revealed no significant therapeutic differences between the regimens."( Calcitriol vs. dithranol in combination with narrow-band ultraviolet B (311 nm) in psoriasis.
Bröcker, EB; Eggert, AA; Goebeler, M; Hofmann, UB, 2003)		2
"Combination of narrow-band UVB (311 nm) therapy with calcitriol is equally effective as the combination with dithranol for the treatment of psoriasis."( Calcitriol vs. dithranol in combination with narrow-band ultraviolet B (311 nm) in psoriasis.
Bröcker, EB; Eggert, AA; Goebeler, M; Hofmann, UB, 2003)		2.01
"To determine the effect of exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] combined with induced parturition on calcium (Ca) metabolism, cows received a single intramuscular injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 and prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) closely before calving."( Calcium metabolism in cows receiving an intramuscular injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 combined with prostaglandin F(2alpha) closely before parturition.
Ayukawa, Y; Lee, I; Naito, Y; Oboshi, K; Yamagishi, N, 2005)		0.33
" Remarkably, vitiligo lesions treated with calcipotriol initially showed delayed repigmentation compared with control areas; however, there was no therapeutic difference between calcipotriol and placebo, both in combination with UVB311 nm, by the end of the study."( Narrow-band UVB311 nm vs. broad-band UVB therapy in combination with topical calcipotriol vs. placebo in vitiligo.
Bröcker, EB; Hamm, H; Hartmann, A; Hofmann, UB; Lurz, C, 2005)		0.33
" Applying antiproliferative SRB and MTT assays, we measured the growth inhibitory effects of vitamin D compounds applied alone or in combination with either cisplatin or doxorubicin."( Correlation between VDR expression and antiproliferative activity of vitamin D3 compounds in combination with cytostatics.
Jaroszewicz, I; Kutner, A; Nevozhay, D; Opolski, A; Pelczynska, M; Switalska, M; Wietrzyk, J; Zabel, M, )		0.13
" In this randomized and comparative study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of narrow band ultraviolet B as monotherapy and in combination with topical calcipotriol in the treatment of generalized vitiligo."( Narrow-band ultraviolet B as monotherapy and in combination with topical calcipotriol in the treatment of vitiligo.
Arca, E; Erbil, AH; Koç, E; Kurumlu, Z; Sezer, E; Taştan, HB, 2006)		0.33
" For this photo case presentation, Dovobet was used once daily in combination with UVB phototherapy 3 times a week."( Calcipotriol (Dovobet) ointment in combination with UVB therapy for psoriasis treatment.
Rogers, C, 2006)		0.33
" Applying antiproliferative SRB and MTT assays, the growth inhibitory effects of the vitamin D compounds, applied alone or in combination with either cisplatin or doxorubicin, were measured."( Antiproliferative activity of vitamin D compounds in combination with cytostatics.
Jaroszewicz, I; Kutner, A; Maciejewska, M; Opolski, A; Pelczynska, M; Switalska, M, )		0.13
" calcitriol can be administered safely in combination with gefitinib."( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Bernardi, RJ; Black, JD; Brattain, MG; Creaven, PJ; Fakih, MG; French, R; Hutson, A; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Schwartz, J; Trump, DL, 2007)		1.49
" Further, since JKF is less calcemic than 1,25D, the data suggest that JKF combined with CA and SB is likely to have a therapeutic advantage over 1,25D-based experimental regimens for myeloid leukemias."( Differentiation-inducing potency of the seco-steroid JK-1624F2-2 can be increased by combination with an antioxidant and a p38MAPK inhibitor which upregulates the JNK pathway.
Danilenko, M; Posner, GH; Studzinski, GP; Zhang, J, )		0.13
" In the present study, VPA in combination with two differentiating agents, 13-cis retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, was given to 19 previously untreated patients with MDS or CMML."( Valproic acid combined with 13-cis retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.
Hallman, H; Honkanen, T; Juvonen, E; Kauppila, M; Koistinen, P; Kutila, A; Mikkola, M; Nyländen, P; Poikonen, E; Rauhala, A; Savolainen, ER; Siitonen, T; Sinisalo, M; Suominen, M; Terävä, V; Timonen, T, 2007)		0.34
" This study examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in combination with carnosic acid on monocytic differentiation as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ levels in human leukemia HL-60 cells."( [Enhancement of differentiation induction of HL-60 cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with carnosic acid].
An, HP; Chen, JJ; Ren, LH, 2008)		0.35
"Low concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 combined with 10 micromol/L carnosic acid can produce enhanced differentiation, proliferation inhibition and antioxidant effects of HL-60 cells."( [Enhancement of differentiation induction of HL-60 cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with carnosic acid].
An, HP; Chen, JJ; Ren, LH, 2008)		0.35
"To evaluate the preliminary efficacy, safety, and impact on quality of life (QoL) of high-dose calcitriol (DN-101) combined with mitoxantrone and glucocorticoids in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC)."( A phase II study of high-dose calcitriol combined with mitoxantrone and prednisone for androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Beer, TM; Chan, JS; Dehaze, DR; Garzotto, M; Pinski, JK; Quinn, DI; Ryan, CW; Sokoloff, M, 2008)		0.85
") calcitriol administered in combination with a fixed oral dose of dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with refractory solid tumors."( A phase I and pharmacokinetics study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Christy, R; Engler, KL; Fakih, MG; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Trump, DL, 2009)		1.32
" The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol) and 1alpha,24(R)-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (tacalcitol) in monotherapy and in combination with budesonid R (BR) on NP fibroblast proliferation."( Influence of vitamin D(3) analogues in combination with budesonid R on proliferation of nasal polyp fibroblasts.
Fraczek, M; Gawron, W; Latocha, M; Rostkowska-Nadolska, B, 2009)		0.57
"High-dose, iv calcitriol at a dose of 74 microg weekly in combination with dexamethasone was well tolerated but failed to produce a clinical or PSA response in men with CRPC."( Phase 2 trial of weekly intravenous 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (calcitriol) in combination with dexamethasone for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Chadha, MK; Johnson, C; Levine, E; Mashtare, T; Payne, V; Silliman, C; Tian, L; Trump, DL; Wong, M, 2010)		0.96
" This effect is further accentuated by combination with 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-Co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation pathways and an inhibitor of Akt phosphorylation."( Anti-growth effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-3-bromoacetate alone or in combination with 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside in pancreatic cancer cells.
Chadid, S; Deoliveira, R; Eddy, VJ; Persons, KS; Ray, R; Saha, AK, 2010)		0.36
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and the superagonistic analog CD578 in anaplastic thyroid cancer, alone or in combination with paclitaxel, a taxane, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor with promising effects in undifferentiated thyroid cancer."( 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a superagonistic analog in combination with paclitaxel or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid have potent antiproliferative effects on anaplastic thyroid cancer.
Bouillon, R; Clinckspoor, I; Decallonne, B; Korch, C; Mathieu, C; Overbergh, L; Verlinden, L; Verstuyf, A, 2011)		0.37
"Treatment of plaque-type psoriasis with laser in combination with topical treatment is a safe and effective therapy."( Treatment of plaque-type psoriasis with the 308 nm excimer laser in combination with dithranol or calcipotriol.
Bodendorf, MO; Grunewald, S; Kauer, F; Paasch, U; Rogalski, C; Schetschorke, M; Simon, JC, 2012)		0.38
"This study aimed to compare the efficacy of targeted microphototherapy alone and in combination with psoralen or calcipotriol in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis."( Efficacy and safety of non-laser, targeted UVB phototherapy alone and in combination with psoralen gel or calcipotriol ointment in the treatment of localized, chronic, plaque-type psoriasis.
Arca, E; Köse, O; Ozkan, I; Ozmen, I, 2012)		0.38
"Thirty individuals, affected by plaque-type psoriasis, were treated with targeted narrowband UVB phototherapy alone (Group 1), in combination with psoralen gel (Group 2), or in combination with calcipotriol ointment (Group 3) three times per week based on predetermined minimal erythema doses for 10 weeks."( Efficacy and safety of non-laser, targeted UVB phototherapy alone and in combination with psoralen gel or calcipotriol ointment in the treatment of localized, chronic, plaque-type psoriasis.
Arca, E; Köse, O; Ozkan, I; Ozmen, I, 2012)		0.38
" We investigated the anti-leukemic effect of low-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) in combination with As(2)O(3) on the human AML cell lines HL-60 and K562."( Low-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) combined with arsenic trioxide synergistically inhibits proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells by promoting apoptosis.
Bae, JY; Kim, I; Kim, JW, 2013)		0.39
"In this 12-week study, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis received twice weekly treatment with XTRAC® Velocity 308-nm excimer laser combined with clobetasol propionate twice daily followed by calitriol ointment twice daily."( Supraerythemogenic excimer laser in combination with clobetasol spray and calcitriol ointment for the treatment of generalized plaque psoriasis: Interim results of an open label pilot study.
Brown, G; Butler, D; Debbaneh, M; Gupta, R; Huynh, M; Koo, JY; Leon, A; Levin, E; Malakouti, M; Wang, E, 2015)		0.65
"Excimer laser therapy combined with an optimized topical regimen that includes clobetasol spray followed by calictriol ointment appears to be an effective treatment for moderate to severe generalized psoriasis that avoids the risk of serious internal side effects associated with many systemic agents."( Supraerythemogenic excimer laser in combination with clobetasol spray and calcitriol ointment for the treatment of generalized plaque psoriasis: Interim results of an open label pilot study.
Brown, G; Butler, D; Debbaneh, M; Gupta, R; Huynh, M; Koo, JY; Leon, A; Levin, E; Malakouti, M; Wang, E, 2015)		0.65
"005%) in combination with NB-UVB vs."( Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of topical calcipotriol ointment in combination with NB-UVB vs. NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo: a 24-week prospective right-left comparative clinical trial.
Kanwar, AJ; Khullar, G; Parsad, D; Singh, S, 2015)		0.42
" Larger, randomized placebo-controlled trials are required to determine whether addition of calcipotriol has any utility when administered with NB-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo."( Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of topical calcipotriol ointment in combination with NB-UVB vs. NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo: a 24-week prospective right-left comparative clinical trial.
Kanwar, AJ; Khullar, G; Parsad, D; Singh, S, 2015)		0.42
" In this 12-week study, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis received twice weekly treatments with a 308-nm excimer laser combined with clobetasol proprionate twice daily for a month followed by calcitriol ointment twice daily for the next month."( An open label pilot study of supraerythemogenic excimer laser in combination with clobetasol spray and calcitriol ointment for the treatment of generalized plaque psoriasis.
Beroukhim, K; Danesh, MJ; Koo, J; Leon, A; Levin, E; Nguyen, CM, 2016)		0.84
"This study aimed to investigate whether Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in combination with calcitriol modulates proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer (OCa) cell lines (SKOV3, OVCAR3, and OVCA433) and identify the signaling pathway by which MIS mediates apoptosis."( Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Activities of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance Combined with Calcitriol in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.
Choi, YS; Han, HD; Jung, YS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JW; Kim, S; Kim, SW; Kim, YT; Nam, EJ; Seo, SK, 2016)		0.87
"These results, coupled with a much-needed decrease in the toxic side effects of currently employed therapeutic agents, provide a strong rationale for testing the therapeutic potential of MIS, alone or in combination with calcitriol, in the treatment of OCa."( Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Activities of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance Combined with Calcitriol in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.
Choi, YS; Han, HD; Jung, YS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JW; Kim, S; Kim, SW; Kim, YT; Nam, EJ; Seo, SK, 2016)		0.84
"The results of our study show that in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis, topical calcipotriol combined with Spa Rusanda balineotherapy is more effective than topical calcipotriol alone."( Effects of Rusanda Spa balneotherapy combined with calcipotriol on plaque psoriasis.
Golusin, Z; Jovanović, M; Magda, N; Matić, M; Petrović, A; Stojanović, S, 2015)		0.42
" Here, we investigated the efficacy of calcipotriol, a topical TSLP inducer, in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as an immunotherapy for actinic keratosis."( Randomized trial of calcipotriol combined with 5-fluorouracil for skin cancer precursor immunotherapy.
Cornelius, LA; Cunningham, TJ; Demehri, S; Eliane, JP; Kopan, R; Manivasagam, S; Mirzaalian, H; Saavedra, AP; Schaffer, A; Tabacchi, M; Tuchayi, SM; Turkoz, A; Wallendorf, M, 2017)		0.46
"005% calcipotriol ointment combined with 5% 5-FU cream were compared with Vaseline plus 5-FU for the field treatment of actinic keratosis in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial involving 131 participants."( Randomized trial of calcipotriol combined with 5-fluorouracil for skin cancer precursor immunotherapy.
Cornelius, LA; Cunningham, TJ; Demehri, S; Eliane, JP; Kopan, R; Manivasagam, S; Mirzaalian, H; Saavedra, AP; Schaffer, A; Tabacchi, M; Tuchayi, SM; Turkoz, A; Wallendorf, M, 2017)		0.46
" In light of the profound and diverse effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, we discuss how these effects could support the use of this molecule in combination with "classical" cytotoxic drugs, such as platins and anti-metabolites, for the treatment of solid and hematological tumors."( Effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on Cancer Cells and Potential Applications in Combination with Established and Putative Anti-Cancer Agents.
Abu El Maaty, MA; Wölfl, S, 2017)		0.46
" The objective of this open label, intraindividual, left right study was to compare two different vitamin D analogues, calcipotriol and tacalcitol, in combination with NBUVB phototherapy in chronic stable plaque psoriasis."( Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of calcipotriol versus tacalcitol ointment, both in combination with NBUVB phototherapy in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis.
Aggarwal, K; Dua, I; Jain, VK, 2017)		0.46
"5 μg/ml of BV suppressed proliferation of HL-60 cells but had not any effects on their differentiation, whereas in combination with 5 nM of 1,25-(OH)2 VD3, it enhanced antiproliferative and differentiation potency of 1,25-(OH)2 VD3."( Honey bee venom combined with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Khosravi, Z; Mohseni-Kouchesfahani, H; Nabioni, M; Rahimi, M, )		0.13
"
 Methods: Thirty SHPT patients were enrolled to receive treatment of cinacalcet combined with low-dose calcitriol, with inclusion criteria as follows: maintenance on MHD>6 months; serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)>600 pg/mL; parathyroid glands with more than 1 nodules by ultrasonography; traditional therapy with no effects."( [Effect of cinacalcet combined with low-dose calcitriol on clinical outcome and bone metabolism in patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism].
Chen, X; Liu, H; Wang, C; Yuan, F; Zhou, A, 2017)		0.93
"To observe the clinical outcome and the effect of bone metabolism of cinacalcet combined with calcitriol in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)."( Effect of Cinacalcet Combined with Calcitriol on the Clinical Outcome and Bone Metabolism in Patients on Hemodialysis with Severe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
Chen, X; Li, Z; Liu, H; Wang, C; Yuan, F, 2018)		0.98
"Cinacalcet combined with low dose calcitriol can improve high calcium, high phosphorus, and high iPTH in MHD patients with severe SHPT and also improve bone metabolism."( Effect of Cinacalcet Combined with Calcitriol on the Clinical Outcome and Bone Metabolism in Patients on Hemodialysis with Severe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
Chen, X; Li, Z; Liu, H; Wang, C; Yuan, F, 2018)		1.04
" Vitamin D compounds have been shown to exert synergistic effects when used in combination with different agents used in anticancer therapies in different cancer models."( Vitamin D derivatives potentiate the anticancer and anti-angiogenic activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in combination with cytostatic drugs in an A549 non-small cell lung cancer model.
Filip-Psurska, B; Kutner, A; Maj, E; Milczarek, M; Psurski, M; Wietrzyk, J, 2018)		0.48
" The present study evaluated the effect of prolactin itself and in combination with estrogen on bone mineral density of female rats."( The effect of prolactin itself and in combination with estrogen on bone mineral density in female rats.
Kasaee, SR; Ranjbar Omrani, GH; Sadeghian, F; Saki, F; Talezadeh, P, 2019)		0.51
"This study aimed to observe and analyze the effect of calcitriol combined with sevelamer carbonate on serum parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure."( Effect of calcitriol combined with sevelamer carbonate on serum parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal failure.
Liu, Z; Zheng, H, 2020)		1.21
" Furthermore, when calcitriol was administered alone, the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and when combined with cisplatin, activity was more suppressed."( Calcitriol Combined With Platinum-based Chemotherapy Suppresses Growth and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor of SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cells.
Kim, JH; Kim, K; Kim, YB; No, JH; Park, WH; Suh, DH, 2021)		2.39
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of calcitriol combined with sirolimus in the treatment of chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (cITP) patients."( [Clinical Study on Calcitriol Combined with Sirolimus in the Treatment of Chronic Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Patients].
Fan, L; Kang, HY; Li, Q; Liu, J; Tong, CQ; Zhang, B; Zhang, L, 2021)		1.22
" The control group was treated with oral sirolimus capsule, the observation group was treated with oral calcitriol capsule combined with sirolimus capsule, and the curative effect of the 2 groups was evaluated after continuous treatment for 6 weeks."( [Clinical Study on Calcitriol Combined with Sirolimus in the Treatment of Chronic Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Patients].
Fan, L; Kang, HY; Li, Q; Liu, J; Tong, CQ; Zhang, B; Zhang, L, 2021)		1.16
"The present study investigated the clinical efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) combined with calcitriol and calcium in the treatment of traumatic nonosteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (TNVCFs)."( Clinical Efficacy of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Calcitriol and Calcium in the Treatment of Traumatic Nonosteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Dai, N; Dai, S; Lu, X; Peng, P; Shi, X; Xu, F; Yang, P, 2022)		1.18
"PKP combined with calcitriol and calcium medications could significantly relieve pain, alleviate the loss of compressed vertebral height and kyphosis, and improve the spinal function and the life quality of the TNVCF patients."( Clinical Efficacy of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with Calcitriol and Calcium in the Treatment of Traumatic Nonosteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.
Dai, N; Dai, S; Lu, X; Peng, P; Shi, X; Xu, F; Yang, P, 2022)		1.3
" This pilot study assesses the effect of twice-weekly maintenance doses of Cal/BD foam after 4 weeks of standard once-daily treatment in combination with apremilast."( The Maintenance Effect of Calcipotriene 0.05% and Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% (Cal/BD) Aerosol Foam in Combination With Apremilast.
Kircik, L; Ozyurekoglu, E, 2022)		0.72
"A retrospective cohort study to explore the clinical efficacy and safety evaluation of calcitriol combined with bisphosphonates in the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis is conducted."( Clinical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Calcitriol Combined with Bisphosphonates in the Therapy of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Based on a Retrospective Cohort Study.
Dai, Y; Deng, S; Jing, W; Zhu, J, 2022)		1.21
" The objective of this open label intraindividual, left right study was to compare two different vitamin D analogues, calcipotriol and calcitriol, in combination with NBUVB phototherapy in psoriasis."( Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of calcipotriol versus calcitriol ointment, both in combination with narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis.
Aggarwal, K; Chakraborty, D, 2023)		1.35

Bioavailability

Soy increases the bioavailability of endogenous and administered calcitriol, thereby enhancing its anticancer effects and risk of hypercalcemia. In summary, we observed a higher fractional Ca absorption rate in physically active young men compared with sedentary controls.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The binding and bioavailability of vitamin D metabolites thus might be altered by mono- and polyunsaturated but not by saturated fatty acids."( Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease the apparent affinity of vitamin D metabolites for human vitamin D-binding protein.
Bouillon, R; Convents, R; Van Baelen, H; Xiang, DZ, 1992)		0.28
" The potential value of alternative modes of calcitriol administration for the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism is discussed as well as the differences in the bioavailability of sterol according to the different routes for calcitriol administration."( Renal bone disease in pediatric patients receiving treatment with maintenance peritoneal dialysis.
Goodman, WG; Salusky, IB, 1991)		0.54
"Calcium bioavailability was defined as either retention of 45Ca in tibias (Experiment 1) or retention of 47Ca in carcasses (Experiment 2)."( Lactose, calcium source and age affect calcium bioavailability in rats.
Buchowski, MS; Miller, DD, 1991)		0.28
" 1,25(OH)2D3 was less potent because of diminished bioavailability due to self induction of its presystemic metabolism and inactivation."( Tracer kinetics and actions of oral and intraperitoneal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration in rats.
Balfe, JW; Kooh, SW; Rawlins, M; Tinmouth, WW; Vieth, R, 1990)		0.28
" To examine potential mechanisms for this difference, the bioavailability of calcitriol was evaluated after single oral (PO), IV, and IP doses of 60 ng/kg in each of six adolescent patients with osteitis fibrosa undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)."( Pharmacokinetics of calcitriol in continuous ambulatory and cycling peritoneal dialysis patients.
Adams, JS; Coburn, JW; Fine, RN; Goodman, WG; Holloway, M; Horst, R; Kim, L; Norris, KC; Salusky, IB; Segre, GV, 1990)		0.83
" In untreated uremic rats, the glucose absorption rate was lower than in sham-operated rats."( Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal glucose absorption in uremic rats.
Fujita, Y; Inagaki, O; Inoue, S; Mori, H; Nagasaka, H; Syono, T, 1989)		0.28
" The average rate of absorption of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] was two- and fivefold higher than that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and vitamin D3 (D3), respectively."( Intestinal metabolism and portal venous transport of 1,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3, and vitamin D3 in the rat.
Baylink, DJ; Lau, KH; McDonald, GB; Schy, AL; Wergedal, JE, 1985)		0.27
"7 pg/ml (mean +/- SD) in normal volunteers after administration of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D, while values of intestinal calcium absorption rate were 61."( Evidence that factors other than 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D may play a role in augmenting intestinal calcium absorption in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Aoki, J; Dokoh, S; Fukunaga, M; Hino, M; Morita, R; Shigeno, C; Torizuka, K; Yamamoto, I, 1986)		0.27
" 1,25(OH)2D3 is well absorbed into the systemic circulation, raises ionized calcium levels, and leads to a marked suppression of PTH."( The effects of intraperitoneal calcitriol on calcium and parathyroid hormone.
Delmez, JA; Dougan, CS; Gearing, BK; Rapp, N; Rothstein, M; Slatopolsky, E; Windus, DW, 1987)		0.56
" The hepatic uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is discussed in relation to its systemic bioavailability following intravenous or oral administration as well as in relation to the hepatic uptake of other vitamin D sterols; it is postulated that the hepatic uptake of vitamin D sterols does not seem to be mediated by specific receptors on the liver plasma membrane; it seems, however, that the hepatic uptake of vitamin D sterols may be inversely related to their relative affinity for the circulating carrier, the vitamin D binding protein."( Uptake of the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by the dog liver.
Gascon-Barré, M; Huet, PM; Vallières, S, 1986)		0.27
" At low luminal concentrations, under conditions where calcium is transported predominantly by active processes, the calcium absorption rate was reduced though not abolished in hyperthyroid patients (16 +/- 4 (SE) mumol/h ."( The defect of intestinal calcium transport in hyperthyroidism and its response to therapy.
Keck, E; Krüskemper, HL; Peerenboom, H; Strohmeyer, G, 1984)		0.27
" They act by modifying Ca bioavailability and perhaps brush-border permeability."( [Intestinal absorption of calcium and its regulation. Tissue, membrane and molecular events].
Bellaton, C; Pansu, D; Roche, C, 1984)		0.27
" If betamethasone was administered for 10 days and then stopped 4-13 days before these parameters were measured, a compensatory increase was found in 1-hydroxylase activity while the Ca absorption rate attained control values in all but the 4 day group in which it was still significantly depressed."( The effect of betamethasone on duodenal calcium absorption and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 production in the chick.
Blahos, J; Care, AD; Sommerville, BA, 1983)		0.27
" Thirty-centimeter segments of jejunum were perfused with test solutions containing varying concentrations of phosphate; phosphate absorption rate and electrical potential difference were measured."( Absorption of phosphate in the jejunum of patients with chronic renal failure before and after correction of vitamin D deficiency.
Davis, GR; Fordtran, JS; Krejs, GJ; Pak, CY; Parker, TF; Zerwekh, JE, 1983)		0.27
" The net calcium absorption rate from a Thirty-Vella loop of jejunum increased with increasing intraluminal Ca concentration and was increased by the addition of 1 alpha-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (3 micrograms/l) to the loop fluid."( Effects of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the intestinal absorption of Ca in sheep.
Abdel-Hafeez, HM; Care, AD; Mañas-Almendros, M; Marshall, DH; Ross, R, 1982)		0.26
" In rachitic chicks, the rate of absorption of 203Pb was greater in the distal than in the proximal segments of the intestine; after cholecalciferol repletion, the degree of absorption in al segments was similar, indicting the order of cholecalciferol effectiveness as duodenum greater than or equal to jejunum greater than ileum."( Effect of vitamin D on the intestinal absorption of 203Pb and 47Ca in chicks.
Mykkänen, HM; Wasserman, RH, 1982)		0.26
"5, or 1 mg supplemental Cu/kg) was used to investigate the effect of microbial phytase at 600 U/kg and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] at 10 micrograms/kg on Cu bioavailability from dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and cottonseed meal (CSM)."( Effect of microbial phytase and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on dietary copper utilization in chicks.
Aoyagi, S; Baker, DH, 1995)		0.29
" The fractional absorption of 45Ca and Sr at 6h (FA360) and the absorption rate as a function of time were calculated by deconvolution."( Stable strontium absorption as a measure of intestinal calcium absorption: comparison with the double-radiotracer calcium absorption test.
Blumsohn, A; Eastell, R; Morris, B, 1994)		0.29
" Other sugars thought to be poorly absorbed in the small intestine (xylitol, lactobionate, arabinose, raffinose, pyroglutamate, sorbitol, gluconate and raftilose) stimulated Ca absorption to an identical extent as lactulose."( Intestinal calcium absorption in rats is stimulated by dietary lactulose and other resistant sugars.
Antille, S; Binacua, C; Brommage, R; Carrié, AL, 1993)		0.29
"Because intravenous (iv) calcitriol has greater bioavailability than oral calcitriol, it may be more efficacious in suppressing parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pulse oral versus intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients.
Levine, BS; Song, M, 1996)		0.84
" The differential therapeutic effects in the epidermal and dermal skin compartments may be due to a reduced bioavailability of calcipotriol in the dermal compartment."( Biologic effects of topical calcipotriol (MC 903) treatment in psoriatic skin.
Bahmer, FA; Baum, HP; Kerber, A; Müller, SM; Reichrath, J, 1997)		0.3
" The culture model we describe should prove useful in defining the role of CYP3A4 in limiting the oral bioavailability of many xenobiotics."( Expression of enzymatically active CYP3A4 by Caco-2 cells grown on extracellular matrix-coated permeable supports in the presence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Fisher, JM; Lown, KS; Paine, MF; Schmiedlin-Ren, P; Thummel, KE; Watkins, PB, 1997)		0.3
" This yielded the estimated fraction of the dose circulating at 1 hr, which then was converted into a fractional absorption rate from our previously published equation."( Modification and validation of a single-isotope radiocalcium absorption test.
Clifton, PM; Horowitz, M; Morris, HA; Need, AG; Nordin, BE; Scopacasa, F; Wishart, JM, 1998)		0.3
" Those children are likely to have suboptimal bioavailability of vitamin D, which might hamper their achievement of an adequate peak bone mass."( Seasonal deficiency of vitamin D in children: a potential target for osteoporosis-preventing strategies?
Amado, JA; Docio, S; González-Macías, J; Olmos, JM; Pérez, A; Riancho, JA, 1998)		0.3
" Young chicks were used to evaluate the efficacy of 2 new vitamin D3 analogs relative to 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH D3) for their ability to improve the bioavailability of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) when added to P-deficient maize-soyabean meal diets that were superadequate in cholecalciferol."( Activity of various hydroxylated vitamin D3 analogs for improving phosphorus utilisation in chicks receiving diets adequate in vitamin D3.
Baker, DH; Biehl, RR; Deluca, HF, 1998)		0.3
"Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the actions and bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), however, their regulation in vivo is incompletely understood."( Effects of growth hormone treatment on serum levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins 1-4 in postmenopausal women.
Blum, WF; Brixen, K; Flyvbjerg, A; Kassem, M; Mosekilde, L, 1998)		0.3
" This increased rate of absorption was not found at concentrations of calcium that result in diffusional calcium absorption."( A characterization of vitamin D-independent intestinal calcium absorption in the osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse.
DeLuca, HF; McCary, LC; Staun, M, 1999)		0.3
" In summary, we observed a higher fractional Ca absorption rate in physically active young men compared with sedentary controls which is probably mediated by calcitriol."( Exercise-trained young men have higher calcium absorption rates and plasma calcitriol levels compared with age-matched sedentary controls.
Danz, A; Dimitriou, T; Jantzen, S; Klein, K; Platen, P; Sabatschus, O; Scheld, K; Stehle, P; Zittermann, A, 2000)		0.73
"The authors hypothesized that estrogen treatment or vitamin D status may affect the bioavailability of two common calcium supplements differently."( Effect of estrogen treatment and vitamin D status on differing bioavailabilities of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.
Adams-Huet, B; Heller, HJ; Poindexter, JR, 2002)		0.31
"We determined the bioavailability of calcium from 3 different sources: orange juice fortified with calcium-citrate malate, skim milk, and a calcium carbonate supplement."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
" This finding suggests that the calcium bioavailability from the 3 sources was equivalent."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
"In elderly subjects, the calcium bioavailability of the 3 high-calcium dietary sources tested was equivalent, during both the acute postprandial and longer-term periods."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
" In spite of this promising activity, a broad therapeutic application of vitamin D metabolites and analogs is still restricted because of their poor bioavailability and their hypercalcemic actions."( Induction of apoptosis by vitamin D metabolites and analogs in a glioma cell line.
Edling, C; Elias, J; Lachmann, B; Marian, B; Noe, CR; Rolf, SH; Schuster, I, 2003)		0.32
" Such a formulation may provide convenience and enhanced activity compared with separate applications, but it is essential that the biological activity and bioavailability of either active agent is not adversely affected by the other component."( Bioavailability of betamethasone dipropionate when combined with calcipotriol.
Traulsen, J, 2004)		0.32
"His study was designed to determine whether the bioavailability of the corticosteroid component of Daivobet was equivalent to that in a corticosteroid-only formulation (Diprosone, Schering-Plough Laboratories, France)."( Bioavailability of betamethasone dipropionate when combined with calcipotriol.
Traulsen, J, 2004)		0.32
" The bioavailability after oral administration of seocalcitol dissolved in medium chain triglyceride (MCT), long chain triglyceride (LCT), and a reference formulation containing propylene glycol (PG) was studied in vivo in rats."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol I: Relating solubility in biorelevant media with oral bioavailability in rats--effect of medium and long chain triglycerides.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2005)		0.33
" In this study, we assessed the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment in vivo by tape stripping."( In vivo assessment of the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied maxacalcitol.
Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Kano, S; Kondo, K; Takahara, J; Umemura, K; Yanagihara, H, 2005)		0.33
"Intermittent administration allows substantial dose escalation of calcitriol but limited bioavailability of the commercially available formulations at high doses is limiting."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a single dose of DN-101, a new formulation of calcitriol, in patients with cancer.
Beer, TM; Henner, WD; Javle, M; Lam, GN; Trump, DL; Wong, A, 2005)		0.79
" Optimal administration of vitamin D analogues is only just being achieved with high-dose intermittent administration overcoming bioavailability and hypercalcemia problems and combination therapy with cytotoxic agents (taxols and cisplatins), antiresorptive agents (bisphosphonates), or cytochrome P450 inhibitors being attempted."( Promise of vitamin D analogues in the treatment of hyperproliferative conditions.
Jones, G; Masuda, S, 2006)		0.33
" The industrial usefulness of the developed SMEDDS was evaluated with regard to bioavailability and chemical stability using the vitamin D analogue, seocalcitol, as model compound."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol II: development and characterisation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) for oral administration containing medium and long chain triglycerides.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2006)		0.33
"The bioavailability of seocalcitol from two lipid-based formulations and a propylene glycol (PG) solution was studied in minipigs in the fasted and fed state."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol III. Administration of lipid-based formulations to minipigs in the fasted and fed state.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2007)		0.34
" FLL could enhance the apparent Ca absorption rate and reduce Ca excretion, via its actions on modulating the levels of calciotropic hormones and CaBPs expression."( Improvement of Ca balance by Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract in aged female rats.
Che, CT; Lai, WP; Leung, PC; Wong, MS; Zhang, Y, 2008)		0.35
"FLL significantly reduced fecal Ca excretion and induced apparent Ca absorption rate in rats fed with MCD and HCD."( Improvement of Ca balance by Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract in aged female rats.
Che, CT; Lai, WP; Leung, PC; Wong, MS; Zhang, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" To predict the clinical efficacy of the lotion, we investigated the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied lotion and compared this with that of its ointment formulation in healthy subjects."( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion.
Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)		0.35
"In conclusion, we observed that assessment of cutaneous bioavailability by using tape stripping was reproducible."( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion.
Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)		0.35
" Our results imply that coingestion of IMA-contaminated food and CYP3A4- or CYP1A1-metabolizable drugs or chemicals could lead to drug bioavailability modulation or toxicological interactions, with possible adverse effects for human health."( CYP1A1 induction and CYP3A4 inhibition by the fungicide imazalil in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells-comparison with other conazole pesticides.
Dupont, I; Jassogne, C; Larondelle, Y; McAlister, D; Muller, M; Pussemier, L; Ribonnet, L; Schneider, YJ; Scippo, ML; Sergent, T; van der Heiden, E, 2009)		0.35
" In this study, we investigated the methylation status of genes regulating vitamin D bioavailability and activity in the placenta."( Placenta-specific methylation of the vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene: implications for feedback autoregulation of active vitamin D levels at the fetomaternal interface.
Beck, S; Craig, JM; Dimitriadis, E; Down, T; Evain-Brion, D; Fournier, T; Manuelpillai, U; Morley, R; Ng, HK; Novakovic, B; Rakyan, V; Saffery, R; Sibson, M, 2009)		0.35
" In vivo, these effects could result in reduced activation of procarcinogens and/or in drug bioavailability limitation."( CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 modulation by dietary flavonoids in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Dupont, I; Larondelle, Y; Pussemier, L; Schneider, YJ; Scippo, ML; Sergent, T; Van der Heiden, E, 2009)		0.35
" This study evaluated the bioavailability of DN101, a concentrated oral calcitriol formulation specifically developed for anticancer applications."( Oral bioavailability of DN101, a concentrated formulation of calcitriol, in tumor-bearing dogs.
Bailey, DB; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL, 2011)		0.84
" Calcitriol oral bioavailability was highly variable among dogs (mean ± SEM, 71 ± 12."( Oral bioavailability of DN101, a concentrated formulation of calcitriol, in tumor-bearing dogs.
Bailey, DB; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL, 2011)		1.52
"This study demonstrates that a high-dose formulation of calcitriol has a moderate bioavailability in dogs, but inter-individual variability in PK parameters is similar to that observed in people."( Oral bioavailability of DN101, a concentrated formulation of calcitriol, in tumor-bearing dogs.
Bailey, DB; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL, 2011)		0.86
" We investigated the effects of lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer carbonate on the bioavailability of oral calcitriol."( The effect of sevelamer carbonate and lanthanum carbonate on the pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol.
Hossack, S; Martin, P; Pierce, D; Poole, L; Robinson, A; Smyth, M; Van Heusen, H, 2011)		0.8
"02 × 10(-6)cm/s, thus ruling out the role of efflux pathways in poor oral bioavailability of curcumin."( Identification of permeability-related hurdles in oral delivery of curcumin using the Caco-2 cell model.
Bansal, AK; Pawar, YB; Wahlang, B, 2011)		0.37
"Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) plays a key role in the bioavailability of active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D) and its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), but accurate analysis of DBP-bound and free 25OHD and 1,25(OH)(2)D is difficult."( Vitamin D binding protein and monocyte response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: analysis by mathematical modeling.
Adams, JS; Chun, RF; Hewison, M; Peercy, BE, 2012)		0.38
" Hepatic biotransformation of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes could be an important determinant of bioavailability in serum and tissues."( Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
Adomat, H; Deb, S; Guns, ES; Pandey, M, 2012)		0.38
"Soy increases the bioavailability of endogenous and administered calcitriol, thereby enhancing its anticancer effects and risk of hypercalcemia."( Combination of calcitriol and dietary soy exhibits enhanced anticancer activity and increased hypercalcemic toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer.
Feldman, D; Krishnan, AV; Swami, S; Wang, JY, 2012)		0.97
" The current data highlight the potential application of VDR-based treatment regimes as a means to limit the bioavailability of growth-promoting androgens within the tumor microenvironment."( Regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 expression and modulation of "intracrine" metabolism of androgens in prostate cells by liganded vitamin D receptor.
Campbell, MJ; Doherty, D; Maguire, O; Martin, P; McClean, S; Owen, A; Pollock, C; Smyth, T; Thompson, P, 2012)		0.38
" Since astemizole improves calcitriol bioavailability and activity, decreased calcitriol dosing is advised for conjoint administration."( Astemizole synergizes calcitriol antiproliferative activity by inhibiting CYP24A1 and upregulating VDR: a novel approach for breast cancer therapy.
Avila, E; Barrera, D; Camacho, J; Díaz, L; Gamboa-Domínguez, A; García-Becerra, R; García-Quiroz, J; Halhali, A; Larrea, F; Medina-Franco, H; Ordaz-Rosado, D; Rivas-Suárez, M; Rodríguez, P; Santos, N, 2012)		0.99
" The over expression of CYP24A1 in cancer cells may be a factor affecting 1,25(OH)2D3 bioavailability and anti-proliferative activity pre-clinically and clinically."( 24-Hydroxylase in cancer: impact on vitamin D-based anticancer therapeutics.
Hershberger, PA; Johnson, CS; Luo, W; Trump, DL, 2013)		0.39
"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a secreted glycoprotein that reduces the bioavailability of IGFs."( Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 modulates osteoblast differentiation via interaction with vitamin D receptor.
Fu, S; Jin, D; Lei, L; Li, J; Mei, G; Wang, G; Yu, B; Zhou, J, 2013)		0.39
" The results suggested a 1,25(OH)2D3 bioavailability of approximately 15%."( The efficacy of a standardised product from dried leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum as source of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for poultry.
Autzen, S; Bachmann, H; Frey, U; McCormack, H; Rambeck, W; Wehr, U; Whitehead, CC, 2013)		0.39
" Here, we report that VDR mutant mice are characterized by lower bioavailability of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) due to reduced expression of the key NO synthesizing enzyme, endothelial NO synthase, leading to endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, increased aortic impedance, structural remodeling of the aorta, and impaired systolic and diastolic heart function at later ages, independent of changes in the renin-angiotensin system."( Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice.
Ambrisko, TD; Andrukhova, O; Erben, RG; Heppelmann, MS; Kuebler, WM; Markovic, M; Riesen, SC; Slavic, S; Zeitz, U, 2014)		0.4
" Hepatic and intestinal biotransformation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and modifiers of metabolic capacity could be important determinants of bioavailability in serum and tissues."( Ginsenoside-mediated blockade of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inactivation in human liver and intestine in vitro.
Adomat, H; Chin, MY; Deb, S; Guns, ES, 2014)		0.4
"In the present study, a method was developed for determining the alimentary tract Ca absorption capacity of ruminant animals by measuring the absorption rate of Sr after the administration of an oral dose of strontium chloride acting as a tracer analogue of Ca."( In vivo measurement of the absorption of strontium in the rumen and small intestine of sheep as an index of calcium absorption capacity.
Fraser, DR; Hyde, ML, 2014)		0.4
"The bioavailability of orally administered therapies are often significantly limited in the human intestine by the metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."( Simultaneous evaluation of human CYP3A4 and ABCB1 induction by reporter assay in LS174T cells, stably expressing their reporter genes.
Inami, K; Kumagai, T; Nagata, K; Sasaki, T, 2015)		0.42
" Moreover calcitriol strongly synergizes with itraconazole (ITZ) in Smo inhibition, which did not result from elevated calcitriol bioavailability due to ITZ-mediated 24-hydroxylase inhibition but rather from a direct interaction of the compounds at the level of Smo."( A Functional and Putative Physiological Role of Calcitriol in Patched1/Smoothened Interaction.
Adamski, J; Dittmann, K; Hahn, H; Linder, B; Uhmann, A; Weber, S, 2015)		1.08
" Importantly, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of adefovir after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil were significantly higher in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats than in control rats."( Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of Adefovir Dipivoxil and Its Metabolite, Adefovir, in Rats.
Choi, MK; Kim, SB; Maeng, HJ; Son, JH; Yoon, IS, 2015)		0.42
" Moreover, the alcohol-free aerosol foam formulation allows a higher penetration of the active ingredients into the skin, resulting in enhanced bioavailability and, consequently, in better clinical outcomes than other products with the same components."( Back to the future: a new topical approach for mild-to-moderate psoriasis.
Calzavara Pinton, P; Cicchetti, A; Cristaudo, A; Girolomoni, G, 2018)		0.48
" This enhanced penetration improves local bioavailability and, consequently, Cal/BD aerosol foam therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes if compared with other products with the same components."( Calcipotriene plus betamethasone dipropionate in aerosol foam formulation: will this effective treatment for mild-to-moderate psoriasis change clinical practice?
Giacomelli, L; Giovene, GL, 2018)		0.48
" Genetic variants of these vitamin D metabolizing genes may alter the bioavailability of\ vitamin D, and hence modulate the risk of breast cancer."( Molecular Mechanism of Cancer Susceptibility Associated with Fok1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of VDR in Relation to\ Breast Cancer
Arif, JM; Bhatt, MLB; Dhasmana, A; Lohani, M; Raza, S, 2019)		0.51
" However, its poor bioavailability restricts its clinical application."( Gemini Curcumin Suppresses Proliferation of Ovarian Cancer OVCAR-3 Cells via Induction of Apoptosis.
Azeez, HJ; Babaei, E; Ghaderi, S; Hussen, BM; Mahdavi, M, 2021)		0.62
" When applied, Cal/BD foam forms a supersaturated solution on the skin, increasing the penetration and bioavailability of Cal and BD."( Early efficacy and safety data with fixed-dose combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam attributed to mechanism of absorption and steroid potency.
Iversen, L; Koo, J; Tada, Y, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

Daily and intermittent dosing of calcitriol will decrease plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure without causing ionized hypercalcemia. Initiation of calcium carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets, Calcitriol Soft Capsules, and Potassium aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate Tablets were prescribed.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Rats dosed with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-[3 alpha-3H]vitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[26,27-14C]vitamin D3 produced compounds with a high 3H/14C ratio."( Isolation and characterization of 1 alpha-hydroxy-23-carboxytetranorvitamin D: a major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
DeLuca, HF; Esvelt, RP; Schnoes, HK, 1979)		0.26
" The rather weak effect of 3 on serum calcium levels in normal mice at a dosage of 500 micrograms/kg (intravenous administration) indicates that the essential importance of the 21-methyl moiety may lie in its effect on the regulation of calcium metabolism."( Synthetic studies of vitamin D analogues. X. Synthesis and biological activities of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-21-norvitamin D3.
Kawanishi, T; Kubodera, N; Matsumoto, M; Miyamoto, K; Mori, T; Ohkawa, H, 1992)		0.28
" The sCT dose-response curves showed a higher cAMP production from 10(-9) M to 10(-7) M of sCT in the presence of 500 pg/ml TGF-beta than in control cultures."( Transforming growth factor-beta enhances calcitonin-induced cyclic AMP production and the number of calcitonin receptors in long-term cultures of human umbilical cord blood monocytes in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Bouizar, Z; De Vernejoul, MC; Jullienne, A; Mbalaviele, G; Orcel, P, 1992)		0.28
" The results suggest that wide spacing of oral 'pulse' doses of calcitriol can achieve favourable modification of the PTH/iCa relationship, and that dosing interval and dose size, rather than route of administration, may be the major determinants of the previously reported superiority of intravenous over daily oral calcitriol regimens."( 'Pulse' oral calcitriol in uraemic patients: rapid modification of parathyroid response to calcium.
Almond, MK; Beer, JC; Cunningham, J; Evans, SJ; Kwan, JT; Noonan, K, 1992)		0.89
"3 mM NaB, the dosage of F6-1,25-(OH)2D3 required to inhibit cell growth and colony formation and to induce cell differentiation was significantly reduced."( Effect of hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and sodium butyrate combination on differentiation and proliferation of HL-60 leukemia cells.
Eguchi, T; Ikekawa, N; Saijo, N; Tanaka, Y; Yoshida, M, )		0.13
" Dose-response curves indicated that at physiological concentrations (10(-9) M) 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was mitogenic, whereas at higher concentrations (10(-8) M) it promotes differentiation."( The human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP expresses biologically active, specific receptors for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Ferrara, JA; Hedlund, TE; Lucia, MS; Miller, GJ; Pfister, S; Stapleton, GE; Upadhya, P, 1992)		0.28
" Dynamic tests of parathyroid function by EDTA infusion and an oral calcium load revealed a sigmoidal relationship between serum PTH and calcium levels, and that parathyroid surgery induced considerable changes in both the position and slope of the dose-response curve."( Dynamics of parathyroid hormone release and serum calcium regulation after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism.
Akerström, G; Graf, W; Ljunghall, S; Rastad, J; Wide, L, )		0.13
" The observation that heterozygous girls appear to respond better than hemizygous boys to calcitriol and Pi therapy provides evidence for a gene dosage effect in the expression of this X-linked dominant disorder."( X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: a study (with literature review) of linear growth response to calcitriol and phosphate therapy.
Boniface, AM; Petersen, DJ; Rupich, RC; Schranck, FW; Whyte, MP, 1992)		0.72
"We measured changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), calcitriol, parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid hormones, insulin, and plasma glucagon in response to seven days of treatment with a pharmacological dosage of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) (0."( Effects of short-term growth hormone treatment on PTH, calcitriol, thyroid hormones, insulin and glucagon.
Bouillon, R; Brixen, K; Flyvbjerg, A; Mosekilde, L; Nielsen, HK, 1992)		0.77
"We have determined the dose-response of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on the intracellular free calcium-ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells, ROS 17/2."( Lead inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 regulation of calcium metabolism in osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8).
Gupta, RK; Rosen, JF; Schanne, FA, 1992)		0.28
" At the high infusion rate, treatment was discontinued after 1-2 days of dosing due to pronounced adverse clinical signs such as extensive vomitings, apathy, ataxia, and muscle spasms."( Hypocalcemia induced by foscarnet (Foscavir) infusion in dogs.
Lundström, J; Nordgren, T; Ryrfeldt, A, 1992)		0.28
" Dose-response studies of vitamin D3 derivatives showed that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was the most potent in inhibiting neutral lipid synthesis in PA6 cells, followed by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, in that order."( 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulation in lipid metabolism in established bone marrow-derived stromal cells, MC3T3-G2/PA6.
Hasegawa, K; Shinki, T; Shionome, M; Suda, T; Takahashi, N, 1992)		0.28
" In contrast to conventional dosing regimens, low-dose IV therapy does not necessitate the use of aluminum-containing phosphate binders and/or a low-calcium dialysate bath."( Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism by low-dose intravenous calcitriol.
Moe, SM; Sprague, SM, 1992)		0.5
" The author concludes the following: (1) some hypoparathyroid women show a significant and symptomatic decline in serum calcium at the time of menses; (2) serum calcium values obtained at the time of menses may not be a reliable guide to adjusting medication dosage for hypoparathyroidism; and (3) further investigation will be needed to determine the mechanism of the decline in serum calcium values and whether the effect of estrogens on serum calcitriol might be altered in the absence of the parathyroid glands."( Case report: hypoparathyroidism with menses-associated hypocalcemia.
Mallette, LE, 1992)		0.45
" We also determined the severity of nephrocalcinosis (on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no abnormalities and 4 stone formation) with renal ultrasonography and whether it could be related to the dosage of phosphate or vitamin D or to other factors."( Effects of therapy in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.
Cowell, CT; Howard, NJ; Lam, A; Silink, M; Simpson, JM; Verge, CF, 1991)		0.28
" The dose-response relation was studied at 6h."( [In vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in hypophysectomized rats].
Do, TX; Girault, A; Planchenault, P; Prelot, M, 1990)		0.28
" A dose-response study showed that with 24 h preincubation, 5, 3, and 1 microgram/ml of GN inhibited 81, 62, and 0% of PTH-induced calcium release."( Gallium nitrate inhibits bone resorption and collagen synthesis in neonatal mouse calvariae.
Lakatos, P; Mong, S; Stern, PH, 1991)		0.28
" There was a gradual reduction of ANF release as the dosage of calcitriol increased from 1 ng to 10 ng."( The effect of calcitriol on atrial natriuretic factor release from isolated atrium.
Halabe, A; Sutton, RA; Wong, EF; Wong, NL, 1991)		0.88
" Serum from MC903 or 1,25(OH)2D3 dosed rats (i."( Calcipotriol (MC 903): pharmacokinetics in rats and biological activities of metabolites. A comparative study with 1,25(OH)2D3.
Binderup, L; Kissmeyer, AM, 1991)		0.28
"3 nM 1,25(OH)2D3, a 60-fold higher dosage than was required for the half maximal stimulation of BGP synthesis in these cells."( Induction of matrix Gla protein synthesis during prolonged 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment of osteosarcoma cells.
Fraser, JD; Price, PA, 1990)		0.28
" In Exp I, a high dosage of 1,25 (OH)2D3 raised the hCa level to over 8 mg/dl within 12 hours; formation of a new mineralizing front and remineralization of the dentin were observed."( [Appositional rate of incisor dentin and hematic calcium level in rats. Application of time marking method using lead acetate].
Matsumoto, S, 1990)		0.28
" Any dosage modifications that may need to be made rely totally on established communication between the centers, the DCC, and the Core Pharmacy."( Masking procedure, randomization and stratification, and compliance monitoring in the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.
Boyle, RM; Chan, JC; Coppedge, SH; Shasky, DA, 1990)		0.28
" An increase in reactivity occurred as early as 10 min after dosing of the chicks with 1,25(OH)2D3."( Reactivity of sulfhydryl groups in the brush-border membranes of chick duodena is increased by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Mykkanen, HM; Wasserman, RH, 1990)		0.28
" True absorption was calculated after dosing cows intravenously with 45Ca and 32P to measure endogenous fecal losses."( True absorption of calcium and phosphorus from alfalfa and corn silage when fed to lactating cows.
Belo, AT; Belyea, RL; Goff, JP; Martz, FA; Weiss, MF, 1990)		0.28
" Mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of vitamin D-deficient chicks and chicks dosed with 1,25(OH)2D3 for 3 or 7 days (50 ng/day) were employed."( In vitro calcium transport properties of skeletal muscle mitochondria from vitamin D-deficient and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3-treated chicks.
Boland, RL; Selles, J, 1990)		0.28
"We treated a hypoparathyroid woman with calcitriol during pregnancy and did not reduce the dosage after delivery."( Hypercalcemia in a calcitriol-treated hypoparathyroid woman during lactation.
Beguin, EA; Caplan, RH, 1990)		0.88
" We found that the maturational effects of the lymphokine or 1,25[OH]2D3 were accompanied by a marked reduction in the PGE2-induced increase in cellular content of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and a shift in the dose-response curve consistent with a decrease in PGE2 receptor number or binding affinity."( The adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate response to prostaglandin E2 is altered in U937 cells in association with maturational events induced by activated T lymphocytes and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Amento, EP; Goldring, SR; Krane, SM; Roelke, MS, 1986)		0.27
" These observations suggest that the culture density and dose-response relationship must be carefully defined in in vitro studies utilizing osteogenic cell culture systems."( Cell density-dependent vitamin D effects on calcium accumulation in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells (ROS 17/2).
Avioli, LV; Birge, SJ; Kim, YS; Miller, R, 1987)		0.27
" Pretreatment of ROS cells for 2 days with the glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TRM), shifted the dose-response curve for PKA activation by PTH upward compared to the control value."( Glucocorticoids and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulate parathyroid hormone stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in rat osteosarcoma cells.
Catherwood, BD; Lorang, MT; Rubin, JE; Titus, L, 1988)		0.27
" The initial dosage was 300 mg intravenously daily."( Treatment of tumor hypercalcemia with clodronate.
Scharla, SH; Ziegler, R, 1989)		0.28
"In order to further test the validity of the vesicular transport model of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)-stimulated intestinal calcium absorption, dose-response studies were undertaken."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated vesicular calcium transport in intestine: dose-response studies.
Nemere, I; Norman, AW, 1989)		0.28
" In contrast to previous studies, the present investigation does not provide evidence of clinical efficacy for the drug at that dosage and with the vehicle that was used."( A double-blind study of topical 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in psoriasis.
Czarnetzki, BM; van Bokhoven, M; van de Kerkhof, PC; Zultak, M, 1989)		0.28
" The serum calcitriol levels initially rose markedly in all experimental rabbits in proportion to infused dosage and peaked at 3 days."( Serum calcitriol and parathyroid hormone levels following prolonged infusion of calcitriol in vitamin D replete and depleted rabbits.
Long, JF; Nagode, LA; Steinmeyer, CL; Thornton, DJ, 1989)		1.15
" Because CsA has a dose-related systemic toxicity, there is a need for approaches by which the dosage of CsA could be reduced while maintaining the required immunosuppression."( Potentiation of immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporin A by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Fass, D; Gupta, S; Shimizu, M; Vayuvegula, B, 1989)		0.28
" However, calcitriol was 5-fold more potent for HL-60 cells cultured in SFM than those cultured in 10% SCM as indicated by shifts in dose-response curves for induction of CL responsiveness and lysozyme activity."( Induction of monocytic differentiation by calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line (HL-60) in serum-free medium.
Dunlap, BE; Lee, Y; Mellon, WS, 1987)		0.94
" The dose-response curve was bell-shaped, and at 10(-6) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 even suppressed PRL production to about 75% of controls."( A permissive role for extracellular Ca2+ in regulation of prolactin production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in GH3 pituitary cells.
Bjøro, T; Gautvik, KM; Haug, E, 1987)		0.27
" Only the daily dosage of 250,000 IU caused significant increases of concentrations of vitamin D or 25-hydroxyvitamin D in plasma."( Effects of dietary vitamin D3 on concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in blood plasma and milk of dairy cows.
Beitz, DC; Horst, RL; Littledike, ET; McDermott, CM, 1985)		0.27
" Each action exhibited a different dose-response pattern, implying that different levels of control are required for each individual response."( The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dexamethasone on rat osteoblast-like primary cell cultures: receptor occupancy and functional expression patterns for three different bioresponses.
Cabrales, S; Chen, TL; Feldman, D; Hauschka, PV, 1986)		0.27
" The effect of vitamin D metabolites was estimated on 3 experimental animals applying a daily dosage of 600."( [Effect of bile on intestinal calcium and vitamin D absorption. Animal experiment studies in swine].
Braun, F, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response curve was biphasic for all compounds studied; for 1,25(OH)2D3 initial stimulation of transport was detected at only 30 pM [the plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3 is normally 125 pM] while maximal stimulation was 154% above control at a concentration of 650 pM."( Biological activity of vitamin D metabolites and analogs: dose-response study of 45Ca transport in an isolated chick duodenum perfusion system.
Norman, AW; Yoshimoto, Y, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response profiles for two additional bioresponses in these cells, namely induction of 24-hydroxylase and inhibition of 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity, were comparable to those for CaBP induction."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the synthesis of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein in cultured chick kidney cells.
Clemens, TL; Craviso, GL; Garrett, KP, 1987)		0.27
" When the chicks were dosed with [3H]calcitriol, significantly lower concentrations of the sterol were detected in the duodena of EHDP-treated birds."( The effect of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate on the metabolism of calcitriol in chicks.
Edelstein, S; Lidor, C; Meyer, MS; Wasserman, RH, 1987)		0.77
" Time-course and dose-response evaluations of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 effect revealed that the decrease in [14C]choline incorporation was seen within 12 h of incubation and occurred with as little as 10(-9) M, respectively."( Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on phospholipid metabolism in cultured bovine parathyroid cells.
Morrissey, J; Ritter, C; Slatopolsky, E; Sugimoto, T, 1988)		0.27
" Serum calcium and ionized calcium concentrations increased in the treatment group, and the calcitriol dosage had to be reduced in 8 patients at least once because of hypercalcemia."( Low dose calcitriol versus placebo in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure.
Dahl, E; Nordal, KP, 1988)		0.91
" While T3 alone had no effect on calcium uptake by gut segments cultured on d 20 of embryonic development, the thyroid hormone amplified the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on calcium transport and effectively shifted the dose-response curve to lower 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentrations."( Calcium and inorganic phosphate transport in embryonic chick intestine: triiodothyronine enhances the genomic action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
Cross, HS; Peterlik, M, 1988)		0.27
" The maximum concentration of calbindin and its mRNA found after dosing vitamin D-deficient chicks with dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) is less than 5% of that found with vitamin D dosing."( Relationship between the levels of calbindin synthesis and calbindin mRNA in chick intestine. Quantitation of calbindin mRNA.
Lane, SM; Lawson, DE; Mayel-Afshar, S, 1988)		0.27
" The 2-fold purpose of this study was 1) to develop a practical method for quantitating DHT2 after oral dosing in normal subjects, and 2) to assess changes in serum DHT2 levels and calcium and phosphorus metabolism after DHT2 administration for 8 days."( Serum dihydrotachysterol levels and biological action in normal man.
Bikle, DD; Norman, ME; Taylor, A, 1988)		0.27
"25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 at dosage of 16."( [Effect of treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in children with chronic renal insufficiency].
Crespo Hernández, M; del Molino Anta, A; Málaga Guerrero, S; Rey Galaán, C; Riaño Galán, I; Santos Rodríguez, F, 1987)		0.27
" For each stimulator tested, the dose-response relationships for the stimulation of resorption and the inhibition of collagen synthesis were found to coincide."( Simultaneous measurement of bone resorption and collagen synthesis in neonatal mouse calvaria.
Hefley, TJ; Krieger, NS; Stern, PH, 1986)		0.27
" When HT-39 cells were grown in medium containing different calcium levels and dosed with 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3, we found that the inhibitory action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was modified."( Calcium antagonizes 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation.
Arnold, AJ; Simpson, RU, 1986)		0.27
" Treatment at this dosage could be made in the early stages of predialysis CRF without need of close and continuous monitoring of serum biochemical parameters."( Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism of predialysis chronic renal failure with low doses of 1,25(OH)2D3: humoral and histomorphometric results.
Ballanti, P; Bonucci, E; Cinotti, GA; Coen, G; Della Rocca, C; Donato, G; Landi, A; Massimetti, C; Mazzaferro, S; Smacchi, A, 1986)		0.27
" This reduction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was dependent on the dose of 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administered since a 5 micrograms/day dosing regimen failed to alter serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels."( Administration of pharmacological amounts of 25(s),26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in rats.
Harvey, JA; Pak, CY; Zerwekh, JE, 1987)		0.27
" The effects of increases of calcitriol dosage and modifications of calciuria with hydrochlorothiazide were systematically examined."( Hypercalciuria associated with long-term administration of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). Action of hydrochlorothiazide.
Chan, JC; Santos, F; Smith, MJ, 1986)		0.81
" Due to the wider therapeutic dosage range, this compound might be of clinical value."( Biological activity of fluorine-substituted 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats, in chicken and in Japanese quails.
Rambeck, WA; Weiser, H; Zucker, H, 1986)		0.27
"5 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3, progressive inhibition of Ca transport was observed, yielding a biphasic dose-response curve."( Hypercalcemia inhibits the rapid stimulatory effect on calcium transport in perfused duodena from normal chicks mediated in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Nemere, I; Norman, AW; Yoshimoto, Y, 1986)		0.27
" 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) also stimulated transfer, although dose-response curves were less effective than for 1,25(OH)2D3."( Vitamin D metabolites stimulate phosphatidylcholine transfer to renal brush-border membranes.
Hagerty, D; Hruska, KA; Huskey, M; Kurnik, BR, 1986)		0.27
" We studied the efficacy of chloroquine in two patients with sarcoidosis who were unable to tolerate the dosage of corticosteroids required to control hypercalciuria and prevent the formation of renal stones."( The effects of chloroquine on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis.
Cohanim, M; Jones, G; Lohnes, D; O'Leary, TJ; Yendt, ER; Yip, A, 1986)		0.27
" Renal function was most severely affected in cows treated with 24,24-F2-dihydroxycholecalciferol and was evident even at the 100-micrograms dosage level."( Bone resorption, renal function and mineral status in cows treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and its 24-fluoro analogues.
Boris, A; Goff, JP; Horst, RL; Littledike, ET; Uskokovic, MR, 1986)		0.27
"The deleterious effects of corticosteroids (CS) on bone are well known, but probably differ depending on duration and dosage of CS therapy."( Bone metabolism during methylprednisolone pulse therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Bijlsma, JW; Duursma, SA; Huber-Bruning, O, 1986)		0.27
" Blunted calciuric response to low doses of calcitriol is compatible with an altered dose-response relationship."( Calciuric response to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in early renal failure.
Cremer, B; Klooker, P; Lübbers, E; Ritz, E; Schmidt-Gayk, H, 1985)		0.53
" The Mi AR evaluated by double tetracycline labeling was enhanced at all dosage levels."( Contrasting effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone matrix and mineral appositional rates in the mouse.
Garba, MT; Hott, M; Marie, PJ, 1985)		0.27
"5 mg/day of prednisolone on the amount of calcium deposited in the kidney of rats dosed with either 500 ng/d or 2000 ng/day of 1-alpha OHD2 or 1-alpha OHD3."( The effect of prednisolone on kidney calcification in vitamin D-treated rats.
Lindgren, U; Sjöden, G, 1985)		0.27
" Using labeled material it was shown that the dosing levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 employed ensured a higher than normal plasma concentration of that metabolite over the period between doses."( Histological observations on the failure of rachitic rat bones to respond to 1,25/OH)2D3.
Gallagher, JA; Lawson, DE, 1980)		0.26
" A dose-response study after intramuscular 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) injection yielded a hyperbolic curve with an apparent plateau at 70% receptor occupancy, corresponding to 5 nmol 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) injected."( Effect of vitamin D status on the equilibrium between occupied and unoccupied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D intestinal receptors in the chick.
Bishop, JE; Hunziker, W; Norman, AW; Walters, MR, 1982)		0.26
" 24-Keto-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is present in vivo in the plasma and small intestinal mucosa of rats fed a stock diet, receiving no exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and in the plasma and small intestinal mucosa of rats dosed chronically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3."( Intestinal synthesis of 24-keto-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite formed in vivo with high affinity for the vitamin D cytosolic receptor.
Horst, RL; Napoli, JL; Pramanik, BC; Reinhardt, TA; Royal, PM, 1983)		0.27
" However, IFN-gamma dose-response studies using both HL-60 cells and a nondifferentiation variant of HL-60 cells (HL-60 blast) clearly show that induction of transcription and expression of HLA-D gene products by IFN-gamma can be uncoupled from expression of other monocyte-macrophage characteristics."( Gamma-interferon induces expression of the HLA-D antigens on normal and leukemic human myeloid cells.
Billing, R; Bohman, R; Koeffler, HP; Ranyard, J; Yelton, L, 1984)		0.27
" A dose-response inhibition of the response of serum 25-OHD to vitamin D by 1,25(OH)2D3 was demonstrated in two of the normal subjects."( Evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man.
Bell, NH; Shaw, S; Turner, RT, 1984)		0.27
" Calcium transport rates could be partially restored by in vivo administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 at a dosage which did not affect vesicular calcium uptake in control animals."( Calcium and glucose uptake in rat small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. Modulation by exogenous hypercortisolism and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3.
Birkenhäger, JC; Braun, HJ; De Jonge, HR, 1984)		0.27
" A similar profile of metabolites was observed on high-pressure-liquid-chromatographic analysis of an extract from the kidneys of rats dosed intravenously with 1,25-dihydroxy[3H]cholecalciferol."( Production of C-24- and C-23-oxidized metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by cultured kidney cells (LLC PK1) and their presence in kidney in vivo.
Martin, CA; Napoli, JL, 1984)		0.27
" (23S)-1,23,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 had no intestinal calcium absorptive or bone calcium resorptive activity when dosed to vitamin D deficient rats at levels up to 500 ng."( (23S)-1,23,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3: its biologic activity and role in 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone biosynthesis.
Baggiolini, EG; Engstrom, GW; Horst, RL; Napoli, JL; Uskoković, MR; Wovkulich, PM, 1984)		0.27
"24-Keto-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 has been identified as a major 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolite, produced by intestinal mucosa cells isolated from rats dosed chronically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3."( C(24)- and C(23)-oxidation, converging pathways of intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism: identification of 24-keto-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3.
Horst, RL; Napoli, JL, 1983)		0.27
" During treatment with 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 progressive reduction in dosage was required in the majority of patients because of hypercalcaemia, which was rapidly corrected by stopping treatment for a few days."( Long-term effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 in renal osteodystrophy.
Adami, S; Catto, GR; Edward, N; Fraser, RA; Muirhead, N; O'Riordan, JL; Sandler, LM, 1982)		0.26
"Six patients with Paget disease of bone were treated with a 6-mo course of disodium-ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphate (EHDP) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day (one patient) or 20 mg/kg/day (five patients)."( An apparent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-independent stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption in patients with Paget disease of bone during a short-term diphosphonate therapy.
Norman, DA; Pak, CY; Zerwekh, JE, 1981)		0.26
"5mM-Ca2+ (food-deprived) for rats dosed with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol."( Oxygen-dependent 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-induced calcium ion transport in rat intestine.
DeLuca, HF; Kabakoff, B; Kendrick, NC, 1981)		0.26
"6% of 3545 treatment days and was readily controlled by adjusting the dosage of 1,25-(OH)2D3."( X-linked hypophosphatemia: effect of calcitriol on renal handling of phosphate, serum phosphate, and bone mineralization.
Cole, DE; Costa, T; Delvin, EE; Glorieux, FH; Marie, PJ; Nogrady, B; Reade, TM; Scriver, CR, 1981)		0.54
" Chronic dosing of vitamin D-deficient rats with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 caused a 4-fold increase in skin 7-dehydrocholesterol content."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulated increase of 7,8-didehydrocholesterol levels in rat skin.
DeLuca, HF; Esvelt, RP; Sar, M; Stumpf, WE; Wichmann, JK; Yoshizawa, S; Zurcher, J, 1980)		0.26
" With the 1 alpha-hydroxylated derivatives, initial dosage of 2 to 6 micrograms daily was required to achieve optimal healing rates by comparison with other responses."( Calcitriol dosage in osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism and attempted treatment of myositis ossificans progressiva.
Stamp, TC, 1981)		1.71
" A single dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased calcium transport in the hypophysectomized (Hx) rats treated with bGH but not in the Hx rats who did not receive bGH, unless the dosage of 2,25(OH)2D3 was increased to 500 p moles."( The relationship of growth hormone to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal calcium transport.
Aloia, JF; Yeh, JK, 1981)		0.26
" All other medications except vitamin D2 were continued at their pretreatment dosage levels throughout the study."( Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 on renal function, mineral balance, and growth in children with severe chronic renal failure.
Chan, JC; Kodroff, MB; Landwehr, DM, 1981)		0.26
" When chicks, fed a high strontium diet to inhibit endogenous 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 production and intestinal calcium transport, were dosed with the extract or synthetic 1,25 (OH)2D345Ca absorption from the duodenum in vivo was stimulated, whereas vitamin D3 was ineffective."( Evidence for aqueous soluble vitamin D-like substances in the calcinogenic plant, Tristetum flavescens.
Levack, VM; Morris, KM, 1982)		0.26
" Concomitantly, epiphyseal, endosteal, and periosteal bone mineralization were improved in correlation with both the dosage of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and the serum phosphorus level."( Healing of bone lesions with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the young X-linked hypophosphatemic male mouse.
Glorieux, FH; Marie, PJ; Travers, R, 1982)		0.26
" The remaining hypocalcemic occurrences responded to an increase in the dosage of 1,25-(OH)2D3."( 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated hypoparathyroidism: 35 patients years in 10 children.
DeLuca, HF; Markowitz, ME; Rosen, JF; Smith, C, 1982)		0.26
" Using a 5-min preincubation and a 15-min incubation, a dose-response curve for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 shows 6 pmol to be the lowest dose to give a significant response and 60 pmol to be the level at which the maximal response is reached."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin C3-stimulated active uptake of phosphate by rat jejunum.
DeLuca, HF; Kabakoff, B; Kendrick, NC, 1982)		0.26
" Four- to five-week-old vitamin D-deficient cockerels were dosed intraperitoneally with 1 microgram of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] alone 15 hr before sacrifice or in combination with 1, 3, or 5 mg of cortisol 24 and 48 hr before sacrifice."( Decreased intestinal calcium absorption in vivo and normal brush border membrane vesicle calcium uptake in cortisol-treated chickens: evidence for dissociation of calcium absorption from brush border vesicle uptake.
Bollman, S; Kumar, R; Shultz, TD, 1982)		0.26
" At equimolar dosage 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol had a potent stimulatory effect on bone resorption."( Suppressive effects of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on bone resorption induced by acute bilateral nephrectomy in rats.
Balsan, S; Bourdeau, A; Cournot-Witmer, G; Fischer, JA; Heynen, G; Pavlovitch, JH, 1981)		0.26
" In conclusion, patients with severe HPTH respond very well to IV calcitriol, provided that dosing of calcitriol is commensurate to PTH levels, and hyperphosphatemia is kept under control."( The importance of dosing intravenous calcitriol in dialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism.
Cerezo, S; Hervas, J; Llach, F, 1995)		0.8
"We report four cases of chronic plaque psoriasis that developed in patients who used UV-B phototherapy for a substantial period without ill effects and in whom photosensitivity reactions within psoriatic plaques developed after calcipotriene ointment was added, without changes in their UV-B dosage or frequency of treatment."( Photosensitivity associated with combined UV-B and calcipotriene therapy.
McKenna, KE; Stern, RS, 1995)		0.29
" Although initial, uncontrolled clinical trials suggested the superiority of intravenous calcitriol treatment, more recent controlled investigations have shown that different routes (oral versus intravenous), frequency (daily versus intermittent) and dosing (physiologic versus pharmacologic) of calcitriol administration are equivalent."( Oral versus intravenous calcitriol: is the route of administration really important?
Indridason, OS; Quarles, LD, 1995)		0.82
" During treatment PTH (1-84) normalized with high dosage of calcitriol in spite of low or subnormal levels of serum calcium, and subsequently increased for each reduction of calcitriol dosage despite normal calcium levels."( Direct effect of calcitriol on the regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in a case of pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (a 24-month follow-up study).
Audran, M; Basle, MF; Bigorgne, JC; Bregeon, C; Giraud, P; Jallet, P; Rohmer, V, 1995)		0.87
" TPA also shifted the dose-response curve of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to the left, so that 1,25-(OH)2D3 was effective at a concentration as low as 1 nM."( Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and phorbol ester on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in primary cultures of rat renal cells.
Armbrecht, HJ; Boltz, MA; Chen, ML, 1993)		0.29
" Dose-response studies of Cmpds C, V, HM (10(-7)-10(-11)M) showed that in serumless culture conditions, transactivation of the VDRE-CAT was similar; however, in the presence of serum, Cmpd C at 10(-9)M had 20-fold less activity than analogs V and HM."( Potent vitamin D3 analogs: their abilities to enhance transactivation and to bind to the vitamin D3 response element.
Imai, Y; Koeffler, HP; Pike, JW, 1995)		0.29
"7 mmol/l, but a decrease in calcitriol dosage resulted in a decrease to within normal limits within one day."( [Calcitriol administration during pregnancy in a partial DiGeorge anomaly].
Dörr, HG; Hensen, J; Höper, K; Kändler, C; Kruse, K; Pavel, M; Wildt, L, 1994)		1.49
" This dosage made it possible to correct the low calcium concentrations (2."( [Vitamin D and pubertal maturation. Value and tolerance of vitamin D supplementation during the winter season].
Chalas, J; Delaveyne, R; Garabédian, M; Odièvre, M; Rehel, P; Zeghoud, F, 1995)		0.29
" Dose-response studies showed that KH 1060 was the most potent analogue, because it was able to induce differentiation in all seven breast cancer cell lines (measured by lipid staining) and to suppress more than 50% clonal proliferation (ED50) at 10(-10) M in all cell lines, except MDA-MB-436 and BT-20."( 20-epi-vitamin D3 analogues: a novel class of potent inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of differentiation of human breast cancer cell lines.
Binderup, L; de Vos, S; Elstner, E; Heber, D; Koeffler, HP; Linker-Israeli, M; Said, J; Shintaku, IP; Umiel, T; Uskokovic, M, 1995)		0.29
" Whereas the dose-response relations for the effects of both compounds on 24-OHase mRNA were similar, OCT was slightly more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 in stimulating 24-OHase activity in both tissues."( Induction of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase messenger RNA and activity by 22-oxacalcitriol in mouse kidney and duodenum. Possible role in decrease of plasma 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Akeno, N; Horiuchi, N; Kimura, S; Saikatsu, S, 1994)		0.52
" Active Ca transport was increased in both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive control WKY rats 5 h after calcitriol dosing of either 60 and 600 ng per rat."( Duodenal calcium binding protein and active calcium transport in rats: are they functionally related?
Aymard, P; Banide, H; Chabanis, S; Drüeke, T; Duchambon, P; Hanrotel, C; Kubrusly, M; Lacour, B, 1994)		0.49
"Twice-daily dosing of calcipotriene was compared with its vehicle, for up to 8 weeks, in a double-blind study of 277 patients at 10 study centers in the United States."( Calcipotriene ointment 0.005% for psoriasis: a safety and efficacy study. Calcipotriene Study Group.
Highton, A; Quell, J, 1995)		0.29
" Dose-response curves with measurable ranges applicable to biological specimens were obtained for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, (24R)-1 alpha,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, (23S,25R)-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone, and 22-oxacalcitriol by the radioimmunoassay system using this improved antibody."( Production of a group-specific antibody to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and its derivatives having the 1 alpha,3 beta-dihydroxylated A-ring structure.
Kobayashi, N; Shimada, K; Shiomura, K; Tabata, Y; Takagi, K; Takama, A, 1994)		0.47
"We performed dosing experiments to evaluate the bone mass increasing action of a novel, synthetic vitamin D derivative, 2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 (ED-71), in normal and estrogen-deficient rats."( A novel synthetic vitamin D analogue, 2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (ED-71), increases bone mass by stimulating the bone formation in normal and ovariectomized rats.
Higuchi, Y; Nakamura, T; Nishii, Y; Sato, K; Suzuki, K; Tsurukami, H, 1994)		0.29
" The effects of exogenous T on suppression of spermatogenesis in 19 healthy men were recently compared, using a T dosage of 200 mg im/week for 20 weeks."( Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men.
Bagatell, CJ; Bremner, WJ; Heiman, JR; Matsumoto, AM; Rivier, JE, 1994)		0.29
"0 months of control observations and were randomly assigned to a treatment period; 82 completed the treatment period of at least 6 months while receiving a calcitriol dosage (mean +/- SD) of 17."( A prospective, double-blind study of growth failure in children with chronic renal insufficiency and the effectiveness of treatment with calcitriol versus dihydrotachysterol. The Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Investigators.
Abitbol, CL; Boineau, FG; Chan, JC; Chinchilli, VM; Friedman, AL; Lum, GM; McEnery, PT; Roy, S; Ruley, EJ; Strife, CF, 1994)		0.69
" The control group received calcium carbonate (maximal dosage of 1 g x 3)."( 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 treatment inhibits parathyroid-stimulated adenylate cyclase in iliac crest biopsies from uremic patients.
Aarseth, HP; Ganss, R; Gautvik, KM; Gordeladze, JO; Haug, E; Mortensen, BM, )		0.13
" In dose-response experiments, specific [3H]MeTRH binding increased with 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentration and reached a maximum at 10 nmol/l."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced upregulation of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor in clonal rat pituitary GH3 cells.
Atley, LM; Lefroy, N; Wark, JD, 1995)		0.29
" Vascular perfusion with a range of 1,25-(OH)2D3 concentrations yielded an apparent biphasic dose-response curve."( Apparent nonnuclear regulation of intestinal phosphate transport: effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3,24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
Nemere, I, 1996)		0.29
" No changes in parameters of reproductive performance were seen in any dosed groups."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of calcipotriol (MC903): (1)--A fertility study in rats by subcutaneous administration].
Koike, Y; Konishi, R; Nagata, M; Ono, M; Shirakawa, K; Suzuki, T; Uchiyama, H, 1996)		0.29
" After six months the therapy was progressively reduced to physiological dosage with optimal metabolic control."( [Vitamin D-dependent type-1 rickets: diagnosis and treatment of a further case].
Bini, R; Pela, I; Seracini, D, )		0.13
" However, while the incidence of TD in birds dosed with 1,25(OH)2D3 was lower (10%) than in control chicks (55%), RO 23-7553 was ineffective (50%)."( In vivo and in vitro effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 on the proliferation and differentiation of avian chondrocytes: their role in tibial dyschondroplasia.
Farquharson, C; Loveridge, N; Rennie, JS; Whitehead, CC, 1996)		0.29
" Although initial uncontrolled clinical trials suggested the superiority of intravenous calcitriol treatment, more recent controlled investigations show that different routes (oral versus intravenous), frequency (daily versus intermittent), and dosing (physiological versus pharmacological) of calcitriol administration are clinically equivalent."( Calcitriol administration in end-stage renal disease: intravenous or oral?
Indridason, OS; Quarles, LD, 1996)		1.96
" Initiation of calcitriol therapy late in severe HPT and inappropriate dosing of calcitriol are common causes of inadequate use of calcitriol."( Guidelines for dosing of intravenous calcitriol in dialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism.
Fernandez, E; Llach, F, 1996)		0.92
" The availability of a parenteral formulation of calcitriol, and new information regarding alternative routes of administration and regimens employing oral pulse dosing have renewed interest in calcitriol for the management of uremic secondary HPT."( Calcitriol in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal failure.
Daisley-Kydd, RE; Mason, NA, )		1.83
"At predefined dosage schedules, all three compounds significantly decreased plasma immunoreactive PTH levels (except EB1213 at low dose)."( Effects of new vitamin D analogues on parathyroid function in chronically uraemic rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Drüeke, TB; Hruby, M; Lacour, B; Mannstadt, M; Schmitt, F; Ureña, P, 1996)		0.29
" However, more prolonged administration to uraemic rats of calcitriol analogues with slightly modified dosage schedules and of calcitriol with lower non-hypercalcaemic dose is required for an optimal comparison before considering clinical trials."( Effects of new vitamin D analogues on parathyroid function in chronically uraemic rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Drüeke, TB; Hruby, M; Lacour, B; Mannstadt, M; Schmitt, F; Ureña, P, 1996)		0.54
" Dose-response curves generated after oral and subcutaneous administration of 1 alpha,24(OH)2D2, calcitriol, and calcipotriol to normal rats indicated that 1 alpha,24(OH)2D2 increases serum and urine calcium to a much lesser extent than calcitriol, and to a slightly greater extent than calcipotriol."( Pharmacokinetics and systemic effect on calcium homeostasis of 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2 in rats. Comparison with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, calcitriol, and calcipotriol.
Bishop, CW; Knutson, JC; LeVan, LW; Valliere, CR, 1997)		0.71
" The purpose of the study was to determine the dose-response effects of olestra on fat-soluble vitamins and selected water-soluble micronutrients."( Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in the pig.
Berry, DA; Cooper, DA; King, D; Kiorpes, AL; Peters, JC; Spendel, VA, 1997)		0.3
" A dose-response analysis showed that a 10(-6) M concentration of this vitamin consistently induced a maximal accumulation of 7-fold over the control cells."( Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is accompanied by induction of apolipoprotein D expression.
Alvarez, S; Binderup, L; López-Boado, YS; López-Otín, C; Puente, XS; Tolivia, J, 1997)		0.3
"Oral pulse dosing of calcitriol has been proposed as an alternative to intravenous administration in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy."( Pulse dose oral calcitriol therapy for renal osteodystrophy: literature review and practice recommendations.
Dahl, NV; Foote, EF, 1997)		0.96
" These results were achieved by a lower drug dosage of vitamin D3 and at lower trough blood levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 as compared to those of oral One-Alpha."( Comparison of the efficacy of two injectable forms of vitamin D3 and oral one-alpha in treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
al-Mohannadi, S; el-Reshaid, K; el-Reshaid, W; Sivanandan, R; Sugathan, T, 1997)		0.3
" Unfortunately there is no general accepted recommendation for the dosage and intervals of the oral calcitriol pulse therapy."( [Oral calcitriol pulse therapy in hemodialysis patients. Effects on histomorphometry of bone in renal hyperparathyroidism].
Abendroth, K; Humbsch, K; Sperschneider, H, 1997)		0.99
" [3H]Thymidine incorporation displayed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in both strains."( LNCaP prostatic adenocarcinoma cells derived from low and high passage numbers display divergent responses not only to androgens but also to retinoids.
Esquenet, M; Heyns, W; Swinnen, JV; Verhoeven, G, 1997)		0.3
" Fibroblast responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D3, assessed by induction of 24-hydroxylase mRNA, was similar between BB and bb cell types in dose-response experiments."( Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms: analysis of ligand binding and hormone responsiveness in cultured skin fibroblasts.
Eccleshall, TR; Feldman, D; Gross, C; Malloy, PJ; Musiol, IM, 1998)		0.3
" Dose-response studies indicated that the synergistic stimulation of 45Ca release from neonatal mouse calvariae by glucocorticoids and PTH could be elicited at glucocorticoid concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/l and at PTH concentrations of 10(-11) to 10(-9) mol/l."( Differential effects of glucocorticoids on bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvariae stimulated by peptide and steroid-like hormones.
Conaway, HH; Grigorie, D; Lerner, UH, 1997)		0.3
"These results underline the usefulness of the association of calcipotriol and cyclosporine in order to decrease the total dosage of cyclosporine."( Calcipotriol improves the efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.
Kokelj, F; Plozzer, C; Torsello, P, 1998)		0.3
" The objective of this study was to evaluate key measures of calcium metabolism in patients with psoriasis under supervised dosing conditions in a vehicle-controlled study."( Evaluating the safety of calcipotriene 30 g per day in patients with psoriasis: a parallel group, vehicle-controlled study.
Blum, R; Epinette, WW; Schwartzel, E; Siskin, S, 1998)		0.3
" Dose-response clonogenic studies showed that each of these analogs had more potent antiproliferative activities against the cancer cells than 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25-(OH)2-16,23Z-diene-26,27-bishomo-19-nor-D3 (Ro 27-2014) was the most potent analog [10-fold increased activity compared to 1,25(OH)2D3]."( 19-nor-26,27-bishomo-vitamin D3 analogs: a unique class of potent inhibitors of proliferation of prostate, breast, and hematopoietic cancer cells.
Koeffler, HP; Koike, M; Koshizuka, K; Kubota, T; Miyoshi, I; Uskokovic, M, 1998)		0.3
" The dosage of both drugs was adjusted to maintain the initial serum calcium levels, and the relative change (%change) of serum biochemical parameters were compared."( Controlled trial of falecalcitriol versus alfacalcidol in suppression of parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Akiba, T; Ando, R; Chida, Y; Inoue, A; Ishida, Y; Kurihara, S; Marumo, F; Ohashi, Y; Owada, A; Shinoda, T, 1998)		0.61
" To assess calcium absorption over a wide physiological range of plasma 1,25(OH)2D, in a dose-response study we altered plasma 1,25(OH)2D by continuous infusion of 1,25(OH)2D (at 0, 4, or 14 ng/100 g BW/day) for 9 days."( Intestinal calcium absorption in the aged rat: evidence of intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D.
Bruns, ME; Cashman, K; Deluca, HF; Fleet, JC; Wood, RJ, 1998)		0.3
" Dose-response curves were non-monotonic passing a maximum at low dosages."( Low-molecular-weight hormonal factors that affect head formation in Hydra.
Bartsch, C; Bartsch, H; Bayer, E; Maidonis, I; Müller, WA, 1998)		0.3
"We determined the quantitative relationships between graded oral dosing with vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 for short treatment periods and changes in circulating levels of these substances."( Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men.
Barger-Lux, MJ; Chen, TC; Dowell, S; Heaney, RP; Holick, MF, 1998)		0.3
" In the dosed groups, radioactivity was detected locally in the metaphysis, the modeling site in bones."( Distribution and metabolism of F6-1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the bones of rats dosed with tritium-labeled compounds.
Kanamaru, H; Komuro, S; Nakatsuka, I; Yoshitake, A, 1998)		0.3
" An increased osteoblast-like cell activity on sintered HA surfaces in the presence of different TGF-beta dosage suggested that sintering of HA surfaces may play an important role in governing cellular response."( Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on osteoblast cells cultured on 3 different hydroxyapatite surfaces.
Carnes, DL; Ong, JL; Sogal, A, )		0.13
" Under basolateral sink conditions and low apical MDZ dosing concentration (1-8 microM), the first-pass extraction ratio was found to be approximately 15%."( First-pass midazolam metabolism catalyzed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-modified Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Calamia, JC; Fisher, JM; Kunze, KL; Schmiedlin-Ren, P; Shen, DD; Thummel, KE; Watkins, PB; Wrighton, SA, 1999)		0.3
" In experiment 2, a dose-response study of the effects of E2 therapy on calcium absorption in OVX C57BL mice was carried out."( Ovariectomized murine model of postmenopausal calcium malabsorption.
Chen, C; Kalu, DN, 1999)		0.3
" Compared with the interaction of VDR with RXR or GRIP-1, the differentiation dose-response most closely correlated to the ligand-dependent recruitment of the DRIP coactivator complex to VDR and to the ability of the receptor to activate transcription in a cell-free system."( 20-Epi analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are highly potent inducers of DRIP coactivator complex binding to the vitamin D3 receptor.
Freedman, LP; Yang, W, 1999)		0.3
" The 765 patients who received the minimum effective dosage for more than 6 months made up the 'treatment group'."( Treatment with active vitamin D metabolites and concurrent treatments in the prevention of hip fractures: a retrospective study.
Endo, N; Imura, K; Ishii, Y; Mashiba, T; Nishida, S; Takahashi, HE; Takano, Y; Tanizawa, T, 1999)		0.3
" Hormone dose-response relationships for translocation and for transactivation were similar."( Hormone-dependent translocation of vitamin D receptors is linked to transactivation.
Barsony, J; Racz, A, 1999)		0.3
" Furthermore, codosing of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 9-cis-retinoids resulted in higher circulating concentrations of 9-cis-RA and 9,13-di-cis-RA when compared to rats dosed with 9-cis-retinoids alone."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 9-cis-retinoids are synergistic regulators of 24-hydroxylase activity in the rat and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) alters retinoic acid metabolism in vivo.
Horst, RL; Koszewski, NJ; Omdahl, J; Reinhardt, TA, 1999)		0.3
" calcitriol dosage according to the severity of HPTH is an effective and safe treatment of HPTH in chronic hemodialysis patients."( Effective treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients by titration of intravenous calcitriol dosage.
Balaskas, E; Benos, A; Grekas, D; Kampouris, H; Konstantinou, A; Sioullis, A; Tourkantonis, A, 1999)		1.43
" We also measured serum intact parathyroid hormone before and 48 hours after dosing as an index for efficacy."( Chronotherapy of high-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a single-dose study.
Fujimura, A; Kawaguchi, A; Ohmori, M; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 1999)		0.3
" However, the area under concentration-time curve from zero to 48 hours [AUC(0-48)] and peak concentration of these variables were markedly lower after dosing at 8 PM."( Chronotherapy of high-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a single-dose study.
Fujimura, A; Kawaguchi, A; Ohmori, M; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 1999)		0.3
"The administration of vitamin D3 at night may reduce the occurrence of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, whereas the pharmacokinetics and intact parathyroid hormone-lowering effect of the drug does not vary with dosing time."( Chronotherapy of high-dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a single-dose study.
Fujimura, A; Kawaguchi, A; Ohmori, M; Saito, T; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 1999)		0.3
" The rats were dosed orally with each sterol for 7 days at a rate of 1 ng/g body weight/day."( Comparison of the relative effects of 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) [1, 24-(OH)(2)D(2)], 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,24-(OH)(2)D(3)], and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)] on selected vitamin D-regulated events in the rat.
Bishop, C; Horst, R; Knutson, J; Koszewski, N; Prapong, S; Reinhardt, T, 2000)		0.31
" Control of hyperphosphatemia, maintenance of normocalcemia, and appropriate dosing of vitamin D analogues can prevent HPT in many cases."( Current medical management of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Llach, F; Yudd, M, 2000)		0.31
" Calcitriol dosing was similar in both groups (3-6 micrograms per week in three divided doses)."( Pulse oral versus pulse intraperitoneal calcitriol: a comparison of efficacy in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Arora, N; Gadallah, MF; Moles, K; Ramdeen, G; Schaeffer-Pautz, A; Torres, C, 2000)		1.48
" Clonogenic survival studies indicate that EB 1089 shifts the dose-response curve for sensitivity to adriamycin by approximately six-fold in p53 wild-type MCF-7 cells; comparative studies in MCF-7 cells with a temperature-sensitive dominant negative p53 mutation show less than a two-fold shift in adriamycin sensitivity in the presence of EB 1089."( The vitamin D3 analog EB 1089 enhances the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of adriamycin in MCF-7 breast tumor cells.
Chaudhry, M; Gewirtz, DA; Gupta, M; Reardon, D; Sundaram, S, 2000)		0.31
"We have recently reported that the degree of hypercalcemia as an adverse effect induced by a single large-dose of active vitamin D3 varied with its dosing time without alteration in therapeutic effect for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal failure."( Contribution of diet to the dosing time-dependent change of vitamin D3-induced hypercalcemia in rats.
Fujimura, A; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 2000)		0.31
"Administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 as a continuous hepatic arterial infusion allows a high dosage to be administered without inducing hypercalcemia."( A phase one study of the hepatic arterial administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for liver cancers.
Ahkter, J; Finlay, IG; Morris, DL; Stewart, GJ, 2001)		0.31
" An in vivo metabolism study in rats dosed with a physiological dose of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-3H]vitamin D3 confirmed the absence of 26-hydroxylation of the hormone."( 26-Hydroxylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 does not occur under physiological conditions.
DeLuca, HF; Endres, B, 2001)		0.31
"Weekly dosing of oral calcitriol permitted substantial dose escalation with minimal toxicity."( A Phase I trial of pulse calcitriol in patients with refractory malignancies: pulse dosing permits substantial dose escalation.
Beer, TM; Henner, WD; Munar, M, 2001)		0.93
" When the dosage was increased in one study, there was a higher incidence of hypercalcemia."( Prevention of metabolic bone disease in the pre-end-stage renal disease setting.
Coburn, JW; Elangovan, L, 1998)		0.3
" The mean number of sessions and the cumulative UVA dosage for initial and complete repigmentation were calculated."( Is the efficacy of psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for vitiligo enhanced by concurrent topical calcipotriol? A placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Alpsoy, E; Cetin, L; Ermis, O; Yilmaz, E, 2001)		0.31
" Weekly calcitriol dosing is associated with minimal toxicity and permits substantial dose escalation over the daily schedule."( Weekly high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel in advanced prostate cancer.
Beer, TM; Garzotto, M; Henner, WD; Hough, KM; Lowe, BA, 2001)		1.08
" Subsequent dosing was based on iPTH, calcium, and phosphorus determinations."( Paricalcitol in dialysis patients with calcitriol-resistant secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Llach, F; Yudd, M, 2001)		0.58
" Furthermore, in separate trials, calcipotriol combination therapy reduced the dosage of acitretin required to achieve clearance of psoriasis and the duration of PUVA and dosage of UVA phototherapy, potentially improving the benefit/risk ratio for these other antipsoriatic treatments."( Calcipotriol ointment. A review of its use in the management of psoriasis.
Dunn, CJ; Goa, KL; Scott, LJ, 2001)		0.31
" In addition, calcipotriol ointment proved beneficial in combination with other topical, phototherapy or systemic antipsoriatic treatments, reducing the dosage and/or duration of some of these treatments and potentially improving their benefit/risk ratio."( Calcipotriol ointment. A review of its use in the management of psoriasis.
Dunn, CJ; Goa, KL; Scott, LJ, 2001)		0.31
" 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induction of vitamin D receptors and the CaMBP-Ds was similar with respect to dose-response and time course."( 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-stimulated calmodulin binding proteins: a sustained effect on distal tubules.
Siaw, EK; Walters, MR, 2002)		0.31
"Although the PTH-suppressive effect of intravenous calcitriol has already been demonstrated by various studies, the precise dose-response to calcitriol has not been fully determined for uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT)."( Clinical effect of intravenous calcitriol administration on secondary hyperparathyroidism. A double-blind study among 4 doses.
Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Arakawa, M; Koshikawa, S; Kurokawa, K; Marumo, F; Morii, H; Ogata, E; Ohashi, Y; Sakai, O; Seino, Y; Suzuki, M; Tsukamoto, Y, 2002)		0.85
" In the second stage, which begins at the first instance of DLT, a two-parameter logistic dose-response model estimates the MTD from the DLT experience of all patients."( Adaptive dose finding for phase I clinical trials of drugs used for chemotherapy of cancer.
Potter, DM, 2002)		0.31
" Group A received FAE tablets (Fumaderm) with an increasing daily dosage from 105 to 1,075 mg + ointment vehicle."( Topical calcipotriol plus oral fumaric acid is more effective and faster acting than oral fumaric acid monotherapy in the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis vulgaris.
Altmeyer, P; Christophers, E; Gollnick, H; Kaufmann, R; Pavel, S; Ring, J; Ziegler, J, 2002)		0.31
" Both isolated enterocytes and the perfused duodenal loop system exhibited apparent biphasic dose-response curves for 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated 32P uptake and transport, and inhibition of stimulation by 24,25(OH)2D3."( 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated phosphate uptake in isolated chick intestinal cells: effect of 24,25(OH)2D3, signal transduction activators, and age.
Nemere, I; Zhao, B, 2002)		0.31
"Little attention is given to accurate dosage of topical medication which is a potential source of side-effects and treatment failure."( The importance of accurate dosage of topical agents: a method of estimating involved area and application to calcipotriol treatment failures.
Hutchinson, PE; Osborne, JE, 2002)		0.31
" Dosing was 5X/week for five weeks."( Vitamin D analogs, a new treatment for retinoblastoma: The first Ellsworth Lecture.
Albert, DM; Audo, I; Gamm, DM; Lindstrom, MJ; Nickells, RW; Schlamp, CL; Zimbric, ML, 2002)		0.31
" Patients were divided according PTH into 4 groups and calcitriol was dosed accordingly."( [Calcitriol dose optimization in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism during dialysis. Results at 6 months].
Cannata Andía, JB; Fernández Martín, JL; Hervás Sánchez, J; Rodríguez García, M; Ruiz de Castañeda, J, 2002)		1.47
" These results suggest that OCT is a highly effective drug for the suppression of PTH levels in 2HPT, and is an overall safe drug if the dosage is adjusted for serum Ca and intact-PTH levels."( Long-term effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D(3) on secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients. One-year administration study.
Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Kurokawa, K; Nishizawa, Y; Ogata, E; Ohashi, Y; Slatopolsky, E; Suzuki, M, 2002)		0.31
"Treatment of hyperparathyroidism includes the use of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25D3) to suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH), but dosing of 1,25D3 is limited by the development of hypercalcemia and a high calcium x phosphorus (Ca x P) product because of gut absorption of calcium and phosphorus and enhanced bone resorption."( Differential effects of acute administration of 19-Nor-1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 on serum calcium and phosphorus in hemodialysis patients.
Ahya, SN; Coyne, DW; Giles, K; Grieff, M; Norwood, K; Slatopolsky, E, 2002)		0.31
" Three controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that the addition of calcipotriene ointment to systemic antipsoriatic treatment with MTX, acitretin, and cyclosporine increases the therapeutic efficacy compared with systemic therapy alone and minimizes side effects by either reducing the dosage or duration of treatment."( Vitamin D and systemic therapy.
van de Kerkhof, P, 2002)		0.31
" The cell lines were incubated with EB 1089, a synthetic analogue vitamin of D(3), in dose-response studies."( Vitamin D receptor is expressed in pancreatic cancer cells and a vitamin D3 analogue decreases cell number.
Albrechtsson, E; Axelson, J; Höglund, M; Jonsson, T; Möller, S; Ohlsson, B, 2003)		0.32
" While their less calcemic properties make higher dosing safer, their specificity to recruit co-activator molecules to the transcriptional pre-initiation complex could compensate for reduced 1,25(OH)2D3/VDR by potentiating VDR-transactivation/transrepression of genes critical for normal PTH synthesis and parathyroid cell growth."( Vitamin D receptor: mechanisms for vitamin D resistance in renal failure.
Dusso, AS, 2003)		0.32
" Two thirds of patients, labeled "noncompliants," showed one or more violation in the dosage regimen."( Advantages of adjusting the initial dose of intravenous calcitriol according to PTH levels.
Cannata-Andía, JB; de Castañeda, JR; Fernández-Martín, JL; Hervás-Sánchez, J; Rodríguez-García, M, 2003)		0.57
" Therefore, the calcitriol dosage should be small and then adjusted according to the degree of SH."( [Role of diet in the management of osteodystrophy during progressive renal insufficiency].
Martínez, I; Montenegro, J; Muñoz, RI; Ocharán, J; Saracho, R, 2003)		0.66
"6 times higher at 6, 24, and 48 h postdosing than after dosing with [1beta-3H] 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3."( Disposition and metabolism of F6-1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the parathyroid glands of rats dosed with tritium-labeled compounds.
Kanamaru, H; Komuro, S; Sato, M, 2003)		0.32
" In order to compare the efficacy of different dosing schedules of Seocalcitol, rats were treated either 6 times weekly (1 microg/kg) or by intermittent dosing to achieve the same total weekly dose."( Effects of Seocalcitol (EB1089) on nitrosomethyl urea-induced rat mammary tumors.
Binderup, L; Bramm, E; Colston, KW; Hamberg, KJ; Pirianov, G, 2003)		0.32
" Comparison of dose-response curves for ion transport and kinase activities in 7-week chicks suggested that PKC mediates phosphate transport while PKA mediates calcium transport."( Effect of growth and maturation on membrane-initiated actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-II: calcium transport, receptor kinetics, and signal transduction in intestine of female chickens.
Larsson, B; Nemere, I, 2003)		0.32
" This limitation has been overcome with intermittent dosing of calcitriol."( Development of weekly high-dose calcitriol based therapy for prostate cancer.
Beer, TM, )		0.65
" Such concentrations are not achievable in patients when calcitriol is dosed daily due to predictable hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria; however, phase I trials have demonstrated that intermittent dosing allows substantial dose escalation and has produced potentially therapeutic peak calcitriol concentrations."( Calcitriol in cancer treatment: from the lab to the clinic.
Beer, TM; Myrthue, A, 2004)		2.01
"After each recipient was treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 at a dosage of (0."( Role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in preventing acute rejection of allograft following rat orthotopic liver transplantation.
Jia, CK; Wang, Y; Zhang, AB; Zheng, SS, 2004)		0.32
" In this study, the chronopharmacological effect of 22-oxacalcitriol, a newly developed active vitamin D3 analogue with less calcemic activity, was evaluated by a single and repeated dosing of the drug in aged SHRSP."( Chronopharmacology of oxacalcitriol in rat model of osteoporosis.
Fujimura, A; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M; Yamamoto, H, 2004)		0.87
" Due to the cumbersome dosing schedule and the lack of significant activity observed, Phase II trials of this regimen are not planned."( High-dose calcitriol, zoledronate, and dexamethasone for the treatment of progressive prostate carcinoma.
Curley, T; Delacruz, A; Diani, M; Fallon, M; Fleisher, M; Flombaum, C; Kelly, WK; Morris, MJ; Scher, HI; Schwartz, L; Slovin, S; Smaletz, O; Solit, D; Zhu, A, 2004)		0.73
" Group B included 33 patients treated with the same cyclosporin dosage plus, for the same time, topical application of calcipotriol cream twice a day."( Nail psoriasis: combined therapy with systemic cyclosporin and topical calcipotriol.
Amerio, P; Cerritelli, L; Feliciani, C; Forleo, P; Proietto, G; Tulli, A; Zampetti, A, )		0.13
" In this study, the chronopharmacological effect of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), a newly developed active vitaminD3 analogue with less calcemic activity, was evaluated by a single and repeated dosing of the drug."( Chronopharmacology of oxacalcitriol in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Ando, H; Fujimura, A; Ning, W; Nishiki, K; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M; Yamamoto, H, 2004)		0.87
"The dose-response relationships and the safety of administering 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) to patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) under regular three-times-weekly hemodialysis (HD) were evaluated by double-blind parallel group design."( Dose-response study of 22-oxacalcitriol in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Kurokawa, K; Nishizawa, Y; Ogata, E; Ohashi, Y; Slatopolsky, E; Suzuki, M, 2004)		0.85
"We investigated the effects of long-term (6-week) treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3, at a non-hypercalcemic dosage (0."( Systemic cardiovascular disease in uremic rats induced by 1,25(OH)2D3.
Eggert, B; Godes, M; Haffner, D; Hocher, B; König, K; Müller, D; Nissel, R; Querfeld, U; Richter, CM; Schwarz, J; Simon, K, 2005)		0.33
" We found no changes in blood pressure, although there was a trend toward a reduced dosage of antihypertensive drugs."( Effect of parathyroidectomy on renal graft function.
Ceballos, M; Garcia, A; Garcia, T; González, P; Mazuecos, A; Rivero, M, 2005)		0.33
" 1,25-(OH)2D3 rapidly stimulated PHF release with enhanced sensitivity in SHR versus WKY cultures indicated by a leftward shift in the dose-response curve, whereas 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25-(OH)2D3) had the converse effect."( Regulation of parathyroid hypertensive factor secretion by vitamin D3 analogs in parathyroid cells derived from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Benishin, CG; Nemere, I; Sutherland, SK, 2005)		0.33
" ASCENT builds on phase I work showing that weekly dosing allows substantial dose-escalation of calcitriol, the natural ligand for the vitamin D receptor, and on phase II work that suggested that adding weekly high-dose 'pulse' calcitriol may enhance the activity of weekly docetaxel in patients with AIPC."( ASCENT: the androgen-independent prostate cancer study of calcitriol enhancing taxotere.
Beer, TM, 2005)		0.79
" Dose-response curves demonstrated that as little as 1pM 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly inhibited chemotaxis enhancement."( Selective inhibition of the C5a chemotactic cofactor function of the vitamin D binding protein by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3.
DiMartino, SJ; Kew, RR; Shah, AB; Trujillo, G, 2006)		0.33
" Our data show that ED at a dosage that suppresses bone metabolism markedly inhibits vascular calcification in rats with renal failure."( Effect of etidronate on aortic calcification and bone metabolism in calcitriol-treated rats with subtotal nephrectomy.
Aizawa, S; Hashiba, H; Kogo, H; Suzuki, Y; Tamura, H; Tamura, K, 2005)		0.56
"Review of current and new procedures to estimate the body surface area, to calculate the most adequate quantity of medication to be prescribed, to instruct patients and to assess the individual dosing procedures of topical treatments."( The right dose in the right place: an overview of current prescription, instruction and application modalities for topical psoriasis treatments.
Aractingi, S; Ortonne, JP; Savary, J, 2005)		0.33
" Dosing devices, such as a spatula, may help patients to dose their daily topical treatment, avoiding over- and underdosing of the medication."( The right dose in the right place: an overview of current prescription, instruction and application modalities for topical psoriasis treatments.
Aractingi, S; Ortonne, JP; Savary, J, 2005)		0.33
"A correct evaluation of the lesions sizes, a precise calculation of the treatments quantity to be prescribed, clear instructions and treatment-specific individual dosing devices may help to achieve higher patient compliance and treatment success."( The right dose in the right place: an overview of current prescription, instruction and application modalities for topical psoriasis treatments.
Aractingi, S; Ortonne, JP; Savary, J, 2005)		0.33
" The objective of the present study was to evaluate the stability of physiological activities of CT and OCT in PD bags and to determine the CT or OCT dosage for intraperitoneal (IP) administration."( Pharmacokinetics of calcitriol and maxacalcitol administered into peritoneal dialysate bags in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Fukui, M; Hamada, C; Hayashi, K; Inaba, M; Io, H; Maeda, K; Ro, Y; Shou, I; Tomino, Y, )		0.45
"If peritoneal administration of vitamin D derivatives is contemplated, it is important to select the composition of PD bag resins, type of vitamin D analog, and time lag to use when deciding the dosage of injectable vitamin D preparations, such as OCT or CT, for IP administration to PD patients."( Pharmacokinetics of calcitriol and maxacalcitol administered into peritoneal dialysate bags in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Fukui, M; Hamada, C; Hayashi, K; Inaba, M; Io, H; Maeda, K; Ro, Y; Shou, I; Tomino, Y, )		0.45
"Retired female rats obtained from Sprague-Dawley were ovariectomized, and were either dosed with vehicle or 2MD at 5-7 ng/kg body weight each day."( 2MD, a new anabolic agent for osteoporosis treatment.
Binkley, NC; Clagett-Dame, M; DeLuca, HF; Fitzpatrick, LA; Ma, X; Plum, LA; Zella, JB, 2006)		0.33
" This combination not only provides earlier pigmentation with lower total UVB dosage and less adverse UVB effects, but also reduces the duration and cost of treatment as well."( Combination of narrow band UVB and topical calcipotriol for the treatment of vitiligo.
Aydin, F; Canturk, MT; Goktas, EO; Senturk, N; Turanli, AY, 2006)		0.33
" Cows receiving 25-OH D3 or DCAD+25-OH D3 were dosed with 125 mg of 25-OH D3 6 d before slaughter."( Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and manipulated dietary cation-anion difference on the tenderness of beef from cull native Korean cows.
Cho, YM; Choi, H; Hwang, IH; Kim, YK; Myung, KH, 2006)		0.33
" Dosing was at intervals of at least two weeks in a 5x5 Latin square design."( Dose response to vaginal administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to cows.
Koiwa, M; Naito, Y; Okura, N; Yamagishi, N, 2007)		0.34
" Despite multiple dosage alterations in the phosphate and calcitriol therapy, the patient had recurrent tertiary HPT and another kidney stone (treated by lithotripsy)."( Tertiary hyperparathyroidism attributable to long-term oral phosphate therapy.
McHenry, CR; Mostafavi, K; Murphy, TA, )		0.38
"Long-term follow-up of patients with tertiary HPT is critical, with careful dosage adjustments in phosphate and vitamin D therapy and monitoring of serum levels of phosphorus, calcium, and parathyroid hormone."( Tertiary hyperparathyroidism attributable to long-term oral phosphate therapy.
McHenry, CR; Mostafavi, K; Murphy, TA, )		0.13
" In addition to screening potential antipsoriatic substances, the PPT can help answer other questions (frequency of use, dose-response relationship)."( [Is the psoriasis plaque test still relevant in the age of biologicals?].
Wozel, G, 2006)		0.33
" Initial studies tested daily dosing of calcitriol and showed that substantial dose escalation was not feasible due to hypercalciuria and/or hypercalcemia."( Calcitriol in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Beer, TM; Myrthue, A, )		1.84
" Data suggest that dosing should be gauged according to degree of SHPT."( Paricalcitol versus calcitriol treatment for hyperparathyroidism in pediatric hemodialysis patients.
Abitbol, CL; Chandar, J; Nwobi, O; Seeherunvong, W; Strauss, J; Zilleruelo, G, 2006)		0.66
"At the dosage used, calcitriol has a modest effect on residual pancreatic beta-cell function and only temporarily reduces the insulin dose."( The effects of calcitriol and nicotinamide on residual pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB XI).
Anguissola, GB; Bizzarri, C; Cavallo, MG; Crinò, A; Di Stasio, E; Guglielmi, C; Manfrini, S; Matteoli, MC; Patera, IP; Pitocco, D; Pozzilli, P; Spera, S; Suraci, C; Visalli, N, 2006)		1.01
" Few controlled dose-response studies are available on the effects of high P intake in man."( High phosphorus intakes acutely and negatively affect Ca and bone metabolism in a dose-dependent manner in healthy young females.
Kärkkäinen, MU; Kemi, VE; Lamberg-Allardt, CJ, 2006)		0.33
"A lymph cannulated conscious rat model was dosed orally with (3)H-seocalcitol dissolved in either LCT or PG."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol IV: evaluation of lymphatic transport in conscious rats.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2006)		0.33
"05) higher recovery of the dosed (3)H-seocalcitol was found in the intestinal lymph upon administration of the LCT solution (1."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol IV: evaluation of lymphatic transport in conscious rats.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2006)		0.33
" Uremic patients, however, suffer from severe deprivation of biological vitamin D effects, that puts them in need of highly dosed vitamin D in order to both ameliorate their bone status and to preserve their general and cardiovascular health."( Therapy of secondary hyperparathyroidism to date: vitamin D analogs, calcimimetics or both?
Cannella, G; Messa, P, )		0.13
" (2005) Clin Cancer Res 11:7794-7799] were eligible for this continuation weekly dosing study."( Phase I study of weekly DN-101, a new formulation of calcitriol, in patients with cancer.
Beer, TM; Garzotto, M; Henner, WD; Javle, MM; Johnson, CS; Lam, GN; Ryan, CW; Trump, DL; Wong, A, 2007)		0.59
" PK parameters following repeat dosing were comparable to those for the initial dose (n = 4)."( Phase I study of weekly DN-101, a new formulation of calcitriol, in patients with cancer.
Beer, TM; Garzotto, M; Henner, WD; Javle, MM; Johnson, CS; Lam, GN; Ryan, CW; Trump, DL; Wong, A, 2007)		0.59
"To investigate the contribution of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH) (2)D(3))-induced Ca action, we assessed parameters related to Ca metabolism after a single dosing of 1,25(OH)(2)D (3) in the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution or 5% D-mannitol (MAN) solution treatment with rats."( Contribution of intestinal calcium absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced calcium action in the total parenteral nutrition rat.
Asanuma, K; Chiba, S; Komatsu, S; Sakurai, T; Takai, R, 2006)		0.33
" Induction of 24-hydroxylase mRNA levels by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2) D(3)] injection was significantly reduced in the duodenum and kidney of HT mice in both time-course and dose-response experiments."( Intestinal resistance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in mice heterozygous for the vitamin D receptor knockout allele.
Fleet, JC; Song, Y, 2007)		0.34
" Dose-response studies indicated a biphasic curve with optimal stimulation at 300 pM 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and inhibition at 600 pM seco-steroid."( Phosphate uptake in chick kidney cells: effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3.
Khanal, RC; Nemere, I; Smith, NM, 2007)		0.34
"Daily and intermittent dosing of calcitriol will decrease plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure without causing ionized hypercalcemia."( Comparison of the effects of daily and intermittent-dose calcitriol on serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium concentrations in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure.
Chew, DJ; DiBartola, SP; Drost, WT; Hostutler, RA; Nagode, LA; Rajala-Schultz, PJ; Schenck, PA, )		0.66
" Potential reasons for lack of apparent effect include small sample size, insufficient duration of study, insufficient dosage of calcitriol, problems with formulation or administration of calcitriol, and variable gastrointestinal absorption of calcitriol."( Comparison of the effects of daily and intermittent-dose calcitriol on serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium concentrations in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure.
Chew, DJ; DiBartola, SP; Drost, WT; Hostutler, RA; Nagode, LA; Rajala-Schultz, PJ; Schenck, PA, )		0.58
" Interestingly, although 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) alone did not increase expression of the 1,25D(3)-MARRS promoter-reporter, co-treatment of transfected IEC-6 cells with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and TGFbeta shifted the dose-response curve to a lower effective concentration (100 pM peptide)."( Regulation of expression of 1,25D3-MARRS/ERp57/PDIA3 in rat IEC-6 cells by TGF beta and 1,25(OH)2D3.
Farach-Carson, MC; Nemere, I; Rohe, B; Safford, SE, 2007)		0.34
" Fifty-two patients with stage 3 or stage 4 CKD with vitamin D deficiency and elevated PTH concentrations received ergocalciferol dosed per a modified K/DOQI guidelines protocol and adjusted every 3 months."( Impact of ergocalciferol treatment of vitamin D deficiency on serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in chronic kidney disease.
Ho, LT; Hristova, M; Sprague, SM; Zisman, AL, 2007)		0.34
" The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 disappears when the dosing solution of phosphate is at 2 M, suggesting that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates active transport of phosphate but not diffusion of phosphate."( Characterization of intestinal phosphate absorption using a novel in vivo method.
DeLuca, HF; Williams, KB, 2007)		0.34
" The present study illustrates an often mentioned beneficial effect of dosing lipid-based formulations; the reduced food effect on bioavailability."( Bioavailability of seocalcitol III. Administration of lipid-based formulations to minipigs in the fasted and fed state.
Grove, M; Müllertz, A; Nielsen, JL; Pedersen, GP, 2007)		0.34
" There was a monotonic dose-response relation between serum 25(OH)D concentrations at less than 22 wk and risk of preeclampsia."( Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia.
Bodnar, LM; Catov, JM; Holick, MF; Powers, RW; Roberts, JM; Simhan, HN, 2007)		0.34
" We examine here, the effect of calcitriol and cisplatin pre-clinically and clinically in canine spontaneous tumors through in vitro studies on tumor cells and through a phase I study of calcitriol and cisplatin to identify the maximum-tolerated dosage (MTD) of this combination in dogs with cancer and to characterize the pharmacokinetic disposition of calcitriol in dogs."( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors.
Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)		0.89
" Cisplatin was given at a fixed dosage of 60 mg/m2."( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors.
Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)		0.61
" The relationship between calcitriol dosage and either Cmax or AUC was linear."( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors.
Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)		0.91
" One patient experienced transient hypercalcemia that normalized after a dosage decrease."( Oral calcitriol for the treatment of persistent proteinuria in immunoglobulin A nephropathy: an uncontrolled trial.
Chow, KM; Chung, KY; Kwan, BC; Leung, CB; Li, PK; Szeto, CC, 2008)		0.86
" The total dosage of calcitriol during the study was comparable in both groups."( Intravenous calcitriol therapy in an early stage prevents parathyroid gland growth.
Hirakata, H; Iida, M; Taniguchi, M; Tokumoto, M; Tsuruya, K, 2008)		1.04
" By using the Ussing chamber technique, we found that duodenal epithelia acutely exposed to 10 and 100 nmol/l 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) rapidly increased the solvent drag-induced calcium transport, but not the transcellular calcium transport, in a dose-response manner."( 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) rapidly stimulates the solvent drag-induced paracellular calcium transport in the duodenum of female rats.
Charoenphandhu, N; Jantarajit, W; Krishnamra, N; Teerapornpuntakit, J; Tudpor, K, 2008)		0.35
" Response rate was not affected by transfusion requirement (63%; 58% in untransfused), IPSS and WHO Prognostic Scoring System scores, and weekly rEPO dosage (30-50 000 U vs."( Efficacy of a combination of human recombinant erythropoietin + 13-cis-retinoic acid and dihydroxylated vitamin D3 to improve moderate to severe anaemia in low/intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndromes.
Bertini, M; Boccadoro, M; Darbesio, A; Dellacasa, CM; Ferrero, D; Genuardi, M; Giai, V; Sorasio, R, 2009)		0.35
" The relationship between FGF23 and PTH is unclear, and the acute effect of pharmacologically dosed PTH on FGF23 secretion is unknown."( Effects of hPTH(1-34) infusion on circulating serum phosphate, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and FGF23 levels in healthy men.
Burnett-Bowie, SM; Dere, ME; Henao, MP; Leder, BZ; Lee, H, 2009)		0.35
" From our results, it can offer new opportunities to design and determine individually appropriate therapeutic dosage regimens based on a pharmacokinetic profile and be used for bioequivalence and reevaluation study of generic drug."( Pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol in healthy human based on the analysis with an enzyme immunoassay.
Jin, SE; Kim, CK; Park, JS, 2009)		0.66
" Calcitriol inhibited the expression profile of inflammatory cytokine genes in a dose-response manner (P<0."( Calcitriol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cytokines in human trophoblasts.
Avila, E; Barrera, D; Díaz, L; Halhali, A; Hernández, G; Larrea, F; Noyola-Martínez, N, 2009)		2.71
" Protein and mRNA levels of target genes in the small intestine, colon and liver after intraperitoneal dosing of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (0-2."( 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) triggered vitamin D receptor and farnesoid X receptor-like effects in rat intestine and liver in vivo.
Chow, EC; Groothuis, GM; Khan, AA; Liu, S; Maeng, HJ; Pang, KS, 2009)		0.35
" Recent research found that intermittent dosing can reduce hypercalcemia rates."( The efficacy of calcitriol therapy in the management of bone loss and fractures: a qualitative review.
Hebl, S; Huston, AJ; Ling, MN; Morrow, GR; Mustian, KM; Palesh, OG; Peppone, LJ; Purnell, JQ; Reid, ME; Rosier, RN, 2010)		0.71
" Two series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitammin D(3) (calcitriol) in supraphysiological dosage in combination with varying alimentary Ca supply."( Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in sheep fed diets either adequate or restricted in calcium content.
Breves, G; Mrochen, N; Schröder, B; Wilkens, MR, 2010)		0.58
" Western blots with anti-PKCalpha exhibited redistribution to membranes in a biphasic dose-response curve: slightly stimulated at the lowest dose, maximal at 300pM 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and equivalent to control levels at the highest dose, paralleling hormone-mediated phosphate uptake."( Protein kinase C isotypes in signal transduction for the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor (ERp57/PDIA3) in steroid hormone-stimulated phosphate uptake.
Nemere, I; Tunsophon, S, 2010)		0.36
" However no consistent differences between routes of administration, frequencies of dosing or vitamin D preparations have been demonstrated."( Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease.
Craig, JC; Geary, DF; Hodson, EM, 2010)		0.36
" There was a reduction in the dosage and in the number of patients who were treated with paricalcitol and sevelamer."( Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters.
Aires, I; Amaral, T; Borges, M; Cortez, J; Ferreira, A; Ferreira, C; Gil, C; Jorge, C; Matias, PJ, 2010)		0.36
" It allows reduction of vitamin D deficiency, better control of mineral metabolism with less use of active vitamin D, attenuation of inflammation, reduced dosing of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and possibly improvement of cardiac dysfunction."( Cholecalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism, inflammation, and cardiac dimension parameters.
Aires, I; Amaral, T; Borges, M; Cortez, J; Ferreira, A; Ferreira, C; Gil, C; Jorge, C; Matias, PJ, 2010)		0.36
" For IC(50) determination and comparison, dose-response curves with VDR agonists, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid were performed."( Comparison between VDR analogs and current immunosuppressive drugs in relation to CXCL10 secretion by human renal tubular cells.
Adorini, L; Borgogni, E; Crescioli, C; Mazzinghi, B; Romagnani, P; Sagrinati, C; Serio, M; Sottili, M, 2010)		0.36
" Dose-response studies of the comedolytic analogs showed that an increase in epidermal thickness was achieved at a lower dose than that needed to induce comedolysis."( Identification of a unique subset of 2-methylene-19-nor analogs of vitamin D with comedolytic activity in the rhino mouse.
Ahrens, JM; Clagett-Dame, M; DeLuca, HF; Nieves, NJ; Plum, LA, 2010)		0.36
" A dose-response trend existed for increasing concentrations of nicotinamide, but it was not significant."( Pilot, multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled bilateral comparative study of a combination of calcipotriene and nicotinamide for the treatment of psoriasis.
Andrashko, Y; Even-Chen, Z; Gottlieb, A; Lebwohl, M; Levine, D; Lipets, I; Pritulo, OA; Svyatenko, TV, 2010)		0.36
"The relatively small patient numbers, relatively high placebo effect, and maximum in-life portion of only 12 weeks of dosing are weaknesses of the study."( Pilot, multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled bilateral comparative study of a combination of calcipotriene and nicotinamide for the treatment of psoriasis.
Andrashko, Y; Even-Chen, Z; Gottlieb, A; Lebwohl, M; Levine, D; Lipets, I; Pritulo, OA; Svyatenko, TV, 2010)		0.36
" For example, a new formulation of calcipotriene/betamethasone scalp solution has a rapid onset of action with once daily dosing that improves compliance."( Scalp psoriasis.
Kircik, LH; Kumar, S, 2010)		0.36
" Therefore, we investigated gastrointestinal calcium transport of sheep as influenced by a dietary calcium restriction and/or a supraphysiological dosage of exogenous calcitriol."( Gastrointestinal calcium absorption in sheep is mostly insensitive to an alimentary induced challenge of calcium homeostasis.
Breves, G; Mrochen, N; Schröder, B; Wilkens, MR, 2011)		0.56
" Our findings on the solvent effects of the skin permeability of OCT are thus useful for designing topical drug formulation, especially in aiming for bioequivalent dosage formulas."( Formulation study of topically applied O/W lotion containing vitamin D3 derivative, focusing on skin permeability of the drug.
Harada, S; Horisawa, E; Kano, S; Sugibayashi, K, 2011)		0.37
" To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of an in vivo long-term biological response generated by chronic dosing with a nongenomic-selective vitamin D steroid."( 1α,25(OH)₂-vitamin D and a nongenomic vitamin D analogue inhibit ultraviolet radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis.
Dixon, KM; Halliday, GM; Mason, RS; Mohan, R; Norman, AW; Reeve, VE; Rybchyn, MS; Sequeira, VB, 2011)		0.37
"Etanercept is approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis at a subcutaneous (SC) dosage of 50 mg twice-weekly for three months, followed by 50 mg SC once-weekly thereafter."( Topical calcipotriene 0.005% and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% maintains efficacy of etanercept after step-down dose in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results of an open label trial.
Kircik, LH, 2011)		0.37
" In this pilot study, we investigated the dose-response to 1α,25-dihdroxyvitamin D(3) (1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3)) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) by human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B."( Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cell lines.
Anderson, HC; Garimella, R; Keighley, J; Pinson, D; Tancabelic, J; Tawfik, O; Templeton, K; Thompson, L; Wang, S, 2012)		0.38
" Fourteen animals of each group received a daily dosage of 3mg of 25-OHD(3)."( Influence of the combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and a diet negative in cation-anion difference on peripartal calcium homeostasis of dairy cows.
Azem, E; Breves, G; Oberheide, I; Schröder, B; Steinberg, W; Wilkens, MR, 2012)		0.38
"70ng/mL, respectively, following intraperitoneal dosing (20μg/kg 1,25(OH)(2)D(3))."( A local effect of CYP24 inhibition on lung tumor xenograft exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is revealed using a novel LC-MS/MS assay.
Beumer, JH; D'Argenio, DZ; Hershberger, PA; Kanterewicz, B; Parise, RA; Petkovich, M, 2012)		0.38
" Liposomes can enhance the delivery of drugs into the skin, but a major challenge for the development of dosage forms containing liposomes is to maintain the colloidal stability in the formulation."( Calcipotriol delivery into the skin with PEGylated liposomes.
Basse, LH; Foged, C; Frokjaer, S; Hansen, J; Jorgensen, L; Knudsen, NØ; Rønholt, S; Salte, RD; Thormann, T, 2012)		0.38
" Inhibitory concentrations were determined by dose-response curves and metabolic activity assays."( Astemizole synergizes calcitriol antiproliferative activity by inhibiting CYP24A1 and upregulating VDR: a novel approach for breast cancer therapy.
Avila, E; Barrera, D; Camacho, J; Díaz, L; Gamboa-Domínguez, A; García-Becerra, R; García-Quiroz, J; Halhali, A; Larrea, F; Medina-Franco, H; Ordaz-Rosado, D; Rivas-Suárez, M; Rodríguez, P; Santos, N, 2012)		0.69
" Since astemizole improves calcitriol bioavailability and activity, decreased calcitriol dosing is advised for conjoint administration."( Astemizole synergizes calcitriol antiproliferative activity by inhibiting CYP24A1 and upregulating VDR: a novel approach for breast cancer therapy.
Avila, E; Barrera, D; Camacho, J; Díaz, L; Gamboa-Domínguez, A; García-Becerra, R; García-Quiroz, J; Halhali, A; Larrea, F; Medina-Franco, H; Ordaz-Rosado, D; Rivas-Suárez, M; Rodríguez, P; Santos, N, 2012)		0.99
" These patients provide an experiment by nature enabling us to understand the role of vitamin D, especially in light of the ongoing debate concerning normal vitamin D levels and the supplement dosage that should be recommended."( Vitamin D action: lessons learned from hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D-resistant rickets patients.
Gepstein, V; Tiosano, D, 2012)		0.38
" Expression of CAMP mRNA and protein increased in a dose-response fashion after exposure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to the Gemini analog, BXL-01-126, in vitro."( Novel Gemini vitamin D3 analogs: large structure/function analysis and ability to induce antimicrobial peptide.
Akagi, T; Alvarez, R; Borregaard, N; Gery, S; Ho, Q; Koeffler, HP; Kuwayama, Y; Liu, GY; Okamoto, R; Uskokovic, MR, 2014)		0.4
" Results from a number of clinical trials revealed that sufficient dosing and exposure to calcitriol is critical for achieving antitumor effects during intermittent regimens."( The mechanism of calcitriol in cancer prevention and treatment.
Guo, J; Han, S; Hu, A; Li, R; Li, W; Ma, J; Ma, Q; Ma, Z; Wang, F, 2013)		0.95
" Dose-response and time-course studies with LPS showed significant increases of plasma Pi and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels and renal Pi excretion, while renal calcium excretion was significantly decreased."( Downregulation of renal type IIa sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter during lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation.
Ikeda, S; Iwano, M; Kozai, M; Masuda, M; Miyamoto, K; Nakahashi, O; Nakao, M; Segawa, H; Takeda, E; Takei, Y; Taketani, Y; Tanaka, S; Yamamoto, H, 2014)		0.4
" Healthy breastfed infants (n = 132) were followed from 1 to 12 months of age as part of a vitamin D dose-response study (NCT00381914)."( Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, more so than its epimer, has a linear relationship to leaner body composition across infancy in healthy term infants.
Berzina, I; Gallo, S; Hazell, TJ; Rodd, C; Vanstone, CA; Weiler, HA, 2014)		0.4
" Inhibitory concentrations on cell proliferation were calculated by non-linear regression analysis using sigmoidal fitting of dose-response curves."( Calcitriol and its analogues enhance the antiproliferative activity of gefitinib in breast cancer cells.
Díaz, L; Esparza-López, J; García-Becerra, R; García-Quiroz, J; González-González, ME; Ibarra-Sánchez, MJ; Larrea, F; Martínez-Reza, I; Prado-Garcia, H; Segovia-Mendoza, M, 2015)		1.86
" The low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose intervention groups were administered with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) solution at the dosage of 1, 4 and 10 μg/kg respectively by intraperitoneal injections before asthma challenge."( [Effects of different doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on expression of HMGB1 and IL-17 in the lungs of asthmatic mice].
Li, YL; Luan, B; Qiao, JY; Zhang, LM, 2015)		0.42
" Whether substitution of native vitamin D in these patients is beneficial is a matter of ongoing discussion, as is the optimal dosing schedule."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		0.42
"The dosing regimen of oral cholecalciferol supplementation with 100 IU per kg body weight per week for 26 weeks in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency causes a significant increase in 25OHD3 close to the supposed target level of 30 ng/mL and a significant reduction in iPTH, without affecting serum calcium or phosphorous levels."( Efficacy and safety of body weight-adapted oral cholecalciferol substitution in dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency.
Lhotta, K; Mündle, M; Sprenger-Mähr, H; Zitt, E, 2015)		0.42
" The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) models of KRN23 were assessed following subcutaneous dosing every 28 days over an initial 4-month dose escalation (0."( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses from a 4-month intradose escalation and its subsequent 12-month dose titration studies for a human monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody (KRN23) in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia.
Carpenter, TO; Gosselin, NH; Imel, EA; Marier, JF; Peyret, T; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.43
"The best repletion and maintenance dosing regimens with cholecalciferol in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1 patients remain unknown."( An oral high dose of cholecalciferol restores vitamin D status in deficient postmenopausal HIV-1-infected women independently of protease inhibitors therapy: a pilot study.
Biondi, P; Cilli, M; Cipriani, C; Di Traglia, M; Diacinti, D; Falciano, M; Fantauzzi, A; Mezzaroma, I; Minisola, S; Pepe, J; Salotti, A, 2016)		0.43
"05); the median dosing interval was 6 months (range, 1 to 25."( Short-Term Safety of Zoledronic Acid in Young Patients With Bone Disorders: An Extensive Institutional Experience.
George, S; Hummel, K; Kaplan, P; Levine, MA; Monk, HM; Weber, DR, 2015)		0.42
" Supplementary dietary cholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25-OH), the precursor of calcitriol, is commonly employed to combat this problem; however, dosage must be carefully determined as excess dietary vitamin D can cause toxicity resulting in a decrease in bone calcification, hypercalcinemia and renal failure."( Super pharmacological levels of calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3) inhibits mineral deposition and decreases cell proliferation in a strain dependent manner in chicken mesenchymal stem cells undergoing osteogenic differentiation in vitro.
Bhanugopan, MS; Chousalkar, KC; Pande, VV; Quinn, JC, 2015)		0.92
" However, no consistent differences between routes of administration, frequencies of dosing or vitamin D preparations were demonstrated."( Interventions for metabolic bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease.
Craig, JC; Hahn, D; Hodson, EM, 2015)		0.42
" doses (2, 60, and 120 pmol) and the rebound in 1,25(OH)2D3 tissue concentrations after dosing termination."( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Mice.
Cao, Y; Chow, EC; Mager, DE; Pang, KS; Quach, HP; Ramakrishnan, V; Yang, QJ, 2016)		0.43
"Intermittent dosing may improve adherence to vitamin D therapy."( How well are the optimal serum 25OHD concentrations reached in high-dose intermittent vitamin D therapy? a placebo-controlled study on comparison between 100 000 IU and 200 000 IU of oral D3 every 3 months in elderly women.
Löyttyniemi, E; Pekkarinen, T; Välimäki, MJ; Välimäki, VV, 2016)		0.43
"Hemodialysis patients were enrolled and dosed with 110, 220, 330, 440, or 550 ng of 2MD orally thrice weekly for 4 weeks."( Use of 2MD, a Novel Oral Calcitriol Analog, in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
Clagett-Dame, M; Coyne, DW; DeLuca, HF; Pandey, R; Plum, LA; Zella, J, 2016)		0.74
" Due to the availability of new dosages during the 6-year time period of the study, the dose could be and was adjusted for most patients to a daily dosing regimen."( Therapy of Hypoparathyroidism With PTH(1-84): A Prospective Six Year Investigation of Efficacy and Safety.
Bilezikian, JP; Costa, AG; Cremers, S; Cusano, NE; Delgado, Y; Dworakowski, E; Fan, WW; Rubin, MR; Zhang, C, 2016)		0.43
" However, it is unclear whether supplementation dosage or route of administration should be altered due to this state."( Vitamin D and micro-inflammatory state in hemodialysis patients: a mini review and meta-analysis.
Hu, GC; Huang, L; Zhao, YJ; Zhou, J, )		0.13
"According to our study, calcitriol in equal dosage is more effective than alfacalcidol in lowering serum PTH level in chronic hemodialysis patients."( Conversion of oral alfacalcidol to oral calcitriol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Bell, RZ; Bezzaoucha, S; Desforges, K; Lafrance, JP; Lamarche, C; Leblanc, M; Lepage, L; Ouellet, G; Ouimet, D; Pichette, V; Rauscher, S; Vallee, M, 2017)		1.03
" Serum PTH remained suppressed during the dosing period, but tended to rebound in the paricalcitol groups."( Vitamin D receptor agonist VS-105 directly modulates parathyroid hormone expression in human parathyroid cells and in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Chen, YW; Fukagawa, M; Kakuta, T; Kanai, G; Sawada, K; Wessale, JL; Wu-Wong, JR, 2017)		0.46
" Univariate correlation and multivariable linear regression model showed that oral calcitriol dosage and treatment duration were independently correlated to oxyphil cell ratio."( Comparative proteomic analysis of chief and oxyphil cell nodules in refractory uremic hyperparathyroidism by iTRAQ coupled LC-MS/MS.
Chen, J; Huang, B; Li, S; Mao, J; Ni, L; Tao, Y; Wang, M; Zhang, M, 2018)		0.71
" FGF23 failed to regulate the expression of any of the studied hydroxylases at the used dosage and treatment length."( Regulation of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes in murine renal and extrarenal tissues by dietary phosphate, FGF23, and 1,25(OH)2D3.
Bettoni, C; Hernando, N; Kägi, L; Pastor-Arroyo, EM; Schnitzbauer, U; Wagner, CA, 2018)		0.48
"In general, chronotherapy is desirable for a more effective and/or safe dosage regimen."( Chronotherapy of maxacalcitol on skin inflammation induced by topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mice.
Ando, H; Fujimura, A; Kumazaki, M; Ushijima, K; Yoshioka, D, 2018)		0.48
" Furthermore, several studies suggest that lower 25(OH)D serum levels are associated with an increased risk of respiratory infection at all ages in a dose-response manner."( Vitamin D: Immunomodulatory Aspects.
Indolfi, C; Miraglia Del Giudice, M; Strisciuglio, C, )		0.13
"Two chromatographic methods were developed, optimized and validated for simultaneous determination of calcipotriol monohydrate (CPM) and betamethasone dipropionate (BMD) in the presence of two dosage form additives named; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol (TOCO)."( Validated Chromatographic Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Calcipotriol Monohydrate and Betamethasone Dipropionate in the Presence of Two Dosage Form Additives.
El-Mosallamy, SS; El-Zeany, BA; Hassan, NY; Merey, HA, 2019)		0.51
" Improvement in PCS was greater in patients whose calcitriol dosage was reduced and duration of disease was shorter."( Quality of Life in Hypoparathyroidism Improves With rhPTH(1-84) Throughout 8 Years of Therapy.
Almonte, MG; Bilezikian, JP; Cusano, NE; Majeed, R; Omeragic, B; Rubin, MR; Tabacco, G; Tay, YD; Williams, J, 2019)		0.77
"In this systematic review and meta-analysis, neither intermittent nor daily dosing with standard doses of vitamin D alone was associated with reduced risk of fracture, but daily supplementation with both vitamin D and calcium was a more promising strategy."( Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Armitage, J; Bennett, D; Chen, Z; Clarke, R; Lin, X; Mafham, M; Yao, P, 2019)		0.51
" Vitamin D deficiency appears to affect pregnancy outcomes, yet randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation achieve mixed results depending on when supplementation is initiated during pregnancy, the dose and dosing interval, and the degree of deficiency at the onset of pregnancy."( Early-Life Effects of Vitamin D: A Focus on Pregnancy and Lactation.
Hollis, BW; Wagner, CL, 2020)		0.56
"We conclude that the effects and dose-response of PTH 1-34 treatment differ according to the etiology of hypoparathyroidism."( Therapy with PTH 1-34 or calcitriol and calcium in diverse etiologies of hypoparathyroidism over 27 years at a single tertiary care center.
Cutler, GB; Ferré, EMN; Lionakis, MS; Schmitt, MM; Winer, KK; Ye, S; Zhang, B, 2021)		0.92
" Calcitriol supplementation to vitamin D-deficient rats at the dosage used augmented endothelium-dependent contraction, possibly due to hypercalcaemia."( Vitamin D deficiency attenuates endothelial function by reducing antioxidant activity and vascular eNOS expression in the rat microcirculation.
Banga Singh, KK; Mokhtar, SS; Rasool, AHG; Wee, CL, 2021)		1.53
" Improvements in disease severity outcomes were maintained after reducing Cal/BD dosing frequency."( Adjunctive Use of Calcipotriene 0.005%/Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% Foam in Patients With Psoriasis Treated With Ixekizumab.
Bagel, J; Nelson, E, 2022)		0.72
" Twice-weekly maintenance application of topical Cal/BD aerosolized foam has recently been shown to prolong time to remission and is associated with fewer relapses in patients initially treated with standard dosing of the formulation."( The Maintenance Effect of Calcipotriene 0.05% and Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.064% (Cal/BD) Aerosol Foam in Combination With Apremilast.
Kircik, L; Ozyurekoglu, E, 2022)		0.72
" Further logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline model revealed dose-response relationship between cumulative dose of phosphate supplementation and PTH levels."( Hyperparathyroidism in a Large Cohort of Chinese Patients With Tumor-induced Osteomalacia.
Chi, Y; Cui, L; Feng, J; Gong, Y; Huo, L; Jiajue, R; Jiang, Y; Jin, C; Jin, J; Li, M; Li, X; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lv, W; Ni, X; Pang, Q; Wang, O; Wu, H; Xia, W; Xia, Y; Xing, X; Yu, W; Zhang, D; Zhou, L; Zhou, X, 2023)		0.91
" A water-free lipid-based formulation system has been developed to improve dosage and cosmetic properties along with patient compliance."( Efficacy and Safety of Water-Free Lipid Formulation System Containing Calcipotriol Against Psoriasis Vulgaris.
Carlsson, A; Holmback, J; Rinwa, P, 2023)		0.91
" After three days in the hospital, the patient's initial symptoms subsided, resulting in discharge with a prescription of ongoing oral medications including Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 Tablets, Calcitriol Soft Capsules, and Potassium Aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate Tablets, with the same usage and dosage as the above three drugs."( Hypomagnesemia with Secondary Hypocalcemia (HSH): a Case Report.
Jiang, Z; Lin, Y; Zhao, C, 2023)		1.1
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Food & Beverages1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Orrington Farms Broth Base & Seasoning Chicken -- 12 ozOrrington FarmsFood & Beverages Vit D, maltodextrin, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (11)

RoleDescription
bone density conservation agentAn agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
antipsoriaticA drug used to treat psoriasis.
immunomodulatorBiologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
calcium channel modulatorA membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
nutraceuticalA product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
calcium channel agonistAgents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues.
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
hormoneOriginally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
hydroxycalciol
D3 vitaminsA vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
triolA chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (20)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Metabolism of lipids500463
Metabolism of steroids111135
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism1210
Biological oxidations150276
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds69175
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type30110
Vitamins415
Disease1278231
Diseases of metabolism69121
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes647
Defective CYP24A1 causes HCAI04
Renin-angiotensin pathway (COVID-19 Disease Map)116
Non-classical role of vitamin D86
Vitamin D metabolism19
Nuclear receptors in lipid metabolism and toxicity03
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Regulation of Wnt / B-catenin signaling by small molecule compounds010
PI3K/AKT/mTOR - vitamin D3 signaling07
Non-genomic actions of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D364

Protein Targets (34)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Beta-lactamaseEscherichia coli K-12Potency19.95260.044717.8581100.0000AID485341
Chain A, Ferritin light chainEquus caballus (horse)Potency10.00005.623417.292931.6228AID485281
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
PPM1D proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.99930.00529.466132.9993AID1347411
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.180013.557439.8107AID1460
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency39.81070.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.035520.977089.1251AID504332
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.039816.784239.8107AID1454
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency13.45740.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.13600.004611.374133.4983AID624296
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.00570.005612.367736.1254AID624032
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.99930.00339.158239.8107AID1347411
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)39.70000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
Cytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00930.00011.753610.0000AID775184
Cytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00010.00011.41629.9000AID619442
Androgen receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00000.875310.0000AID730427
Cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00010.00011.19868.0000AID619442
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.34010.00000.43746.4300AID1140744; AID1254251; AID1266893; AID1267638; AID1267646; AID1375582; AID1408600; AID1408602; AID1417060; AID1455879; AID1465610; AID1505674; AID1506107; AID1852315; AID274535; AID302664; AID488356; AID703638; AID775184
Cytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00930.00002.800510.0000AID775184
Vitamin D3 receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00010.00000.00010.0002AID1235843; AID1267774; AID351849; AID387114; AID392905; AID455160; AID547391; AID547392; AID619442; AID635571; AID672798
Cytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00010.00010.830010.0000AID619442
Vitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)0.00000.00000.00000.0000AID1744118
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00010.00010.76295.5000AID635571
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Vitamin D Nuclear ReceptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00050.00050.00050.0005AID977611
Vitamin D3 receptorSus scrofa (pig)Kd0.00010.00010.00010.0001AID472015
Vitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.02400.02400.02400.0240AID472017
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.03940.00000.14232.1400AID1191646; AID1251250; AID1251254; AID1266894; AID1267641; AID1267643; AID1309798; AID1309799; AID1309800; AID1310892; AID1375589; AID1408601; AID1455877; AID1506105; AID1506106; AID1585399; AID1686027; AID1744114; AID1744119; AID1744120; AID280115; AID321740; AID321741; AID321742; AID326338; AID326340; AID414864; AID414865; AID622098; AID702757; AID702758; AID703640; AID730431; AID760217; AID761797; AID775185
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00010.00012.46269.5200AID217167
Vitamin D3 receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00020.00000.00020.0003AID303407; AID303411; AID326337; AID387116; AID392907; AID455164; AID635522
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00160.00010.34279.1000AID1408601
Kappa-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)EC50 (µMol)0.00000.00000.20671.4454AID622098
Vitamin D3 receptorMus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)0.10000.00770.40190.9000AID1585872
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.00300.00300.00300.0030AID1852313
Vitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)EC50 (µMol)0.00010.00000.00010.0001AID280114; AID366868
Vitamin D3 receptor ADanio rerio (zebrafish)EC50 (µMol)0.00550.00550.00550.0055AID1118427
Vitamin D3 receptor ADanio rerio (zebrafish)Kd1.20001.20001.20001.2000AID1661608
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)ED500.00020.00020.00020.0002AID619491
Cytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)ED500.00020.00020.00020.0002AID619491
Vitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)ED500.10070.00050.14280.4100AID274536; AID274537; AID282483; AID302663
Cytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)ED500.00020.00020.00020.0002AID619491
Vitamin D3 receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)ED50500,000.00020.00020.00030.0004AID1267778; AID216837; AID217013; AID228001; AID619491; AID672800
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (205)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin transmembrane transportVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic processVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin transportVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
transportVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
porphyrin-containing compound metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
toxin biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic developmentCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
lung developmentCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
methylationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular respirationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ionCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
lipid hydroxylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciolCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D catabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
single fertilizationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male somatic sex determinationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
androgen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Leydig cell differentiationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphorylationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell differentiationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic processAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic processAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of developmental growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
animal organ formationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male genitalia morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelial foldAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate gland growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate gland epithelium morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland alveolus developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estrogen stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to testosterone stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
seminiferous tubule developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-membrane-bounded organelle assemblyAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization to plasma membraneAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell morphogenesisVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal system developmentVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transportVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lactationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion transmembrane transportVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
decidualizationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involutionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involutionVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancyVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to bile acidVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism developmentVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell differentiationVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
urea metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
amide metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholesterol effluxRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transporter activityRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to retinoic acidRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase IIRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell differentiationRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
anatomical structure developmentRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast differentiation1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin metabolic process1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin D1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic process1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D catabolic process1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathway1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathwayVitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (108)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
actin bindingVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin transmembrane transporter activityVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
calcidiol bindingVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D bindingVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
demethylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activityCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
quinine 3-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
testosterone 6-beta-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
androgen bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-catenin bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ATPase bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
POU domain bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D response element bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid nuclear receptor activityVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcitriol bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lithocholic acid bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 14,15-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
caffeine oxidase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D response element bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coregulator bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
peptide bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear vitamin D receptor bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid-responsive element bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA binding domain bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
LBD domain bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
25-hydroxycholecalciferol-24-hydroxylase activity1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
heme binding1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase activity1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
25-hydroxycholecalciferol-23-hydroxylase activity1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase activity1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityVitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)
zinc ion bindingVitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (36)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomal lumenVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmVitamin D-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1A2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 3A4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexVitamin D3 receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C9 Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexRetinoic acid receptor RXR-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membrane1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmVitamin D3 receptorBos taurus (cattle)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (771)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1661598Binding affinity to H10 region (416 to 426 residues) of zebrafish VDR LBD assessed as stabilization of structural elements at 10 fold excess compound concentration in presence of SRC1 NR2 coactivator peptide measured at 3 and 10 mins by HDX-MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist.
AID1218496Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,24R,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID147637Gene transcriptional activity against osteopontin (OPN)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID352235Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 87 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by everted gut sac2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID1375582Displacement of fluormone from human full length VDR after 2 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1375594Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p21 expression at 10'-8 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1375600Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p53 expression at 10'-8 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1235847Induction of transcriptional activity in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells after 16 hrs by 24-hydroxylase luciferase reporter gene assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID80964Induced differentiation of human promyelocyte HL-60 cells into monocytes1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID672805Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat intestine assessed as increase in serosal/mucosal calcium level at 32 to 7020 pmol, ip administered every 24 hrs for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs post last dose by everted gut s2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9
A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3.
AID1218527Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2D inhibitor quinine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID303410Ratio of ED50 for drug to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin for HL60 cells differentiation by NBT reduction assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID216850Percent inhibition of binding to transport protein vitamin D binding protein (DBP)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Conformationally restricted analogs of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20-epimer: compounds for study of the three-dimensional structure of vitamin D responsible for binding to the receptor.
AID703624Increase in serum Calcium levels in CD-1 mouse at 0.3 ug/kg, ip administered every other day for 3 weeks measured on day 212012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID619489Induction of human HL60 differentiation assessed as cells reducing nitro blue tetrazolium2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID387116Activity at rat recombinant full length VDR expressed in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells transfected with 24-hydroxylase gene promoter assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1408639Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells xenografted in Balb/c nude mouse assessed as increase in p27 expression at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation by immunohistochemical an2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID224818Bone Calcium-Mobilizing (BCM) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID352239Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 7020 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by e2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID305710Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed NBT positive cells at 0.02 uM after 72 hrs by NBT reduction test2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3
Rotenoids and flavonoids with anti-invasion of HT1080, anti-proliferation of U937, and differentiation-inducing activity in HL-60 from Erycibe expansa.
AID1585864Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis relative to oxysterol alone2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1375597Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p27 expression at 10'-8 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID775182Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 23, Issue:21
Synthesis of VS-105: A novel and potent vitamin D receptor agonist with reduced hypercalcemic effects.
AID1613163Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 31.32%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID688520Toxicity in mouse assessed as increase in plasma calcium level at 5 ug/kg, ip qd for 4 days measured after 24 to 96 hrs postdose2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID152813In vitro inhibition of phytohemagglutininin-induced stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Conceptually new 20-epi-22-oxa sulfone analogues of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1506119Drug uptake in human MG63 cells at 1 uM after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID169314Calcemic activity (in vivo bone calcium mobilization) was measured by the rise in serum calcium in vitamin D and Ca deficient rats by colorimetric assay2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9
Rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel conformationally restricted vitamin D analogues, (22R)- and (22S)-22-ethyl-1,25-dihydroxy-23,24-didehydro-24a,24b-dihomo-20-epivitamin D(3).
AID1267151Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 780 pmol/day administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds.
AID1465610Displacement of [3H]-1,25-(OH)2D3 from N-terminal GST-tagged human recombinant vitamin D receptor ligand binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLys S after 16 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-26, Volume: 60, Issue:20
Vitamin D Analogues with a p-Hydroxyphenyl Group at the C25 Position: Crystal Structure of Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed with the Ligand Explains the Mechanism Underlying Full Antagonistic Action.
AID702758Transactivation of GAL4-fused VDR ligand binding domain expressed in human HeLa cells after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19
Structural basis for the accommodation of bis- and tris-aromatic derivatives in vitamin D nuclear receptor.
AID230235Intestinal Calcium Transport (ICT) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID321740Effect on VDR transcriptional activity in human osteosarcoma cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
(2S,2'R)-analogue of LG190178 is a major active isomer.
AID282483Effect on VDR-mediated transcriptional activity in CV1 cells transfected with human recombinant VDR2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-30, Volume: 47, Issue:27
Potent, selective and low-calcemic inhibitors of CYP24 hydroxylase: 24-sulfoximine analogues of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3).
AID1267646Agonist activity at VDR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells cotransfected with NCoR assessed as decrease in NCoR recruitment by two-hybrid assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID672799Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9
A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3.
AID337282Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 0.001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID414866Activation of VDR in human THP1 cells assessed as increase in cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide mRNA expression at EC50 upto 5 hrs by RT-PCR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID1254251Displacement of [3H]-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from recombinant human VDR LBD expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS after 16 hrs2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22
Fine tuning of agonistic/antagonistic activity for vitamin D receptor by 22-alkyl chain length of ligands: 22S-Hexyl compound unexpectedly restored agonistic activity.
AID688528Cmax in mouse at 5 ug/kg2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID1267785Induction of intestinal calcium transport in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of calcium level in serosal to mucosal at 16 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 3.7 to 4.8 No_unit)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1118429Antiproliferative activity against ER positive human MCF10AT1 cells after 3 days by [3H]thymidine uptake assay2011MedChemComm, , Volume: 2, Issue:5
Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097.
AID760210Toxicity in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as increase in serum Ca level at 0.025 mg/kg/day administered 5 times a week for 4 weeks measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 9.14 +/- 0.24 mg/dL)2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID392912Ratio of EC50 of drug to EC50 of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 for induction of cell differentiation of human HL60 cells to monocytes by NBT reduction assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID351856Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 260 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID527089Agonist activity at VDR in human SCC25 cells assessed as induction of TSLP expression at 100 nM2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 53, Issue:20
An o-aminoanilide analogue of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) functions as a strong vitamin D receptor antagonist.
AID130084Dose required to induce hypercalcemia after administration in mice2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-08, Volume: 11, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological activity of the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 diastereomer with unnatural configuration at the rings C/D side-chain moiety.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID352234Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 35100 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID171377Intestinal calcium transport at dose 260 (pmol)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID280115Induction of transactivation of human VDR responsive gene in COS7 cells by rat osteopontin luciferase reporter gene assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID171376Intestinal calcium transport at dose 130 (pmol)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID303407Displacement of 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin from rat recombinant VDR2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID337274Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.1 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID196186Serum Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 500 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID488261Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 24 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 7 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.0.6 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID190603Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID455166Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 87 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID190749Bone calcium mobilization in rats maintained on a very low calcium diet at a dose 260 (pmol)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID195595Patch clamp determination of calcium current in rat Osteosarcoma cells at 0.5 nM1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs featuring aromatic and heteroaromatic rings: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological testing.
AID171510Support of intestinal calcium transport measured in vitamin D-deficient rats on a low-calcium diet(260)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID190751Bone calcium mobilization measured in vitamin D-deficient rats on a low-calcium diet(260)1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID191115Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID635526Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat bone assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 2.1 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to vehicle treated control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID1267781Induction of bone mobilization activity in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 87 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 4.4 to 4.5 mg/dl)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID216720Inhibition of 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 binding to porcine intestinal vitamin D receptor1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID1455877Agonist activity at VDR in human HL60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation after 96 hrs by NBT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1235845Induction of differentiation of human HL60 promyelocytes to monocytes after 4 days by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID1266896Antipoliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID337023Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as alpha naphthyl esterase activity at 0.01 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID280120Effect on bone calcium mobilization in low-calcium diet fed rat at 100 pmol/day, ip after 7 days2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID190607Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID303411Activity at VDR in rat osteosarcoma cells assessed as 24-hydroxylase transcription by reporter gene assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID1585872Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression after 48 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1408640Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells xenografted in Balb/c nude mouse assessed as increase in Bax expression at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation by immunohistochemical an2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1585880Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1408609Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as accumulation at S phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 32%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID191095Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID3205Relative competitive index values for binding to 25-OH-D3-1-hydroxylase of chick intestine1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID1235857Induction of bone calcium mobilization into serum of Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as total serum calcium level at 260 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.5 mg/dL)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID1218525Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2C inhibitor sulfaphenazole2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID196189Support of Serum Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 130 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID1218465Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2B inhibitor orphenadrine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID82176In vitro activity expressed as effective dose to induce the differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells by NBT reduction assay1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID337316Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.0001 uM by trypan blue exclusion method1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1455899Half life in iv dosed Sprague-Dawley rat2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID216864Percent inhibition of binding to bovine thymus VDR, vitamin D receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Conformationally restricted analogs of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20-epimer: compounds for study of the three-dimensional structure of vitamin D responsible for binding to the receptor.
AID196190Support of Serum Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 260 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID191107Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID3209Inhibitory effect (10e-6 M) on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase activity1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID1585884Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID103395In vitro biological evaluation was determined on MCF-7 cell line, results expressed as percentage activity at 50% dose response2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID741567Toxicity in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as effect on serum calcium level at 320 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID1218518Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A2 inhibitor furafyline2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1218495Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,23S,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1423173Hepatoprotective activity against CCL4-induced liver damage in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as reduction in serum TBA levels at 20 ug/kg, po administered 5 times a week via gavage measured at 72 hrs post final CCl4 injection2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID1744113Agonist activity at VDR in human HL-60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation of promyelocytes to monocytes at >0.1 nM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1585399Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in HOS cells co-expressing human RXR by Dual-Glo luciferase reporter gene assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:23-24
Structural development of non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligands without any asymmetric carbon.
AID472304Toxicity in ip dosed NMRI mouse assessed as maximum tolerable dose inducing minimal increase in serum calcium level administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured after day 7 by colorimetric assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications.
AID488248Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 48 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 3 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.24 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID1218462Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2A inhibitor 8-methoxypsoralen2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID216859Bind to chick intestinal Vitamin D3 receptor for 1,25-(OH)2-D31990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID190597Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID191112Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1455882Induction of cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at S phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 31.55%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID81986Cell differentiation activity towards HL-60 cells assessed in terms of 4-nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) reactivity1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-08, Volume: 9, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1alpha,24-dihydroxy-25-nitrovitamin D3.
AID321742Effect on VDR transcriptional activity in human Caco-2 cells in presence of 5% fetal calf serum2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
(2S,2'R)-analogue of LG190178 is a major active isomer.
AID1375596Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p27 expression at 10'-9 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID190598Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID216862Relative affinity for bovine thymus Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9
Rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel conformationally restricted vitamin D analogues, (22R)- and (22S)-22-ethyl-1,25-dihydroxy-23,24-didehydro-24a,24b-dihomo-20-epivitamin D(3).
AID82342Differentiation inducing effect on HL-60 cells2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID1153075Binding affinity to N-terminal His-tagged human VDR LBD (118 to 427) Q239A mutant at 2-fold molar excess by ESI-MS analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID1744119Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells expressing mouse osteopontin VDRE assessed as induction of receptor transactivation incubated for 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID81985Cell differentiation activity towards HL-60 cells was assessed in terms of NTB reactivity1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 8, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-methyl-20-epi analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID81831Effect on HL-60 cell differentiation1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-20, Volume: 8, Issue:2
A novel and practical route to A-ring enyne synthon for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs: synthesis of A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 3-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID725926Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in human HCT116 cells co-expressing VDRE assessed as XDR3 transcriptional activity at 20 to 40 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control in presence of resveratrol2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of halogenated curcumin analogs as potential nuclear receptor selective agonists.
AID190748Bone calcium mobilization in rats maintained on a very low calcium diet at a dose 130 (pmol)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID664918Antiproliferative activity against NHEK cells incubated for 24 hrs by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and biological action of 20R-hydroxyvitamin D3.
AID81117Compound was evaluated for its relative cell differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60)2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-18, Volume: 12, Issue:22
Synthesis and testing of 2alpha-modified 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues with a double side chain: marked cell differentiation activity.
AID280116Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation to monocytes by NBT reduction assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID1140505Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-knockdown mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1455873Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1375589Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as increase in transcription of CYP24A1 gene after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID343850Displacement of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant VDR expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14
2-Substituted-16-ene-22-thia-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethyl-19-norvitamin D3 analogs: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structure.
AID652551Antiproliferative activity against human T47D cells assessed as decrease in cell number after 72 hrs by WST assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID703638Binding affinity to VDR assessed as inhibition of fluorescent ligand by fluorescence polarization competition assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1267146Induction of VDR transcriptional activity assessed as activation of 24-hydroxylase gene expression in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells after 16 hrs by luciferase reprter assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds.
AID337022Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as alpha naphthyl esterase activity at 0.001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID387118Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat intestine assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 2340 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by gut sac assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1160919Effect on CYP24A1 in human primary CLL cells assessed as effect on VDR-regulated GADD45alpha mRNA expression at 10 nM incubated for 24 hrs by quantitative RT-PCR method2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID337024Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as alpha naphthyl esterase activity at 0.1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID427505Induction of cell differentiation in human NB4 cells assessed as induction of induction of cell surface marker CD14 expression at 1 nM after 48 hrs2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. V. Potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis and inducers of leukemia differentiation.
AID191110Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID427504Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10CA1a after 3 days by [3H]thymidine uptake assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. V. Potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis and inducers of leukemia differentiation.
AID216849Binding affinity for rat Vitamin D binding protein1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID652556AUC in mouse at 5 ug/kg2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID1375586Antiproliferative activity against 2D culture of human SKOV3 cells assessed as cell proliferation at 100 nM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID166889Effective dose for transcriptional activation in ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID195597Patch clamp determination of calcium current in rat Osteosarcoma cells at 50.0 nM1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs featuring aromatic and heteroaromatic rings: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological testing.
AID1375584Antiproliferative activity against 2D culture of human MCF7 cells assessed as cell proliferation at 100 nM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1218519Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A2 inhibitor furafyline2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID190605Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1140744Displacement of [3H]-1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from N-terminal GST-tagged human recombinant VDR LBD expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta2 (DE3) after 16 hrs2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 57, Issue:10
A mixed population of antagonist and agonist binding conformers in a single crystal explains partial agonism against vitamin D receptor: active vitamin D analogues with 22R-alkyl group.
AID326337Displacement of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant His-tagged VDR ligand-binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli BL212008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
2-Methylene 19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactones: synthesis, biological activities and molecular basis of passive antagonism.
AID1164474Ratio of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 Ki to compound Ki for full-length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor after 30 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID265895Antiproliferative activity against human keratinocyte assessed as inhibition of [3H]TdR uptake relative to calcitriol2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12
Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID228114Keq (k1/1-k) for the transformation of vitamin D to previtamin D1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
14-epi stereoisomers of 25-hydroxy- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis, isomerization to previtamins, and biological studies.
AID741578Prevention of bone mineral density loss in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model at 20 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID222287In vitro activity expressed as effective dose to inhibit the proliferation of primary cultures of human foreskin keratinocytes by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID1218522Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A1 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1613154Cytotoxicity against human LO2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID216829Affinity for bovine thymus VDR vitamin D receptor1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 8, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-methyl-20-epi analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1309802Growth inhibition of human SK-MEL-188 cells measured after 48 hrs by MTS/PMS assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID1135766Induction of bone calcium mobilization in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 100 ml of serum at 0.60 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID195596Patch clamp determination of calcium current in rat Osteosarcoma cells at 5.0 nM1995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-27, Volume: 38, Issue:22
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs featuring aromatic and heteroaromatic rings: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological testing.
AID703632Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of E-cadherin at 10 '-9 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID229240Binding affinity for bovine thymus vitamin D receptor (VDR)2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 10, Issue:10
Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel 2alpha-substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues.
AID1140504Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID351857Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID191098Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1135765Induction of bone calcium mobilization in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 100 ml of serum at 3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1455875Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID303412Ratio of ED50 for drug to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin for VDR in rat osteosarcoma cells assessed as 24-hydroxylase transcription2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID488258Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 12 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 7 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.0.6 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID664921Inhibition of colony formation of human HaCaT cells2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-12, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Design, synthesis, and biological action of 20R-hydroxyvitamin D3.
AID280114Displacement of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 from vitamin D receptor in bovine thymus2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID191124Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID81823In vitro induction of HL-60 cell differentiation.2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-20, Volume: 13, Issue:20
Concise synthesis and biological activities of 2alpha-alkyl- and 2alpha-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1585871Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 48 hrs by q-PCR analysis relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID190606Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1744118Displacement of [3H]-1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from bovine thymus VDR incubated for 18 hrs by competitive binding assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1266898Antipoliferative activity against human HepG2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID228898Effective dose for Protease sensitivity2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID1455871Drug uptake in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID652552Antiproliferative activity against mouse LM05e cells assessed as decrease in cell number after 72 hrs by WST assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID1218464Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2B inhibitor orphenadrine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1506106Transactivation of VP16-tagged VDR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells harboring pCMX-GAL4-SRC-1 and MH100(UAS) X 4tk-LUC reporter plasmid assessed as increase in SRC-1 recruitment by beta-galactosidase reporter gene based mammalian two-hybrid assa2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID169297Bone calcium mobilization was tested on normal SD male rats and serum calcium level was reported1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 8, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-methyl-20-epi analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID216830Affinity for bovine thymus vitamin D receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-18, Volume: 12, Issue:22
Synthesis and testing of 2alpha-modified 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues with a double side chain: marked cell differentiation activity.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID260131Antagonistic activity against human VDR in presence of 1,25(OH)2D32006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4
Vitamin D receptor: ligand recognition and allosteric network.
AID216838Binding affinity for Vitamin D binding protein1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-20, Volume: 8, Issue:2
A novel and practical route to A-ring enyne synthon for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs: synthesis of A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 3-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID302662Antiproliferative activity against mouse keratinocytes2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID196249Compound was evaluated for rat serum Ca concentration1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-20, Volume: 8, Issue:2
A novel and practical route to A-ring enyne synthon for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs: synthesis of A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 3-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1135797Induction of bone calcium mobilization in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 100 ml of serum at 163 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 5 to 36 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1218526Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2C inhibitor sulfaphenazole2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1218467Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1 uM CYP3A inhibitor-mediated inhibition of metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID337275Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 1 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID95374In vitro biological evaluation was determined on Keratinocytes, results expressed as percentage activity at 50% dose response2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID190609Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID250056Prodifferentiating activity of compound on human leukemia HL-60 cells was determined2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15
Synthesis and biological activity of 22-oxa CD-ring modified analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: cis-perhydrindane CE-ring analogues.
AID1235854Induction of intestinal calcium transport in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal calcium to mucosal calcium level at 780 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose by everted gut sac method (Rvb = 4.1 No_un2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID1266899Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID337314Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.01 uM by trypan blue exclusion method1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1408633Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells xenografted in Balb/c nude mouse assessed as reduction in tumor growth at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1353235Antifibrotic activity against TGFbeta1 stimulated rat LTC-14 cells assessed as inhibition of collagen 1 synthesis at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to calcipotriol2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of non-secosteriodal vitamin D receptor ligand bearing double side chain for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
AID392915Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 0.7 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to untreated control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1408617Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as necrotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.15%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID280117Effect on intestinal calcium transport in low-calcium diet fed rat assessed as serosal:mucosal ratio of calcium at 100 pmol/day, ip after 7 days2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID1852313Induction of CYP24A1 (unknown orgin) transcriptional activity trasfected in human MCF7 cells incuabted for 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay
AID1824246Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of VDR expression in by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID455168Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1218490Cmax in healthy human co-treated with 200 mg ketoconazile2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID1408616Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as late apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.01%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID635524Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat bone assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 0.2 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to vehicle treated control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID224820Bone calcium-mobilizing (BCM) activity at 260 pmol/day *7day in vitamin D deficient rats on a low-calcium diet (0.47% Ca)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID274537Activity on human VDR-mediated transcription of osteocalcin VDRE fused to thymidine kinase promoter/growth hormone reporter gene in CV1 cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 1-difluoromethyl hybrid analogs of the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID1218497Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,24S,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID775185Agonist activity at VDR ligand binding domain (unknown origin) by reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 23, Issue:21
Synthesis of VS-105: A novel and potent vitamin D receptor agonist with reduced hypercalcemic effects.
AID1473746Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 1 ug/ml, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1506105Transactivation of VP16-tagged VDR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells harboring pCMX-GAL4-RXRalpha and MH100(UAS) X 4tk-LUC reporter plasmid assessed as increase in interaction with RXRalpha by beta-galactosidase reporter gene based mammalian two-2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID455160Displacement of radiolabeled 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant full length VDR2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1585866Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID110849In vivo calcemic effects was tested in vitamin D-replete normal NMRI mice by daily intraperitoneal injections of 1-alpha,25(OH)2D32002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID191122Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1408606Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as accumulation at S phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 29.79%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1408600Displacement of fluormone VDR red from human full-length VDR after 4 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID387350Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat intestine assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 32 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by gut sac assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1218503Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as depletion of parent compound at 1 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1251253Upregulation of LAIR-1 expression in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes at 10'-7 M after overnight incubation by flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 973 +/- 95 No_unit)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1824235Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 1 uM measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID775184Binding affinity to VDR (unknown origin)2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 23, Issue:21
Synthesis of VS-105: A novel and potent vitamin D receptor agonist with reduced hypercalcemic effects.
AID352238Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 2340 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by e2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID1218516Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and paclitaxel2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1164478Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 4.2 to 4.9 mg/dL)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID191104Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID414867Activation of VDR in LPS-stimulated human PBMC assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha mRNA expression at 10 nM at upto 8 hrs by RT-PCR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID764543Displacement of [3H]-1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 from bovine thymus VDR after 60 mins relative to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D32013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Design and synthesis of novel 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues having a spiro-oxetane fused at the C2 position in the A-ring.
AID1153083Binding affinity to N-terminal His-tagged human VDR LBD (118 to 427) at 2-fold molar excess by ESI-MS analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID351853Activity at VDR in rat osteosarcoma 17/2.8 cells assessed as transcriptional activation of 24-hydroxylase gene promoter after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID169980Compound was evaluated for calcium mobilizing activity in rat serum2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 10, Issue:10
Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel 2alpha-substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID703633Induction of human SW480-ADH cell differentiation assessed as formation of compact epithelioid islands of highly adherent cells at 10 '-8 M after 48 hrs by phase-contrast microscopy2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1267666Metabolic stability in human MG63 assessed as compound metabolized at 1 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID672798Displacement of [3H]-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from recombinant rat VDR after overnight incubation by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9
A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID351849Displacement of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant full length VDR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID1218520Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A2 inhibitor furafyline2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1408611Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as early apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.93%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID635522Agonist activity at rat VDR in ROS 17/2.8 cells transfected with Cyp24a1 reporter plasmid assessed as increase in Cyp24a1 transcription after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID527096VDR antagonist activity as NcoR recruitment to CYP24 promoter in ChIP assay at 1uM2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 53, Issue:20
An o-aminoanilide analogue of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) functions as a strong vitamin D receptor antagonist.
AID302663Activity at human recombinant VDR in ROS 17/2.8 cells transfected with growth hormone fusion gene VDRE assessed as growth hormone level by transcriptional assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID190611Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID366875Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 52, Issue:5
A new class of vitamin D analogues that induce structural rearrangement of the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor.
AID387114Displacement of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant full length VDR2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID24178Compound was tested for rate constant for the transformation of vitamin to previtamin1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
14-epi stereoisomers of 25-hydroxy- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis, isomerization to previtamins, and biological studies.
AID455167Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 260 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID280121Effect on bone calcium mobilization in low-calcium diet fed rat at 325 pmol/day, ip after 7 days2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID89329Inhibition of growth of human keratinocytes2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 44, Issue:3
New dermatological agents for the treatment of psoriasis.
AID1613156Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 3.80%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID191092Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1235849Induction of bone calcium mobilization into serum of Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 87 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.9 mg/dL)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID302667Induction of CYP24 mRNA transcriptional activity in C57BL/6 mouse duodenum at 3 ug/kg, ip after 4 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID1585867Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1408607Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 49.17%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1164477Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 87 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 4.2 to 4.9 mg/dL)2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID1408603Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 49.28%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID252972Percent cell proliferation of human leukemia cell line HL-60 at 1*E-8 M2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 15, Issue:13
Cell differentiation inducers derived from thalidomide.
AID455172Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 260 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose by everted gut sac method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID601957Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as DNA level at 1 nM measured after 6 days by calorimetric analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues hydroxymethylated at C-26.
AID601958Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as DNA level at 10 nM measured after 6 days by calorimetric analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues hydroxymethylated at C-26.
AID1408614Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as live cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 98.35%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID216837Vitamin D receptor mediated transcriptional activity in rat osteosarcoma ROS 17/2.8 cells1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-30, Volume: 41, Issue:16
Noncalcemic, antiproliferative, transcriptionally active, 24-fluorinated hybrid analogues of the hormone 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID177142In vivo calcemic activity expressed as effective dose for Bone calcium mobilization (BCM) in vitamin D deficient rats1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID25537Compound was tested for the backward reaction of conversion of vitamin D to previtaminD1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
14-epi stereoisomers of 25-hydroxy- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis, isomerization to previtamins, and biological studies.
AID1613155Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in HEK293 cells harboring human RXR and TK-Spp x 3-LUC reporter plasmid at 10'-5 to 10'-9 M after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1309799Activation of VDR in human Caco2 cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID1135777Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1235850Induction of bone calcium mobilization into serum of Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 780 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.9 mg/dL)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID1135788Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 3 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID190616Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID337312Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 1 uM by trypan blue exclusion method1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID414858Inhibition of IFN-gamma production in human PBMC after 5 days by ELISA-based mixed lymphocyte reaction assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID1455895Hypercalcemic effect in ICR mouse assessed as serum calcium levels at 5 ug/kg, ip administered for 7 days measured on day 8 post-dose by MTB-based assay (Rvb = 7.05 mg/dl)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID652548Antiproliferative activity against human HN12 cells assessed as decrease in cell number after 72 hrs by WST assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID82979Differentiation activity of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) determined by an NBT reduction assay method2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9
Rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel conformationally restricted vitamin D analogues, (22R)- and (22S)-22-ethyl-1,25-dihydroxy-23,24-didehydro-24a,24b-dihomo-20-epivitamin D(3).
AID703634Induction of human SW480-ADH cell differentiation assessed as formation of compact epithelioid islands of highly adherent cells at 10 '-7 M after 48 hrs by phase-contrast microscopy2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1408615Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as early apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.49%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1585865Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID414865Activation of VDR in human THP1 cells assessed as increase in cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide mRNA expression by RT-PCR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID703630Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of E-cadherin at 10 '-8 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID228001In vitro vitamin D receptor-mediated antiproliferative activity in rat osteosarcoma ROS 17/2.8 cells2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-11, Volume: 45, Issue:8
Conceptually new low-calcemic oxime analogues of the hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and biological testing.
AID1417060Agonist activity at GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused VDR (unknown origin) ligand binding domain expressed in UAS-bla HEK 293T cells assessed as beta-lactamase transcriptional activation by FRET-based GeneBLAzer assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Synthesis and evaluation of 4-cycloheptylphenols as selective Estrogen receptor-β agonists (SERBAs).
AID1744117Agonist activity at VDR in human HL-60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation of promyelocytes to monocytes after 4 days in presence of 1 uM CYP24 inhibitor ketoconazole by NBT reduction assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID387117Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat intestine assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 260 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by gut sac assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID191119Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1267787Induction of intestinal calcium transport in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of calcium level in serosal to mucosal at 780 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 3.7 to 4.8 No_unit)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID326340Agonist activity at human VDR in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of transcriptional transactivation after 24 hrs by mouse osteopontin luciferase reporter gene assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
2-Methylene 19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactones: synthesis, biological activities and molecular basis of passive antagonism.
AID1408608Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 17.57%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1423172Hepatoprotective activity against CCL4-induced liver damage in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as reduction in serum ALT levels at 20 ug/kg, po administered 5 times a week via gavage measured at 72 hrs post final CCl4 injection2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID366868Displacement of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 from bovine thymus vitamin D receptor2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 52, Issue:5
A new class of vitamin D analogues that induce structural rearrangement of the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor.
AID303409Induction of differention of human HL60 cells into monocytes by NBT reduction assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID635564Calcium transport in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as intestinal calcium level at 0.2 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID547395In vivo calcemic activity in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat intestine assessed as effect on calcium transport measured by ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 260 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of las2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-23, Volume: 53, Issue:24
Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription.
AID1218529Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2D inhibitor quinine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID619493Induction of bone calcium mobilization in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as concentration of serum calcium at 87 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.5 mg/dl)2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID191106Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1455884Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 1.74%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1218502Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as depletion of parent compound at 1 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1118430Antiproliferative activity against ER positive human MCF10CA1a cells after 3 days by [3H]thymidine uptake assay2011MedChemComm, , Volume: 2, Issue:5
Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097.
AID216846Binding affinity for rat Vitamin D binding protein1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID392908Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 0.2 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1218461Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2A inhibitor 8-methoxypsoralen2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID243315Binding affinity for pig nuclear vitamin D receptor2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15
Synthesis and biological activity of 22-oxa CD-ring modified analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: cis-perhydrindane CE-ring analogues.
AID1455883Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as viable cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 98.2%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID226139evaluated for increasing effect of serum calcium level in normal rats(Ca)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID302669Induction of TRPV6 mRNA transcriptional activity in C57BL/6 mouse duodenum at 3 ug/kg, ip after 4 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID171505Support of Intestinal Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 130 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID190593Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID635571Displacement of [3H]-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from recombinant rat VDR by scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID1824248Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse Sufu-KO MEF cells assessed as upregulation of VDR expression at 10 uM in by immunoblot analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1585877Kinetic solubility of the compound in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID703635Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as repression of c-Myc expression at 10 '-9 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1473744AUC in human at 1 ug/ml, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID392913Ratio of EC50 of compound to EC50 of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 for VDR in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells by 24-hydroxylase gene transcriptional activation assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1267641Agonist activity at VDR in human HEK293 cells assessed as transcriptional activity after 16 to 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID760209Toxicity in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as increase in serum Ca level at 0.1 mg/kg/day administered 5 times a week for 4 weeks measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 9.14 +/- 0.24 mg/dL)2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID619503Effect on intestinal calcium transport activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium concentration at 260 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.1 no unit )2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID488251Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 12 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 6 by microchemistry (RVb = 2 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID459159Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells at 0.1 nM after 96 hrs2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Structure-function relationships and crystal structures of the vitamin D receptor bound 2 alpha-methyl-(20S,23S)- and 2 alpha-methyl-(20S,23R)-epoxymethano-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID351851Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation into monocytes after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID414870Induction of hypercalceimia in orally dosed C57BL/6 mouse administered daily for 4 days by colorimetric assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID688525Cytotoxicity against mouse LM3 assessed as decrease in cell count after 120 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID265894Antiproliferative activity against human keratinocyte assessed as inhibition of [3H]TdR uptake2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12
Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID191103Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID387125Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 32 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by spectrometry2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1266900Toxicity in rat assessed as serum calcium level at 0.5 ug/kg/day administered for 7 days (Rvb = 7.25 mg/dl)2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID455169Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 2340 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1267780Induction of bone mobilization activity in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 16 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 4.4 to 4.5 mg/dl)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1375588Antiproliferative activity against 3D culture of human MCF7 cells assessed as cell proliferation at 100 nM after 5 days by DAPI staining-based phase contrast microscopic method2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1408605Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 19.6%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID619491Induction of VDR-mediated 24-hydroxylase transcription in rat osteosarcoma cells by luciferase reporter gene assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID230233Intestinal Calcium Transport (ICT) activity (130 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID488235Inhibition of HDAC in human SCC4 cells assessed as increase in tubulin acetylation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1455885Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.062%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID455173Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose by everted gut sac method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1160917Induction of apoptosis in human primary CLL cells after 48 hrs by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID455171Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 87 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose by everted gut sac method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1408601Transactivation of recombinant human VDR/RXRalpha expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID488253Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 48 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 6 by microchemistry (RVb = 2 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID455162Induction of differentiation of human HL60 promyelocytes into monocytes after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID488252Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 24 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 6 by microchemistry (RVb = 2 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID228688Ratio of average ED50 to 1R,25-(OH)2D3 ED501998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID730431Agonist activity at CMX-GAL4 tagged human VDR expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in transcriptional activity by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Development of silicon-containing bis-phenol derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists: selectivity switching by C/Si exchange.
AID196185Bone Calcium mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats to a single Intravenous Injection of (amount 260 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID488236Inhibition of HDAC in human SCC4 cells assessed as increase in histone acetylation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID647366Activation of VDR in human HT-29 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 0.1 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1235853Induction of intestinal calcium transport in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal calcium to mucosal calcium level at 87 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose by everted gut sac method (Rvb = 4.1 No_uni2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID190620Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID770181Binding affinity to His-6-tagged rat VDR W282R mutant over expressed in Escherichia coli C41 assessed as increase in transition temperature by at 5 mM by CD-based spectropolarimetric analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
Crystal structures of hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets-associated vitamin D receptor mutants R270L and W282R bound to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic ligands.
AID1423176Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 20 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID171373Intestinal Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 500 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID224819Bone Calcium-Mobilizing (BCM) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet (0.02% Ca diet)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID191116Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID619500Effect on intestinal calcium transport activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium concentration at 780 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.5 no unit )2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID1423163Transactivation of VDR in human LX2 cells assessed as inhibition of TGFbeta1-induced COL1A1 mRNA expression at 100 nM after 24 hrs by Q-PCR analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID1585887Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID265893Calcemic activity in percutaneously dosed mouse relative to control2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12
Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID190602Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1164475Ratio of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 ED50 to compound ED50 for induction of human HL60 cell differentiation by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID1455876Antiproliferative activity against human L02 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1455893Drug uptake in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 30 mins by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1140510Effect on CYP24A1 RNA level in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID1218523Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A1 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1153074Binding affinity to N-terminal His-tagged human VDR LBD (118 to 427) S235A mutant at 2-fold molar excess by ESI-MS analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID1585873Antiproliferative activity against medulloblastoma cells derived from conditional patched knockout mouse after 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID392911Ratio of Ki of the drug to Ki of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 for rat recombinant full length VDR2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID274535Displacement of [3H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from human VDR by HAP assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 1-difluoromethyl hybrid analogs of the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID647008Induction of vitamin D receptor-mediated differentiation of human HL60 cells at 10'-9 to 10'-5 M by NBT reduction method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Novel vitamin D receptor ligands bearing a spherical hydrophobic core structure--comparison of bicyclic hydrocarbon derivatives with boron cluster derivatives.
AID741577Prevention of bone mineral density loss in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model at 80 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID1585876Kinetic solubility of the compound in pH 4 phosphate buffered saline2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID351855Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 87 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID392909Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 0.7 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID459160Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as CD11c and CD14 expression at 0.1 nM after 96 hrs relative to untreated control2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Structure-function relationships and crystal structures of the vitamin D receptor bound 2 alpha-methyl-(20S,23S)- and 2 alpha-methyl-(20S,23R)-epoxymethano-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID260130Inhibition of transactivation of human VDR in COS7 cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 49, Issue:4
Vitamin D receptor: ligand recognition and allosteric network.
AID1267150Effect on bone calcium mobilization in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 87 pmol/day administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds.
AID472017Binding affinity to human vitamin D binding protein2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID337307Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity at 1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID55257Evaluated for its binding affinity towards cytosol receptor in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60), by using 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 as radioligand1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Syntheses and differentiating action of vitamin D endoperoxides. Singlet oxygen adducts of vitamin D derivatives in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60).
AID1824238Activation of VDR in mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells assessed as upregulation of Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 1 uM measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1277412Agonist activity at VDR-LBD in human DU145 cells assessed as CYP24A1 expression at 7.5 uM after 18 hrs by qRT-PCR method2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 109Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites.
AID1218510Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP450 inhibitor SKF525A2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID590448Induction of CYP24 mRNA expression in human A498 cells at 10'-8 M after 4 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-3β-bromoacetate, a potential cancer therapeutic agent: synthesis and molecular mechanism of action.
AID703623Toxicity in CD-1 mouse assessed as body weight loss at 0.3 ug/kg, ip administered every other day for 3 weeks measured on day 212012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID95372In vitro proliferative activity on keratinocyte cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID351858Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 2340 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID82334Evaluated for its ability to induce phagocytosis in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60)1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Syntheses and differentiating action of vitamin D endoperoxides. Singlet oxygen adducts of vitamin D derivatives in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60).
AID1218512Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and ketoconazole2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID216847Displacement of [3H]25-(OH)-D3 from rat plasma Vitamin D binding protein1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID337311Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity at 0.0001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1267643Agonist activity at VDR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells cotransfected with RXRalpha assessed as RXRalpha recruitment by two-hybrid assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID1375592Induction of human HaCaT cell differentiation at 100 nM after 48 hrs2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID635570Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation after 4 days by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID1408613Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as necrotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.16%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1408599Displacement of fluormone VDR red from human full-length VDR at 1 uM after 4 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID1218515Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and tamoxifen2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID343853Effect on osteoclast formation in ddY mouse bone marrow cells co cultured with primary osteoclasts after 3 days relative to 1-alpha, 25-(OH)2D32008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14
2-Substituted-16-ene-22-thia-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethyl-19-norvitamin D3 analogs: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structure.
AID337038Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.01 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID337309Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity at 0.01 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1310892Agonist activity at VDR expressed in human HuH7 cells after 24 hrs by pDR3-luciferase reporter gene assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)quinazoline Derivatives: A New Class of Direct Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Agonists.
AID1218509Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP450 inhibitor SKF525A2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID337280Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 0.1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1153080Transactivation of human VDR K240A mutant expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 at 10 nM by dual luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID1218494Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1218498Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,23R,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1218521Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP1A1 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID250033Antiproliferative activity on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was determined2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15
Synthesis and biological activity of 22-oxa CD-ring modified analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: cis-perhydrindane CE-ring analogues.
AID1824232Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID1235843Displacement of [3H]-1alpha25-(OH)2D3 from full length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor by scintillation counting analysis2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID688523Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 assessed as decrease in cell count after 120 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID622098Activity at human VDR expressed in human HOS cells transfected with pGL3-hOc, pCDNA-hVDR and phRL-TK assessed as assessed as transcriptional activation measured 24 hrs post infection by luciferase reporter gene assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 21, Issue:20
Design, synthesis and X-ray crystallographic study of new nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor ligands.
AID1408641Hypercalcemic effect in Balb/c nude mouse xenografted with human MCF7 cells assessed as effect on serum calcium level at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation measured on day 17 duri2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID619497Induction of bone calcium mobilization in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as concentration of serum calcium at 260 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.3 mg/dl)2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID1267638Displacement of [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 from recombinant human VDR ligand binding domain2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID414864Activation of VDR in human THP1 cells assessed as increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase mRNA expression by RT-PCR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID1218511Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP450 inhibitor SKF525A2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID688521Toxicity in mouse assessed as increase in haematocrit at 5 ug/kg, ip qd for 4 days after 72 hrs of last postdose2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID1140506Inhibition of hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-knockdown mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID190594Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID326338Agonist activity at human VDR in COS7 cells assessed as induction of transcriptional transactivation after 24 hrs by mouse osteopontin luciferase reporter gene assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
2-Methylene 19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactones: synthesis, biological activities and molecular basis of passive antagonism.
AID366877Inhibition of 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as morphological changes at 10'-6 M by Wright-Geimsa staining2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 52, Issue:5
A new class of vitamin D analogues that induce structural rearrangement of the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID190596Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID191113Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1266897Antipoliferative activity against human Caco2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID216841Binding affinity for human vitamin D binding protein (hDBP) relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1455881Induction of cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 12.41%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID527087Agonist activity at VDR in human SCC25 cells assessed as induction of CYP24 expression at 10 nM2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-28, Volume: 53, Issue:20
An o-aminoanilide analogue of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) functions as a strong vitamin D receptor antagonist.
AID1164476Ratio of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 ED50 to compound ED50 for VDR-mediated 24-hydroxylase gene expression in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID190744Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID82816In vitro biological evaluation was determined on HL60 cell line, results expressed as percentage activity at 50% dose response2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID1135787Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 0.60 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs relative to control1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID227719Ratio of average ED50 to 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 ED50 for binding assay2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID1613201Hypercalcemic effect in BALB/C nude mouse xenografted with human MCF7 cells at 0.5 ug/kg, ip administered 3 times per week measured after 15 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1153079Transactivation of human VDR D149A mutant expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 at 10 nM by dual luciferase reporter gene assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID1375599Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p53 expression at 10'-9 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1267786Induction of intestinal calcium transport in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of calcium level in serosal to mucosal at 87 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 3.7 to 4.8 No_unit)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1408612Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as late apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.98%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID216855Relative binding affinity for chick intestinal Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-08, Volume: 9, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1alpha,24-dihydroxy-25-nitrovitamin D3.
AID601959Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as DNA level at 100 nM measured after 6 days by calorimetric analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues hydroxymethylated at C-26.
AID216987Binding affinity for bovine thymus vitamin D3 receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID1267664Drug uptake in human MG63 cells at 1 uM after 5 mins by HPLC analysis in presence of 10% FBS2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID1455880Induction of cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 56.03%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID82500Inhibition of colony formation assays on HL-60 cells2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID1824236Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in Gli1 mRNA expression measured after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID171506Support of Intestinal Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a low-calcium diet(amount 260 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID216984Binding affinity at bovine thymus Vitamin D3 receptor relative to 1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3.2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-20, Volume: 13, Issue:20
Concise synthesis and biological activities of 2alpha-alkyl- and 2alpha-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID216842Percentage binding to Human Vitamin D binding protein, relative competitive index (RCI)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID1191646Inhibition of human VDR-cofactor interaction by EnBio receptor cofactor assay system2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Structural development of stapled short helical peptides as vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coactivator interaction inhibitors.
AID103396Percent inhibition against MCF-7 cell line (50% dose response), relative to 1-alpha,25 (OH)2D3 (100% activity) determined in vitro2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco-C-9,11-bisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID703629Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of cystatin-D expression at 10 '-8 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID171374Intestinal Calcium Transport mobilization response of Vitamin D-Deficient Rats to a single Intravenous Injection of D3 (amount 260 pmol)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 39, Issue:22
Synthesis and biological activity of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18-norvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxy-18,19-dinorvitamin D3.
AID1613171Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells xenografted in BALB/C nude mouse assessed as reduction in tumor volume at 0.5 ug/kg, ip administered 3 times per week2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID647006Induction of vitamin D receptor-mediated differentiation of human HL60 cells at 10'-5 M by NBT reduction method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Novel vitamin D receptor ligands bearing a spherical hydrophobic core structure--comparison of bicyclic hydrocarbon derivatives with boron cluster derivatives.
AID1153082Transactivation of human VDR Q239A mutant expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 at 10 nM by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to wild-type human VDR2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition.
AID1852315Competitive binding affinity to His-tagged human VDR LBD (156 to 453 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL23 (DE3) cells in presence of 1,25D3 by fluorescent polarization assay
AID1408610Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells expressing scrambled siRNA assessed as live cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 97.93%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID337283Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 0.0001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1455886Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide-staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 0.031%)2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID1375598Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p27 expression at 10'-7 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1142115Induction of cyp24A1 mRNA expression in HEK293 cells at 100 nM after 24 hrs by real-time PCR2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 57, Issue:10
Combination of triple bond and adamantane ring on the vitamin D side chain produced partial agonists for vitamin D receptor.
AID1613153Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1235861Induction of intestinal calcium transport in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal calcium to mucosal calcium level at 260 pmol, ip administered 4 doses at 24 hrs interval measured 24 hrs post last dose by everted gut sac method (Rvb = 4.3 No_un2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Novel 9-Alkyl- and 9-Alkylidene-Substituted 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Examinations.
AID488256Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 12 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 4 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.11 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID1375595Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p21 expression at 10'-7 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID305714Induction of human HL60 cells differentiation assessed as number of cells at 0.02 uM after 72 hrs by NBT reduction test2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3
Rotenoids and flavonoids with anti-invasion of HT1080, anti-proliferation of U937, and differentiation-inducing activity in HL-60 from Erycibe expansa.
AID216860Affinity for bovine Vitamin D3 receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID190600Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID229238Compound was tested for binding affinity against rat serum DBP (vitamin D binding protein)2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 10, Issue:10
Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel 2alpha-substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues.
AID191117Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID107136Calcemic effect in vivo in vitamin D-replete normal NMRI mice by daily intraperitoneal injections of compound and 1-alpha,25 (OH)2D3 for 7 consecutive days2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco-C-9,11-bisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID217167Binding affinity to VDR receptor2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 44, Issue:3
New dermatological agents for the treatment of psoriasis.
AID1353232Inhibition of fluoromone VDR red binding to human VDR LBD expressed in insect cells at 1 uM by fluorescent polarization assay relative to 1,25(OH)2D32018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of non-secosteriodal vitamin D receptor ligand bearing double side chain for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
AID216985Binding affinity for bovine thymus Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)1998Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-20, Volume: 8, Issue:2
A novel and practical route to A-ring enyne synthon for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs: synthesis of A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 3-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1613159Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as viable cells at 1 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 94.3%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1160921Effect on CYP24A1 in human primary CLL cells assessed as increase in VDR-regulated GADD45alpha mRNA expression at 100 nM incubated for 24 hrs by quantitative RT-PCR method2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1455872Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID703622Effect on cellular PIP4K2B mRNA level in human SW480-ADH cells at 10 '-9 to 10 '-7 M after 48 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1309801Antiinflammatory activity in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes assessed as upregulation of LAIR1 level by measuring mean fluorescence intensity at 100 nM by flow cytometry (Rvb = 766 +/- 22 au)2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID1506120Stability in human MG63 cells assessed as parent compound remaining at 1 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID352236Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 260 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by ev2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID590449Induction of CYP24 mRNA expression in human A498 cells at 10'-8 M after 16 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-3β-bromoacetate, a potential cancer therapeutic agent: synthesis and molecular mechanism of action.
AID761797Agonist activity at human VDR2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Development of stapled short helical peptides capable of inhibiting vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coactivator interactions.
AID102442In vitro activity expressed as effective dose to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID1218491Cmax in healthy human co-treated with 600 mg ritonavir2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID191121Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID427506Induction of cell differentiation in human NB4 cells assessed as induction of induction of cell surface marker CD11b expression at 1 nM after 48 hrs2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. V. Potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis and inducers of leukemia differentiation.
AID250004Effect of compound on Ca level in mice blood serum was determined2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15
Synthesis and biological activity of 22-oxa CD-ring modified analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: cis-perhydrindane CE-ring analogues.
AID1613161Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at G0/G1 phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 56.64%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID191247Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1585882Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID82166Ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocyte HL-60 cells into monocytes.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID455174Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 2340 pmol/day, ip administered for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose by everted gut sac method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID1455874Antiproliferative activity against human Caco2 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID619442Displacement of radiolabeled 1alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 from recombinant rat VDR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID1267665Drug uptake in human MG63 cells at 1 uM after 10 mins by HPLC analysis in presence of 10% FBS2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis, Biological Activities, and X-ray Crystal Structural Analysis of 25-Hydroxy-25(or 26)-adamantyl-17-[20(22),23-diynyl]-21-norvitamin D Compounds.
AID703627Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of E-cadherin at 10 '-7 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1118427Agonist activity at zebrafish gal4-VDR LBD expressed in human MCF7 cells by luciferase reporter gene based transactivation assay2011MedChemComm, , Volume: 2, Issue:5
Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097.
AID1160918Induction of apoptosis in normal human B cells after 48 hrs by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining based flow cytometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1455879Displacement of fluormone VDR red from human full length VDR after 4 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID190591Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1218457Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2E inhibitor di-ethyldithiocarbamate2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID688526Cytotoxicity against human T98G assessed as decrease in cell count after 120 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID190745Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1613158Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 1 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 0.29%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID741576Prevention of bone mineral density loss in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model at 320 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID110583In Vivo evaluation for the calcemic activity in vitamin D-replete normal in NMRI mice1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID392907Activity at VDR in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells assessed as transcriptional activation of 24-hydroxylase gene promoter after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID337037Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.001 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1408642Hypercalcemic effect in Balb/c nude mouse xenografted with human MCF7 cells assessed as effect on serum calcium level at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation measured on day 27 (Rvb2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID190743Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID103409Inhibition of colony formation assays on MCF-7 cells2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID725917Agonist activity at RAR (unknown origin) expressed in human HCT116 cells co-expressing RARE at 20 to 40 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of halogenated curcumin analogs as potential nuclear receptor selective agonists.
AID414863Activation of VDR in LPS-stimulated human PBMC cells assessed as increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase mRNA expression at 10 nM after upto 8 hrs by RT-PCR2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID166890In vitro vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcriptional potency in rat osteosarcoma ROS 17/2.8 cells2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Conceptually new 20-epi-22-oxa sulfone analogues of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1218468Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1 uM CYP3A inhibitor-mediated inhibition of metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID547394Induction of differentiation of human HL60 cells promyelocytes to monocytes after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-23, Volume: 53, Issue:24
Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription.
AID1661597Binding affinity to H12 region of zebrafish VDR LBD assessed as stabilization of structural elements forming LBP at 10 fold excess compound concentration by HDX-MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist.
AID635525Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat bone assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 0.7 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to vehicle treated control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID216833The affinity to the pig intestinal mucosa vitamin D receptor was evaluated in vitro, results expressed as percentage activity at 50% dose response2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID392906Induction of cell differentiation of human HL60 cells to monocytes by NBT reduction assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID230236Intestinal Calcium Transport (ICT) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet (0.47% Ca diet)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID305709Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells assessed NBT positive cells at 0.01 uM after 72 hrs by NBT reduction test2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3
Rotenoids and flavonoids with anti-invasion of HT1080, anti-proliferation of U937, and differentiation-inducing activity in HL-60 from Erycibe expansa.
AID619494Induction of bone calcium mobilization in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as concentration of serum calcium at 780 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.5 mg/dl)2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID488356Binding affinity to VDR ligand binding domain by fluorescence polarization competition assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID230234Intestinal Calcium Transport (ICT) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID1613157Induction of apoptosis in human MCF7 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 1 uM after 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 1.61%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1613162Cell cycle arrest in human MCF7 cells assessed as accumulation at G2/M phase at 1 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining based flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 12.04%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Discovery of novel nonsteroidal VDR agonists with novel diarylmethane skeleton for the treatment of breast cancer.
AID1585878Half life in rat liver homogenates2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID672800Inhibition of VDR-induced 24-hydroxylase transcription in rat osteosarcoma cells after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9
A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3.
AID274536Stabilization of human [35S]VDR against trypsin digestion by protease assay2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 1-difluoromethyl hybrid analogs of the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID472019Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications.
AID703628Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as repression of c-Myc expression at 10 '-8 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID281993Metabolic stability in rat kidney perfusate2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-16, Volume: 47, Issue:26
Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. II. Diastereoselective syntheses of the metabolically produced 24(R)-hydroxygemini.
AID488247Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 24 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 3 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.24 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID244283Percent binding affinity for bovine vitamin D receptor compared to 1a2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
New derivatives of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with two substituents at C-2: synthesis and biological activity.
AID392905Displacement of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant full length VDR2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1408602Binding affinity to VDR in scrambled siRNA-transfected human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by measuring reduction in BrdU incorporation after 16 hrs by ELISA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID647368Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID414869Inhibition of LPS-induced IL6 production in human PBMC after 24 hrs by ELISA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID337313Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.1 uM by trypan blue exclusion method1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1267157Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 780 pmol/day administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds.
AID1187832Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues with aromatic side chains attached at C-17.
AID216840Binding affinity for calf serum vitamin D receptor interacting protein2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID635567Calcium transport in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as intestinal calcium level at 19 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID103202In vitro cell proliferative activity on MCF-7 cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1218500Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,24S,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID303413Increase in serum calcium in vitamin D deficient CD1 mouse at 5.4 ug/mg, ip after 24 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID1506118Drug uptake in human MG63 cells at 1 uM after 5 mins by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID106489In vitro biological evaluation was determined on MG-63 cell line, results expressed as percentage activity at 50% dose response2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco C-9,11,21-trisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID414868Inhibition of LPS-induced IL12/23p40 production in human PBMC after 24 hrs by ELISA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID217013Vitamin D3 receptor-mediated transcriptional potency in rat osteosarcoma ROS 17/2.8 cells1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Conceptually new sulfone analogues of the hormone 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID81119In vitro induction of cell differentiation in HL-60 cells relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1135776Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 0.60 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 12 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID652549Antiproliferative activity against mouse SVEC cells assessed as decrease in cell number after 72 hrs by WST assay2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID1506107Transrepression of VP16-tagged VDR (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells harboring pCMX-GAL4-NCoR and MH100(UAS) X 4tk-LUC reporter plasmid assessed as increase in NCoR recruitment by beta-galactosidase reporter gene based mammalian two-hybrid assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID635527Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat bone assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 19 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to vehicle treated control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID1135798Induction of intestinal calcium absorption in vitamin-D-deficient chicken assessed per 0.2 ml of plasma at 163 nmol, ip using 45Ca2+ and 40Ca2+ after 5 to 36 hrs1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Studies on vitamin D (calciferol) and its analogues. 15. 24-Nor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-nor-25-hydroxy-5,6-trans-vitamin D3.
AID1505674Displacement of [3H]-1,25D3 from C-terminal GST-tagged human recombinant VDR LBD expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) after 16 hrs by radioligand binding assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-26, Volume: 61, Issue:14
Identification of the Histidine Residue in Vitamin D Receptor That Covalently Binds to Electrophilic Ligands.
AID229237Inhibition of 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 binding to porcine intestinal vitamin D receptor1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID191099Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID337315Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.001 uM by trypan blue exclusion method1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID52879In Vivo evaluation for the calcemic activity in vitamin D-replete normal in ICA chick1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID760217Transactivation of VDR-mediated osteocalcin promoter in human HOS/SF cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID760212Antiosteoporotic activity in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as increase in bone mineral density in spine at 0.025 mg/kg/day administered 5 times a week for 4 weeks measured 24 hrs post last dose by dual X-ray absorption mete2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID51090Effect on bone calcium mobilization was measured in vivo, in the vitamin D deficient chick1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID280118Effect on intestinal calcium transport in low-calcium diet fed rat assessed as serosal:mucosal ratio of calcium at 325 pmol/day, ip after 7 days2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 50, Issue:5
22-Alkyl-20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds of superagonistic activity: syntheses, biological activities and interaction with the receptor.
AID80955Compound was evaluated for HL-60 cell differentiation which was assessed in terms of expression of antigen CD11b2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 10, Issue:10
Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel 2alpha-substituted 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues.
AID1375587Antiproliferative activity against 2D culture of human HaCaT cells assessed as cell proliferation at 100 nM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1423169Antifibrotic activity in C57BL/6J mouse model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis assessed as reduction in hydroxyproline levels in liver at 20 ug/kg, po administered 5 times a week via gavage measured at 72 hrs post final CCl4 injection2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID741569Toxicity in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as effect on serum calcium level at 20 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID352237Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by ev2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID547391Activity at rat recombinant full length VDR expressed in rat ROS 17/2.8 cells transfected with 24-hydroxylase gene promoter assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-23, Volume: 53, Issue:24
Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription.
AID1267156Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 87 pmol/day administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to control2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds.
AID472015Displacement of [3H]1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from VDR in pig intestinal mucosa2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications.
AID252629NBT positivity against human leukemia cell line HL-60 at 1*E-8 M2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 15, Issue:13
Cell differentiation inducers derived from thalidomide.
AID337294Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID741568Toxicity in ovariectomized immatured Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as effect on serum calcium level at 80 ng/kg, po once daily for 5 times per week for 4 weeks relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID1160922Effect on CYP24A1 in human primary CLL cells assessed as increase in VDR-regulated CDKN1A mRNA expression at 100 nM incubated for 24 hrs by quantitative RT-PCR method2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1744120Agonist activity at human VDR expressed in HEK293 cells expressing mouse osteopontin VDRE assessed as induction of receptor transactivation incubated for 16 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1160920Effect on CYP24A1 in human primary CLL cells assessed as effect on VDR-regulated CDKN1A mRNA expression at 10 nM incubated for 24 hrs by quantitative RT-PCR method2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Small-molecule inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID321025-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase activity (10e-6 M) was measured as %control1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID725919Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human HCT116 cells co-expressing GRE at 20 to 40 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of halogenated curcumin analogs as potential nuclear receptor selective agonists.
AID647370Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as down regulation of Gli1 at 0.5 to 5 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID688529Toxicity in mouse assessed as mortality at 5 ug/kg, ip qd for 4 days2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID652558Hypercalcemic activity in CF1 mouse assessed as increase in plasma calcium level at 5 to 20 ug/kg, ip qd for 5 days measured after 96 hrs2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID455164Activity at VDR in rat osteosarcoma cells assessed as induction of 24-hydroxylase reporter gene transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 17, Issue:22
Removal of the 20-methyl group from 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2MD) selectively eliminates bone calcium mobilization activity.
AID100406Inhibition of colony formation assays on LNCaP cells; (NR: not reached at <= 10e -6M)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID1251254Transactivation of VDR in human Caco2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1118431Antiproliferative activity against ER positive human MCF10DCIS.com cells after 3 days by [3H]thymidine uptake assay2011MedChemComm, , Volume: 2, Issue:5
Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097.
AID217008Displacement of 50% binding of [3H]alpha,25 (OH)2D3 from pig intestinal mucosa Vitamin D3 receptor2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco-C-9,11-bisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID303414Increase in serum calcium in vitamin D deficient CD1 mouse at 181.5 ug/mg, ip after 24 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID1744114Agonist activity at VDR in human HL-60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation of promyelocytes to monocytes after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID1375585Antiproliferative activity against 2D culture of human PC3 cells assessed as cell proliferation at 100 nM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID103218In vitro activity on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 proliferation2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-21, Volume: 43, Issue:19
Conceptually new 20-epi-22-oxa sulfone analogues of the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1218514Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and ritonavir2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID352240Effect on intestinal calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 35100 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose by 2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID51091Effect on intestinal calcium absorption was measured in vivo, in the vitamin D deficient chick1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID387115Induction of differentiation of human HL-60 cells promyelocytes to monocytes after 4 days by NBT reduction assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1585869Activation of VDR in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as change in Cyp24A1 mRNA expression at 5 uM after 48 hrs by q-PCR analysis relative to control2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID217010Binding affinity for porcine intestinal Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID741579Agonist activity at VDR in human MG-63 cells expressing VDRE assessed as induction of osteocalcin production after 4 days relative to 1,25(OH)2D32013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID191097Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID227720Ratio of average ED50 to 1R,25-(OH)2D3 ED501998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 41, Issue:23
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues.
AID1266893Binding affinity to vitamin D3 receptor (unknown origin) after 4 hrs using fluormone VDR red by polar screen VDR competitor assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID1309798Activation of VDR in human HaCaT cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID601956Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as DNA level measured after 6 days by calorimetric analysis2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-09, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues hydroxymethylated at C-26.
AID1661596Binding affinity to zebrafish VDR LBD assessed as stabilization of structural elements forming LBP at 10 fold excess compound concentration by HDX-MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist.
AID387123Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 260 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by spectrometry2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1408598Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID302666Lipophilicity, log D of the compound2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID472303Toxicity in NMRI mouse assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 0.1 ug/kg, ip daily for 7 consecutive days measured after day 7 by colorimetric assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological evaluation of 19-nor-vitamin D3 analogues with A-ring modifications.
AID672804Calcium mobilization in vitamin-D deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat bone assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 32 to 70200 pmol, ip administered every 24 hrs for 4 consecutive days measured 24 hrs post last dose relative to vehicle treated co2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 55, Issue:9
A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3.
AID216998Affinity for porcine Vitamin D3 receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID392914Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 0.2 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to untreated control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID191108Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1218466Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1 uM CYP3A inhibitor-mediated inhibition of metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID337025Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as alpha naphthyl esterase activity at 1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1585868Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse ASZ001 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 48 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID321741Effect on VDR transcriptional activity in human osteosarcoma cells in presence of 5% fetal calf serum2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1
(2S,2'R)-analogue of LG190178 is a major active isomer.
AID1218459Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2E inhibitor di-ethyldithiocarbamate2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID770183Binding affinity to His-6-tagged rat VDR wild type over expressed in Escherichia coli C41 assessed as increase in transition temperature by at 5 mM by CD-based spectropolarimetric analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
Crystal structures of hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets-associated vitamin D receptor mutants R270L and W282R bound to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic ligands.
AID1218460Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2A inhibitor 8-methoxypsoralen2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1162462Displacement of [3H]1alpha,25-(OH)2vitamin D3 from human recombinant VDR expressed in Sf9 cells at 10 uM incubated for 20 hrs by scintillation counting method2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new antiproliferative aromatic analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID1455896Hypercalcemic effect in ICR mouse at 0.5 ug/kg, ip administered for 7 days measured on day 8 post-dose by MTB-based assay relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID652559Toxicity in CF1 mouse assessed as mortality at 5 to 20 ug/kg, ip qd for 5 days2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID703631Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of cystatin-D expression at 10 '-9 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1473745Drug concentration at steady state in human at 1 ug/ml, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1218513Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and docetaxel2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID670418Agonist activity at VDR expressed in human MG63 cells assessed as stimulation of VDRE-mediated luciferase reporter gene activity after 3 days by luminescence analysis relative to 1,25(OH)2D32012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14
Systematic SAR study of the side chain of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D₃ analogs.
AID1585875Clearance in human liver microsomes assessed per mg protein at 1 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID191094Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5000 pmol at 24 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID343854Effect on osteoclast formation in ddY mouse bone marrow cells co cultured with primary osteoclasts after 3 days2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 16, Issue:14
2-Substituted-16-ene-22-thia-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethyl-19-norvitamin D3 analogs: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structure.
AID688522Cytotoxicity against human HN12 assessed as decrease in cell count after 120 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID95375Percent inhibition against Keratinocytes cell line (50% dose response), relative to 1-alpha,25 (OH)2D3 (100% activity) determined in vitro2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco-C-9,11-bisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID326343Antagonist activity at human VDR in COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced transcriptional transactivation after 24 hrs by mouse osteopontin luciferase reporter gene assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 16, Issue:1
2-Methylene 19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactones: synthesis, biological activities and molecular basis of passive antagonism.
AID1686027Agonist activity at human VDR2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 59, Issue:19
Discovery of 3α,7α,11β-Trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic Acid (TC-100), a Novel Bile Acid as Potent and Highly Selective FXR Agonist for Enterohepatic Disorders.
AID191248Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 69 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID81984Relative competitive index values for binding to 25-OH-D3-1-hydroxylase of human HL-60 cells1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID302664Displacement of 1-alpha, 25-(OH)[3H]D3 from human VDR expressed in COS1 cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 23-oxa ether analogs of the natural hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID477394Inhibition of calciuria in rat at 10 ug/kg, po administered qd for 1 week2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15
'Novel alkyl side chain sulfone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogs: a comparison of in vitro antiproliferative activities and in vivo calcemic activities'.
AID1162463Induction of cell differentiation of human HL60 cells incubated for 144 hrs by Wst-1 dye based assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new antiproliferative aromatic analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AID760211Antiosteoporotic activity in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat osteoporosis model assessed as increase in bone mineral density in spine at 0.1 mg/kg/day administered 5 times a week for 4 weeks measured 24 hrs post last dose by dual X-ray absorption meter 2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID1408596Antiproliferative activity against human BxPC3 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID770182Binding affinity to His-6-tagged rat VDR R270L mutant over expressed in Escherichia coli C41 assessed as increase in transition temperature by at 5 mM by CD-based spectropolarimetric analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 56, Issue:17
Crystal structures of hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets-associated vitamin D receptor mutants R270L and W282R bound to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic ligands.
AID351983Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 7020 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11
New 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) compounds constrained in a single A-ring conformation: synthesis of the analogues by ring-closing metathesis route and their biological evaluation.
AID337021Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as alpha naphthyl esterase activity at 0.0001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1267778Transactivation of VDR in rat osteosarcoma cells assessed as 24-hydroxylase transcriptional activity by luciferase reporter gene assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1251250Transactivation of VDR in human HaCaT cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1140503Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in non-targeting siRNA treated mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as effect on VDR expression at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by qPCR analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships for vitamin D3-based aromatic a-ring analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID547399In vivo calcemic activity in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as bone calcium mobilization measured by serum Ca2+ level at 780 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by atomic absorption spectrome2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-23, Volume: 53, Issue:24
Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription.
AID190612Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1187833Induction of cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as maturing morphological changes at 30 to 1000 nM after 48 hrs by Wright's-Giemsa staining-based forty microscopic view assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues with aromatic side chains attached at C-17.
AID1218504Drug metabolism in CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as depletion of parent compound at 1 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID619499Effect on intestinal calcium transport activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium concentration at 87 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 4.5 no unit )2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID488257Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 24 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 4 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.11 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID619579Effect on intestinal calcium transport activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium concentration at 87 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 3.9 no unit )2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID414857Inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production in human PBMC after 24 hrs by ELISA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-23, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-24-oxo-vitamin D3, a hypocalcemic, stable metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-20-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3.
AID1218524Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2C inhibitor sulfaphenazole2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID392916Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 2.1 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose relative to untreated control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID703626Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as induction of cystatin-D expression at 10 '-7 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID387124Effect on bone calcium mobilization in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as serum calcium level at 2340 pmol, ip administered 4 consecutive daily doses assessed after 24 hrs of last dose by spectrometry2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 16, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones--weak agonists.
AID1408638Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells xenografted in Balb/c nude mouse assessed as increase in p21 expression at 0.5 mg/kg, ip administered three times a week for three weeks starting from day 7 after tumor cell inoculation by immunohistochemical an2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID725918Agonist activity at RXR (unknown origin) expressed in human HCT116 cells co-expressing RXRE at 20 to 40 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and biological evaluation of halogenated curcumin analogs as potential nuclear receptor selective agonists.
AID688527AUC (0 to 24 hrs) in mouse at 5 ug/kg2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID488355Agonist activity at VDR in human SCC4 cells assessed as induction of CYP24 gene expression at 1 uM after 5 to 10 mins by RT-PCR analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID1251252Antiinflammatory activity in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes assessed as IFNgamma production at 100 nM after 2 hrs by ELISA (Rvb = 731 +/- 15 pg/ml)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19
Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID488246Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as calcium level in blood at 12 pmol/day administered via osmotic pump for 6 to 7 days measured on day 3 by microchemistry (RVb = 2.24 mmol/L)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11
Vitamin D receptor agonist/histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids.
AID1267776Induction of human HL60 cell differentiation assessed as differentiation from promyelocytes to monocytes by NBT assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID635566Calcium transport in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as intestinal calcium level at 2.1 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID1267774Displacement of [3H]1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from full-length recombinant rat VDR by scintillation counter2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1375593Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p21 expression at 10'-9 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID217001Percent inhibition of binding to porcine intestinal vitamin D receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Conformationally restricted analogs of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20-epimer: compounds for study of the three-dimensional structure of vitamin D responsible for binding to the receptor.
AID337281Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation at 0.01 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1266895Antipoliferative activity against human PC3 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID190614Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 48 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID217009Binding affinity for porcine intestinal Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18
Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1423171Hepatoprotective activity against CCL4-induced liver damage in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as reduction in serum AST levels at 20 ug/kg, po administered 5 times a week via gavage measured at 72 hrs post final CCl4 injection2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID1455894Drug metabolism in human MCF7 cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Further Developments of the Phenyl-Pyrrolyl Pentane Series of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators as Anticancer Agents.
AID3084Cells were harvested and were assayed for luciferase and -galactosidase activities (Transcriptional activity)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9
Rational design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel conformationally restricted vitamin D analogues, (22R)- and (22S)-22-ethyl-1,25-dihydroxy-23,24-didehydro-24a,24b-dihomo-20-epivitamin D(3).
AID305713Induction of human HL60 cells differentiation assessed as number of cells at 0.01 uM after 72 hrs by NBT reduction test2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3
Rotenoids and flavonoids with anti-invasion of HT1080, anti-proliferation of U937, and differentiation-inducing activity in HL-60 from Erycibe expansa.
AID1423175Oral bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rat at 20 mg/kg by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-13, Volume: 61, Issue:23
Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton.
AID244465Percent activation of human vitamin D receptor in COS-7 cell transcription assay2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 15, Issue:5
New derivatives of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with two substituents at C-2: synthesis and biological activity.
AID1585886Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in Sufu-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as change in CYP24A1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID216843Relative competitive index for binding to vitamin D binding protein1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Arocalciferols: synthesis and biological evaluation of aromatic side-chain analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1a).
AID191101Ability to mobilize Bone-Calcium transport, following the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 500 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1218501Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as 1alpha,23R,25(OH)3D3 metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID177143In vivo calcemic activity expressed as effective dose for Intestinal calcium transport (ICA) in vitamin D deficient rats1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
Three-dimensional structure-function relationship of vitamin D: side chain location and various activities.
AID652555Cmax in mouse at 5 ug/kg2011ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 2, Issue:7
Novel alkynylphosphonate analogue of calcitriol with potent antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and lack of calcemic activity.
AID1267782Induction of bone mobilization activity in weaning Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in serum calcium level at 780 pmol, ip for 4 consecutive dose at an interval of 24 hrs measured 24 hrs after last dose (Rvb = 4.4 to 4.5 mg/dl)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-24, Volume: 58, Issue:24
A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo.
AID1375601Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as upregulation of p53 expression at 10'-7 M after 48 hrs by Western blot method relative to control2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-14, Volume: 61, Issue:11
Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists.
AID688524Cytotoxicity against human T47D assessed as decrease in cell count after 120 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new vitamin D2 analogue.
AID337036Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells at 0.0001 uM after 4 days by NBT reduction assay1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID741581Agonist activity at VDR in human MG-63 cells expressing VDRE after 3 days by luciferase reporter gene based luminescence assay relative to 1,25(OH)2D32013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
A series of nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor agonists for osteoporosis therapy.
AID703636Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells at 10 '-7 M after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to untreated-control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID190741Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 2 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1408604Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells expressing VDR siRNA assessed as reduction in BrdU incorporation after 16 hrs by ELISA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID703625Agonist activity at VDR in human SW480-ADH cells assessed as repression of c-Myc expression at 10 '-7 M after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis relative to control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1564797Induction of differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as increase in CD14 positive cells at 100 nM incubated for 48 hrs by 7-AAD staining-based flow cytometric analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Synthesis and evaluation of 2-carboxy indole derivatives as potent and selective anti-leukemic agents.
AID1218528Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2D inhibitor quinine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID190615Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 50 pmol at 4 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID1661608Binding affinity to zebrafish VDR LBD assessed as Kd for fluorescein-labeled SRC1 NR2 peptide binding by micro-scale thermophoresis method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID265891Binding affinity to chick VDR2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12
Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID547392Displacement of [3H]1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 from rat recombinant full length VDR2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-23, Volume: 53, Issue:24
Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription.
AID227553Ratio of average ED50 to 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3 ED50 for differentiation assay2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID1218458Drug metabolism in dexamethasone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2E inhibitor di-ethyldithiocarbamate2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1266894Agonist activity at vitamin D3 receptor in human HL-60 cells assessed as induction of cell differentiation after 96 hrs by NBT dye-based microscopic analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Novel nonsecosteroidal VDR ligands with phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane skeleton for cancer therapy.
AID392910Effect on calcium transport in vitamin D-deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 2.1 ug/kg, ip administered as 7 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
13-Methyl-substituted des-C,D analogs of (20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 (2MD): synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID190618Ability to stimulate intestinal-calcium transport by the administration of compound in rats at a concentration of 5 pmol at 12 hr.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of novel vitamin D analogues: 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3 and 24,24-difluoro-1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-26,27-dimethylvitamin D3.
AID303408Ratio of ED50 for drug to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin for rat recombinant VDR2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 50, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 analogue with a frozen A-ring conformation.
AID265892Stability in rat liver microsome relative to maxacalcitol2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12
Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID216857Percentage binding to chick intestinal vitamin D3 receptor, relative competitive index (RCI)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Characterization of a novel analogue of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) with two side chains: interaction with its nuclear receptor and cellular actions.
AID190747Bone calcium mobilization in rats maintained on a very low calcium diet at a dose 130 (pmol)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 45, Issue:16
2-Ethyl and 2-ethylidene analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3): synthesis, conformational analysis, biological activities, and docking to the modeled rVDR ligand binding domain.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID647367Activation of VDR in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as up-regulation of CYP24A1 at 0.1 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Evaluation of vitamin D3 A-ring analogues as Hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
AID703640Agonist activity at VDR in human MCF7 cells assessed as transcription of CYP24A1 gene after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-25, Volume: 55, Issue:20
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ analogues with a long side chain at C12 and short C17 side chains.
AID1218463Drug metabolism in prednisone treated CD1 mouse liver microsomes assessed as metabolite formation at 20 uM after 30 mins by LC/MS analysis in presence of NADPH and CYP2B inhibitor orphenadrine2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 40, Issue:5
Cytochrome P450 3A-mediated microsomal biotransformation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse and human liver: drug-related induction and inhibition of catabolism.
AID1585888Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway in VDR-deficient mouse C3H10T1/2 cells assessed as reduction in oxysterol-induced Gli1 mRNA expression after 24 hrs by q-PCR analysis2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Synthesis and evaluation of third generation vitamin D3 analogues as inhibitors of Hedgehog signaling.
AID1824244Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for Inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse VDR-KO MEF cells to IC50 for inhibition of hedgehog signalling in mouse ASZ001 cells2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Affinity-based protein profiling identifies vitamin D3 as a heat shock protein 70 antagonist that regulates hedgehog transduction in murine basal cell carcinoma.
AID635565Calcium transport in vitamin-D deficient weanling rat intestine assessed as intestinal calcium level at 0.7 ug/kg, ip administered daily for 7 consecutive days measured 24 hrs after last dose2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation.
AID730427Antagonist activity at human androgen receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of transcriptional activity by luciferase and beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Development of silicon-containing bis-phenol derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists: selectivity switching by C/Si exchange.
AID1506121Drug degradation in human MG63 cells at 1 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-09, Volume: 61, Issue:15
25 S-Adamantyl-23-yne-26,27-dinor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
AID230395Intestinal Calcium Transport (ICT) activity (260 pmol/day/7 days) in Vitamin D-Deficient Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet(0.02% Ca diet)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and conformational analysis of A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and their 20-epimers: unique activity profiles depending on the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C-20.
AID337310Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity at 0.001 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID1408597Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Sulfonyl-containing phenyl-pyrrolyl pentane analogues: Novel non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators with favorable physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic properties and anti-tumor activity.
AID619580Effect on intestinal calcium transport activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium concentration at 780 pmol, ip administered as 4 consecutive doses once in 24 hrs measured 24 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 3.9 no unit )2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-13, Volume: 54, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological activity of 2-(3'-hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D analogues with shortened alkyl side chains.
AID730426Antagonist activity at human androgen receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of transcriptional activity at 10 uM by luciferase and beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Development of silicon-containing bis-phenol derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists: selectivity switching by C/Si exchange.
AID1164482Effect on intestinal calcium transport in weanling Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as increase in ratio of serosal to mucosal calcium level at 780 pmol/day, ip administered as 4 consecutive daily doses measured 24 hrs after last dose2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:20
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogues monohydroxylated in the A-ring.
AID760218Binding affinity to human VDR after 2 hrs by fluorescence assay relative to 1alpha,25(OH)2D32013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-11, Volume: 4, Issue:7
Synthesis of 2α-heteroarylalkyl active vitamin d3 with therapeutic effect on enhancing bone mineral density in vivo.
AID1661599Binding affinity to H12 region (440 to 445 residues) of zebrafish VDR LBD assessed as stabilization of structural elements by measuring increase in protection at 10 fold excess compound concentration in presence of SRC1 NR2 coactivator peptide measured at2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist.
AID702757Transactivation of full length human VDR expressed in human HeLa cells assessed as increase in CYP24 transcription after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19
Structural basis for the accommodation of bis- and tris-aromatic derivatives in vitamin D nuclear receptor.
AID81122Percent inhibition against HL-60 cell line (50% dose response), relative to 1-alpha,25 (OH)2D3 (100% activity) determined in vitro2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-17, Volume: 12, Issue:12
Vitamin D(3): synthesis of seco-C-9,11-bisnor-17-methyl-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues.
AID274538Antiproliferative activity against murine keratinocytes2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-14, Volume: 49, Issue:25
Low-calcemic, highly antiproliferative, 1-difluoromethyl hybrid analogs of the natural hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: design, synthesis, and preliminary biological evaluation.
AID1309800Activation of VDR in human Jurkat cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID337308Induction of terminal cell differentiation in human HL60 cells assessed as naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity at 0.1 uM after 4 days1994Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9
Chemical and bioactive constituents from Zanthoxylum simulans.
AID25549Compound was tested for rate constant for the forward reaction of isomerization of previtamin D to vitamin D1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
14-epi stereoisomers of 25-hydroxy- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: synthesis, isomerization to previtamins, and biological studies.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347412qHTS assay to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: Counter screen cell viability and HiBit confirmation2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2000Molecular cell, Jan, Volume: 5, Issue:1
The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand.
AID1811Experimentally measured binding affinity data derived from PDB2000Molecular cell, Jan, Volume: 5, Issue:1
The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (15,469)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903004 (19.42)18.7374
1990's4738 (30.63)18.2507
2000's3655 (23.63)29.6817
2010's3359 (21.71)24.3611
2020's713 (4.61)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 100.89

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index100.89 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.76 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.60 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index194.71 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.04 (0.95)

This Compound (100.89)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,224 (7.60%)5.53%
Reviews1,802 (11.19%)6.00%
Case Studies999 (6.20%)4.05%
Observational40 (0.25%)0.25%
Other12,042 (74.76%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (179)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Additive Renoprotective Effects of Oral Calcitriol in IgA Nephropathy Patients Taking Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers [NCT01237028]168 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Phase I Clinical Trial of Oral Calcitriol With Fixed Dose of Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT01093092]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Study transferring to INOVA Health)
A Psoriasis Plaque Test on LEO 27989 Ointment and Calcipotriol Plus LEO 27989 Ointment in Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris. [NCT01297166]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
A Phase I/II Study of High-Dose Calcitriol in Combination With Temozolomide for Patients With Metastatic Melanoma [NCT00301067]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-30Completed
Spray® and Vectical Ointment® in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis [NCT01205880]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Effect of Oral Systemic Administration of Vitamin D on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement - A Randomized Control Trial [NCT05202496]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-20Completed
Nutrition and Body Composition in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Environment and Microenvironment in ALL #2) [NCT01317940]Phase 276 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Activated Vitamin D for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (ACTIVATE-AKI) [NCT02962102]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-03Completed
A 6-Month, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Comparator Controlled, Parallel-Group Study With a 6-Month Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Alendronate Sodium 70 mg/Vitamin D3 5600 I.U. Combination Tablets Versus Calcitriol in the Treatment of O [NCT01350934]Phase 4219 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-19Completed
Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of 1,25(OH)2D3 (Calcitriol) Versus Placebo in Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes(IMDIAB XIII) [NCT01120119]Phase 20 participants InterventionalCompleted
Comparison of Routine Prophylactic Calcium + Calcitriol and Selective Use Based on PTH for the Prevention of Postoperative Hypocalcemia in Patients With Total Thyroidectomy. Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05252884]180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-30Not yet recruiting
Resistance Training and 1,25 (OH)2D3 Administration to Maintain Respiratory Muscle Function and Reduce Pneumonia Risk in Cancer Patients [NCT03469271]Phase 463 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-25Completed
Study Role of the Local Treatments on the Microbiome Modulation in the Psoriatic Skin. Study Monocentric, Interventional, Randomized and Single-blind [NCT03584360]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-24Completed
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Paricalcitol Injection With Maxacalcitol Injection in Adult Japanese Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects Receiving Hemodialysis With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT01341782]Phase 3255 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Topical Vitamin D3, Diclofenac or a Combination of Both to Treat Basal Cell Carcinoma [NCT01358045]Phase 2128 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Does Preoperative Calcium and Calcitriol Decrease Rates of Post Thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia? [NCT03869398]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-01Completed
A Phase II Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Comparator-Controlled Trial of HAT1 Compared to Calcipotriol in Patients With Mild to Moderate Chronic Plaque Psoriasis [NCT03848806]Phase 2174 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Phase I Dose-Escalation Study, to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of a Topical Compound 31543 (Calcitriol, USP) in Adult Cancer Patients Receiving Taxane-based Chemotherapy Regimens for the Treatment of Advanced or Recurrent Disease [NCT01588522]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
[NCT01561222]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Not yet recruiting
A Clinical Trial Phase II of Calcitriol in Combination With 5-fluorouracil, Mitomycin C and Leucovorin in an Open Label-non-randomized Study to Evaluate the Tumor Response in Patients With Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma [NCT01039181]Phase 228 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-01-31Not yet recruiting
Calcipotriol Plus 5-Flourouracil Immunotherapy Before Transplantation for Skin Cancer Prevention in Organ Transplant Recipients [NCT04329221]Phase 262 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2026-01-01Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of CD 2027 3µg/g Oily Spray Applied Twice Daily for 3 Weeks Under Conditions of Maximized Use in Adults With Plaque-type Psoriasis [NCT00763503]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Phase I, Single-center, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Antipsoriatic Efficacy of Calcipotriol in Novel Formulations Compared to Marketed Calcipotriol Products and Evaluation of Their Cutaneous Safety in a Psoriasis Plaque Test [NCT05488990]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-25Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multiple-Site Study to Evaluate the Therapeutic Equivalence of a Generic Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate Topical Foam, 0.005%/0.064% (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd) to [NCT03731091]Phase 3494 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-31Completed
A Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of a Combination Treatment Administered Over 3 Years in Patients at Risk of Experiencing Recurrence of Colorectal Adenomas [NCT00486512]Phase 3350 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Terminated(stopped due to The overall program was terminated)
Calcitriol Monotherapy for X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: Effects on Mineral Ions, Growth and Skeletal Parameters [NCT03748966]Early Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-28Recruiting
Clinical Study on Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (Kidney Deficiency and Blood Stasis Syndrome) With Xulin Jiangu Granules [NCT03563235]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-01Not yet recruiting
Pilot Trial About the Effects of Calcitriol's Treatment in the Neurological Function and Frataxin's Level in Friedreich's Ataxia Patients [NCT04801303]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-08-25Completed
A Randomized Open Label Study to Evaluate Efficacy of Calcitriol Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT05415254]86 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-12Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Trial Comparing Pulse Calcitriol and Alfacalcidol for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01115543]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A 28-day, Double-blind, Randomized, Reference-controlled Open Psoriasis Plaque Test for Within Subject Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Mapracorat 0.1% Ointment and 4 Reference Products in Symptomatic Volunteers With Stable Plaque-type Psoriasis [NCT03399526]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-11Completed
A Phase 1b, Randomised, Controlled, Assessor-blinded Proof of Principle Trial to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamics Effects of Microarray Patches Containing Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Dipropionate in Descaled Skin of Adults With Chronic Plaq [NCT03898583]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-15Completed
A Phase II Study of Oral Calcitriol in Combination With Ketoconazole in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer, Progressing Despite Primary ADT and Abiraterone [NCT03261336]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-06Terminated(stopped due to can not meet enrollment)
An Open-Label, Bilaterally-Controlled Single Center Study to Compare the Efficacy of Taclonex Ointment With Hydrogel Patch Occlusion to Taclonex Ointment Without Occlusion in the Treatment of Plaque-Type Psoriasis [NCT00924950]Phase 435 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Terminated
An Open-label, Multi-center, Randomized, Evaluator-Blinded Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Two Treatment Regimens Involving Vectical™ (Calcitriol) Ointment 3 µg/g and Clobex® (Clobetasol Propionate) Spray, 0.05% in the Treatment of Moderate P [NCT00988637]Phase 4138 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized, Parallel Group Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Hectorol® (Doxercalciferol Capsules) in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4 With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Not Yet on Dialysis [NCT02859896]Phase 384 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-19Active, not recruiting
[NCT00862693]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-03-31Recruiting
Use of Vitamin D in Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Detected by Transient Elastography [NCT04038853]Phase 4360 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-01Completed
Multi-center,Single Blind, Parallel-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Calcipotriol Betamethasone Ointment Plus Calcipotriol Ointment in Sequential Therapy to Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT02191007]230 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Vitamin D Replacement in Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Effects on Iron Homeostasis, Serum Hepcidin, and Hemojuvelin Levels. [NCT01988116]Early Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Elderly People [NCT02047799]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Biomarker Discovery and Novel Therapeutics [NCT02410005]Phase 2/Phase 356 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Logistic challenges)
Phase II Study of Weekly Intravenous 1,25 Dihydroxycholecelciferol (Calcitriol) + Dexamethasone in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer [NCT00524589]Phase 218 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Terminated(stopped due to closed due to futility)
Effects of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Antioxidant Enzymes Level in Vitamin D3 Deficient COPD Patients [NCT04011930]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-01Recruiting
Asthma and Vitamin D (a Clinical Pilot Study) [NCT00712205]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-08-31Enrolling by invitation
Study of Vitamin D Supplementation to Male HIV Sero-positive Patients [NCT00990678]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
hCAP18 Levels and Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01026363]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate enrollment)
A Multicenter Randomized Open-label Clinical Trial of Vitamin D Combined With HD-DXM Versus HD-DXM for the Treatment of ITP [NCT04094805]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase III, Multicentre, Randomized, Observer Blind, Parallel Group, Three Arms, Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Topically Applied Calcipotriol/AKVANO 50 μg/g Cutaneous Solution Against Calcipotriol Ointment 50 Micrograms [NCT05174598]Phase 3278 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-03Completed
An Open-Label, Study Evaluating Enstilar® (Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate) Foam, 0.005%/0.064% QD in Psoriasis Patients Being Treated With Biologic Agents [NCT03080545]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-01Completed
Comparing the Quality of Life Associated With Empiric Calcium Repletion and Parathormone (PTH) Based Calcium Repletion for Post Thyroidectomy Hypoparathyroidism [NCT03249012]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-01Recruiting
Influence of Vitamin D on Gene Expression Profile of Breast Cancer Samples From Post-menopausal Patients [NCT00926315]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-07-31Active, not recruiting
Combination Calcipotriene 0.005% Foam and Fluorouracil 5% Cream for the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses on the Scalp [NCT03996252]Early Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-01Terminated(stopped due to The study team was not able to start the study and they never completed the IRB submission, so the study was terminated.)
Immunointervention With 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in New-onset Type 1 Diabetes [NCT00960635]Phase 20 participants Interventional2001-06-30Completed
Extraction Socket Sealed With Autologous Tooth Root in Ridge Preservation [NCT05601531]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Recruiting
Pilot Open-Label Clinical Trial to Test Efficacy and Safety of Combination of Clobex® Spray With Excimer Laser Therapy [Photomedex XTRAC ® Velocity] in the Treatment of Generalized Plaque Psoriasis Followed by Maintenance With Topical Vectical® Ointment [NCT01012713]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
A Comparative Trial of Calcitriol Versus Placebo for the Preservation of Bone Mass and Strength After Kidney Transplantation [NCT02224144]Phase 267 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-18Completed
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Open Label Study of the Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Pulse Administration DN-101 (Calcitriol) in Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome [NCT00057031]Phase 246 participants Interventional2002-11-30Active, not recruiting
A Pilot Study of the Effects of High-Dose Oral Calcitriol in Breast Cancer Patients Prior to Surgery [NCT01293682]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Effects of Calcitriol on Podocytes in Diabetic Kidney Disease Patients: Assessment of Urine Podocin, Urine Nephrin, Urine Interleukin-6, Urine KIM-1, Plasma Renin, and Albuminuria [NCT05298163]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-30Not yet recruiting
Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, Treatment on Insulin Secretion and Muscle Strength in Pre-diabetic Persons [NCT04286529]Phase 117 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-01Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty with study logistics due to COVID-19)
A Phase I, Randomized, Open-Label, Three Period Cross-Over Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Calcitriol (ROCALTROL®) in Healthy Volunteers When Administered Alone or When Co-Administered With Lanthanum Carbonate (FOSRENOL®) or Sevelamer Carbona [NCT00925704]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-01Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Vehicle-controlled, Efficacy and Safety Study of CD2027 3µg/g Oily Spray Applied Twice Daily for 8 Weeks in Subjects With Plaque-type Psoriasis [NCT00763555]Phase 288 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
A Multi-Center, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a Consecutive Treatment Regimen of Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Spray, Followed by Calcitriol Ointment 3µg/g, in the Management of Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis [NCT00658788]Phase 3305 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Multi Centre, Open Label, Parallel Group, Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Paricalcitol Versus Oral Calcitriol in the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Dialysis Patients [NCT00800358]69 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Effect Of Calcitriol On Neutrophil To Lymphocytes Ratio And High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Covid-19 Patients [NCT05765617]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-01Completed
Effect of Different Vitamin D Preparations on Circulating FGF23 Levels in Vitamin D Deficient Caucasian and African-American Men and Women [NCT00957879]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
A Phase I Trial of Subcutaneous And/Or Oral Calcitriol [(1,25-COH)2D3] and Carboplatin in Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT00008086]Phase 10 participants Interventional1996-01-31Completed
A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Gemcitabine ± Erlotinib and DN-101 Versus Gemcitabine ± Erlotinib and Placebo in Subjects With Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [NCT00536770]Phase 2132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Suspended(stopped due to DSMB)
Multi-Center Clinical Study on the Relationship Between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Children's Physical and Intellectual Development [NCT03742310]500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-01Not yet recruiting
N-Acetylcysteine and Vitamin D in Infants With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated With Hypothermia [NCT04643821]Early Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-01Completed
A Phase 1B, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Calcitriol Active-Controlled, Daily-Dose, Escalating-Dose, Safety and Tolerance Study of 2MD Soft Gel Capsules in Normal Healthy Postmenopausal Women [NCT01969656]Phase 10 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Prospective, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety of Paricalcitol Capsules as Determined by Hypercalcemia in Pediatric Patients Ages 0 to 16 With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5 Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Within Current Clinical Practic [NCT01134315]61 participants (Actual)Observational2010-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Terminated after FDA agreement.)
A Single Dose, Two-Period, Two-Treatment, Two-Way Crossover Bioequivalency Study of Calcitriol Tablets, 0.25 mg, Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00601328]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Phase I/II Study of Oral Calcitriol in Combination With Ketoconazole in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer [NCT00536991]Phase 1/Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Terminated(stopped due to difficult to recruit)
A Randomized Phase II Trial Of Calcitriol In Patients With Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia [NCT00118066]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow accruaL, lack of scientific progress)
A Pilot Study of the Effects of High-Dose Oral Calcitriol and Physical Activity on Bone Health in Breast Cancer Survivors [NCT00904033]Phase 241 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-01Completed
A Double Blind Randomized Trial, Placebo-controled of 0.0003% Calcitriol Ointment Versus 0.1% Tacrolimus Ointment in the Treatment of Pityriasis Alba [NCT01388517]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Nickel Desensitization Using Topical Therapy [NCT01413477]24 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-08-31Not yet recruiting
[NCT00006275]20 participants Interventional2000-07-31Completed
Calcitriol or Placebo in Men for Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance [NCT00482157]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Withdrawn
Effects of Calcitriol (1α, 25-[OH]2 Vitamin D3) on Renin Expression in Hypertensive Patients Without Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT00585442]Early Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Lack of quality data)
Phase II Study of DN-101 (High Dose Pulse Calcitriol), Mitoxantrone, Prednisone in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer (AIPC) [NCT00182741]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Plaque Test Comparing 4 Steroids With Daivobet® Ointment and a Vehicle Control for the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT00845481]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
The Effect of Calcitriol on Progress and Activity of Lupus Nephritis [NCT01863641]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Recruiting
A Phase 2, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pre-operative Vitamin D Supplementation on Hypocalcemia Following Total or Near-total Thyroidectomy [NCT01868750]Phase 267 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Intravenous (IV) Calcitriol With Fixed Dose of Cisplatin and Docetaxel in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT00794547]Phase 1/Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Terminated
Efficacy and Safety of HAT1, a Novel Topical Therapeutic: An Open Label Pilot Study of HAT1 Compared to Calcipotriol in Patients With Chronic Plaque Psoriasis [NCT03069144]Phase 1/Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-06Completed
A Randomized Placebo-controlled Double Blinded Trial to Evaluate Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) and Calcitriol Treatment on Reducing Blood Pressure in Middle Aged Adults With Stage I Hypertension and Vitamin D Deficiency [NCT00459563]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate enrollment)
A Phase I Exploratory Study Evaluating 3 Formulations of LEO 29102 Plus Calcipotriol, Ointment, LEO 29102 Ointment, Calcipotriol Ointment, Daivonex® Ointment and Diprosone® Ointment in the Treatment of Psoriasis [NCT01466478]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Calcitriol for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis and Persistent Proteinuria [NCT00508898]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding problem; trial abandoned.)
Impact of Vitamin D Therapies on Monocyte Function in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01222234]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
A Double Blind, Active-Comparator-, and Vehicle-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of MK-0873 in Patients With Plaque Psoriasis [NCT01235728]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-01Completed
To Study the Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Density Changes in Hyperperparathyroid Dialysis Patients Under Calcium Sensing Receptor Agonist Cinacalcet Treatment [NCT04637360]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Regulation of Bone Formation in Renal Osteodystrophy [NCT00560300]Phase 261 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
Intervention Using Vitamin D for Elevated Urinary ALbumin in Diabetes (IDEAL-2) [NCT03216564]Phase 3320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-10Recruiting
A Phase I Study of Oral Calcitriol in Combination With Ketoconazole in Refractory Advanced Malignancies [NCT00238225]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
Olux E Foam and Sorilux Foam Combination Therapy for the Maintenance of Treatment Response in Patients With Moderate Plaque Psoriasis [NCT01745133]Phase 463 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Pilot, Open-Label, Randomized, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate Clinical/ and Immunological Efficacy/Safety of Locally Delivered 6-MP or Calcitriol vs Purinethol in Non-Steroid Dependent Patients With Active CD [NCT00287170]Phase 1/Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
A Pilot Study of Oral Calcitriol in Patients at High Risk for Lung Cancer [NCT00690924]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-17Completed
Calcipotriol Plus Hydrocortisone in Psoriasis Vulgaris on the Face and on the Intertriginous Areas [NCT00691002]Phase 31,245 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Phase I Trial Of Oral Calcitriol [1,25-(OH)2D3] And Paclitaxel In Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT00009802]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-06-30Completed
Phase I Study Of Oral, 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol) + Dexamethasone In Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer [NCT00010231]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-06-30Completed
Phase 4 Study of Paricalcitol and Calcitriol for Reparative Management of Chronic Allograft Dysfunction and Renocardiac Syndrome in Vitamin D Insufficient Renal Transplant Recipients [NCT01265615]Phase 4109 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Additive Renoprotective Effects of Oral Calcitriol in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients [NCT01512862]Phase 4240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
A Comparative Effectiveness Trial of High-quality Vitamin D3 Nutritional Supplements to Replete Serum Vitamin D [NCT01524874]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Maxmarvil® in Healthy Postmenopausal Women Without a Previous History of Fractures [NCT01526278]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Studies With 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol [NCT00001151]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional1976-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Terminated because of lack of drug supply)
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism With Synthetic Human Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 [NCT00001304]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional1991-10-31Completed
A Phase 2/3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind Study of Docetaxel (Taxotere) Plus DN-101 or Placebo in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer (AIPC) [NCT00043576]Phase 2/Phase 3250 participants Interventional2002-08-31Active, not recruiting
Phase II Study of Calcitrol Enhanced Carboplatin in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer [NCT00017576]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-12-31Completed
Calcitriol and Dexamethasone for Myelodysplastic Syndromes [NCT00030069]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-09-30Completed
Calcitriol + Dexamethasone in Early, Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following Local Therapy, A Phase I/II Trial [NCT00054522]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
PLA General Hospital [NCT05920512]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-01Recruiting
A Phase 1/2 Multicenter, Open Label, Dose Ranging Study of DN-101 and Taxotere® in Patients With Advanced (Stage IIIB or IV) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Who Have Failed Previous Therapy With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy [NCT00066885]Phase 1/Phase 280 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Phase IV, Single-Center, Active-Controlled Cross-Over Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effects of Zemplar Injection and Calcijex on Intestinal Absorption of Calcium [NCT00073710]Phase 430 participants Interventional2004-09-30Completed
A Phase I Study of Intravenous (IV) Calcitriol in Combination With ZD1839 (IRESSA®) in Refractory Solid Tumors [NCT00084708]Phase 153 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-11-30Completed
A Phase IV, Prospective, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Survival Benefits of Zemplar Relative to Calcijex in Subjects With Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis [NCT00062699]Phase 42,200 participants Interventional2003-04-30Terminated
[NCT01673204]Phase 4276 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-10-31Recruiting
A Phase 4 Randomized Multicenter Open Label Trial of Paricalcitol Versus Calcitriol for Efficacy and Safety in Stage 3 or 4 Ckd Patients With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT00823303]Phase 4110 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
PK and PD of Calcitriol Following Twice Daily Application of Calcitriol 3 µg/g Ointment Under Conditions of Maximal Use in Adolescents With Plaque Psoriasis [NCT00419666]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-01Completed
A Pilot Trial of 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin) for the Treatment of Men With Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia [NCT02061384]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Phase II Study of Calcitriol-Enhanced Docetaxel in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic or Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer [NCT00238199]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-06-30Completed
A Continuation Study of DN-101 (Calcitriol) and Docetaxel in Subjects Previously Enrolled in Studies DN101-002 or DN101-004 [NCT00285675]Phase 225 participants Interventional2006-04-30Active, not recruiting
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces Vitamin D Resistance in Small Intestinal Calcium Absorption [NCT00427804]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
High vs. Low Calcium Intake in the Presence of High Vitamin D: Effect on Gene Expression in the Colon [NCT00298545]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Open-Label Study Evaluating DN-101 in Combination With Docetaxel in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer (AIPC) (ASCENT-2) [NCT00273338]Phase 31,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Terminated(stopped due to DSMB)
The Safety and Short-Term Efficacy of Calcitriol in the Treatment of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy [NCT00319761]Phase 410 participants Interventional2006-05-31Completed
[NCT01536938]Phase 2303 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety With Eldecalcitol and Calcitriol in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mineral Density or Mild Osteoporosis [NCT05902078]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-30Not yet recruiting
Effect of Phosphate Binders on FGF-23 During Calcitriol Administration in CKD Stage 3 Patients [NCT01748396]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Evaluation of Topical Nicotinamide in Combination With Calcipotriol Compared With Calcipotriol Alone for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Psoriasis. [NCT01763424]Phase 2/Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Comparisons of the Effect of Inactive and Active Vitamin D on Serum Sclerostin/dickkopf1 Levels [NCT01765010]Phase 488 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Direct Effect of Paricalcitol on Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01768351]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Phase 4 Study of Oral Calcitriol for Reduction of Mild Proteinuria in Patients With CKD [NCT01820832]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of LEO 90105 Ointment (Calcipotriol Hydrate Plus Betamethasone Dipropionate) in Japanese Subjects With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01422434]Phase 3676 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Evaluating Hormonal Mechanisms for Vitamin D Receptor Agonist Therapy in Diabetes: The VALIDATE-D Study [NCT01635062]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD: a Proof-of-concept Study of Stimulant-induced Dopamine Release Using [11C]-PHNO PET in Healthy Humans [NCT03103750]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-15Completed
The Effect of Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin Derived From Osteoblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells on Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Desease and the Intervention of Paliscalcitol - Clinical Research Section [NCT05720273]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Indigo Naturalis Oil Extract and Calcipotriol Solution in Patients With Nail Psoriasis [NCT01445886]Phase 2/Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Patient Preference of Taclonex Ointment to Taclonex Scalp Suspension in Adult Subjects With Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01707043]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Vitamin D Plus Celecoxib Therapy to Stimulate Intratumoral Immune Reactivity [NCT00953849]Phase 1/Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Parallel Group, Vehicle Controlled, Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment Applied Twice Daily for 8 Weeks in Pediatric Subjects (2 to 12 Years of Age) With Mild to Moderate Plaque Psoriasi [NCT02186665]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
An Open-Label Study Evaluating Enstilar® (Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate) Foam, 0.005%/0.064% QD in Psoriasis Patients Being Treated With Etanercept or Adalimumab [NCT03827876]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-16Recruiting
A Randomized Phase III, Three-parallel Arm, Assessor Blind, Multi-centre Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of AKP02 Cutaneous Spray Versus Enstilar Cutaneous Foam in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Psoriasis. [NCT05249972]Phase 3294 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-24Recruiting
A Phase II Study of Short-Term Use of Teriparatide (Forteo) in the Treatment of Patients With Postoperative Hypocalcemia [NCT00623974]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to slow accrual.)
Prevention of Osteoporosis After Cardiac Transplantation [NCT00000412]Phase 3149 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-09-30Completed
[NCT00004402]Phase 330 participants Interventional1999-11-30Completed
A Phase 2B, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Proof-of-concept Study of an Oral Vitamin D Compound (DP001) in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients on Hemodialysis [NCT01922843]Phase 262 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Vitamin D and Arterial Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01384539]Phase 3128 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Phase 1, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of VS 105 Following Oral Administration in Healthy and Hemodialysis Subjects [NCT03043482]Phase 169 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-24Completed
A Phase IIa Exploratory Study Evaluating the Anti-psoriatic Effect of Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes, Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes, Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours and Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hou [NCT01607853]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Calcitriol vs. Placebo Among Critically-ill Patients With Sepsis [NCT01689441]Phase 267 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Comparison Between Low and High Doses of Prophylactic Vitamin D in Prevention of Osteopenia of Prematurity [NCT04768439]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-10Completed
[NCT00004468]0 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funds)
Comparing the Effectiveness of High or Low Dose of Active Vitamin D Combined With Neutral Phosphate in Children With X-linked Hypophosphatemia [NCT03820518]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-01Recruiting
A Phase I Study of 1,25 Dihydroxy-Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT00004928]Phase 10 participants Interventional1999-10-31Completed
[NCT00004340]Phase 2109 participants Interventional1995-06-30Completed
Testing Restoring Effects of Vitamin D on the Dopamine System: A Human Laboratory Study Among Cocaine Users. [NCT04826133]Early Phase 14 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-27Terminated(stopped due to Could not obtain additional funding to continue the research.)
A Phase II Trial of Calcitriol and Naproxen in Patients With Recurrent Prostate Cancer [NCT00383487]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Extreme toxicity)
Comparison of Serum Calcium Level Between Preoperative Vitamin D and Non-vitamin D Regimen of Total Parathyroidectomy in End-stage Renal Failure Patients in Rajavithi Hospital [NCT04967469]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Prospective, Cross-Over Study of Calcitriol vs. Paricalcitol in the Treatment of Mineral and Bone Disease in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01725113]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Nationwide shortage of study meds in 2013 loss of funding & competing studies)
Study of Combination Therapy With Topical Rapamycin and Calcitriol for Cutaneous Lesions of Tuberous Sclerosis: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03140449]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-05Completed
Trial to Optimize Mineral Outcomes in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients [NCT01100723]Phase 492 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Innate Immunity in Acne Vulgaris [NCT01694433]Phase 2/Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
A Phase 3 Study Comparing an Ointment Containing Calcipotriol 25 mcg/g Plus Hydrocortisone 10 mg g With Tacalcitol 4 mcg/g Ointment and the Ointment Vehicle Alone, All Applied Once Daily in the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris on the Face and on the Intert [NCT00640822]Phase 3782 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Pilot Trial of Calcitriol in Localized Prostate Cancer: Investigation of Biologic Effects and Potential Intermediate Endpoints [NCT00084864]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Terminated(stopped due to sample size is too small to draw a conclusion)
Using 2D/3D Imaging to Analyze the Regeneration Rate of Autologous Bone During Alveolar Bone Preservation Surgery Using Periodontal Valves to Completely Cover Autologous Tooth Roots, Bone Substitutes, and Vitamin D3 Treatment [NCT06141239]48 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
Phase II Study of Pulse Calcitriol in Patients With Rising PSA After Definitive Treatment for Prostate Cancer [NCT00004043]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-02-28Completed
Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD: a Proof-of-concept Tele-health Study of Stimulant-induced Improvement in Neurocognitive Functioning. [NCT04386811]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-05Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Paricalcitol on the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Calcitriol Resistant Dialysis Subjects [NCT00664430]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment rate)
A Phase IV, Randomized, Single-center Study of the Effects of Calcitriol and Paricalcitol on Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4 [NCT00752102]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
A Phase 1, Single- Center, Randomized, Double-blind, Vehicle And Active Comparator-controlled Trial To Evaluate The Antipsoriatic Activity And Safety Of A Topically Applied Pf-06263276 Formulation In A Psoriasis Plaque Test [NCT02193815]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment Applied Twice Daily for 14 Days Under Conditions of Maximal Use in Pediatric Subjects (2 to 12 Years of Age) With Plaque Psoriasis [NCT01766440]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing TOLMAR Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Suspension to Reference Listed Drug in the Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis [NCT03122353]Phase 1699 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-11Completed
Vitamin D Supplementation in Vitamin Deficient Women Undergoing ICSI Cycles: Does it Affect the Fertility Outcome? [NCT03209856]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-06Completed
A Multicenter Open Label Uncontrolled Study of the Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment Applied Twice Daily for 26 Weeks in Pediatric Subjects (2 to 16 Years and 11 mo of Age) With Mild to Moderate Plaque Psoriasis [NCT02125279]Phase 454 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
A Long-term Safety and Efficacy Study of CTAP101 Capsules in Subjects With Stages 3 or 4 Chronic Kidney Disease, Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Insufficiency (Extension of Study CTAP101-CL-3001 or CTAP101-CL-3002) [NCT02282813]Phase 3298 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
A Plaque Test Study With LEO 35299 in Psoriasis Vulgaris [NCT01580488]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00001151 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Normal Serum Calcium Concentrations
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Level
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Serum Calcium Level
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Serum Magnesium Level
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Serum Phosphorus Level
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Urinary Creatinine Clearance
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Urine Calcium Excretion Level
NCT00001304 (7) [back to overview]Serum 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D Level
NCT00084864 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events, Graded According to NCI CTCAE v2.0
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Number and Frequency of Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) With High-dose Calcitriol in Combination With Temozolomide
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Time to Progression
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Toxicity
NCT00301067 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival (OS) Stratified by Vitamin D-Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Trough Plasma Levels (Ctrough) of Calcitriol
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Time at Which Maximum Concentration (Cmax) Occurred (Tmax)
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]The Observed Peak Drug Concentration (Cmax) of Calcitriol
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Serum Calcium, Urinary (U) Calcium Random) and Phosphorus Homeostasis up to Day 56
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Pre-Application (T0) Through 9 Hours Post Dosing (AUC [0-9 Hours])
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Pre-Application (T0) Through 12 Hours Post Dosing (AUC [0-12 Hours])
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio) Homeostasis up to Day 56
NCT00419666 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Serum Calcium Albumin Adjusted) Homeostasis up to Day 56
NCT00427804 (1) [back to overview]Fractional Absorption of Calcium
NCT00524589 (2) [back to overview]Objective Response (Complete or Partial Response)
NCT00524589 (2) [back to overview]Corrected Serum Calcium Expression
NCT00536991 (4) [back to overview]Determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)
NCT00536991 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Toxicity Graded According to the National Cancer Institute CTC Version 3.0
NCT00536991 (4) [back to overview]Objective Tumor Response, Assessed by RECIST
NCT00536991 (4) [back to overview]PSA Response Rate
NCT00640822 (1) [back to overview]Subjects With Controlled Disease According to the Investigator Assessment of the Face at Week 8
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Tolerability Assessment - Stinging/ Burning
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Tolerability Assessment - Telangiectasias
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Overall Disease Severity Success (ODS)
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Body Surface Area (% BSA) Affected
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Global Improvement Score
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Overall Disease Severity
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Signs of Psoriasis - Erythema
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Signs of Psoriasis - Plaque Elevation
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Signs of Psoriasis - Scaling
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Tolerability Assessment - Folliculitis
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Tolerability Assessment - Pruritus
NCT00658788 (12) [back to overview]Tolerability Assessment - Skin Atrophy
NCT00664430 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00690924 (1) [back to overview]Grade III-IV Toxicities or Any Grade II Toxicities Lasting More Than 2 Weeks
NCT00691002 (5) [back to overview]"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the IGA of Disease Severity of the Face at Week 4 (Visit 4) in the Double-blind Phase"
NCT00691002 (5) [back to overview]"Participants With Success According to Total Sign Score (TSS) of the Face at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"
NCT00691002 (5) [back to overview]"Participants With Success According to Total Sign Score of the Intertriginous Areas at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"
NCT00691002 (5) [back to overview]"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the IGA of Disease Severity of the Intertriginous Areas at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"
NCT00691002 (5) [back to overview]"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the Investigator's Global Assessment(IGA) of Disease Severity of the Face at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"
NCT00752102 (1) [back to overview]Coronary Artery (CAC) Score Progression
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Success Rate 2 (SR2) at Week 8
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Chemistry: Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Chemistry: Bilirubin Direct, Bilirubin Total, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Sign Parameter: Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Local Tolerability Score Worse Than Baseline Score
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Sign Parameter: Heart Rate
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 1-Grade Improvement From Baseline in Erythema, Scaling and Plaque Elevation
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Success Rate 1 (SR1) at Week 8
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Calcitriol Plasma Levels
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Dermatologic Sum Score (DSS) at Week 8
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Albumin
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Albumin-adjusted Calcium
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Calcium
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Intact
NCT00763555 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Phosphorus
NCT00794547 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Experience Grade 3 or Greater Neutropenia
NCT00794547 (5) [back to overview]Mean AUC 1,25-D3 Concentration at 12 and 24 Hours
NCT00794547 (5) [back to overview]MTD of Intravenous Calcitriol When Administered Prior to Fixed Dose Cisplatin 75mg/m2 and Docetaxel 75 mg/m2, Every 3 Weeks in Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
NCT00794547 (5) [back to overview]Median Time to Progression
NCT00794547 (5) [back to overview]Median Overall Survival
NCT00823303 (1) [back to overview]Confirmed Hypercalcemia
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Diprosalic Ointment
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Betnovat® Ointment
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Elocon Ointment
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Dermovat Ointment
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Daivobet® Ointment
NCT00845481 (6) [back to overview]The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Daivobet Ointment Vehicle
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (Exercise)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Bone Formation (Calcitriol)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Bone Formation (Exercise)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Bone Resorption (Calcitriol)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Bone Resorption (Exercise)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Handgrip (kg) Strength - (Exercise)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Handgrip (kg) Strength - (Calcitriol)
NCT00904033 (8) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (Calcitriol)
NCT00924950 (1) [back to overview]Change in Total Modified PASI Score at Week 4 Compared to Baseline
NCT00925704 (3) [back to overview]Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Exogenous Calcitriol
NCT00925704 (3) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Exogenous Calcitriol
NCT00925704 (3) [back to overview]Area Under the Serum Concentration-time Curve (AUC 0-48) for Exogenous Calcitriol
NCT00953849 (4) [back to overview]Change in GM-CSF
NCT00953849 (4) [back to overview]Change in IFN-gamma Levels
NCT00953849 (4) [back to overview]Change in IL-2 Levels
NCT00953849 (4) [back to overview]Change in IL-6 Levels.
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Median Percent (%) Change From Baseline in % Treatable BSA (Body Surface Area) From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Scores for the Koo-Menter Psoriasis Index 12-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (PQOL-12) From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Were a Success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at Week 2 Based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), Dichotomized Scale From Baseline to Week 2
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Were a Success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at Week 4 Based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), Full Ordinal Scale From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Tolerability Assessments Resulting in Adverse Events From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I am Satisfied With my Appearance at Week 4"
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I am Satisfied With the Results of This Treatment Program at Week 4"
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I Would Use This Treatment Program Again if Recommended by the Dermatologist at Week 4"
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question The Treatment Program Was Easy to Follow at Week 4"
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Global Assessment of Improvement (GAI) Scale From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Erythema) Scores From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Plaque Elevation) Scores From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00988637 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Scaling) Scores From Baseline to Week 4
NCT01012713 (3) [back to overview]The Secondary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving a 75% Reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Weeks 4 and 8.
NCT01012713 (3) [back to overview]A Tertiary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving 90% Reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Week 12.
NCT01012713 (3) [back to overview]The Primary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving a 75% Reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Week 12.
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Achieving Parathyroid Hormone Target ≤ 450
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Achieving Phosphorous Target ≤ 4.5
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients on Cinacalcet and Vitamin D Analogues
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Achieving Phosphorous Target ≤ 5.5
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Achieving Calcium Target ≤ 10.1
NCT01100723 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Achieving Parathyroid Hormone Target ≤ 300
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in Parathyroid Hormone at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in Albumin at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), Deaths and Discontinuations Due to AEs
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline (BL) and Change From Baseline in Calcium, Inorganic Phosphate (IP), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline (BL) and Change From Baseline in Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 at Final Visit (FV)
NCT01134315 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least One Incidence of Hypercalcemia
NCT01222234 (2) [back to overview]Change in 24,25(OH)2D Levels in CKD vs. Non-CKD Subjects Receiving Cholecalciferol
NCT01222234 (2) [back to overview]Monocyte Protein Expression
NCT01235728 (3) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline (Predose Day 1) of TLS Score for Lesions Treated With MK-0873 and Lesions Treated With Calcitriol
NCT01235728 (3) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline (Predose Day 1) of Target Lesion Severity (TLS) Score for Lesions Treated With MK-0873 and Lesions Treated With MK-0873 Vehicle
NCT01235728 (3) [back to overview]Mean Maximum Plasma Concentrations at Trough of Day 8, 15, 22, and 29 Following Topical Administration of MK-0873 to Psoriatic Patients
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Coronary Calcium Score
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Heart Failure (HF)
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Number of Circulating SP (Side Population) Stem-Progenitor Cells
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Kidney
NCT01265615 (10) [back to overview]VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Myocardium
NCT01293682 (2) [back to overview]Mean Change in Bone Resorption: NTX (N-terminal Telopeptide)
NCT01293682 (2) [back to overview]Mean Change in Bone Formation: BAP (Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase)
NCT01317940 (5) [back to overview]Prevalence of Obesity and Vitamin D Insufficiency in Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed ALL and in Their Siblings
NCT01317940 (5) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density by QCT in Survivors at Study End (Group B)
NCT01317940 (5) [back to overview]Bone Mineral Density by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) at Study End (Group A)
NCT01317940 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum Vitamin D Level (Group A)
NCT01317940 (5) [back to overview]Change in Vitamin D Level (Group B)
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH)
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) and Without Hypercalcemia
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control in the Target Range of 60 to 180 pg/mL
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline and With No Hypercalcemia
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP) at Month 6
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-CTx at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-P1NP at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Extension Study: Percentage of Participants With Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin (OH) D <20 ng/mL at Month 12
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 6
NCT01350934 (7) [back to overview]Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 6
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Efficacy of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Plasma Concentrations of C-reactive Protein
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Effect of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Cell Expression of Nf-kB
NCT01384539 (3) [back to overview]Compare the Difference Between the Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Groups in Conduit Artery Endothelium-dependent Dilation (EDD) in Response to Treatment.
NCT01422434 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (mPASI)
NCT01422434 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Target Lesion Assessment
NCT01422434 (4) [back to overview]Physician's Global Assessment of Psoriasis
NCT01422434 (4) [back to overview]Change in mPASI From Baseline to Week 1
NCT01445886 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Modified Target NAPSI for the Single Most Severely Affected Nail
NCT01445886 (3) [back to overview]Physician's and Subject's Global Assessment
NCT01445886 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Single-handed Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (shNAPSI) at 24 Weeks
NCT01536938 (1) [back to overview]Subjects With 'Controlled Disease' ('Clear'/'Almost Clear' for Subjects w. at Least Moderate Disease at Baseline, 'Clear' for Subjects With Mild Disease at Baseline) According to the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) on the Trunk and Limbs at Week 4.
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in Erythema From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in Lesion Thickness From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in the Total Clinical Score From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in Infiltration From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in Scaling From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01580488 (6) [back to overview]Change in Skin Thickness From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 15 Compared to Baseline
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 18 Compared to Baseline
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 4 Compared to Baseline
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 8 Compared to Baseline
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 11
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 15
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 18
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 4.
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 8.
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 11
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 15
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 18
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 4
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 8
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 11
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 15
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 18
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 4
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 8
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Lesion Thickness Measured by Ultrasound From Baseline to Day 22.
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Skin Thickness - Echo-poor Band - Measured by Ultrasound From Baseline to Day 22
NCT01607853 (26) [back to overview]Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 11 Compared to Baseline
NCT01635062 (3) [back to overview]The Change in Circulating RAS Activity After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy
NCT01635062 (3) [back to overview]Change in Urine Protein After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy
NCT01635062 (3) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy
NCT01689441 (3) [back to overview]Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Levels at 48 Hours
NCT01689441 (3) [back to overview]Plasma Cathelicidin (hCAP18) Protein Levels at 48 Hours
NCT01689441 (3) [back to overview]Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) / Creatinine Ratio at 48 Hours
NCT01694433 (2) [back to overview]Acne Severity as Assessed With the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA)
NCT01694433 (2) [back to overview]Lesion Counts (Total, Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory)
NCT01707043 (2) [back to overview]Subjective Subject Preference Survey for the Second Treatment Session
NCT01707043 (2) [back to overview]Subjective Subject Preference Survey for the First Treatment Session
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Amount of Active Vitamin D Analog Used Through Month 3 Post Calcitriol Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Amount of Active Vitamin D Analog Used Through Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Calcium Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Treatment Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Calcium Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Treatment Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Phosphorus Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]Phosphorus Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]PTH Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Treatment Initiation
NCT01725113 (8) [back to overview]PTH Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Treatment Initiation
NCT01745133 (1) [back to overview]Physician Global Assessement
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]Tmax of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]Cmax of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]AUC (0-6h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]Cmin of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]AUC (0-9h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT01766440 (6) [back to overview]AUC (0-12h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level
NCT02061384 (1) [back to overview]Millions of Sperm Per Ejaculate
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 12
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 20
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 26
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 4
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 12
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 26
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 30 (Follow-up)
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percent (%) Body Surface Area (BSA) at Each Visit
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pruritus Score at Each Visit
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Investigator's Global Assessment of Disease Severity (IGA) Score of 0 (Clear) or 1 (Almost Clear) at Each Visit
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 4
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 12
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 20
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 26
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 8
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Levels at Week 4
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 12
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 20
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 26
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)
NCT02125279 (24) [back to overview]Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 8
NCT02186665 (1) [back to overview]Success of Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA)
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/Echo-Poor Band (EPB) for PF-06263276 4% Solution in Comparison to Corresponding Vehicle at Day 12
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB at Day 8
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB for PF-06263276 4% Solution in Comparison to Daivonex Solution at Day 12
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) or Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Specified Skin AEs
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Signs Findings
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Global Clinical Assessment at Day 1, 8 and 12
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB for Tofacitinib 2% Ointment in Comparison to Corresponding Vehicle at Day 12
NCT02193815 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Laboratory Abnormalities Meeting the Criteria for Potential Clinical Concern
NCT02282813 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Intent to Treat Population With Normal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at End of Treatment (EOT)
NCT02282813 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Per Protocol Population With Mean Reduction in Plasma Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% From Baseline Values at End of Treatment (EOT)
NCT02282813 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Per Protocol Population With NormalSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at End of Treatment (EOT)
NCT02282813 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the Intent to Treat Population With a Mean Reduction in Plasma Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% From Baseline Values at End of Treatment (EOT)
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]Death Within 7 Days
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Received Renal Replacement Therapy Within 7 Days
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With New or Worsening Stage of AKI, Defined by KDIGO Guidelines
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]Peak Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]28-day Mortality
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]ICU- and Hospital-free Days
NCT02962102 (7) [back to overview]Relative Average Change in Serum Creatinine From Day 0 to Days 1-7
NCT03261336 (1) [back to overview]Toxicity and Tolerability of Experimental Arm
NCT03469271 (1) [back to overview]Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP)
NCT04286529 (4) [back to overview]Insulin Level
NCT04286529 (4) [back to overview]Glucose Levels
NCT04286529 (4) [back to overview]Glucose Levels
NCT04286529 (4) [back to overview]C-Peptide Level

Number of Participants With Normal Serum Calcium Concentrations

Normal calcium concentration 8.2-10.6 mg/dL (NCT00001151)
Timeframe: 1 year average

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Group 16

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Level

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = ng/ml. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium31
PTH 1-3428

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Serum Calcium Level

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = mmol/liter, normal range 2.05-2.5. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionmmol/liter (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium2
PTH 1-341.92

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Serum Magnesium Level

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = mmol/liter, normal range 0.65-1.05. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionmmol/liter (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium0.75
PTH 1-340.73

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Serum Phosphorus Level

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = mmol/liter, normal range 0.7-1.4. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionmmol/liter (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium4.5
PTH 1-344.6

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Urinary Creatinine Clearance

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = ml/min, normal range 90-125. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionml/min (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium84
PTH 1-3480

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Urine Calcium Excretion Level

Measurements were taken1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = mmol/24 h, normal range 1.25-6.25. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionmmol/24 h (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium8.2
PTH 1-345.8

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Serum 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D Level

Measurements were taken 1 hour before the morning dose of PTH or, calcitriol and calcium; UOM = pg/ml. Measurements were obtained on three successive days (three separate measures) semiannually at the NIH CC for each protocol subject. The average data are the average of these three semi-annual data points for each subject which are then averaged across all the semi-annual means for all subjects within each arm over the three years of study. (NCT00001304)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Calcitriol and Calcium40
PTH 1-3443

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events, Graded According to NCI CTCAE v2.0

Number of Participants with Adverse Events, Graded According to NCI CTCAE v2.0 (NCT00084864)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days of the last administration of study procedure

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3
Arm 1131
Arm 2211
Arm 3210
Arm 4200

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Number and Frequency of Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) With High-dose Calcitriol in Combination With Temozolomide

"Determine number and frequency of dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of high-dose calcitriol when administered with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma for up to 12 cycles of therapy, where 1 cycle equals 28 days.~3 patients per dose cohort will be entered into the trial at doses of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 mcg/kg of calcitriol administered orally. If 1 patient experiences dose limiting toxicity (DLT) at any dose, that dose cohort will be expanded to a maximum of 6 patients. If 1 additional patient experiences DLT at that dose stratum, further dose escalation will cease and the dose cohort immediately preceding the dose cohort where the 2 experiences of DLT occurred will be considered the MTD. If no additional patients experience DLT, dose escalation to the next higher dose stratum will take place.~DLT is defined as National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0 grade 3 toxicity determined to be related to calcitriol." (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: From start of treatment, up to 12 cycles where 1 cycle equals 28 days

InterventionDLT (Number)
Cohort 1 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol0
Cohort 2 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol0
Cohort 3 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol0

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Overall Response Rate

"Overall Response Rate (ORR) is defined as percentage of patients who's best response to treatment is complete response plus those with partial response.~Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions.~Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD." (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: From the start of treatment, every 2 cycles where 1 cycle equals 28 days, for a maximum of 12 cycles

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Temozolomide and Calcitriol (Cohort 1-3+Expansion)2

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Overall Survival

Overall Survival (OS) will be measured from first day of treatment until death of any cause. Patients still alive at the last data cut off point will be censored. (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: From the first day of treatment until death from any cause, up to a maximum of 6 and half years

InterventionMonths (Median)
Temozolomide and Calcitriol (Cohort 1-3+Expansion)5.5

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Time to Progression

Time to progression (TTP) is measured from the start of treatment until the time of first documentation of disease progression. (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: From the start of treatment, until progressive disease, up to 12 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
Temozolomide and Calcitriol (Cohort 1-3+Expansion)1.81

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Number of Patients With Toxicity

"Toxicity will be assessed for each patient on a seven-day on/seven-day off temozolomide in combination with high-dose calcitriol for every 2 weeks for up to 12 cycles where 1 cycle equals 28 days. Toxicity will be assessed during treatment according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria for adverse events version 3.0 (CTCAE v3.0) and defined by any toxicity determined to be at least possibly related to either study drug (temozolomide or calcitriol).~In general adverse events (AEs) will be graded according to the following:~Grade 1 Mild AE Grade 2 Moderate AE Grade 3 Severe AE Grade 4 Life-threatening or disabling AE Grade 5 Death related to AE~Grade 3 and grade 4 toxicities where relatedness to either study drug could not be ruled out were collected and recorded only." (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: From the start of treatment and every 2 weeks for a maximum of 12 cycles, and 30 days post last treatment, where 1 cycle equals 28 days

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ThrombocytopeniaVascularNauseaVomitingLeukopeniaFatigueAnemiaLymphopeniaHemorrhageRashAnorexia
Cohort 1 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol11000000000
Cohort 2 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol00000000000
Cohort 3 - Temozolomide and Calcitriol00111000000
Expansion - Temozolomide and Calcitriol11001122111

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Overall Survival (OS) Stratified by Vitamin D-Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms

Investigate the relationship between vitamin D-receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in Taq1 and Fok1 (analyzed from baseline blood sample) and Overall Survival (OS). VDR gene analysis was completed using PCR-RFLP based assays. (NCT00301067)
Timeframe: at baseline and until death from any cause up to 6 and half years

InterventionMonths (Median)
VDR genotype (tt+/-ff)non tt+/-ff VDR genotype
Temozolomide and Calcitriol (Cohort 1-3+Expansion)3.87.4

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Trough Plasma Levels (Ctrough) of Calcitriol

Trough plasma levels (Ctrough) of calcitriol was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: Day 0 (Baseline), Day 14, Day 21, and Day 56

InterventionPicograms Per Millilitre (pg/mL) (Mean)
Day 0 (Baseline)Day 14Day 21Day 56
Calcitriol 3mcg/g65.0462.5361.8761.46

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Time at Which Maximum Concentration (Cmax) Occurred (Tmax)

Tmax is the time to reach maximum concentration and was reported for calcitriol. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: Day 0 (Baseline), Day 21

Interventionhours (Median)
Day 0 (Baseline)Day 21
Calcitriol 3mcg/g4.003.97

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The Observed Peak Drug Concentration (Cmax) of Calcitriol

Cmax of calcitriol was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: Day 0 (Baseline), Day 21

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Day 0 (Baseline)Day 21
Calcitriol 3mcg/g75.7473.18

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Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Serum Calcium, Urinary (U) Calcium Random) and Phosphorus Homeostasis up to Day 56

Calcium homeostasis was analyzed with serum calcium albumin adjusted, serum calcium, urinary calcium/creatinine ratio, urinary (U) calcium random as parameters. Phosphorus homeostasis was analyzed with phosphorus as parameter. Change from baseline in the effect of calcitriol ointment on calcium (serum calcium, U calcium random) and phosphorus homeostasis up to Day 56 was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: From baseline (Day 0) up to Day 56

Interventionmilligrams per deciliter (Mg/dL) (Mean)
Serum CalciumUrinary (U) Calcium RandomPhosphorus
Calcitriol 3mcg/g0.081.000.20

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Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Pre-Application (T0) Through 9 Hours Post Dosing (AUC [0-9 Hours])

The AUC(0-9 hours) that is area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 9 hours after dosing was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: 0 (predose) and 9 hours post dose on Day 0 (Baseline), Day 21

InterventionPicograms. hours per millilitre(pg.h/mL) (Mean)
Day 0 (Baseline)Day 21
Calcitriol 3mcg/g575.12549.29

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Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve From Pre-Application (T0) Through 12 Hours Post Dosing (AUC [0-12 Hours])

The AUC(0-12 hours) that is area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 12 hours after dosing was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: 0 (predose) and 12 hours post dose on Day 0 (Baseline), Day 21

Interventionpg.h/mL (Mean)
Day 0 (Baseline)Day 21
Calcitriol 3mcg/g764.74737.74

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

An adverse event (AE) was any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding assessed as clinically significant and different from the baseline visit), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. Number of participants with adverse events were reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: From start of the study to Day 56

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcitriol 3mcg/g13

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Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio) Homeostasis up to Day 56

Calcium homeostasis was analyzed with serum calcium albumin adjusted, serum calcium, urinary calcium/creatinine ratio, urinary (U) calcium random as parameters. Change from baseline in the effect of calcitriol ointment on calcium (urinary calcium/creatinine ratio) homeostasis up to Day 56 was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: From baseline (Day 0) up to Day 56

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Calcitriol 3mcg/g0.01

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Change From Baseline in Effect of Calcitriol Ointment on Calcium (Serum Calcium Albumin Adjusted) Homeostasis up to Day 56

Calcium homeostasis was analyzed with serum calcium albumin adjusted, serum calcium, urinary calcium/creatinine ratio, urinary (U) calcium random as parameters. Change from baseline in the effect of calcitriol ointment on calcium (serum calcium albumin adjusted) homeostasis up to Day 56 was reported. (NCT00419666)
Timeframe: From baseline (Day 0) up to Day 56

InterventionMillimoles Per Litre (mmol/L) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3mcg/g-0.01

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Fractional Absorption of Calcium

Fractional absorption of calcium (see citation for complete details) (NCT00427804)
Timeframe: 7 week

InterventionPercentage of absorption (Number)
Healthy Control71
Crohn's Disease115

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Objective Response (Complete or Partial Response)

Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT00524589)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Dexamethasone and Calcitriol0

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Corrected Serum Calcium Expression

Number of patients with corrected serum calcium levels between 11 mg/dL and 12 mg/dL detected on 1 or more occasions. (NCT00524589)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dexamethasone and Calcitriol6

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Determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)

Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oral calcitriol daily x 3 consecutive days a week in combination with oral ketoconazole (400 mg thrice daily [TID]) + oral hydrocortisone (20 mg AM, 10 mg PM) (NCT00536991)
Timeframe: up to 11 years

Interventionmcg (Number)
Treatment (Calcitriol, Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone)10

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Incidence of Toxicity Graded According to the National Cancer Institute CTC Version 3.0

Count of participants with serious adverse event. Please refer to the adverse event reporting for more detail. (NCT00536991)
Timeframe: Up to 11 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase I/II: Oral Calcitriol, Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone14

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Objective Tumor Response, Assessed by RECIST

Judged by monthly physical exam and radiographic evaluation. Patients will be considered evaluable for tumor response if they have at least two post-baseline tumor assessments at least 4 weeks apart, received study medication for 8 weeks or if they have evidence of disease progression. Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT00536991)
Timeframe: Up to 11 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Phase I/II: Oral Calcitriol, Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone24

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PSA Response Rate

Patients will be considered evaluable for PSA response if they have at least two post-baseline PSA measurements at least 4 weeks apart, or if they have other evidence of disease progression. A PSA response will be considered a PSA decline of at least 50% must be confirmed by a second PSA value four or more weeks later. The reference PSA for these declines should be a PSA measured within 2 weeks prior to the initiation of therapy. (NCT00536991)
Timeframe: Up to 11 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Phase I/II: Oral Calcitriol, Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone35

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Subjects With Controlled Disease According to the Investigator Assessment of the Face at Week 8

(NCT00640822)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Calcipotriol Plus Hydrocortisone Ointment183
Tacalcitol Ointment147
Calcipotriol Plus Hydrocortisone Ointment Vehicle37

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Tolerability Assessment - Stinging/ Burning

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
NoneMildModerateSevere
Baseline200443130
Week 122002483
Week 223242131
Week 42453441
Week 823418193

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Tolerability Assessment - Telangiectasias

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
NoneMildModerateSevere
Baseline303101
Week 12230500
Week 2284400
Week 4283200
Week 8273100

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Overall Disease Severity Success (ODS)

Success was defined as a one-grade improvement in ODS from baseline. (NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 8 and 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 8Week 12
Sequential Treatment Regimen100.084.1

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Percent Change From Baseline in Body Surface Area (% BSA) Affected

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

InterventionPercent Change from Baseline (Mean)
Week 220.1
Week 443.1
Week 846.6
Week 1246.2

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Global Improvement Score

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
-1:Symptoms0:No Change1:Minimal Improvement2:Definite Improvement3:Considerable Improvement4:Clearing
Week 1201319495831
Week 2149539311
Week 4024269642
Week 801012437728

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Overall Disease Severity

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ClearAlmost ClearMildModerateSevere/Very Severe
Week 12114570440
Week 205383313
Week 4510053120
Week 896088130

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Signs of Psoriasis - Erythema

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ClearAlmost ClearMildModerateSevere/Very Severe
Week 12124160534
Week 204682357
Week 498157230
Week 8135370322

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Signs of Psoriasis - Plaque Elevation

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ClearAlmost ClearMildModerateSevere/Very Severe
Week 12244561391
Week 2226954241
Week 446783691
Week 8355068170

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Signs of Psoriasis - Scaling

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ClearAlmost ClearMildModerateSevere/Very Severe
Week 12315654263
Week 2256163194
Week 441833790
Week 836537191

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Tolerability Assessment - Folliculitis

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AbsentPresent
Baseline3032
Week 122323
Week 22862
Week 427411
Week 82713

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Tolerability Assessment - Pruritus

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
NoneMildModerateSevere
Baseline74848463
Week 12128653210
Week 217991135
Week 42205690
Week 817266315

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Tolerability Assessment - Skin Atrophy

(NCT00658788)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AbsentPresent
Baseline3032
Week 122332
Week 22862
Week 42787
Week 82704

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

The occurrence of adverse events was considered a secondary endpoint in this study. For details on adverse events that occurred prior to study termination, refer to the safety section below. (NCT00664430)
Timeframe: Up to 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Calcitriol Challenge Followed by Paricalcitol3

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Grade III-IV Toxicities or Any Grade II Toxicities Lasting More Than 2 Weeks

"Number of participants with Adverse Events, Grade II lasting more than two weeks or Grade III or higher, graded according to CTEP Version 4 of the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) will be utilized for AE reporting.~CTEP Version 4 of the CTCAE is identified and located at:~http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/ctc.htm." (NCT00690924)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
IIIIIIVV
Calcitriol1000

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"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the IGA of Disease Severity of the Face at Week 4 (Visit 4) in the Double-blind Phase"

"The assessment of the disease severity of the face was made using the 6-category scale below.~Clear Almost clear Mild Moderate Severe Very severe~The assessment was made considering the condition of psoriasis vulgaris of the face at the time of the evaluation, not in relation to the condition at a previous visit.~For subjects with a baseline severity of moderate or worse - controlled disease of the face was defined as clear or almost clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the face.~For subjects with a baseline severity of mild - controlled disease of the face was defined as clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the face." (NCT00691002)
Timeframe: At Week 4

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LEO 80190101
Calcipotriol66
Hydrocortisone61
LEO 80190 Vehicle14

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"Participants With Success According to Total Sign Score (TSS) of the Face at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"

"Success was defined as a TSS score of 0 or 1.~For each clinical sign, a single score, reflecting the average severity of all psoriatic lesions on the face was determined according to the scale below:~Redness 0 = none (no erythema) 1 = mild (faint erythema, pink to very light red) 2 = moderate (definite light red erythema) 3 = severe (dark red erythema) 4 = very severe (very dark red erythema) Thickness 0 = none (no plaque elevation) 1 = mild (slight, barely perceptible elevation) 2 = moderate (definite elevation but not thick) 3 = severe (definite elevation, thick plaque with sharp edge) 4 = very severe (very thick plaque with sharp edge) Scaliness 0 = none (no scaling) 1 = mild (sparse, fine-scale lesions, only partially covered) 2 = moderate (coarser scales, most of lesions covered) 3 = severe (entire lesion covered with coarse scales) 4 = very severe (very thick coarse scales, possibly fissured)~The sum of the three scores constituted a TSS ranging from 0 to 12" (NCT00691002)
Timeframe: At Week 8 (end of treatment for double-blind phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LEO 80190171
Calcipotriol136
Hydrocortisone131
LEO 80190 Vehicle42

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"Participants With Success According to Total Sign Score of the Intertriginous Areas at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"

"The severity of the subject's psoriasis vulgaris on the intertriginous areas was evaluated in terms of the three clinical signs: redness, thickness and scaliness. All the defined intertriginous areas were rated separately using the same scale as for the investigator's assessment of clinical signs (redness, thickness and scaliness) of the face.~For each clinical sign, a single score, reflecting the average severity of all psoriatic lesions on the face was determined according to the scale below:~Redness 0 = none~= mild~= moderate~= severe~= very severe~Thickness 0 = none~= mild~= moderate~= severe~= very severe~Scaliness 0 = none~= mild~= moderate~= severe~= very severe~A mean score was calculated for each sign (redness, thickness and scaliness) based on scores of all the defined intertriginous areas with psoriasis at baseline and the sum of these mean scores constituted the TSS.~Success was defined as a TSS score of 0 or 1." (NCT00691002)
Timeframe: At Week 8 (end of treatment for double-blind phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LEO 8019082
Calcipotriol81
Hydrocortisone59
LEO 80190 Vehicle15

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"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the IGA of Disease Severity of the Intertriginous Areas at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"

"The (sub)investigator made an assessment of the disease severity of the intertriginous areas using the 6-category scale below.~Clear, Almost clear, Mild, Moderate, Severe, Very severe The assessment was made considering the condition of psoriasis vulgaris of the intertrigi-nous areas at the time of the evaluation, not in relation to the condition at a previous visit.~For subjects with a baseline severity of moderate or worse - controlled disease of the intertriginous areas was defined as clear or almost clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the intertriginous areas.~For subjects with a baseline severity of mild - controlled disease of the intertriginous areas was defined as clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the intertriginous areas." (NCT00691002)
Timeframe: At Week 8 (end of treatment for double-blind phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LEO 8019080
Calcipotriol55
Hydrocortisone48
LEO 80190 Vehicle14

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"Participants With Controlled Disease According to the Investigator's Global Assessment(IGA) of Disease Severity of the Face at Week 8 (Visit 6) in the Double-blind Phase"

"The (sub) investigator made an assessment of the disease severity of the face using the 6-category scale below.~Clear, Almost clear, Mild, Moderate, Severe, Very severe~The assessment was made considering the condition of psoriasis vulgaris of the face at the time of the evaluation, not in relation to the condition at a previous visit.~For subjects with a baseline (Visit 1) severity of moderate or worse - controlled disease of the face was defined as clear or almost clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the face.~For subjects with a baseline (Visit 1) severity of mild - controlled disease of the face was defined as clear according to the IGA of disease severity of the face." (NCT00691002)
Timeframe: At Week 8 (end of treatment for double-blind phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LEO 80190158
Calcipotriol135
Hydrocortisone115
LEO 80190 Vehicle41

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Coronary Artery (CAC) Score Progression

"coronary artery (CAC) score difference between baseline and followup CT scans. It was measured in Agatston units. These are units of amount of calcification in the blood vessels so it's a continuous variable. The amount of calcium was quantified with the Agatston scoring method. Calcium scores were adjusted with a standard calcium phantom that was scanned along with the participant. The phantom contained known calcium density bars and provided a way to calibrate the x-ray attenuation level.~Participants scoring CAC >400 are considered to be at risk for having at least one coronary lesion." (NCT00752102)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

InterventionAgatston units (Mean)
Calcitriol74.38
Paricalcitol106.32

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)

AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily had a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory value), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: up to Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray11
Calcitriol Vehicle9

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Percentage of Participants With Success Rate 2 (SR2) at Week 8

"Success Rate 2 was defined as percentage of participants who achieved clear or almost clear on GSS at Week 8. GSS is a 5-point scale which ranges from 0-4, where 0 = clear, 1 = almost clear, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe, higher score indicated higher severity. All missing values were imputed by last observation carried forward (LOCF)." (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray4.5
Calcitriol Vehicle0.0

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Change From Baseline in Blood Chemistry: Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Change from baseline in Blood Chemistry: Alkaline Phosphatase, AST and ALT were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

,
Interventioninternational units per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
Alkaline PhosphataseASTALT
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray0.581.420.72
Calcitriol Vehicle-1.03-0.35-1.75

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Change From Baseline in Blood Chemistry: Bilirubin Direct, Bilirubin Total, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine

Change from baseline in Blood Chemistry: Bilirubin Direct, Bilirubin Total, BUN and Creatinine were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Bilirubin DirectBilirubin TotalBUNCreatinine
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-0.020.010.65-0.01
Calcitriol Vehicle-0.030.030.550.03

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Change From Baseline in Vital Sign Parameter: Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change from baseline in vital sign parameter: Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure was reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

,
Interventionmillimeter of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Systolic Blood PressureDiastolic Blood Pressure
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray0.70.2
Calcitriol Vehicle-1.4-1.0

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Percentage of Participants With a Local Tolerability Score Worse Than Baseline Score

Local tolerability skin assessments were performed by the investigator and based on 5-point scale which ranges from 0 to 4. 0 = none (no evidence of local intolerance); 1=mild (minimal erythema and/or edema, slight glazed appearance); 2 = moderate (definite erythema and/or edema with peeling and/or cracking but needs no adaptation of posology); 3 = severe (erythema, edema glazing with fissures, few vesicles or papules) and 4 = very severe (strong reaction spreading beyond the treated area, bullous reaction, erosions). Higher grades indicated worsening of condition. Percentage of participants with increase in score by Week 8 from baseline has been presented here, where the row titles indicate participant's new scores by Week 8. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: up to Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
1 = mild2 = moderate3 = severe4 = very severe
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray4.52.32.32.3
Calcitriol Vehicle7.00.04.72.3

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Change From Baseline in Vital Sign Parameter: Heart Rate

Change from baseline in vital sign parameter: heart rate was reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray3.1
Calcitriol Vehicle1.4

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 1-Grade Improvement From Baseline in Erythema, Scaling and Plaque Elevation

Erythema (abnormal redness of skin) score is a 5-point scale: 0=None (No detectable erythema. Skin of normal color); 1=Mild (Slight pinkness present); 2=Moderate (Definite redness, easily recognized); 3=Severe (Intense redness) and 4=Severe (Very Intense redness). Scaling (shedding of stratum corneum) score is a 5- point scale: 0=None (No shedding); 1=Mild (Barely perceptible shedding, noticeable only on light scratching or rubbing); 2=Moderate (Obvious but not profuse shedding); 3=Severe (heavy scale production) and 4=Very severe (very thick scales). Plaque elevation (abnormal thickness of psoriasis lesion) score was a 5- point scale: 0=None (Normal skin thickness. No elevation of skin); 1=Mild (Barely perceptible elevation (by touching) of psoriasis plaques); 2=Moderate (Obvious elevation above normal skin level; moderate thickening); 3=Severe (definite thick elevation above normal skin level) and 4=Severe (Very thick elevation). (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ErythemaScalingPlaque elevation
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray38.640.934.1
Calcitriol Vehicle25.036.436.4

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Percentage of Participants With Success Rate 1 (SR1) at Week 8

Success Rate 1 was defined as percentage of participants who achieved at least 2-grade improvement from Baseline on Global Severity Score (GSS) at Week 8. GSS is a 5-point scale which ranges from 0-4, where 0 = clear, 1 = almost clear, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe, higher score indicated higher severity. All missing values were imputed by last observation carried forward (LOCF). (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray4.5
Calcitriol Vehicle0.0

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Change From Baseline in Calcitriol Plasma Levels

Change from baseline in calcitriol plasma levels were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionpicograms per milliliter (pg/mL) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-2.89
Calcitriol Vehicle-8.82

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Change From Baseline in Dermatologic Sum Score (DSS) at Week 8

DSS is the sum of all the individual score of evaluated target lesion that includes plaque elevation (abnormal thickness of the psoriasis lesion), erythema (abnormal redness of the skin), and scaling (shedding of the stratum corneum). Each individual parameters evaluated the affected area by using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 to 4, that is, 0 = None; 1 = Mild; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Severe and 4 =Very severe, where higher score indicated worst condition. All missing values were imputed by last observation carried forward (LOCF). The total score of each parameter ranges from 0-12, where higher score indicated worst condition. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-1.2
Calcitriol Vehicle-1.0

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Albumin

Change from baseline in serum calcium homeostasis parameter (Albumin) were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventiongrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-0.16
Calcitriol Vehicle-0.08

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Albumin-adjusted Calcium

Change from baseline in serum calcium homeostasis parameter (Albumin-adjusted calcium) were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionmilligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray0.07
Calcitriol Vehicle0.03

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Calcium

Change from baseline in serum calcium homeostasis parameter (Calcium) were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-0.09
Calcitriol Vehicle-0.05

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Intact

Change from baseline in serum calcium homeostasis parameter (PTH intact) were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray7.16
Calcitriol Vehicle5.15

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Change From Baseline in Serum Calcium Homeostasis Parameter: Phosphorus

Change from baseline in serum calcium homeostasis parameter (Phosphorus) were reported. (NCT00763555)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Spray-0.07
Calcitriol Vehicle0.02

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Number of Participants That Experience Grade 3 or Greater Neutropenia

The second primary objective was to characterize the toxicity and response of patients treated with a combination of calcitriol, cisplatin and docetaxel. Toxicity was assessed, in part, by noting the number of participants that experience grade 3 or greater neutropenia in each phase of the trial. Toxicities were recorded using NCI CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) version 3.0 and were followed for 30 days after the date of withdrawal from study drug. (NCT00794547)
Timeframe: 30 days after last dose

Interventionparticipants (Number)
# of Phase 1 Participants w/ Grade 3+ Neutropenia# of Phase 2 Participants w/ Grade 3+ Neutropenia
Calcitriol + Cisplatin + Docetaxel89

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Mean AUC 1,25-D3 Concentration at 12 and 24 Hours

The mean AUC (area under the curve) concentrations of 1,25-D3 from 0-12 hours and 0-24 hours will be calculated. (NCT00794547)
Timeframe: 12 and 24 hours post dose

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
AUC 0-12 HoursAUC 0-24 Hours
Calcitriol + Cisplatin + Docetaxel15.9531.74

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MTD of Intravenous Calcitriol When Administered Prior to Fixed Dose Cisplatin 75mg/m2 and Docetaxel 75 mg/m2, Every 3 Weeks in Patients With Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

The primary objective was to determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of intravenous calcitriol when administered prior to fixed dose cisplatin 75mg/m2 and docetaxel 75 mg/m2, every 3 weeks in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Accrual duration for the study is 5 years. (NCT00794547)
Timeframe: 5 years

Interventionmcg/m^2 (Number)
Calcitriol + Cisplatin + Docetaxel60

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Median Time to Progression

The second primary objective was to characterize the toxicity and response of patients treated with a combination of calcitriol, cisplatin and docetaxel. To assess the response, median time to progression was determined. Progression was defined as at least a 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum longest diameter recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions. (NCT00794547)
Timeframe: 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Calcitriol + Cisplatin + Docetaxel5.8

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Median Overall Survival

The second primary objective was to characterize the toxicity and response of patients treated with a combination of calcitriol, cisplatin and docetaxel. To assess the response, overall survival was determined. (NCT00794547)
Timeframe: 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Calcitriol + Cisplatin + Docetaxel8.7

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Confirmed Hypercalcemia

Serum Calcium 10.5 mg/dL or higher, confirmed by repeat measurement. (NCT00823303)
Timeframe: 24 week treatment period

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Paricalcitol3
Calcitriol1

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Diprosalic Ointment

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Diprosalic Ointment-4.50

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Betnovat® Ointment

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Betnovat® Ointment-3.33

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Elocon Ointment

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Elocon Ointment-4.50

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Dermovat Ointment

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Dermovat Ointment-5.71

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Daivobet® Ointment

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Daivobet® Ointment-5.15

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The Absolute Change in Total Clinical Score (TCS) at End of Treatment Compared to Baseline for Daivobet Ointment Vehicle

The Total Clinical Score is the sum of three psoriasis scores (redness, thickness, and scaliness) and will range from 0 (best) to 9 (worst) (NCT00845481)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Patients Treated With Daivobet® Ointment Vehicle-1.91

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Body Mass Index (Exercise)

"Body Mass Index (BMI) - (Exercise Comparison)~Measure Description: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Values below 18.5 represent Underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 represent Normal or Healthy Weight, 25.0 to 29.9 represent Overweight and 30.0 and above represent Obese." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
No Exercise30.0
Exercise30.2

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Bone Formation (Calcitriol)

"Bone Formation using Serum BSAP (Calcitriol comparison)~The Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) assay provides a general index of bone formation and a specific index of total osteoblast activity. BSAP and osteocalcin are the most effective markers of bone formation and are particularly useful for monitoring bone formation therapies and antiresorptive therapies." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
No Calcitriol12.0
Calcitriol16.3

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Bone Formation (Exercise)

"Bone Formation using Serum BSAP (Exercise comparison)~The Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP) assay provides a general index of bone formation and a specific index of total osteoblast activity. BSAP and osteocalcin are the most effective markers of bone formation and are particularly useful for monitoring bone formation therapies and antiresorptive therapies." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionng/ml (Least Squares Mean)
No Exercise13.8
Exercise14.7

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Bone Resorption (Calcitriol)

"Bone Resorption using Serum NTx (Calcitriol comparison)~Serum NTx level is used to aid in predicting skeletal response (bone mineral density) to antiresorptive therapy and in monitoring bone resorption changes following initiation of antiresorptive therapy. Elevated levels of serum NTx indicate elevated bone resorption. Elevated bone resorption is the primary cause of agerelated bone loss and that low bone mass often results in osteopenia and is the major cause of osteoporosis. The measurement range is in nanoMoles (nm) Bone Collagen Equivalents (BCE)." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionnm BCE (Least Squares Mean)
No Calcitriol12.5
Calcitriol15.0

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Bone Resorption (Exercise)

"Bone Resorption using Serum NTx (Exercise comparison)~Serum NTx level is used to aid in predicting skeletal response (bone mineral density) to antiresorptive therapy and in monitoring bone resorption changes following initiation of antiresorptive therapy. Elevated levels of serum NTx indicate elevated bone resorption. Elevated bone resorption is the primary cause of agerelated bone loss and that low bone mass often results in osteopenia and is the major cause of osteoporosis. The measurement range is in nanoMoles (NM) Bone Collagen Equivalents (BCE)." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionnm BCE (Least Squares Mean)
No Exercise13.8
Exercise14.7

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Handgrip (kg) Strength - (Exercise)

"Handgrip (kg) Strength (Exercise comparison)~Hand grip strength can be quantified by measuring the amount of static force that the hand can squeeze around a dynamometer. It is typically measured in kilograms or pounds and varies by sex and age. Normative data for females is AGE 35-39 --> 20.3-34.1kg; AGE 40-44 --> 18.9-32.7kg; AGE 45-49 --> 18.6-32.4kg; AGE 50-54 --> 18.1-31.9kg; AGE 55-59 --> 17.7-31.5kg; AGE 60-64 --> 17.2-31.0kg; AGE 65-69 --> 15.4-27.2kg; AGE 70-99 --> 14.7-24.5kg. Values less than the normal range are considered weak strength. Values greater than the normal range are considered strong strength." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionkg (Mean)
No Exercise26.6
Exercise27.8

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Handgrip (kg) Strength - (Calcitriol)

"Handgrip (kg) Strength - (Calcitriol comparison)~Hand grip strength can be quantified by measuring the amount of static force that the hand can squeeze around a dynamometer. It is typically measured in kilograms or pounds and varies by sex and age. Normative data for females is AGE 35-39 --> 20.3-34.1kg; AGE 40-44 --> 18.9-32.7kg; AGE 45-49 --> 18.6-32.4kg; AGE 50-54 --> 18.1-31.9kg; AGE 55-59 --> 17.7-31.5kg; AGE 60-64 --> 17.2-31.0kg; AGE 65-69 --> 15.4-27.2kg; AGE 70-99 --> 14.7-24.5kg. Values less than the normal range are considered weak strength. Values greater than the normal range are considered strong strength." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionkg (Mean)
No Calcitriol27.4
Calcitriol27.1

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Body Mass Index (Calcitriol)

"Body Mass Index(BMI) - (Calcitriol comparison)~Measure Description: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Values below 18.5 represent Underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 represent Normal or Healthy Weight, 25.0 to 29.9 represent Overweight and 30.0 and above represent Obese." (NCT00904033)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionkg/m^2 (Mean)
No Calcitriol30.1
Calcitriol30.1

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Change in Total Modified PASI Score at Week 4 Compared to Baseline

Modified psoriasis severity index measures erythema, induration, and scaling each measured from 0-4, with a maximum summed score of 12. A higher score means greater psoriasis severity and a lower score means lower psoriasis severity. (NCT00924950)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Taclonex Ointment Occluded With Hydrogel Patch0.86
Taclonex Alone2.2

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Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Exogenous Calcitriol

This shows the effect that lanthanum carbonate or sevelamer carbonate has on the pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol. Exogenous calcitriol was the difference between total calcitriol value and the baseline exogenous calcitriol value at each sampling timepoint. (NCT00925704)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours post calcitriol dose

Interventionhours (Median)
Calcitriol (Lanthanum Carbonate)1.27
Calcitriol (Sevelamer Carbonate)0.500

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Exogenous Calcitriol

This shows the effect that lanthanum carbonate or sevelamer carbonate has on the pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol. Exogenous calcitriol was the difference between total calcitriol value and the baseline exogenous calcitriol value at each sampling timepoint. (NCT00925704)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours post calcitriol dose

Interventionpg/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Calcitriol (Lanthanum Carbonate)-2.74
Calcitriol (Sevelamer Carbonate)-9.62

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Area Under the Serum Concentration-time Curve (AUC 0-48) for Exogenous Calcitriol

This shows the effect that lanthanum carbonate or sevelamer carbonate has on the pharmacokinetics of oral calcitriol. Exogenous calcitriol was the difference between total calcitriol value and the baseline exogenous calcitriol value at each sampling timepoint. (NCT00925704)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours post calcitriol dose

Interventionpg*h/ml (Least Squares Mean)
Calcitriol (Lanthanum Carbonate)111
Calcitriol (Sevelamer Carbonate)-181

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Change in GM-CSF

Change in GM-CSF stimulatory cytokine levels within tumor tissue. (NCT00953849)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionpg/100 gm protein (Mean)
Arm 1: Celecoxib3.8
Arm 2: Calcitriol8.1
Arm 3: Celecoxib Plus Calcitriol14.3
Arm 4: No Treatment3.2

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Change in IFN-gamma Levels

Change in IFN-gamma stimulatory cytokine levels within tumor tissue. (NCT00953849)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionpg/100 gm protein (Mean)
Arm 1: Celecoxib1.9
Arm 2: Calcitriol2.8
Arm 3: Celecoxib Plus Calcitriol6.3
Arm 4: No Treatment2.0

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Change in IL-2 Levels

Change in IL-2 stimulatory cytokine levels within tumor tissue. (NCT00953849)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionpg/100 gm protein (Mean)
Arm 1: Celecoxib1.8
Arm 2: Calcitriol4.0
Arm 3: Celecoxib Plus Calcitriol7.9
Arm 4: No Treatment2.1

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Change in IL-6 Levels.

Change in levels of immune inhibitory/inflammatory mediator IL-6 in tumor tissue. (NCT00953849)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks

Interventionpg/100 gm protein (Mean)
Arm 1: Celecoxib39
Arm 2: Calcitriol46
Arm 3: Celecoxib Plus Calcitriol29
Arm 4: No Treatment132

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Median Percent (%) Change From Baseline in % Treatable BSA (Body Surface Area) From Baseline to Week 4

Median percent (%) change from baseline in % treatable BSA (Body Surface Area) from Baseline to Week 4 (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionPercent change (Median)
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)-33.3
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)-50.0

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Mean Change From Baseline Scores for the Koo-Menter Psoriasis Index 12-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (PQOL-12) From Baseline to Week 4

Mean change from baseline scores for the Koo-Menter Psoriasis Index 12-item Quality of Life Questionnaire (PQOL-12) from Baseline to Week 4. The Koo-Menter Psoriasis Index is a questionnaire with 12 questions that can be used to assess the effect that psoriasis has on a patient's overall quality of life. The questions are answered on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being best and 10 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)-24.8
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)-27.5

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Number of Participants Who Were a Success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at Week 2 Based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), Dichotomized Scale From Baseline to Week 2

Number of participants who were a success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at Week 2 based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), dichotomized scale from Baseline to Week 2. Overall Disease Severity is evaluated on a scale from 0 - 4 (0 = Clear, 1 = Almost Clear, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe/Very Severe) with 0 being best and 4 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 2

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)9
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)14

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Number of Participants Who Were a Success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at Week 4 Based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), Full Ordinal Scale From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants who were a success (Clear/Almost Clear) of Plaque Psoriasis at week 4 based on the Overall Disease Severity (ODS), full ordinal scale from baseline to week 4. Overall Disease Severity is evaluated on a scale from 0 - 4 (0 = Clear, 1 = Almost Clear, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe/Very Severe) with 0 being best and 4 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)14
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)28

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Number of Participants With Tolerability Assessments Resulting in Adverse Events From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants with Tolerability Assessments resulting in Adverse Events from baseline to week 4. Tolerability assessments (Pruritus, telangiectasias, and stinging/burning) are evaluated on a scale from 0 - 3 (0 = None, 1 = Mild, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Severe) with 0 being best and 3 being worst. Skin atrophy and folliculitis are evaluated as absent or present. Changes in tolerability assessments that require a dose modification or concomitant medications/therapy are recorded as adverse events. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)4
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)2

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"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I am Satisfied With my Appearance at Week 4"

"Number of participants who responded to the categories of possible answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey question I am Satisfied with my Appearance at Week 4. Categories of possible answers include Strongly agree, Moderately agree, No opinion, Moderately disagree, and Strongly disagree." (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Strongly agreeModerately agreeNo opinionModerately disagreeStrongly disagreeMissing
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)25324511
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)10396933

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"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I am Satisfied With the Results of This Treatment Program at Week 4"

"Number of participants who responded to the categories of possible answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey question I am satisfied with the results of this treatment program at Week 4. Categories of possible answers include Strongly agree, Moderately agree, No opinion, Moderately disagree, and Strongly disagree." (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Strongly agreeModerately agreeNo opinionModerately disagreeStrongly disagreeMissing
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)42201401
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)23355313

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"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question I Would Use This Treatment Program Again if Recommended by the Dermatologist at Week 4"

"Number of participants who responded to the categories of possible answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey question I would use this treatment program again if recommended by the dermatologist at Week 4. Categories of possible answers include Strongly agree, Moderately agree, No opinion, Moderately disagree, and Strongly disagree." (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Strongly agreeModerately agreeNo opinionModerately disagreeStrongly disagreeMissing
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)50160101
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)37213243

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"Number of Participants Who Responded to the Categories of Possible Answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey Question The Treatment Program Was Easy to Follow at Week 4"

"Number of participants who responded to the categories of possible answers to the Subject's Satisfaction Survey question The treatment program was easy to follow at Week 4. Categories of possible answers include Strongly agree, Moderately agree, No opinion, Moderately disagree, and Strongly disagree." (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Strongly agreeModerately agreeNo opinionModerately disagreeStrongly disagreeMissing
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)5980001
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)6122203

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Global Assessment of Improvement (GAI) Scale From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants in each category of the Global Assessment of Improvement (GAI) Scale from Baseline to Week 4. The Global Assessment of Improvement is evaluated on a scale from -1 to 4 (-1 = Symptoms worse, 0 = No change, 1 = Minimal Improvement, 2 = Definite Improvement, 3 = Considerable Improvement and 4 = Clearing) with -1 being worst and 4 being best. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Symptoms worse (-1)No change (0)Minimal Improvement (1)Definite Improvement (2)Considerable Improvement (3)Clearing (4)Missing
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)0661018253
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)1292519131

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Number of Participants With a Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Erythema) Scores From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants with a decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Erythema) scores from Baseline to Week 4. Signs of Psoriasis (Erythema) are evaluated on a scale from 0 - 4 (0 = Clear, 1 = Almost Clear, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe/Very Severe with 0 being best and 4 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clear (0)Almost Clear (1)Mild (2)Moderate (3)Severe/Very Severe (4)
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)41532170
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)5631280

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Number of Participants With Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Plaque Elevation) Scores From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants with decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Plaque Elevation) scores from Baseline to Week 4. Signs of Psoriasis (Plaque Elevation) are evaluated on a scale from 0 - 4 (0 = Clear, 1 = Almost Clear, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe/Very Severe) with 0 being best and 4 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clear (0)Almost Clear (1)Mild (2)Moderate (3)Severe/Very Severe (4)
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)11242670
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)61533160

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Number of Participants With Decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Scaling) Scores From Baseline to Week 4

Number of participants with decrease in Signs of Psoriasis (Scaling) scores from Baseline to Week 4. Signs of Psoriasis (Scaling) are evaluated on a scale from 0 - 4 (0 = Clear, 1 = Almost Clear, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Severe/Very Severe) with 0 being best and 4 being worst. (NCT00988637)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clear (0)Almost Clear (1)Mild (2)Moderate (3)Severe (4)
Clobex® Spray (Morning) and Vectical® Ointment (Evening)20202350
Vectical® Ointment (Weekdays) and Clobex® Spray (Weekends)12242860

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The Secondary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving a 75% Reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Weeks 4 and 8.

(NCT01012713)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionpercent (Number)
Week 8Week 4
Open-Label Treatment7245

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A Tertiary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving 90% Reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Week 12.

(NCT01012713)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercent (Number)
Open-Label Treatment45

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The Primary Endpoint Will be the Percentage of Patients Achieving a 75% Reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at Week 12.

(NCT01012713)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercent (Number)
Open-Label Treatment83

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Percent of Patients Achieving Parathyroid Hormone Target ≤ 450

Compare the percent of patients achieving an intact PTH target of ≤ 450 pg/ml before and after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of CKD-MBD. If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercent of participants in target (Number)
Post Treatment33

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Percent of Patients Achieving Phosphorous Target ≤ 4.5

Compare the percent of patients achieving a phosphorus of ≤ 4.5 mg/dL before and after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of CKD-MBD. If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercent of participants in target (Number)
Post Treatment29

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Percent of Patients on Cinacalcet and Vitamin D Analogues

Compare the percent of patients on cinacalcet and vitamin D analogues at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of CKD-MBD. If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 6 months and 1 year

Interventionpercentage of subjects receiving med (Number)
Post Treatment84

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Percent of Patients Achieving Phosphorous Target ≤ 5.5

Compare the percent of patients achieving a phosphorus of ≤ 5.5 mg/dL before and after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of CKD-MBD. If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercent of participants in target (Number)
Results Analyzed at Study Evaluation Time Points.53

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Percent of Patients Achieving Calcium Target ≤ 10.1

Compare the percent of patients achieving a calcium ≤ 10.1 mg/dL before and after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of CKD-MBD. If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercentage of subjects in target (Number)
Post Treatment78

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Percent of Patients Achieving Parathyroid Hormone Target ≤ 300

Compare the percent of patients achieving an intact Parathyroid hormone (PTH) target of ≤ 300 pg/ml before and after the application of a computerized dosing protocol for management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). If multiple values were obtained within a specified evaluation time frame the values were averaged and the average value was then evaluated as to whether it was within or outside the target range. (NCT01100723)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionpercentage of subjects meeting target (Number)
Post Treatment21

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Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in Parathyroid Hormone at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at FV
Calcitriol592.8-193.4
Paricalcitol571.7-102.5

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Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in Albumin at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at FV
Calcitriol3.8-0.1
Paricalcitol3.3-0.0

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Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at FV
Calcitriol28.47.5

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), Deaths and Discontinuations Due to AEs

AE: any untoward medical occurrence that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with treatment; any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered causally related to the use of the product (either paricalcitol or calcitriol); can result from use of the drug as stipulated in the labeling, as well as from accidental or intentional overdose, drug abuse, or drug withdrawal; any worsening of a pre-existing condition or illness. Severity was categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. SAE: AE that results in the death; is life-threatening; results in hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization; is a congenital anomaly; results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity; is an important medical event requiring medical or surgical intervention to prevent serious outcome; is a spontaneous or elective abortion. For more details, please see the AE section of this record. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Monitored from time of informed consent through end of study + 30 days (total of 745 days).

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any AEAny severe AEAny SAEAny AE leading to discontinuation of study drugAny AE leading to discontinuation of studyAny fatal AEDeaths (includes non-treatment-emergent deaths)
Calcitriol3212263122
Paricalcitol17381000

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Mean Baseline (BL) and Change From Baseline in Calcium, Inorganic Phosphate (IP), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Calcium, BL (n=15, 30)Calcium, change from BL at FV (n=15, 30)Inorganic Phosphate (IP), BL (n=13, 29)IP, change from BL at FV (n=13, 29)BUN, BL (n=15, 29)BUN, change from BL at FV (n=15, 29)Creatinine, BL (n=15, 29)Creatinine, change from BL at FV (n=15, 29)
Calcitriol9.30.55.90.449.8-1.98.80.3
Paricalcitol9.20.05.8-0.452.7-10.79.40.3

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Mean Baseline (BL) and Change From Baseline in Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

,
InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Potassium, BL (n=15, 29)Potassium, change from BL at FV (n=15, 29)Sodium, BL (n=15, 29)Sodium, change from BL at FV (n=15, 29)Chloride, BL (n=15, 29)Chloride, change from BL at FV (n=15, 29)Bicarbonate, BL (n=15, 28)Bicarbonate, change from BL at FV (n=15, 28)
Calcitriol4.4-0.5139.3-0.798.6-1.125.90.1
Paricalcitol4.4-0.1138.00.299.5-0.526.10.2

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Mean Baseline and Change From Baseline in 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 at Final Visit (FV)

Normal ranges for these chemistry measurements varied according to the age of the participant. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Baseline, Final Visit (defined as the last post-baseline observation, up to end of study [715 days])

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at FV
Paricalcitol20.0-10.0

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Percentage of Participants With at Least One Incidence of Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia was defined as calcium >10.2 mg/dL. Percentage of participants with hypercalcemia is presented for the overall population, the subgroup of participants in the study for less than 3 months, and those in the study for greater than or equal to 3 months. (NCT01134315)
Timeframe: Monitored from time of informed consent through end of study + 30 days (total of 745 days).

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Overall population (n=19, 37)Participants <3 months in study (n=2, 5)Participants >=3 months in study (n=17, 32)
Calcitriol54.1062.5
Paricalcitol36.850.035.3

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Change in 24,25(OH)2D Levels in CKD vs. Non-CKD Subjects Receiving Cholecalciferol

(NCT01222234)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of therapy

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Group 1: CKD Cholecalciferol1.59
Group 3: Non-CKD Cholecalciferol3.59

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Monocyte Protein Expression

Flow cytometry analysis of monocyte CD14, ACE, VDR, and Mac-1 expression (NCT01222234)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of therapy

,
Interventionrelative fluorescence units (Mean)
CD14ACEVDRMac-1
Group 1: Cholecalciferol - CKD341101359279914318
Group 2: Calcitriol - CKD385401360346814278.5

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline (Predose Day 1) of TLS Score for Lesions Treated With MK-0873 and Lesions Treated With Calcitriol

Each lesion was evaluated for 3 components: erythema, induration, and scaling. Each component was given a score using the following scale: 0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=marked, 4=very marked, with increasing score reflecting increased lesion severity. The TLS score (range 0 to 12) is calculated as the sum of the 3 components. (NCT01235728)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
Calcitriol 0.0003%-57.24
MK-0873-47.89

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Least Squares Mean Percent Change From Baseline (Predose Day 1) of Target Lesion Severity (TLS) Score for Lesions Treated With MK-0873 and Lesions Treated With MK-0873 Vehicle

Each lesion was evaluated for 3 components: erythema, induration, and scaling. Each component was given a score using the following scale: 0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=marked, 4=very marked, with increasing score reflecting increased lesion severity. The TLS score (range 0 to 12) is calculated as the sum of the 3 components. (NCT01235728)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionPercent Change (Least Squares Mean)
MK-0873-47.37
MK-0873 Vehicle-42.71

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Mean Maximum Plasma Concentrations at Trough of Day 8, 15, 22, and 29 Following Topical Administration of MK-0873 to Psoriatic Patients

Plasma samples were collected at 12 hours post-dose on Days 8, 15, 22, and 28 to evaluate the mean maximum plasma concentration at trough of MK-0873. (NCT01235728)
Timeframe: Day 8, 15, 22, 29

InterventionnM (Mean)
MK-08733.6

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Serum Creatinine

After an overnight fast, plasma concentrations of hemoglobin, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, total calcium, and phosphate were measured using an autoanalyzer as described by Adorini L. (2005) (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180 after Tx

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment2.5
Calcitriol Treatment2.5
Cholecalciferol2.8
Supplemental4.1

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GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated form of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation: eGFR = exp (5.228 - 1.154 × ln (serum creatinine) - 0.203 × ln (age). Concerning of GFR with Tc99m DTPA renography was used for the complex analysis of renal function. Camera based GFR estimated from Tc99m DTPA renography was named Gates GFR. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionml/min/1.73 m^2 (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment84
Calcitriol Treatment81
Cholecalciferol76
Supplemental54

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Coronary Calcium Score

Bone mineral density assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the whole body, lumbar spine and hip was performed using Hologic scanners (QDR 1000W or QDR 2000). The total Agatston coronary calcium score (CCS) was measured as the sum of calcified plaque scores of all the coronary arteries. The amount of calcium present in the coronary arteries is scored according to the Agatson scale, as follows: 0 - no identifiable disease; 1 to 99 - mild disease; 100 to 399 - moderate disease; 400 or higher - severe disease. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment530
Calcitriol Treatment611
Cholecalciferol524
Supplemental990

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CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree

"CAD degree measured by Banff score after routine renal biopsy (revised 2005/2007 criteria). We assessed antibody-mediated rejection, borderline changes, T-cell-mediated rejection, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atropthy, and other changes. Grades:~Grade I. Mild interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (<25% of cortical area) II. Moderate (26-50%) III. Severe (>50%) (may include non-specific vascular and glomerular sclerosis)" (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 90

InterventionScores on a Banff scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.24
Calcitriol Treatment1.22
Cholecalciferol1.43
Supplemental1.68

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CAD (Chronic Allograft Dysfunction) Degree

"Beyond 180 days, chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) was characterized by mean Banff degree (revised 2005/2007 criteria) with the data of renal biopsy material. Renal tissue was recovered during routined biopsy. We assessed antibody-mediated rejection, borderline changes, T-cell-mediated rejection, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atropthy, and other changes. Grades:~Grade I. Mild interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (<25% of cortical area) II. Moderate (26-50%) III. Severe (>50%) (may include non-specific vascular and glomerular sclerosis)" (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: day 180 after Tx (transplantation)

InterventionScores on a Banff scale (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.24
Calcitriol Treatment1.22
Cholecalciferol1.43
Supplemental1.68

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Heart Failure (HF)

"NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class verified with veloergometry probe and by NYHA clinical classification NYHA Class Symptoms I No symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity, e.g. shortness of breath when walking, climbing stairs etc.~II Mild symptoms and slight limitation during ordinary activity. III Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short distances (20-100 m).~Comfortable only at rest. IV Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients." (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180 after Tx (transplantation)

InterventionNYHA functional class of HF (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment1.8
Calcitriol Treatment1.9
Cholecalciferol1.9
Supplemental2.5

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Number of Circulating SP (Side Population) Stem-Progenitor Cells

Renal cells and solid tissue were obtained from the normal portion of cortex obtained from surgically removed kidneys or by standart biopsy on day 180. Cytofluorimetric analysis and immunofluorescence were performed as described by Oliver J.A. (2004). Sorting and analysis of different cells was done on a FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) and by flow cytometry. Cells were analyzed with EPICS systems (Beckman Coulter). Quantification of mRNA expression was achieved using Assays-on-Demand gene expression kits and the ABI PRISM 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystem). (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionper cent of SP cells (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment7.6
Calcitriol Treatment6.5
Cholecalciferol5.7
Supplemental4.2

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Systolic Blood Pressure

SBP measured by routine method (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment143
Calcitriol Treatment141
Cholecalciferol147
Supplemental165

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VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Kidney

VDR content was determined by using an ELISA developed in this laboratory. The protein concentration of the homogenates was determined by the method of Bradford (1976), using BSA as a standard. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionfmol VDR/ mg protein (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment584
Calcitriol Treatment599
Cholecalciferol478
Supplemental333

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VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) Expression in Myocardium

VDR content was determined by using an ELISA developed in this laboratory. The protein concentration of the homogenates was determined by the method of Bradford (1976), using BSA as a standard. (NCT01265615)
Timeframe: on day 180

Interventionfmol VDR/ mg protein (Mean)
Paricalcitol Treatment801
Calcitriol Treatment715
Cholecalciferol654
Supplemental389

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Mean Change in Bone Resorption: NTX (N-terminal Telopeptide)

Scale score for NTX (N-terminal telopeptide) minimum value = 4.2 nmol BCE; maximum value = 3688 nmol BCE Higher scale score for NTX indicates worse outcome. (NCT01293682)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionnmol (Mean)
CalcitriolNA

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Mean Change in Bone Formation: BAP (Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase)

Scale score for BAP (Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) minimum value = 7 mcg/L; maximum value = 329 mcg/L Higher scale score for BAP indicates worse outcome. (NCT01293682)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks

Interventionmcg/L (Mean)
CalcitriolNA

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Prevalence of Obesity and Vitamin D Insufficiency in Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed ALL and in Their Siblings

Insufficiency defined as 25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml (NCT01317940)
Timeframe: 1 timepoint

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Siblings of Survivors (Group C)0
Newly Diagnosed Patients (Group A)36

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Bone Mineral Density by QCT in Survivors at Study End (Group B)

Bone mineral density (vBMD) at end of study period (Group B: after 6 months) (NCT01317940)
Timeframe: +6 months

,
Interventioncm3 (Mean)
Cortical bone mineral densityCancellous bone mineral density
Survivorship Intervention (Group B)2087.4243.6
Survivorship Standard of Care (Group B)2049.3269.3

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Bone Mineral Density by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) at Study End (Group A)

Bone mineral density (vBMD) at end of study period (Group A: end of Delayed Intensification) (NCT01317940)
Timeframe: +6 months

,,
Interventioncm3 (Mean)
Cortical BMDCancellous BMD
"On-Therapy Natural History (Group A, Tibia)"927.5159.1
On Therapy Standard of Care (Group A)2090.9201.4
On-Therapy Intervention (Group A)2093.1203.8

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Change in Serum Vitamin D Level (Group A)

Change in Vitamin D levels from baseline to study end (Group A: Consolidation through end of Delayed Intensification) (NCT01317940)
Timeframe: +6 months

,,
Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Change in serum Vitamin 25(OH)D levelPost-intervention serum Vitamin 25(OH)D level
"On-Therapy Natural History (Group A)"1.023.3
On Therapy Standard of Care (Group A)-0.3019.0
On-Therapy Intervention (Group A)5.526.5

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Change in Vitamin D Level (Group B)

Change in serum vitamin D level was assessed in survivors at baseline and after 6 months of supplementation (NCT01317940)
Timeframe: +6 months

,
Interventionng/ml (Median)
Change in serum Vitamin 25(OH)D levelPost-intervention serum Vitamin 25(OH)D level
Survivorship Intervention (Group B)1.026.0
Survivorship Standard of Care (Group B)-1.029.0

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Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH)

The target iPTH range was 60-180 pg/mL, based on the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: The last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol31.5
Maxacalcitol32.8

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Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) and Without Hypercalcemia

The target iPTH range was 60-180 pg/mL, based on the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment, and with no hypercalcemia during the treatment phase. Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 corrected calcium value > 11.0 mg/dL or at least 2 corrected calcium values ≥ 10.5 mg/dL. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: iPTH measured during the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13). Calcium measured throughout the study (Weeks 1-13).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol27.7
Maxacalcitol30.5

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Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control in the Target Range of 60 to 180 pg/mL

iPTH control was defined as being within the target range of 60 to 180 pg/mL. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of the week, once a week during the treatment phase and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Weeks 2 to 13

Interventionvisits (Mean)
Paricalcitol2.6
Maxacalcitol3.4

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Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline and With No Hypercalcemia

The percentage of participants with greater than or equal to 50% reduction in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline to the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment and with no hypercalcemia during the treatment phase. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 corrected calcium value > 11.0 mg/dL or at least 2 corrected calcium values ≥ 10.5 mg/dL. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13) for iPTH. Calcium measured throughout the study (Weeks 1-13).

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol34.6
Maxacalcitol39.1

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Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

The percentage of participants with a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline to the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol44.9
Maxacalcitol50.8

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Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

iPTH control was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of the week, each week during the treatment phase and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Weeks 2 to 13

Interventionvisits (Mean)
Paricalcitol3.9
Maxacalcitol5.3

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (s-P1NP) at Month 6

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker of bone turnover that is particularly useful in monitoring bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-P1NP was measured at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-59.12
Calcitriol-16.75

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine BMD at Month 12

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by DXA at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus5.17
Calcitriol2.26

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-CTx at Month 12

s-CTx is a biochemical marker for bone turnover that has been shown to detect increased bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-CTx was measured at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-76.15
Calcitriol-24.19

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Extension Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in s-P1NP at Month 12

s-P1NP is a biochemical marker of bone turnover that is particularly useful in monitoring bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-P1NP was measured at baseline and Month 12. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-68.07
Calcitriol-17.00

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Extension Study: Percentage of Participants With Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin (OH) D <20 ng/mL at Month 12

"The term vitamin D insufficiency is used to describe vitamin D levels that are low enough to cause secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone loss, and increased risk of skeletal fracture. In this study, a threshold for vitamin D insufficiency was a level of serum 25(OH) D <20 ng/mL." (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Fosamax Plus4.1
Calcitriol47.1

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Serum C-Telopeptides of Type 1 Collagen (s-CTx) at Month 6

s-CTx is a biochemical marker for bone turnover that has been shown to detect increased bone resorption, a process by which bone is broken down within the body. s-CTx was measured at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus-79.23
Calcitriol-27.20

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Base Study: Percentage Change From Baseline in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at Month 6

BMD at the lumbar spine was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and Month 6. (NCT01350934)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Fosamax Plus3.54
Calcitriol1.59

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Compare the Efficacy of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Plasma Concentrations of C-reactive Protein

Secondary aims are focused to explore whether vitamin D improves vascular endothelial function through decreases in inflammation (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionmg/dL (Median)
BaselineEnd of Study
Calcitriol3.43.9
Cholecalciferol3.03.1

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Compare the Effect of Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Cell Expression of Nf-kB

The effect of calcitriol and cholecalciferol supplementation will be evaluated calculating the mean change in total vascular endothelial cell NFkB expression. NFkB expression is given as arbitrary units and represent ratios of endothelial cell protein expression to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) expression in order to account for any variation in the staining procedure. (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionratio of NFkB to HUVEC expression (Mean)
Cholecalciferol0.03
Calcitriol-0.01

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Compare the Difference Between the Calcitriol and Cholecalciferol Groups in Conduit Artery Endothelium-dependent Dilation (EDD) in Response to Treatment.

EDD will be measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The mean change in percent FMD from baseline will be documented. (NCT01384539)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercent change in FMD (Mean)
Cholecalciferol-0.5
Calcitriol0.3

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Change From Baseline in Modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (mPASI)

"The primary response criterion was the percentage change in m-PASI from baseline to Week 4.~The extent of and severity of redness, thickness and scaliness of psoriasis were recorded for each of three regions (arms, trunk and legs) and these were used to calculate mPASI using the following formula:~Arms: 0.2(R+T+S)E = X Trunk: 0.2(R+T+S)E = Y Legs: 0.2(R+T+S)E = Z where R = score for redness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) T = score for thickness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) S = score for scaliness (using a scale from 0 to 4, where o is non signs and 4 is the most severe signs) E = score for extent (using a scale from 0 to 6, where 0 is no involvement and 6 is 90-100% involvemnet) The sum of X + Y + Z gave the total m-PASI, which could range from 0 to 64.8." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Dovonex® Ointment-50.5
LEO 90105 Ointment-64.3
Rinderon® - DP Ointment-53.6

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Change From Baseline in Target Lesion Assessment

"Percentage change in composite severity score of the target lesion from baseline to Week 4.~At Visit 1, the investigator selected a target lesion. Location was recorded as trunk, limb excluding elbow and/or knee.~At Visits 1-4, the investigator assessed the severity of the target lesion for each sign (redness, thickness and scaliness) on a scale from 0 to 8 where 0 is no signs of redness, thickness or scaliness and 8 is the most severe signs of redness, thickeness or scaliniess.~The individual scores for redness, thickness and scaliness were added together to give a single composite score for severity of the target lesion which could range from 0 to 24. The percentage change in the composite severity score from baseline to each visit was also calcutated." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Dovonex® Ointment-57.1
LEO 90105 Ointment-70.5
Rinderon® - DP Ointment-58.6

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Physician's Global Assessment of Psoriasis

"Subjects with 'clear' or 'almost clear' disease by physician's global assessment on the following 6 point scale: clear, almost clear, mild, moderate, severe, very severe.~The assessment represents the average lesion severity on the trunk and limbs. The assessment was based on the condition of the disease at the time of evaluation, and not in relation to the condition at a previous visit." (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Dovonex® Ointment52
LEO 90105 Ointment89
Rinderon® - DP Ointment43

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Change in mPASI From Baseline to Week 1

The extent of and severity of redness, thickness and scaliness of psoriasis were recorded for each of three regions (arms, trunk and legs) and these were used to calculate mPASI. The m-PASI could range from 0 to 64.8. The least severe outcome is 0 and the most severe outcome is 64.8 (NCT01422434)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 1

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Dovonex® Ointment-23.7
LEO 90105 Ointment-39.1
Rinderon® - DP Ointment-29.5

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Change From Baseline in Modified Target NAPSI for the Single Most Severely Affected Nail

"The target nail will be assessed by two dermatologists before treatment and at week 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 using modified target NAPSI score (mtNAPSI, 0-96).~mtNAPSI evaluation: a target nail is divided into 4 quadrants and for each quadrant the nail parameters (oil drop, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis, hemorrhages, pitting, leukonychia, red spots on the lunula, and crumbling) are assessed separately: 0 = no sign, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe; the range of mtNAPSI is between 0 and 96, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms." (NCT01445886)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baselineweek 24
Calcipotriol Solution16.99.5
Indigo Naturalis Oil Extract17.75.9

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Physician's and Subject's Global Assessment

"The Physician's and Subject's Global Assessment (PGA and SGA) will be assessed by two dermatologists and participant himself/herself respectively after treatment 24 weeks.~A 6-point scale was used for both SGA and PGA: 0 = worse, 1 = 0-24% clearing with little or no change, 2 = 25-49% clearing with slight improvement, 3 = 50-74% clearing with moderate improvement, 4 = 75-99% clearing with striking improvement, 5 = cleared. A score between 3 and 5 was considered to be a positive response and a score between 0 and 2 a poor response." (NCT01445886)
Timeframe: Week 24

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PGA 1PGA 2SGA
Calcipotriol Solution2.52.32.6
Indigo Naturalis Oil Extract3.73.43.9

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Change From Baseline in Single-handed Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (shNAPSI) at 24 Weeks

"The nails will be assessed by two dermatologists at baseline and after treatment 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 weeks using single-handed Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (shNAPSI) score. shNAPSI evaluation: Each nail is given a score for nail bed psoriasis (0-4) and nail matrix psoriasis (0-4) , the total of which is the score for that nail (0-8); the range of shNAPSI of one hand is between 0 and 40, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms. Nail bed psoriasis: presence of any of the nail bed features (onycholysis, hemorrhages, hyperkeratosis, oil drop (salmon patch dyschroma): 0 for none, 1 for 1 quadrant only, 2 for 2 quadrants, 3 for 3 quadrants, and 4 for 4 quadrants. Nail matrix psoriasis: presence of any of the nail matrix features (pitting, leukonychia red spots in the lunula, crumbling): 0 for none, 1 if present in 1 quadrant of the nail, 2 if present in 2 quadrants of the nail, 3 if present in 3 quadrants of the nail, and 4 if present in 4 quadrants of the nail." (NCT01445886)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
baselineweek 24
Calcipotriol Solution27.420.4
Indigo Naturalis Oil Extract27.214.4

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Subjects With 'Controlled Disease' ('Clear'/'Almost Clear' for Subjects w. at Least Moderate Disease at Baseline, 'Clear' for Subjects With Mild Disease at Baseline) According to the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) on the Trunk and Limbs at Week 4.

Assessment of disease severity (Plaque thickening, Scaling and Erythema) using a 5-point scale (Clear, Almost clear, Mild, Moderate, Severe), based on the condition of the disease at the time of evaluation. (NCT01536938)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
LEO 9010045
Betamethasone Dipropionate31
Calcipotriol Aerosol Foam15

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Change in Erythema From Baseline to Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.91
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.67
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.54
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.70
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-1.09
Daivonex® Ointment-1.07

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Change in Lesion Thickness From Baseline to Day 22

Change in total skin thickness measured by ultrasound from baseline to end of treatment (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.31
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.18
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.22
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.24
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-0.36
Daivonex® Ointment-0.38

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Change in the Total Clinical Score From Baseline to Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinical Score. Total Clinical Score range from 0 (all symptoms absent) to 9 (all symptoms severe) (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-2.8
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-1.9
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-1.5
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-1.8
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-4.0
Daivonex® Ointment-3.3

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Change in Infiltration From Baseline to Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.87
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.59
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.46
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.46
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-1.48
Daivonex® Ointment-1.11

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Change in Scaling From Baseline to Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling . Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-1.09
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.74
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.61
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.67
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-1.52
Daivonex® Ointment-1.30

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Change in Skin Thickness From Baseline to Day 22

Change in skin thickness - echo-poor band measured by ultrasound from baseline to end of treatment (NCT01580488)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 22

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
B LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.40
C LEO 35299 20 mg/g-0.29
E LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.24
F LEO 35299 10 mg/g-0.40
Daivonex® Ointment: Calcipotriol 50 Mcg/g Ointment-0.57
Daivonex® Ointment-0.49

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Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 15 Compared to Baseline

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinial Score. (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 15

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-3.0
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-2.8
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-3.9
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.9

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Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 18 Compared to Baseline

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinical Score. (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 18

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-3.4
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-3.4
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-4.3
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-1.1

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Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 4 Compared to Baseline

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinical Score. (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.5
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.5
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.4
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.1

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Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 8 Compared to Baseline

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinical Score. (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.5
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.4
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.6
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.2

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Change in Total Clinical Score From Baseline to Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clincal Score (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: baseline to day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-3.6
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-3.7
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-4.9
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-1.3

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 11

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 11

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.79
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.85
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.06
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.27

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 15

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 15

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.00
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.04
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.29
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.31

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 18

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 18

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.04
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.19
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.42
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.46

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.17
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.31
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.56
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.42

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 4.

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.17
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.23
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.23
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.06

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Change From Baseline in Erythema at Day 8.

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of erythema. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.54
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.56
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.67
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.15

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 11

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 11

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.63
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.60
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.81
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.08

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 15

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 15

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.81
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.73
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.19
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.15

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 18

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 18

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.00
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.98
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.42
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.17

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.08
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.06
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.60
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.31

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 4

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.10
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.08
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.10
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours0.02

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Change From Baseline in Infiltration at Day 8

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of infiltration. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.33
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.33
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.38
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours0.00

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 11

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 11

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.90
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.88
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.08
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.35

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 15

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 15

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.15
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.04
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.40
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.42

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 18

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 18

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.35
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.27
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.50
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.48

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 22

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-1.31
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-1.31
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-1.71
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.54

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 4

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.19
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.19
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.10
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.08

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Change From Baseline in Scaling at Day 8

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of scaling. Maximum score is 3 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (absent). (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.60
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.46
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.56
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.06

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Change in Lesion Thickness Measured by Ultrasound From Baseline to Day 22.

(NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 22

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.61
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.80
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.90
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.11

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Change in Skin Thickness - Echo-poor Band - Measured by Ultrasound From Baseline to Day 22

(NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 22

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-0.57
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-0.54
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-0.62
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.06

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Change in Total Clinical Score at Day 11 Compared to Baseline

Investigator's rating of the clinical appearance of a psoriatic lesion. Maximum score is 9 (most severe); minimum score is 0 (least severe). The single items erythema, scaling, and infiltration (maximum score 3 each) are summed to obtain the Total Clinical Score. (NCT01607853)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 11

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 10 Minutes-2.3
Daivobet® Gel Applied Then Removed After 20 Minutes-2.3
Daivobet® Gel Applied for 24 Hours-3.0
Daivobet® Gel Vehicle Applied for 24 Hours-0.7

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The Change in Circulating RAS Activity After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy

The below results represent the change in Plasma Renin Activity. (NCT01635062)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 weeks following calcitriol/placebo therapy

Interventionng/mL/h (Median)
Calcitriol0
Placebo-1.3

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Change in Urine Protein After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy

Subjects have their urine protein assessed at baseline while sodium loaded and again 3 weeks after randomized therapy with calcitriol or placebo. (NCT01635062)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks following calcitriol/placebo therapy

Interventionmg/24h (Mean)
Calcitriol21.1
Placebo8.1

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow After Calcitriol/Placebo Therapy

Subjects had their renal plasma flow assessed at baseline while sodium loaded, and again after 3 weeks of randomized therapy with either calcitriol (up to 0.75 mcg daily) or placebo. (NCT01635062)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 weeks following calcitriol/placebo therapy

InterventionmL/min/1.73m2 (Mean)
Calcitriol-16.4
Placebo-0.6

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Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Levels at 48 Hours

(NCT01689441)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
Calcitriol41
Placebo32

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Plasma Cathelicidin (hCAP18) Protein Levels at 48 Hours

(NCT01689441)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionng/ml (Median)
Calcitriol76
Placebo82

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Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) / Creatinine Ratio at 48 Hours

NGAL is a urinary marker of renal tubular injury. NGAL levels were normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration to account for the influence of dilution on biomarker concentrations. (NCT01689441)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionmg/mg (Median)
Calcitriol0.6
Placebo0.7

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Acne Severity as Assessed With the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA)

Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) is a 5-point scale of acne severity, ranging from 0 (Clear) to 4 (Severe) (NCT01694433)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 4, 8 & 12

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
IGA at Week 2IGA at Week 4IGA at Week 8IGA at Week 12
Calcipotriene Cream2.772.832.212.23
Placebo2.92.592.482.31

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Lesion Counts (Total, Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory)

Lesion counts will be assessed by one of the investigator physicians or nurse practitioner. (NCT01694433)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 4, 8 & 12

,
InterventionLesions (Mean)
Inflammatory lesions at Week 2Inflammatory lesions at Week 4Inflammatory lesions at Week 8Inflammatory lesions at Week 12Non-inflammatory lesions at Week 2Non-inflammatory lesions at Week 4Non-inflammatory lesions at Week 8Non-inflammatory lesions at Week 12Total lesions at Week 2Total lesions at Week 4Total lesions at Week 8Total lesions at Week 12
Calcipotriene Cream18.415.812.110.530.935.522.119.651.051.434.230.1
Placebo13.49.910.27.033.134.424.320.246.544.334.5527.24

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Subjective Subject Preference Survey for the Second Treatment Session

Subjective Subject Preference Survey The Subjective Subject Preference Survey consist of 15 questions relating to patients preference of study drug. The survey includes questions such as how the medication feels to touch, how greasy it is, and time it takes to apply. The final question asks patients to rate the overall appeal of the vehicle. Questions are scored on a 7-point scale, where a score of 1 is extremely unpleasant, 4 is neutral, and a score of 7 is extremely appealing. Total preference score based on the Subjective Subject Preference Survey could range from 15-105. (NCT01707043)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Taclonex Scalp Suspension First Then Taclonex Ointment78.9
Taclonex Ointment First, Then Taclonex Scalp Suspension69.4

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Subjective Subject Preference Survey for the First Treatment Session

Subjective Subject Preference Survey The Subjective Subject Preference Survey consist of 15 questions relating to patients preference of study drug. The survey includes questions such as how the medication feels to touch, how greasy it is, and time it takes to apply. The final question asks patients to rate the overall appeal of the vehicle. Questions are scored on a 7-point scale, where a score of 1 is extremely unpleasant, 4 is neutral, and a score of 7 is extremely appealing. Total preference score based on the Subjective Subject Preference Survey could range from 15-105. (NCT01707043)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Taclonex Scalp Suspension First Then Taclonex Ointment81.1
Taclonex Ointment First, Then Taclonex Scalp Suspension77.6

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Amount of Active Vitamin D Analog Used Through Month 3 Post Calcitriol Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmcg (Mean)
Calcitriol36.9

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Amount of Active Vitamin D Analog Used Through Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmcg (Mean)
Paricalcitol134.6

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Calcium Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Treatment Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Calcitriol8.78

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Calcium Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Treatment Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Paricalcitol8.6

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Phosphorus Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Calcitriol4.09

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Phosphorus Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Paricalcitol4.45

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PTH Levels at Month 3 Post Calcitriol Treatment Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionpg/dl (Mean)
Calcitriol309.58

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PTH Levels at Month 3 Post Paricalcitol Treatment Initiation

(NCT01725113)
Timeframe: Up to Month 6

Interventionpg/dl (Mean)
Paricalcitol332.83

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Physician Global Assessement

"Percentage of participants with clear or almost clear skin on the PGA scale. 0 = clear~= almost clear~= mild~= moderate~= severe" (NCT01745133)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Vehicle 68%68
Calcipotriene 80%80
Calcipotriene + Clobetasol Propionate 79%79

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Tmax of Calcitriol Plasma Level

Tmax of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionhour (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment1.46

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Cmax of Calcitriol Plasma Level

Cmax of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (Peak plasma concentration of calcitriol from Day 1 to Day 14) (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment120.7

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AUC (0-6h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level

AUC (0-6h) of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (Pre-dose to 6 hours post-dose) (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment650.3

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Cmin of Calcitriol Plasma Level

Cmin of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment92.6

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AUC (0-9h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level

AUC (0-9h) of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (Pre-dose to 9 hours post-dose. For subjects with a body weight of <15 kg, AUC (0-9h) was extrapolated based on the pre-dose to 6 hours post-dose PK samples.) (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment952.6

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AUC (0-12h) of Calcitriol Plasma Level

AUC (0-12h) of calcitriol plasma level at Day 14 (For subjects with a body weight of < 15 kg, AUC (0-9h) was extrapolated based on the pre-dose to 6 hours post dose PK samples. For subjects with a body weight of ≥ 15 kg, AUC (0-12h) was extrapolated based on the pre-dose to 9 hours post-dose PK samples.) (NCT01766440)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpg*h/mL (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g Ointment1268.9

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Millions of Sperm Per Ejaculate

Millions of sperm per ejaculate in men treated with 13-cis retinoic acid (NCT02061384)
Timeframe: Up to 20-weeks

InterventionMillions of sperm per ejaculate (Median)
13-cis Retinoic Acid2.5
Calcitriol 0.25 mcg3.8

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Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 12

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum phosphate levels at week 12 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 12

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0237

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Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 20

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum phosphate levels at week 20 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 20

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0079

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Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 26

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum phosphate levels at week 26 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 26

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0091

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Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum phosphate levels at week 30 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 30 (Follow-up)

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0145

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Change From Screening in Serum Phosphate Levels at Week 4

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum phosphate levels at week 4 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 4

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0334

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Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 12

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in urine calcium/creatinine ratio at week 12 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 12

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.0164

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Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 26

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in urine calcium/creatinine ratio at week 26 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 26

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0456

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Change From Screening in Urine Calcium/Creatinine Ratio at Week 30 (Follow-up)

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in urine calcium/creatinine ratio at week 30 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 30 (Follow-up)

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.0715

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory value), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. A TEAE is defined as an AE with an onset date on or after the first application of the study drug. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Up to Week 30

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g20

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Change From Baseline in Percent (%) Body Surface Area (BSA) at Each Visit

Percent BSA was calculated by modified rules of nines (pediatric participants). Estimate were made from the following for a child up to the age of one year: head and neck total for front and back - 18%; thorax and abdomen-front -18%; thorax and abdomen-back - 18%; each upper limb total for front and back - 9%; each lower limb total for front and back - 14%. For over the age of one year, the relative percentage of BSA changes as follows: the head decreases by 1% per year and the lower limbs increase by 0.5% per year. By the age of ten years, the relative proportions assume the values for adult BSA as follows: perineum becomes 1%; each lower limb becomes a total of 18% front and back; head and neck become 9% total for front and back. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 20, 26 and 30 (Follow-up)

InterventionPercent BSA (Mean)
Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 20Week 26Week 30
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-1.3-2.5-3.4-4.4-3.9-4.7

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Change From Baseline in Pruritus Score at Each Visit

Pruritus was scored on a 0 to 4 point scale. Where, 0 = none (no-itching); 1 = mild (slight itching, not really bothersome); 2 = moderate (definite itching that is somewhat bothersome without loss of sleep); 3 = severe (intense itching that has caused pronounced discomfort, night rest interrupted); 4 = very severe (very severe itching that has caused pronounced discomfort during the night and daily activities). Positive change from baseline indicate worsening of indication. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 20, 26 and 30 (Follow-up)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 20Week 26Week 30
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.6-0.7-0.7-0.7-0.9-0.8

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Number of Participants With Investigator's Global Assessment of Disease Severity (IGA) Score of 0 (Clear) or 1 (Almost Clear) at Each Visit

The IGA is a 0 to 4 point scale. Where, 0 = clear (no signs of psoriasis except for residual hypopigmentation/hyperpigmentation); 1 = almost clear (just perceptible erythema, no induration, and no scaling); 2 = mild (mild erythema, no induration, and mild or no scaling); 3 = moderate (moderate erythema, mild induration, and mild or no scaling); 4 = severe (severe erythema, moderate to severe induration, and scaling of any degree). (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12, 20, 26 and 30 (Follow-up)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 20Week 26Week 30
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g3515141917

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 4

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 4 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 4

Interventiongram per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-1.0

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 12

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 12 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 12

Interventiong/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.8

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 20

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 20 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 20

Interventiong/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-1.1

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 26

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 26 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 26

Interventiong/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.8

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 30 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 30 (Follow-up)

Interventiong/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.2

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Change From Screening in Serum Albumin Levels at Week 8

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum albumin levels at week 8 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 8

Interventiong/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-1.0

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Levels at Week 4

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 4 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 4

InterventionPicomole per liter (pmol/L) (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.14

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 12

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 12 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 12

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.04

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 20

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 20 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 20

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.17

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 26

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 26 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 26

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g-0.07

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 30 (Follow-up)

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 30 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 30 (Follow-up)

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.37

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Change From Screening in Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels at Week 8

Change from screening (the last test prior to the first study medication application) in serum PTH levels at week 8 were reported. (NCT02125279)
Timeframe: Screening, Week 8

Interventionpmol/L (Mean)
Calcitriol 3 mcg/g0.09

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Success of Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA)

"The number of subjects with a minimum improvement of 2 grades from baseline in the IGA score and a severity rating of 0 (clear) of 1 (almost clear) at Week 8 (LOCF).~The IGA was evaluated at each visit on the following 0 to 4 point scale:~0 - Clear: No signs of psoriasis except for residual hypopigmentation / hyperpigmentation~- Almost Clear: Just perceptible erythema, no induration, and no scaling~- Mild: Mild erythema, no induration, and mild or no scaling~- Moderate: Moderate erythema, mild induration, and mild or no scaling~- Severe: Severe erythema, moderate to severe induration, and scaling of any degree" (NCT02186665)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcitriol Ointment3
Placebo7

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Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB

The AUC of psoriatic skin thickness/EPB from Day 1 to Day 12 was determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. The mean raw values are reported. (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1 (baseline) up to Day 12

Interventionmicrometers*day (Mean)
PF-06263276 4% Solution4082.60
PF-06263276 Vehicle4161.40
Tofacitinib 2% Ointment3271.93
Tofacitinib Vehicle4013.07
Daivonex Solution3322.40
Daivonex Ointment3165.47

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Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/Echo-Poor Band (EPB) for PF-06263276 4% Solution in Comparison to Corresponding Vehicle at Day 12

Psoriatic skin thickness was measured using a 20 megahertz (MHz) high frequency sonograph. Serial A-scans were composed and presented on a monitor as a section of the skin. (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Day 12

,
Interventionmicrometers (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 12
PF-06263276 4% Solution358.917.7
PF-06263276 Vehicle353.132.9

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Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB at Day 8

(NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Day 8

,,,,,
Interventionmicrometers (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 8
Daivonex Ointment364.1-104.7
Daivonex Solution376.1-98.8
PF-06263276 4% Solution358.918.0
PF-06263276 Vehicle353.138.5
Tofacitinib 2% Ointment364.1-90.5
Tofacitinib Vehicle357.315.1

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Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB for PF-06263276 4% Solution in Comparison to Daivonex Solution at Day 12

(NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Day 12

Interventionmicrometers (Mean)
PF-06263276 4% Solution17.7
Daivonex Solution-135.5

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) or Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Specified Skin AEs

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug. An SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. Treatment-emergent are events between first dose of study drug and up to 28 days after last dose that were absent before treatment or that worsened relative to pre-treatment state. AEs included both SAEs and non-SAEs. The number of participants with specified skin AEs was reported. (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 28 days after last study drug administration (Day 21)

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Specified Skin AEsSpecified Skin SAEs
Daivonex Ointment20
Daivonex Solution00
PF-06263276 4% Solution00
PF-06263276 Vehicle00
Tofacitinib 2% Ointment00
Tofacitinib Vehicle00

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Number of Participants With Potentially Clinically Significant Vital Signs Findings

Vital signs assessment included pulse rate and blood pressure. Criteria for vital sign values meeting potential clinical concern included: supine/sitting pulse rate <40 or >120 beats per minute (bpm), standing pulse rate <40 or >140 bpm; systolic blood pressure (SBP) >=30 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) change from baseline in same posture or SBP <90 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >=20 mmHg change from baseline in same posture or DBP <50 mmHg. (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
SBP <90 mmHgDBP <50 mmHgPulse Rate <40 or >120 bpmMaximum Increase from Baseline in SBP >=30 mmHgMaximum Increase from Baseline in DBP >=20 mmHg
All Participants00000

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Global Clinical Assessment at Day 1, 8 and 12

"Global Clinical Assessment of the test fields was performed by visual examination using a 5-point score (-1=worsened; 0=unchanged [no effect]; 1=slight improvement; 2=clear improvement but not completely healed; 3=completely healed). Clinically apparent differences in erythema and infiltration will contribute to this global assessment. At baseline (Day 1), the score was documented as 0 (unchanged)." (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 8, Day 12

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 1: Score -1Day 1: Score 0Day 1: Score 1Day 1: Score 2Day 1: Score 3Day 8: Score -1Day 8: Score 0Day 8: Score 1Day 8: Score 2Day 8: Score 3Day 12: Score -1Day 12: Score 0Day 12: Score 1Day 12: Score 2Day 12: Score 3
Daivonex Ointment0150000168012480
Daivonex Solution0150001194011670
PF-06263276 4% Solution015000013200013200
PF-06263276 Vehicle015000015000015000
Tofacitinib 2% Ointment0150000483004830
Tofacitinib Vehicle015000014010011310

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Change From Baseline in Psoriatic Skin Thickness/EPB for Tofacitinib 2% Ointment in Comparison to Corresponding Vehicle at Day 12

(NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), Day 12

,
Interventionmicrometers (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 12
Tofacitinib 2% Ointment364.1-117.8
Tofacitinib Vehicle357.30.1

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Number of Participants With Laboratory Abnormalities Meeting the Criteria for Potential Clinical Concern

The following laboratory parameters were analyzed: hematology (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell [RBC] count, RBC morphology, platelet count, white blood cell [WBC] count, total neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, lymphocytes); blood chemistry (blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, glucose, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total bicarbonate, aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, albumin, and total protein; urinalysis (pH, glucose, protein, blood, ketones, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, urobilinogen, urine bilirubin, microscopy [if urine dipstick was positive for blood, protein, nitrites or leukocyte esterase]); others (e.g., urine human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] for females of childbearing potential). (NCT02193815)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
All Participants6

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Number of Participants in the Intent to Treat Population With Normal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at End of Treatment (EOT)

Number of Participants in the Intent to Treat Population with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >/= 30 ng/mL at End of Treatment (EOT) (NCT02282813)
Timeframe: up to 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 6 Mos Treatment)87
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 12 Mos Treatment)124
CTAP101 Caps 2 x 30 mcg Daily for 12 wk+Adjunctive38

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Number of Participants in the Per Protocol Population With Mean Reduction in Plasma Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% From Baseline Values at End of Treatment (EOT)

Number of subjects in the per protocol population with a mean reduction in plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% from pretreatment baseline values at end of treatment (EOT), classified as responders (NCT02282813)
Timeframe: up to 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 6 Mos Treatment)34
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 12 Mos Treatment)64
CTAP101 Caps 2 x 30 mcg Daily for 12 wk+Adjunctive29

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Number of Participants in the Per Protocol Population With NormalSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at End of Treatment (EOT)

Number of Participants in the per protocol population with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >/= 30 ng/mL at End of Treatment (EOT) (NCT02282813)
Timeframe: up to 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 6 Mos Treatment)86
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 12 Mos Treatment)120
CTAP101 Caps 2 x 30 mcg Daily for 12 wk+Adjunctive37

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Number of Participants in the Intent to Treat Population With a Mean Reduction in Plasma Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% From Baseline Values at End of Treatment (EOT)

Number of subjects in the intent to treat population with a mean reduction in plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) of >/= 30% from pretreatment baseline values at end of treatment (EOT), classified as responders (NCT02282813)
Timeframe: up to 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 6 Mos Treatment)34
CTAP101 Capsules (Not Randomized; 12 Mos Treatment)66
CTAP101 Caps 2 x 30 mcg Daily for 12 wk+Adjunctive30

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Death Within 7 Days

All-cause mortality within 7 days following randomization (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcifediol4
Calcitriol9
Placebo6

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Number of Participants Who Received Renal Replacement Therapy Within 7 Days

Number of participants who received renal replacement therapy within 7 days following randomization (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcifediol1
Calcitriol1
Placebo4

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Number of Participants With New or Worsening Stage of AKI, Defined by KDIGO Guidelines

Any of the following: 1) an increase in serum creatinine ≥50% compared to the immediate pre-randomization value; 2) new or progressive stage of oliguria; or 3) receipt of renal replacement therapy. Oliguria stages 1, 2, and 3 are defined as urine output (UOP) <0.5 ml/kg/h for 6-12h, <0.5 ml/kg/h for >12h, and <0.3 ml/kg/h for ≥24h or anuria for ≥12h, respectively. (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcifediol20
Calcitriol23
Placebo19

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Peak Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)

Highest serum creatinine value on days 1 to 7 (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionmg/dl (Median)
Calcifediol1.2
Calcitriol1.3
Placebo1.2

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28-day Mortality

All-cause mortality assessed during the 28 days following randomization (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcifediol10
Calcitriol16
Placebo10

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ICU- and Hospital-free Days

28 minus the number of days in the ICU or hospital, with 0 assigned to patients who die before 28 days (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 28 days

,,
InterventionDays (Median)
ICU-free daysHospital-free days
Calcifediol205
Calcitriol164
Placebo110

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Relative Average Change in Serum Creatinine From Day 0 to Days 1-7

Average percentage change in serum creatinine assessed on days 1-7 as compared to day 0 (NCT02962102)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventionRelative average percent increase (Median)
Calcifediol-2.3
Calcitriol-7.1
Placebo-7.4

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Toxicity and Tolerability of Experimental Arm

Descriptive analysis of observed toxicity and patient reports of tolerating experimental treatment (NCT03261336)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Calcitriol, Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone1

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Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP)

SNIP is a test of maximal inspiratory muscle force exerting from the diaphram. Patients sniff forcefully through one nostril while the other is obstructed. The best of 10 measurements is recorded. (NCT03469271)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventioncmH20 (Mean)
Training and Placebo90
Sham Training and Vitamin D3 Metabolite87
Training and Vitamin D3 Metabolite89
Sham Training and Placebo109

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Insulin Level

Blood will be obtained to measure insulin level after a glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test involves an overnight fast and then participants will ingest a drink containing 75 grams of glucose with blood obtained over a 120 minute period. (NCT04286529)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

,,,
InterventionuIU/mL (Mean)
Baseline8 Weeks
Men-Calcitriol4.75
Men-Placebo33
Premenopausal Women-Calcitriol4.64
Premenopausal Women-Placebo2.44

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Glucose Levels

Blood will be obtained to measure glucose after a glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test involves an overnight fast and then participants will ingest a drink containing 75 grams of glucose with blood obtained over a 120 minute period. (NCT04286529)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

,,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline8 weeks
Men-Calcitriol9098
Men-Placebo8985
Premenopausal Women-Calcitriol7685

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Glucose Levels

Blood will be obtained to measure glucose after a glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test involves an overnight fast and then participants will ingest a drink containing 75 grams of glucose with blood obtained over a 120 minute period. (NCT04286529)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Baseline
Premenopausal Women-Placebo82

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C-Peptide Level

Blood will be obtained to measure c-peptide level after a glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test involves an overnight fast and then participants will ingest a drink containing 75 grams of glucose with blood obtained over a 120 minute period. (NCT04286529)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

,,,
Interventionnmol/L (Mean)
Baseline8 Weeks
Men-Calcitriol0.60.74
Men-Placebo0.70.49
Premenopausal Women-Calcitriol0.50.55
Premenopausal Women-Placebo0.50.52

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		4.3311C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		2.13103-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
3-mercaptopyruvic acid
3-mercaptopyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-mercaptopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.6102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
thiol		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.3920non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		7.731734-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.0110ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		7.08123monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		3.8130ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		10.382446-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		3.5320imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
curdlan
D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.		2.1310hexose
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.7730azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.9340acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0410benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.8630amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		2.1110halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		4.23180fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		2.0210alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.4320amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.420carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.730alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		3.3770cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.23192tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		7.05151halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.9940chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		10.26239monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.6730trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.520gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		4.0831(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.8530aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n(1)-acetylspermidine
N(1)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.		1.9710acetylspermidineEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.41102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.8530amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		5.94142glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.261212-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		7.39590sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.940ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.4220aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.		2.0810monophosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		algal metabolite;
fundamental metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.9340alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		5.27121alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.6830glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		2.01102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.99102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		9.72315carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.4430
histamine
[no description available]		2.940aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		3.2760elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.4120benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		1.9610hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		4.0740imidazole
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.2510diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.4120hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		3.3510aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.13102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4220alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		4.9991inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.3870cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		4.0740acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.6411metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		7.7262pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.8630pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.7921monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.821monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.2110gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.5720oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		3.0650alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.6930long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4220benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.9340glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9910propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.110saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
putrescine
[no description available]		3.4780alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		9.5170monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.6930methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.0540hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.0310N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9710selenium oxoacid
spermidine
[no description available]		3.67100polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		4.6890polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		7.4920alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		2.6730amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.5920primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		2.0310pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4420methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.4220pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		12.29182uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.44212isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		3.511benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.420xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		1.9810benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.13102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.9240hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		2.9140
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		210isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine: a positional isomer of H-7; inhibits protein kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase		210
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		3.1250aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-o-hexadecyl-2-o-methylglycerol
[no description available]		1.9810
pd 173074
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amine;
biaryl;
dimethoxybenzene;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		210oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
alpha-hydroxymyristic acid
2-hydroxymyristic acid : A long-chain fatty acid that is a derivative of myristic acid having a hydroxy substituent at C-2.		2.08102-hydroxy fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		1.9610alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.1710amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		210benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		3.0410monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.6830ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		1.9910phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0410aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9710chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
phenytoin
[no description available]		10.38190imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		1.9810
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		210aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.420
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.8530aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		5.9371acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		7.19171monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8530acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
tyrphostin ag 1024
tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor		2.0610alkylbenzene
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.0840aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.2450phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		14.9463281,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5720imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.5620organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.0810secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.5620triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		1.9910aluminium coordination entity
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.0640adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		5.5751diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.9640dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		3.1350guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.830N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.34180dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.4601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		9.4260carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		5.6451dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.8530dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.7230acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.5570nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		13.124213anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.420pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		210aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		12.84131benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.9840benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.0840ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		8.07146aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.4520barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		3.93130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		6.5153benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0410benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.06401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.420ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.4320pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		4.1231alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		2.4920extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.8430propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.5220carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		5.08130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.4720biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.8730diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		1.9810bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		3.71100
ro 31-7549
Ro 31-7549: structure		2.3920
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.8530secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bms 961
BMS 961: a retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist; no further info available 10/2006		2.0310
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0410organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		6.5882amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0510aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.2650azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.3860methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		9.82100purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		6.8320aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		4.02140glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		1.9610imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5720benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cannabinol
Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.		1.9710dibenzopyran
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		6.5141dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.5820monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.5920carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9640N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.4720carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0210quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.3960carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.4260organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.8530ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		4.1760benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.0840aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.5820diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.8730benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.85301,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.11140aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		4.0140benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.6380organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.0140isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.87301,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.4520cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.6120lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.3860aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4420cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.7530cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.2550aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.4420benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.08402-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		210amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.7530monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.9640monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.0840aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.8730tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.0740dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.57201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.570clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.56201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.3860conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5820organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		1.9710organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		5.5280substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.4110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.74304-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		6.43120acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.8730dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.8630primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		4140alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		1.9910diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.4601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		1.9910aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		6.0781amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.5820dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.0640monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane
3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist		2.0110indolesantineoplastic agent;
P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.8530ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		5.6651piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.2550monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.2350organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		6.86112branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.6120aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
adtn
ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9710
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.0840aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		5.6251dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.5820pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.8530aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		1.9910benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.98401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3920
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.2150aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.420aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.110alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		11.164591,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.8530monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.4602-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.3820aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0840dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.8730aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.5820monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4420anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		5.2531piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.5820carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.0640aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.4260conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.460aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4520aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.0540N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.0840ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.6120benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		18.614111nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.2550(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.4320decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4320phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.3660fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.5170(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.8130carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		7.67181chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.8430gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.5920aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.7530N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.0740sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0740aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.420piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.2550monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
go 6976
[no description available]		2.4220indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		3.8430aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.5820azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.8530acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.420isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		10.25200isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		2.420isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.460aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.4420haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		4.8340acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0410phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0440azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		9.44204benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		5.71100aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		11.82201one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.0640hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.8530monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.8530primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.7550benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		5.8971ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.2650dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.2550bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.0840indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.0110indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.31601aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.9940benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		5.9781aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.8730carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2750azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		4.422203-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.89110carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		6.16160catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8630alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.0840benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.2550piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.8730cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		11.32611dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.8530benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.5620amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.420cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.4420furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.0640benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.25501,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.4260benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.2950nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lg 100268
LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source		2.4320
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		5.4841N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.2450benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.5820benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		10.2990biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.8430dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		3.4270chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.0740anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.0840aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.5920diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.0840aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		3.5820adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		3.18501,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.5920ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5920imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.5920piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5920organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.2450amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.5820phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		5.4670guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.5920benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		1.9910polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.5820aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		4.0840aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.9140aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.5920beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.2550benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.2550aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		5.9271C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.8630aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.8530aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.4520dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		5.85110imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.5720bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.0840dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0840benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.5920diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		8.1471dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0810benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		2.0210aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8630monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0810acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9610maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.8530methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
naftopidil
[no description available]		3.1310piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.08401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins
Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.		2.9440
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5720heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.2550aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0810benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.2550cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.250benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		8.81371C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.8730aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.52702-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.0840C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.97401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.690C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		5.0240nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.06401,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		3.5820isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4420catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.0840fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.2550organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		210aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.07403-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.6680aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.0840carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.5920ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.08401,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.9840benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0410aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.930acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.5920aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		1.98101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		10.854910phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.8530aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.6120benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.0410aromatic amine
pd 153035
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.		3.5220aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
bromobenzenes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.9210imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		4.28180aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.08401,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.8530aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.0440barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.6280oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.5820piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.2550N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.7530acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0410aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		5.1140barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4520phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.15102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.5920aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.5820primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.420acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pifithrin
pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source		2.0210aromatic ketone
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0510pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.0740indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.6451aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.5990inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		5.6251isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.3960aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.0810amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.8730aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.3960pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.570benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.6930dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.460benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		4.0440benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.8730N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.6120pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0410benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.0840phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.8530aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.1310phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.8530phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.82100naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		3.1950
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.8530carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.5920aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.57201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.7430aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.0840benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.25501,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0610imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.9740butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.5720indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.03101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		4.7830benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		3.1550imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.5820barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5920organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.0840pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		8.59224fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.3720haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		5.76110pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.2550ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
imatinib
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.4360dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5820quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.7430aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.5920sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.7530isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.4220pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		5.0470
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0810isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.04102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.5920alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.0510benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.0740sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.7130naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4720N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		12.86348acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0110
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0310benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.8530benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8730imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.0740furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.0840phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		4.3641diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		8.32152phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		1.9610dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione
thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.420thiazolidenedione
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.0640phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.8530aziridines
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		3.4211organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.2650monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.4620aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.6120imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		4.0640N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2550benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.5920N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.0840N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.2450aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.5920amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.8630pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.0740triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.3920benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.5220aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		10.86120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0410aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.0640oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.2650aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.5620
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.8430dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.0410aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.6380chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.8530aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0810piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.2550cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.8730gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.3720
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.4620aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.0840carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.8630nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.0640imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5920corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8230mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		10.0917011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		14.7850611beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		6.456316alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0410ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.0440alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8630imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.3860glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		8811pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		13.23150284-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		10.583832-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.93301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4520ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		7.2623-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.39603-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		1025211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.3860non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		12.4591111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		7.0514217-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		4.984017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		5.5713017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		2.6830
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.2450pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.9410organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		10.966932-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		3.2560nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate
dipropylenetriame
N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source		1.9710polyazaalkanealgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.9640chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.3870alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.78110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.5220corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.8330C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.2650C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.920aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.4860amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.250aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.0410pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		3.8530acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.8530carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		5.4582glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		4.989117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.690ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.8730aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5920benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.98403'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.9840adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		3.150uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.8730kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		9.2170pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.1150D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.5220monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.5220phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.1350amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.48141ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		210butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		4.4210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.930amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9710aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		1.9710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.5720penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.0110organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4320organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		5.1170amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		7.63102calcium saltchelator
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		4.598017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		10.62140lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		10.24160aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0610
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.8440amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.372020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.97120alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.0410
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		8.251410antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		4.9921psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		5.74280diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		1.9910chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		5.0852organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
bromoacetate
[no description available]		1.9910carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		8.6415417beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.5920aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		1.961017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5920beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		5.22160mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		8.12321beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		3.2260non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4420C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.7730amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		8.0312520-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
alizarin
[no description available]		2.0610dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.0410organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.4370erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.4120aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine
N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.		2.3720N-substituted diamine;
secondary amino compound		antioxidant
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		5.11140arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		2.1310alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.0110boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
vinyl fluoride
[no description available]		2.0310gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.3120aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
boron trifluoride
[no description available]		2.0110boron fluorideNMR chemical shift reference compound
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.5420alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		5.6719111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0310benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.3920alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1310
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0410stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.0610alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		3.2110enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		1.9810amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
skatole
[no description available]		2.420methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		13.242546-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		4.3960organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.5920glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.6730
picryl chloride
Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
explosive;
hapten
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.2510C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5820phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
decalin
decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.		2.4320ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbonsolvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.7930mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		210xanthene
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		3.5320carbonyl compound
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		2.5420botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure		2.6730
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		1.9610
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.0110epoxide;
organochlorine compound
allyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
bromobenzene
[no description available]		1.9710bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4120cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.1310alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.9681pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		7.4620furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.19111mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ethyl sebacate
ethyl sebacate: causes contact dermatitis		2.2110fatty acid ester
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		3.2510cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.1710morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
dodecyltrimethylammonium
dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0610quaternary ammonium ion
triethylene glycol
triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		3.0610diol;
poly(ethylene glycol);
primary alcohol		plasticiser
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.9140steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.420aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		4.5290aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		3.3160anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4220hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.5920quinolines
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.4120naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.552020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0510methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.6730purine nucleoside
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.5620penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0410dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5620acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		3.82120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		5.3772azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		3.1310indazole
azulene
[no description available]		2.0610azulenes;
mancude carbobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.4720adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		1.9810cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.0310isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.67301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.882511,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.2250diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0410xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		4.18170organic cation
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		8222calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.8630phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.7530organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.610pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.730heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.8730mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		11.09220N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4520benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		4.721organic molecular entity
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.6120benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		6.3241steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.0510aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		1.9810thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
cuprizone
[no description available]		2.5320organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.1310amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		21.2330612411beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0410diarylmethane
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		6.33180bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		10.385117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
4-methylcatechol
[no description available]		2.3920methylcatecholantioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.4311monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.86301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		7.3820guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		16.5912135calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.4260bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9810bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
indirubin
[no description available]		2.0310
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.4620isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4520phthalazines
indole-3-carbaldehyde
indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.		2.2110heteroarenecarbaldehyde;
indole alkaloid;
indoles		bacterial metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.4720amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
oxetane
oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.		2.0810oxetanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.1110thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0110ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.0140hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		3.3911organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4420furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.87213'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		6.884217alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.462017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		12.2230117beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.3820
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.2460organic molecular entity
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		4.1140amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.8430carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.7290dialdehydebiomarker
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		3.7821carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.9840arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		3.8121organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		3.3811
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.9840organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.3920carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		1.9710arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
lactulose
[no description available]		3.5920glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.1310flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.		2.1110toluene meta-diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.4720aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.743020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.1310extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		5.76100acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.7590cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		3.115017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.0610delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hexafluoroacetone
hexafluoroacetone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. hexafluoroacetone : A ketone that is acetone in which all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by fluoro groups.		3.2710ketone;
perfluorinated compound		NMR chemical shift reference compound
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		3.6190N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.1110N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		4.3341organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		2.7430potassium saltdiuretic
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		3.2710organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
dodecylamine
dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510primary aliphatic amine
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.9840pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		1.98103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.7330steroid ester
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.0540ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		5.69150
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.5720alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.2510manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		3.1110zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.0810
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.5920glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0310enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		8.89273alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		4.2250
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.0310alkane
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.1310polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0410organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.2250benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		10.67150aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.0640benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
decyltrimethylammonium
decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0310quaternary ammonium ion
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.171011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		10.88221711beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.4520pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		1.99101,4-naphthoquinones
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.5570dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.6120dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.2510fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.0110thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9710D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.67301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.422014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.2350antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.8121carbon oxoanion
cladribine
[no description available]		4.2450organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		4.3322
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.9540diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4620isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5820acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.4320beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.0410indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.7130dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.8430azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
octocrylene
[no description available]		2.4110diarylmethane
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.5120amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.6620cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		8.98113f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		4.88110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		210elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.3820chromium group element atommicronutrient
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		2.1710iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		5.73150metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		210elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		1.9710copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		1.9610manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		10.82211titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		9.43220cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.0310chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.4120copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		2.0610actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.2460elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		3.4211monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.1110titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.3720aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.7430pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		3.150magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9810mercury coordination entitysensitiser
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.3920sodium phosphate
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.4270delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.2510iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		7.1510mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.0210N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.9240metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		5.6873calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		5.5463calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		7.84223calcium phosphate
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		6.0181dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		6.54140diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		1.9810divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
zirconium chloride
zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.		3.1110inorganic chloride;
zirconium coordination entity		catalyst
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.7830elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		1.9710aluminium sulfate
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		2.0810chlorine dioxide
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.420inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.4420cadmium coordination entity
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		5.96130
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.42017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		5.241211,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium bromide
ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.1110ammonium salt;
bromide salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		5.33180ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
glucoheptonate
glucoheptonic acid : A carbohydrate acid that is heptanoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, and C-7.		1.9610carbohydrate acid;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate
Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.		1.9710
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		4.1231titanium oxidesfood colouring
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		3.6320anthraquinone
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.4120
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.0640selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.39706-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.7530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.8430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.7330glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		11.293130acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluorides
[no description available]		8.81261halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.876017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0310carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		1.98102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide
Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.		210
iodine
[no description available]		2.6730halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.3560aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide
[no description available]		2.3110
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.8730nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.580L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.67301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		4.6990indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate
[no description available]		2.2110
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		9.74225benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.0210chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		3.276011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.552011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		6.4571bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.4320organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		5.511613',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.2360
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		2.442017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
alkenes
[no description available]		2.4920
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		7.96142organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4130glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.5320glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.9140
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		1.9610inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.8840pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.3720ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.2550penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.0840timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4620tryptamines
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
gallium citrate
[no description available]		2.0110
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8730cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8430carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5920amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.6480azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.4620organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.5920pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.9640amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		12.05279taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.9110beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.4320peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
promegestone
Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.		2.693020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.8530catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
enilconazole
enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0410phenanthrenes
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.5620ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.52701-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan
[no description available]		2.0510
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0840alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		4.3980butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.0640L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.4420
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.961205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		210pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		3.1310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.730alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.59201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4420cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		6.39131
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		1.9610epoxideintercalator
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.5620anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8430aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.2350aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.0410aromatic ether
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.4620acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.3760anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.0510conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		3.8530aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.2550alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		3.5420indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.4720one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		2.4420nitrosamine;
pyridines
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8430diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4720nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8430diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		7.67780acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2650cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.4420benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.8430monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.2550
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.7490delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0810aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.7530aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.7490delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0810benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.0810dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.25503-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8530N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4720hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.5720aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.7961dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		10.11202hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		5.54803-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.1431aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0810naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.77110
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		6.12513-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		7.47131imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate
2-(2-pyridyl)ethylidine-1,1-bisphosphonate: inhibits hypercalciuria		1.9710
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.8430aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.7830adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.89306-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.08401-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5920methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.0840phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
liarozole
liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate		4.3240benzimidazoles
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.8430pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.8730aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.4160organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.5620benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.5620alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.460aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		6.0581monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.8530carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.0840biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		6.3262
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.85301,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.8630oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.99406-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		8.1563monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.830organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.3660adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		3.2310iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9810ammonium saltpoison
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.7630
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		3.690trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		1.9610
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		2.0210
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		1.9810
diazolidinylurea
diazolidinylurea: structure given in first source		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dione
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		4.3141inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
2-butene
2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.110but-2-ene
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.6830hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		3.7921corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.2850acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.9940aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.680D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.72302-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		6.39151organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.7430hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.8730carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.5720acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		3.251025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		2.05101-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		3.5480abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0510aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		4.1560iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.0310
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.6320dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		1.9910nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.4320glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0210benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
glucose-1-phosphate
glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.		2.0310D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.110cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9710organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.8630piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		9.140benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.7330fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.0610
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.4701,2,3-triazole
rotenolone
rotenolone: decomposition product of rotenone; RN given refers to (2 alpha,6a beta,12a beta)-isomer		2.0310organic molecular entitymetabolite
1,2-dithiol-3-thione
1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source		2.13101,2-dithiole
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.97402-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.0640dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		10.482441,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.46203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.8530razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
clobetasone butyrate
[no description available]		4.3422organic molecular entity
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		210nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
diflorasone
diflorasone: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure. diflorasone : The 16beta-analogue of flumethasone. It is used as the 17,21-diacetate as a topical anti-inflammatory and antipruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.442011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.4820corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
magnolol
[no description available]		2.0210biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.0210biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
coptisine
coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710alkaloidmetabolite
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
teleocidin b-4
teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin		4.4940
coumarin 153
coumarin 153: structure in first source		2.11107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		1.9810carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		2.610perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.8430hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione
4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: structure given in first source		2.7130
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5720indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.9770aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.1310
bexarotene
[no description available]		4.4360benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source		2.0210imidazoles
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.460macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		3.511bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
kg 501
naphthol AS-E phosphate: structure in first source		2.0610
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.27603-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.9540iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		4.0640peptide
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
7-ketocholesterol
7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.		1.97103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
7-oxo steroid;
cholestanoid		neuroprotective agent
fluocinolone
[no description available]		2.0710fluorinated steroid
inermin
inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.		2.0310maackiain
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		3.3360amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylglucoside
[no description available]		3.0750
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.39203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
hydroxyflutamide
[no description available]		2.7330
diflucortolone valerate
diflucortolone valerate: Rn given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer		4.311corticosteroid hormone
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine
N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.		2.02106-isopentenylaminopurinecytokinin
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.4720amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
androstan-3-ol
[no description available]		2.42203-hydroxy steroidandrogen
methyl lithocholate
methyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.1310
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.0310
n-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide
N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarinyl)maleimide: fluorescent thiol reagent; structure		1.9710
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		5.3190
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
bnps-skatole
BNPS-skatole : A bromoindole that is 3H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an (o-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl group and in which the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by a bromine and a methyl group. It is used particularly for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds (cleavage occurs at peptide bonds after amino acids with available C(gamma)=C(delta) double bonds such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine).		2.420aryl sulfide;
bromoindole;
C-nitro compound		reagent
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0510
alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
[no description available]		3.3811
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
homopterocarpin
homopterocarpin: an insect antifeedant isolated from Pterocarpus marcocarpus; structure in first source		2.0310pterocarpans
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.2960cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		4.739017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		2.420polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
ici 164384
ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.		2.683017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.2560aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.9140oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		1.9910calcium salt;
hydrate
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.3820
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		3.3670
sr141716
[no description available]		2.7330amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.7950primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		210
ly 117018
LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.		1.97101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		210xanthene dyefluorochrome
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		1.9910diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate
prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC		2.0110
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		1.9710indolesfluorochrome
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		9.38318organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		10.745111
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.6730
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.		1.9710inositol phosphate
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.8630alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.		210aromatic primary alcohol;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		drug metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
deguelin
deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.		3.5620aromatic ether;
diether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.4920hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
sri 63-441
SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9810
ml 9
[no description available]		1.9910
tamibarotene
tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
retinoid;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		3.48802-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		3.1150
procion red he-3b
procion red HE-3B: structure		1.9610
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
precirol
precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate		2.110
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		1.9710guanidines;
pyrazines
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410catecholamine
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.110
tephrosin
tephrosin: RN given for (7aR-cis)-isomer; has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. tephrosin : A member of the class of rotenones that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted with geminal methyl groups at position 3, hydroxy group at position 7a and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10 (the 7aR,13aR stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves and twigs of Antheroporum pierrei and exhibits antineoplastic and pesticidal activities.		2.0310aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
pesticide
monobutyryl cyclic amp
monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.		1.97103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
butanamides		protein kinase agonist
ponasterone a
ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer		1.971014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
6-oxo steroid;
phytoecdysteroid
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source		2.0410purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
glycolithocholic acid
glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.1310bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.311012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.8630benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
pentosidine
pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.		2.1710imidazopyridine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide
5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide: urokinase substrate; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.0210carbene;
methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.4620nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		7.34121methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0810bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		6.6182aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
trisequens
Trisequens: triphasic preparation for estrogen replacement therapy; each 28-day calendar pack contains 12 tablets of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg, 10 of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg & norethisterone acetate 1 mg, 6 of estradiol 1 mg & estriol 0.5 mg		3.3511
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		1.9910
interleukin-1beta (163-171)
interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity		1.9810
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		2.4120dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
27-hydroxycholesterol
(25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol : A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.		2.111026-hydroxycholesterolapoptosis inducer;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.420dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
gluconamide
[no description available]		2.0410
glabridin
[no description available]		2.4220hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
n-hydroxythalidomide
N-hydroxythalidomide: structure in first source		2.0210
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		440
lithocholate 3-o-glucuronide
lithocholate 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source		2.1310
methotrexate
[no description available]		12.55495dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sr 11237
SR 11237: structure given in first source		1.9910
n-(2-isobutyl-3-(n'-hydroxycarbonylamido)propanoyl)-o-methyltyrosinemethylamide
N-(2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hydroxycarbonylamido)propanoyl)-O-methyltyrosinemethylamide: RN given refers to the (S-(R*,S*))-isomer		1.9910
n-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
N-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from bovine cerebral cortex		1.9910beta-carbolines
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.08105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
cyanidin
cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.		2.1105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.23105-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4720penicillanic acids
kifunensine
kifunensine: inhibitor of the glycoprotein processing mannosidase I; from actinomycete Kitasatosporia kifunense 9482; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6beta,7alpha,8alpha,8aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/90		2.1710
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.8730biphenyls
ym 529
YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source		210
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione
4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione: used for fluorescent labeling of vitamin D & in assaying vitamin D metabolites		1.9910
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		3.59203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
4-hydroxyclomiphene
4-hydroxyclomiphene: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.3920D-xylose
cd 437
CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.		210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
phenols		apoptosis inducer;
retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
tripalmitoyl cysteine
tripalmitoyl cysteine: synthetic analog of N-terminal lipid part of bacterial lipoprotein		2.0610
2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-2-propyl-1-palmitoylcysteine
2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-2-propyl-1-palmitoylcysteine: intermediate for immunogen preparation		2.0310
phytol
[no description available]		1.9810
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		4.12160amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)		19.5718179
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.57201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
differanisole a
differanisole A: from Chaetomium strain RB-001; structure given in first source		1.9910methoxybenzoic acid
8-chloroadenosine
8-chloroadenosine: active metabolite of 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate		2.0210
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.4420hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		13.613617secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.4609-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
aclacinomycin
aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		1.9710aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
polyketide;
tertiary alcohol;
tetracenequinones;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.8730azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
vx 497
N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source		3.110
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		5.0880diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		10.6451methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		13.565710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
methyl 5-aminolevulinate
methyl 5-aminolevulinate: esterified form of aminolevulinic acid used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY. methyl 5-aminolevulinate : The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		5.8273delta-amino acid esterantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4420biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
nps-568
N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist		5.51120
gizzerosine
gizzerosine: found in overheated fish meal; causes gizzard erosion in chicks; RN refers to (L)-isomer; structure in first source		210
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cl 13850
[no description available]		1.9610
atrasentan
Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.		3.8230pyrrolidines
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
naphthol as-d chloroacetate
[no description available]		1.9710
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
5-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-thiophenesulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9710
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		5.5463
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.5920amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		450iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		8.783
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
aminobutane bisphosphonate
aminobutane bisphosphonate: may be useful measure for controlling hypercalcemia in patients with carcinoma		1.9710
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
lactogluconic acid
[no description available]		2.0710
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.4920biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.74191amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
methyl 4-azidophenylacetimidate
methyl 4-azidophenylacetimidate: RN given refers to mono-HCl		2.4110
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.0840
yomogin
yomogin: eudesmane sesquiterpene from Artemisia princeps; inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase production in macrophages; structure in first source		2.0110
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0210piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		4.4580imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.0140hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		9.61134divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.1710aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.940corticosteroid hormone
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.420
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		3.3620acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0810
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		4.3930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.8830aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.3720alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
santonin
Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.4520botanical anti-fungal agent;
santonin		plant metabolite
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.723012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.9640bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.914017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		3.367011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.78302-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
mibolerone
mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.		21017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		1.9610monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.3820
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.59201-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		127117beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
metribolone
Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.		3.7110017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		androgen
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin
[no description available]		4.4380acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.7130carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		5.0670amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.58801,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		1.9710
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.940
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		5.3172
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		3.4270
carboplatin
[no description available]		10.3472
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.730inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
leptomycin b
[no description available]		2.4620
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.9440
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.3720N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate
beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.3820D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.9240peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.4220oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.9140D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		3.8940oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		2.92403,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.9440
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		5.840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		1.9710
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
7-dehydrocholesterol
[no description available]		12.312603beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
cholestanoid;
Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		4.51240myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		4.457011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		3.4880puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.92130tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		4.0640coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.1310bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		1.9910nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.3720deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
eriodictyol
eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.03103'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.6780cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.0840alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.77501-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.3920cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.5620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7530cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.2550L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.57202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.7330
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		5.977411beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.5620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8630acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
indican
[no description available]		2.2510beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		1.9810
phorbol
phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.		1.9710cyclic ketone;
enone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
alpha bitter acid
humulon: antibiotic from hops; structure		1.9910aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone;
diketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		antibacterial drug;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4720piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0210
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		4.84130tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.0310hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.4110arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.5920tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		4.022017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.5580cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.4420amino cyclitol;
glycoside
ergosterol
[no description available]		4.44803beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		4.18160antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		16.514348retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.51390icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.2110butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
prostaglandin h2
Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.		1.9610olefinic compound;
oxylipin;
prostaglandins H;
secondary alcohol		mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.110farnesolplant metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		1.9810deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		1.98103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.6690resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		10.9383retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.		2.06101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.5583octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		13.51519macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		210farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		1.9910ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.5920dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		6.9943icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
sr 12813
SR 12813: structure given in first source. SR12813 : An organic phosphonate that is the tetraethyl ester of [2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid).		2.1310organic phosphonate;
phenols		pregnane X receptor agonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		5150butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		7.991012-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		4.131alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.5840
lycopene
[no description available]		210acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.8530epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.4360macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		210geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		2.13103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
t0901317
T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist		2.4720
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0510aromatic amide
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.940prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.940olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		5.1440epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		6.99380retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.7130N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.3920phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		2.6830aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
sulfolithocholic acid
sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. lithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.		2.1310steroid sulfate
decitabine
[no description available]		5.221502'-deoxyribonucleoside
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		2.3920
teniposide
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
kt 5720
KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.4920carboxylic ester;
gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.0210cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		8.8910actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.41201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		1.9610tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.5270L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		4.0631pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		3.4270amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		10.8107nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.7330C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
glabrene
glabrene: structure in first source		2.4220isoflavonoid
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.8630flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		6.27111one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		3.0810organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		10.784382-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
cabreuvin
cabreuvin: structure in first source		2.0310methoxyisoflavone
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4420triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		4.921diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		5.2490
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		3.2660isomethyleugenol
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source		2.0210acetate ester
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.5580stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.2510flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose
[no description available]		2.1710
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.420olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		4.250vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		1.9610diphosphate ion
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0110benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.9830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4320penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		1.9910
tram 34
TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source		2.0210organochlorine compound
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
erb 041
ERB 041: an estrogen receptor beta agonist; structure in first source		2.1710
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		4.8542oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.7230purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.570pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.2760
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.0640ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.2550aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		3.110
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		1.9910caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		1.9710diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.8430N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.8630zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.52151aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		2.1110thiazolidinone
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.8430diarylmethane
2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-amino-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione
2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-amino-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0210
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.52701,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0810diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		4.0540capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		4.1750
terbinafine
[no description available]		5.6251acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.520monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0110
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.21502-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		7.99142cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.8930thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.8230dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.2550cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.8530
tamoxifen
[no description available]		9.09331stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
nadp
[no description available]		2.9240
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.8530pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source		2.0710
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.0810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.432017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.0840
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.6120tropane alkaloid
methallibure
Methallibure: A dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity.		1.9610
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8630aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.1650aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		1.9710
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.7661alkali metal atom
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.8230cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.830amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.4720steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.8730beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		3.6120cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified glucuronide locant		2.0810steroid ester
mdl 72527
MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor		1.9710
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.0110
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		1.9910
n(6)-benzoyl-cyclic amp
[no description available]		1.9910
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		2.6830amino alcohol
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
sr 144528
SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).		2.4120bridged compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		CB2 receptor antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		3.67100
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.3110
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		1.9610L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		6.03250
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.1310aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		5.3572organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
lithium acetate
lithium acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and lithium ions.		2.1310acetate salt;
organic lithium salt
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		3.0610
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9910
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.6120triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		11.7873long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		1.9810
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.4120alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0610organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.08402-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		4.370
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.1510carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		1.9810
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen		3.5111
geranylgeranic acid
geranylgeranic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid : A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
diterpenoid;
methyl-branched fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		10.75200sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		3.02407-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.2841biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		11.32011prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.6190monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.06104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin
[no description available]		2.03104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		2.420fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.		2.03104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antioxidant;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.9140octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		8.12321
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		5.65102carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		3.77110dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		3.3911all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		1.9910fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		2.4120acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin e2
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2 : The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2.		2.6530prostaglandins E
alprostadil
[no description available]		3.87120prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		20.6138840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		22.8875185D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		2.4110dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).		2.420prostaglandins Jhuman metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		3.840prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.0110linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin e3
prostaglandin E3: Structure		2.1110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		1.9910harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		6.572607-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.2450antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.7330oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		6.9612211beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8730
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8730dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.1140aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
previtamin d(3)
previtamin D3 : A hydroxy seco-steroid which is an intermediate in the production of vitamin D3 in human skin.		5.7560D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.8730carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.87302-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		17.0114217hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins
Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.		2.0410carotenolantioxidant;
biomarker;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.1510carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
geranylgeraniol
(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		1.9810geranylgeraniol
mezerein
mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure		1.9910diterpenoid
esculetin
esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.		210hydroxycoumarinantioxidant;
plant metabolite;
ultraviolet filter
baicalein
[no description available]		2.0310trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		3.8721dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
galangin
5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
trihydroxyflavone		antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
tamarixetin
tamarixetin: isolated from Costsus spicatus. tamarixetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae.		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.1310dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.96407-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		2.110diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
orobol
orobol: from Aspergillus niger or Streptomyces neyagawaensis; potent inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol kinase. orobol : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones which consists of isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesanti-inflammatory agent;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
wighteone
wighteone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and a prenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Ficus mucuso.		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantifungal agent;
plant metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
syringetin
[no description available]		2.13103',5'-dimethoxyflavone;
3'-methoxyflavones;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
dimethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.0210endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		2.0110epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
tocoretinate
tocoretinate: a hybrid compound composed of alpha-tocopherol esterified with retinoic acid; RN refers to (2R*(4R*,8R*)-(+-))-isomer		1.9910tocol
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: long lasting analog of calcitriol; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		10.23425
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.4720amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.110F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.02102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
n,n-dimethylsphingenine
N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.3220aminodiol;
sphingoid;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		6.84112menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		6.97131enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		9.17225retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.7330
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.8430prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.5820N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin d2
13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin D2: PGD2 metabolite; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha)-isomer		1.9610prostaglandins Dmetabolite
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.4880thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		210HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.03101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		7.61173
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		10.0290sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ceramide 1-phosphate
ceramide 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid consisting of any ceramide phosphorylated at position 1. N-octadecanoylsphingosine 1-phosphate : A ceramide 1-phosphate that is the N-octadecananoyl (stearoyl) derivative of sphingosine.		2.0710N-acylsphingosine 1-phosphate
1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3: vitamin D3 metabolite in chick intestinal mucosa homogenate		3.0650hydroxycalciol;
oxocalciol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite
24-hydroxyvitamin d3
24-hydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,24R)-isomer		2.6830
calcifediol
[no description available]		3.72100D3 vitamins;
diol;
hydroxycalciol		bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
hyodeoxycholic acid
hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.13105beta-cholanic acids;
6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-ketolithocholic acid
3-ketolithocholic acid: structure in first source		2.4420oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
codeine
[no description available]		3.8530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.8730homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.7530antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		11.66443acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4620sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		5.2231piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.0840pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.5620carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.0840morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		5.0121organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.8630morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		6.6663phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.4420organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		12.11142antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		5.7961cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		4.1831menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4220macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		19.451774
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		3.5220monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
kh 1060
KH 1060: structure given in first source; a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog		14.62784
calcipotriene
[no description available]		4.2750cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.8530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.420benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		14.47632611beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.8230heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		3.591111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		8.6820medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.934011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2.69301,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		5.9550organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		7.86102corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		4.3422cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4520isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		5.81001-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.0850cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.8430organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.6120phenylalanine derivative
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.3920
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.8530acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
ro 41-5253
Ro 41-5253: a synthetic retinoid with antiviral activity; a selective RAR alpha antagonist; structure given in first source. Ro 41-5253 : A thiochromane that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyran S,S-dioxide in which the hydrogens at position 4 are both replaced by methyl groups, the hydrogens at position 7 is replaced by a heptyloxy group, while the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a 1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl group, the phenyl group of which is substituted at the para position by a carboxy group. It is a selective antagonist for retinoic acid receptor alpha.		1.9910aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
sulfone;
thiochromane		apoptosis inducer;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		210piperazines
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
trienoic fatty acid		metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0710phosphatidylcholine(1+)
casticin
casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.		2.0810dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
andrographolide
[no description available]		2.0710carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
3'-o-methylorobol
3'-O-methylorobol: isolated from Eclipta prostrata; has stimulatory effect on mouse osteoblast differentiation; structure in first source. 3'-O-methylorobol : A hydroxyisoflavone that is orobol in which the hydroxy group at position 3' has been replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from Crotalaria lachnophora.		2.0310hydroxyisoflavone;
methoxyisoflavone		plant metabolite
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.0640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		7.6930
ag-490
[no description available]		3.110catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.4820olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.8930monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.8840guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		10.82221carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9910
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.2550dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.4720ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		3.7921conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.4980alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.6730alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		10.6741boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		7.53266alkaline earth metal atom
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		1.9710boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4920metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.2110boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.0640cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.59206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		2.3820beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		5.7261boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0740morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.0840dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.5620benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.2650azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		5.1650dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		4.3660chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.0410
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.5820styrenes
costunolide
[no description available]		2.0110
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		1.9910alkatrienefluorochrome
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		5.7961dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
cotylenin a
cotylenin A: induces differentiation in murine and human myeloid leukemia cells; structure in first source		2.4220
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		1.971014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		7.3851butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.72100cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.4110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		23.2986179monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		1.9710boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.8730dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.110sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.56203-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.06401,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.8430cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.460dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.3820
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
alpinumisoflavone
alpinumisoflavone: extract from twigs of poisonous British plant		2.0310isoflavanonesmetabolite
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
n-acetylsphingosine
N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.		2.6930N-acylsphingosine
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.4120triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0210dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.08401,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
25-hydroxyvitamin d 2
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.		15.8812014hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.85301,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
5-hydroxythalidomide
5-hydroxythalidomide: do not confuse with 5'-hydroxythalidomide		2.0210phthalimides
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9610ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		2.0810
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporin
monorden
monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II		1.9810cyclic ketone;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antifungal agent;
metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
mastoparan
[no description available]		1.9910mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.940chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		6.97132
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		1.9710
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
maxacalcitol
maxacalcitol: structure given in first source		16.7725734organic molecular entity
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0310maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		210amidobenzoic acid
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
quaternium-15
quaternium-15 : A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.		1.9910
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		1.9710
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		18.5849814
cbs 211 a
CBS 211 A: synthetic retinoic acid analog		1.9810
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		210cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		2.89401,2-diglyceride
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		5.41230
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer		1.9610
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0610phosphatidylethanolamine
bm 15766
BM 15766: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase antagonist		2.7230
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3-26,23-lactone
[no description available]		7.16291vitamin D
1,25(oh)2-16-ene-23-yne-d3
Ro 23-7553: very potent in inhibiting proliferation & inducing differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vitro		5.68310
calcifediol lactone
calcifediol lactone: vitamin D3 metabolite; competes actively for vitamin D binding protein in ligand assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		3.84120
24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		4.05150
19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin d3
19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3: metabolite of calcifediol; RN given refers to (5(E))-isomer; RN & structure from first source; RN not in Chemline 10/83		1.9610
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin D3: structure given in first source		4.2970
st 232
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E,23S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.680
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor		2.03103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
26-hydroxycholecalciferol
26-hydroxycholecalciferol: RN given refers to (25R)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Cheline 8/9/83		1.9610
everolimus
[no description available]		3.8730cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
24-hydroxyvitamin d2
24-hydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E,24xi)-isomer		2.420vitamin D
mkt 077
MKT 077: structure given in first source		2.4110
ixabepilone
[no description available]		4.91401,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ms 430
MS 430: a neurotrophic pyrimidine derivative; structure given in first source		210
1-hydroxyprevitamin d3
1-hydroxyprevitamin D3: precursor of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,6Z)-isomer		3.7621
cdw17 antigen
[no description available]		1.9810
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.0310galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		1.9610
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
cyclosporin g
cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217		2.6730
cyclosporin h
cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val		1.9810
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		2.0210organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.1310benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4520carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.5620cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.5720ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.8130
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.1710aromatic ketone
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.3920nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.460imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin
[no description available]		210lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
hoe 777
[no description available]		4.8821corticosteroid hormone
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
androstane
androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		7.0210steroid fundamental parent
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		2.6830nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		4.55250cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.5620
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4720roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inecalcitol
[no description available]		5.71100
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.8630(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.5920diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		5.47250ammonium ion derivative
loa
lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source		2.5920
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		2.021014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 : A hydroxycalciol that is vitamin D2 bearing additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1alpha and 25.		11.45575hydroxycalciol;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
nutraceutical
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2: metabolite of vitamin D2; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer		6.07111
calcitroic acid
calcitroic acid: structure. calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.75160hydroxycalciol
1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin d3
1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,7E)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.76270
1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin d3
1,23,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: intestinal metabolite of calcitriol. 1alpha,23(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 : A hydroxycalciol that consists of vitamin D3 (calciol) bearing additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 23 and 25 (with 1alpha,23S-configuration). An intermediate in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3.		4.4670D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
hydroxycalciol;
tetrol		human metabolite
tei 9647
TEI 9647: a 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 antagonist; TEI-9647 is the (23S)-isomer, and TEI-9648 is the (23R)-isomer; structure in first source		7.12250vitamin D
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.3820phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		3.1110diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.5520biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		3.4811magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.57201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.5320
fosinopril
[no description available]		4.0640
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
(Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).		1.9910
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
zk 168281
ZK 168281: structure in first source		3.360vitamin D
jbp 485
JBP 485: has antihepatitis activity		2.0810
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		210
pd 0325901
mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).		2.4720difluorobenzene;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
organoiodine compound;
propane-1,2-diols;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
omacor
Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic		6.7733
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
zanoterone
[no description available]		1.9810steroid
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
agn 194204
AGN 194204: a retinoid X receptor ligand; structure in first source		2.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.4170aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bms453
BMS 189453: structure in first source. BMS-453 : A member of the class of dihydronaphthalenes that is 1,2-dihydronaphthalene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, 4, and 6 by methyl, methyl, phenyl, and 2-(p-carboxyphenyl)vinyl groups, respectively (the E isomer). It is a potent retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARbeta) agonist that acts as an antagonist against RARalpha and RARgamma.		2.0210benzoic acids;
dihydronaphthalenes;
stilbenoid		retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist;
retinoic acid receptor beta agonist;
retinoic acid receptor gamma antagonist;
teratogenic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		4.0240dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		3.2510aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
mepitiostane
mepitiostane: orally active anti-estrogenic steroid; RN refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure		1.9810organic molecular entity
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		3.0810
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		3.3110diterpenoid
tae226
TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source		2.0510morpholines
gw0742
GW 610742: structure in first source		2.1310monocarboxylic acid
zk159222
ZK159222: a 25-carboxylic ester analog of 1alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; structure in first source		4.39200vitamin D
s 5682
S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside		3.511
zeolites
[no description available]		4.4751
medrogestone
Medrogestone: 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.		3.3911corticosteroid hormone
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.1510xanthene dye
1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-16-ene-vitamin d3
[no description available]		2.9140vitamin D
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.0610
pp-33
[no description available]		2.0210
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
1-hydroxyvitamin d5
1-hydroxyvitamin D5: structure given in first source		2.420
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.1510aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
nps r-467
NPS R-467: calcimimetic compound; structure given in first source		710
erteberel
erteberel: an estrogen receptor beta agonist		2.3110
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.1510
le 135
LE 135: structure given in first source		2.0210dibenzodiazepine
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0410
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.4320
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.5920homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		3.150
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		6.1431alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		1.9810
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		3.1110
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
2-methylene-19-nor-(20s)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: structure in first source		8.26123
bxl628
BXL628: a calcitriol analog for Inhibition of prostate cell growth; in phase II clinical trial in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (4/2004)		13.93302
nutlin-3a
nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4720stilbenoid
apremilast
[no description available]		6.6772aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5720acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		2.110
2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1h-isoindole-1,3-dione
2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione: structure in first source		2.0210
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		11.63467
vitamin d3 sulfoconjugate
[no description available]		1.9610vitamin D
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		4.31121-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		6.21450benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.4110
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.2310
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		450
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		9.16397
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[no description available]		2.8530sesterterpene
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		10.331745
23,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: metabolite of vitamin D3 in chickens & rats; RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		2.8840
1,25-dihydroxy-previtamin d(3)
1,25-dihydroxy-previtamin D(3): RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,6Z)-isomer		3.3870
25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol
25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol: RN given refers to (3beta,5A,7E)-isomer		6.09240
16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione
[no description available]		1.9810
lasiodiplodin
lasiodiplodin: structure in first source		2.0310
derrone
derrone: from Retama raetam flowers; structure in first source		2.0310isoflavonoid
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
adenanthin
adenanthin: inhibits both peroxiredoxin I and II; isolated from Rabdosia adenantha; structure in first source		2.1310
sdz 33-243
SDZ 33-243: cpd is non-immunosuppressive		1.9710
lg190155
LG190155: structure in first source		2.7530
lg190178
[no description available]		3.3860
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.730organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toceranib phosphate
toceranib phosphate: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		3.4411
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4520
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.4820
calcitonin
[no description available]		11.41232
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		1.9910
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		1.9810
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		10.05160polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.1110
protein kinase inhibitor peptide
protein kinase inhibitor peptide: 18 amino acid residues given in first source; corresponds to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor		1.9910
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		3.3770
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		7.7972peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		3.3711
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		1.9710
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.0310
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
echistatin
echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis		2.420
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		4.7432
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.6290
transportan
transportan: a galparan (C107160) analog, useful as a carrier vector for hydrophilic molecule, therefore named transportan; amino acid sequence known		2.0110
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
ap 1903 reagent
AP 1903 reagent: a dimerizer drug		2.3110
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		10.63146
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		4.0440
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		3.91130glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		5.7661
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		5.191901,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9510
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		2.011021-hydroxy steroid
aluminum lactate
aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms		2.0210aluminium coordination entity;
lactate salt
gsk690693
[no description available]		2.05101,2,5-oxadiazole;
acetylenic compound;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
imidazopyridine;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.3920organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		3.3220
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
s-nitrosopenicillamine
S-nitrosopenicillamine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase		1.9910
astacin
astacin: a zinc-endopeptidase from the crayfish Astacus astacus & Hydra vulgaris; releases nitroaniline from succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-alanyl-4-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-pNA); acts on peptides containing 5 or more amino acids, preferably with ALA in P1' and Pro in P2'. astacene : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing four oxo substituents at positions 2, 2', 4 and 4'.		1.9810carotenone
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		12.0491
2(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethyl-2-pyridioethyl phosphate
2(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethyl-2-pyridioethyl phosphate: structure given in first source		1.9610
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		210organic lithium saltfluorochrome
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.5220
scalaradial
scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9910acetate ester;
carbotetracyclic compound;
dialdehyde;
enal;
scalarane sesterterpenoid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
TRP channel blocker
chitosan
[no description available]		2.5220
delta4-dafachronic acid
delta4-dafachronic acid: structure in first source. Delta(4)-dafachronic acid : A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-en-26-oic acid which is substituted at position 3 by an oxo group.		2.17103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C27-steroid;
dafachronic acids
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		3.5380
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		1.9710
kx-01
[no description available]		3.5110
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0840organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		210
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		6.415503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		2.110
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		3.511bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		1.9710
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.3720
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		1.9710organic molecular entity
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.3920
gdc 0449
HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity		2.5420benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist;
teratogenic agent
carcinomedin
carcinomedin: ketone derivative of vitamin D3 from serum of cancer patients		2.8840vitamin D
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		7.8342C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.3920BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.5820
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		3.5830
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		4.0820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
nafarelin
Nafarelin: A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS.. nafarelin : An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women.		4.0631oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
incb-018424
[no description available]		5.1531nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.0710tartrate salt
mannans
[no description available]		1.9710
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.3820L-alpha-amino acid anion
glycolipids
[no description available]		4.01140
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.1510
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.6930
resolvin d1
resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).		3.8720hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
resolvin;
triol		anti-inflammatory agent
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		3.2460
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		1.9710
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		12.02646
uvi 3003
UVI 3003: structure in first source		2.1310
int-777
[no description available]		2.1310
calcipotriene
calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.		25.41,048325hydrateantipsoriatic
azd4547
[no description available]		7.4110benzamides;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyrazoles		fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea
infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.		2.0810aminopyrimidine;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phenylureas		antineoplastic agent;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		6.9810
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		6.2171polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.6830
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source		2.3110
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		2.4120
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		8.14321ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4520carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.91110
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.7330
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.8530
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.2690
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		7.7273monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		5.7761benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.730aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0810benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.75160benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
teriflunomide
[no description available]		3.110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-deazauridine
3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.		3.0610N-glycosyl compound
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.6120
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		15.25701
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.0210
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		12.792292
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		5.4880
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		8.86120ketal
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		2.420
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9710
ro 24-5531
[no description available]		4.790
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		4.05140
1,25(oh)2-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-d3
1,25(OH)2-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-D3: a vitamin D analog; Ro 26-2198 is the (23Z)-isomer		2.7130
lysophosphatidylinositol
[no description available]		2.8940
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		4.8100
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
teferrol
[no description available]		4.3511
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.6630
g(m3) ganglioside
G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).		2.3720alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide;
sialodiosylceramide;
sialotriaosylceramide		mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		210
fsl-1 lipoprotein, synthetic
FSL-1 lipoprotein, synthetic: a synthetic lipoprotein based on the 44-kDa lipoprotein from Mycoplasma salivarium		2.0710
lewis x antigen
Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.		2.6730
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis		12.746610
24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin d3
[no description available]		3.2160
calpastatin
calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).		3.8221polypeptideEC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		3.0910
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.0310
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.0610
diospyros
Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.		2.0510
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		3.6890
nargenicin a1
nargenicin A1: from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta; structure given in first source		2.0510
nor 4
NOR 4: a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing agent		2.0310
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		6.74131
oblimersen
oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions		3.5420
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		4.81100
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		13.5211716
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		340
triciribine
triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.		2.0510
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.6630
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.4620
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9810
protopanaxadiol
protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		7.5220
n-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan
N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan: structure in first source		2.0510
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		2.420
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		3.6330
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.87110
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.1310
lutetium lu 177 dotatate
177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist		2.1510
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.730
imuvert
ImuVert: labile preparation of natural membrane vesicles associated with RIBOSOMES which is derived from ther bacteria Serratia marcescens and used for ALOPECIA		3.1310
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		5.8642
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		3.6120
protopanaxatriol
protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.110
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		3.7921
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.74502-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		4.31415-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		6.661713',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		3.8730purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9910guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3820guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		3.1810guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		1.9910nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		13.45132folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.9440
viomycin
[no description available]		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.940nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin
[no description available]		3.320
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.19160cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.460benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.0840dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.2650purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.24502-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.5620L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.2550benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.44202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		1.9910triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4720N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.5720imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.82100nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.5920formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		3.0650nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		1.9910nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8630(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.0840
way 200070
WAY 200070: a neuroprotective agent; structure in first source		2.1710
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.5220
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.3720nitroso compoundalkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		5.7151guanosinesbiomarker
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		1.9710
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		2.3920
8-nitroguanosine
8-nitroguanosine: structure in first source. 8-nitroguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a nitro group.		3.1810nitroguanosine
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		3.2960
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		1.9610
eye
[no description available]		3.1150
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		210oligosaccharide
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		6.0321
abaloparatide
abaloparatide: synthetic analog of human PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein)		3.0120
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		9.28190
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		3.69100
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9810
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		4140
1,24-dihydroxyvitamin d2
1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D2: LR-103 has antineoplastic activity; RN & structure in first source		3.2560
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin d3
1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: RN given refers to (3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer		6.21270
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.65181
20-hydroxyvitamin d3
[no description available]		3.2150
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		1.9910
cholylsarcosine
cholylsarcosine: structure given in first source; resistant to deconjugation & dehydroxylation		2.0310
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Rachitis
[description not available]		015.763122
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		08.931500
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		08.931500
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		010.33981
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		010.33981
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		010.212470
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		010.212470
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		024.93838323
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		129.691,676646
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		023.5178147
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		023.5178147
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		024.751,08079
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		024.751,08079
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		017.713168
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		122.4463216
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		011.52712
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		011.52712
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.96111
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.96111
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		07.08430
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.470
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.9691
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.9691
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		016.8410833
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		016.8410833
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		020.925621
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		122.925621
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		013.081122
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		013.081122
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.4520
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.4520
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		022.2348171
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		124.2348171
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[description not available]		015.479710
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.		117.479710
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.7330
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.7330
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		020.2131448
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		122.2131448
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		03.6930
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		03.6930
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.921
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		03.921
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.68250
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		06.9251
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		06.9251
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		05.5661
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		05.5661
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		010.25126
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		112.25126
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		015.951666
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		07.85220
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		015.951666
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		07.85220
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		09.17990
Asymptomatic Multiple Myeloma
[description not available]		02.3110
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
An asymptomatic and slow-growing PLASMA CELL dyscrasia characterized by presence of MYELOMA PROTEINS and clonal bone marrow plasma cells without end-organ damage (e.g., renal impairment). It is distinguished from MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE by a much higher risk of progression to symptomatic MULTIPLE MYELOMA.		02.3110
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		09.17990
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		017.519212
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		05.7861
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		017.344063
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		05.7861
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		05.77120
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		011.671261
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		011.671261
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.1550
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		015.752655
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.1550
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		011.94656
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		011.94656
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		04.3740
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		04.3740
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		011.96474
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		011.96474
Pericementitis
[description not available]		04.99130
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		04.99130
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		09.75161
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		013.135019
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		018.0513221
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		011.27523
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.0750
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		04.0750
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9240
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		05.9990
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		05.9990
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		03.790
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		03.790
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		012.39631
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		02.2110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.4270
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		019.6248719
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		02.2110
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		07.02111
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		08.32242
Emesis
[description not available]		02.6320
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.4920
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		110.32242
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.2131
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.6320
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.4920
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		04.0950
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		04.0950
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.5851
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		012.07359
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		114.07359
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		013.684810
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		013.684810
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		017.9314830
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		022.32597109
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		019.4427229
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		022.32597109
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		121.4427229
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		017.9314830
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		07.13830
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		03.0640
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		03.3320
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		03.3320
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		018.9222723
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		120.9222723
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		014.071244
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.8430
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.2510
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		019.071244
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.8430
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.2510
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		015.39788
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		09.8325
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		09.65418
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		09.18361
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		09.65418
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		09.18361
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		09.8325
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		06.75122
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		04.3270
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		03.1710
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		06.75122
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		03.1710
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		05.9440
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		04.0810
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		05.9440
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		05.9440
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		010.671003
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		010.671003
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.6320
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		08.69310
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		05.5150
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		03.71100
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		08.69310
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		05.5150
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		011.31456
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.82370
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		011.31456
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		010.08182
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		015.08182
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.4620
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		016.549825
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		016.549825
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		07.24210
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		07.24210
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		010.34402
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		112.34402
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		04.7761
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		017.31398
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		06.92161
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		06.92161
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		022.8870095
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		124.8870095
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		09.27311
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		016.969621
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		016.969621
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.1710
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.1710
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.9270
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.1710
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.8430
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.8430
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.1710
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		021.462749
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		014.9311813
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		116.9311813
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		04.2460
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		012.59418
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.4320
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.4320
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		05.43141
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		05.43141
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.8630
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		015.778914
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.7130
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		010.73481
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.7130
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		015.73481
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		07.9350
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		015.6210110
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		014.21849
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		07.9350
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		117.6210110
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		016.6815616
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		016.6815616
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		05.83150
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		17.83150
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		04.5790
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		05.7370
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		016.2427716
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		05.85140
Granulomas
[description not available]		06.42230
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		04.4180
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		05.85140
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		011.42230
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
[description not available]		05.11140
Enthesopathy
A disorder occurring at the site of insertion of TENDONS or LIGAMENTS into bones or JOINT CAPSULES.		03.0130
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.		17.11140
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		012.9271
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		09.64352
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		07.9271
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		09.64352
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		012.87522
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		012.87522
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		010.95253
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		014.834622
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		012.062220
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		014.834622
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.9640
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		07.99470
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.9640
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.825210
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		019.1130028
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		121.0433332
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		115.825210
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5820
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.5820
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.5820
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		07.64331
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		07.64331
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.91220
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		015.712188
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		015.712188
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		06.85141
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		06.85141
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		013.81968
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		013.81968
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.16160
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		013.464411
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		05.6192
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		05.6192
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		06.16160
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.47441
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		09.47441
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.7130
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.7130
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.0810
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		04.6560
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		04.6560
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		07.35180
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		05.58100
Lassitude
[description not available]		06.4582
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		015.49242
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		06.4582
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		010.49242
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		05.58100
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0810
Recrudescence
[description not available]		012.345915
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		011.02873
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		011.02873
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		07.32101
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.110
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.110
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		012.37620
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.51150
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		012.37620
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.51150
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.4420
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		06.57130
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		016.292165
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		016.292165
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		017.5211533
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		017.5211533
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.0810
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.520
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.520
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		019.8621941
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		014.7392
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		014.7392
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		019.8621941
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.7430
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.520
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.110
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.7430
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.520
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		013.174511
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		013.174511
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.8881
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		05.8881
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		08.63392
Milk Fever, Animal
[description not available]		07.39271
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		011.64842
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		011.64842
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		04.9880
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		015.48304
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.0110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		010.51453
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		08.76141
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		08.76141
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		017.511828
Diathesis
[description not available]		010.6370
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		04.550
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		04.550
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		04.1860
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		04.1860
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.110
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.110
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.7130
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		011.3381
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.7130
Caffey Disease
[description not available]		04.2330
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		011.26534
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.7371
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		011.26534
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.7371
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.520
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		013.94192
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.3782
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		010.34282
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		010.34282
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		08.94192
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		07.3782
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.520
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.4220
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.4220
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		011.3545
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		011.3545
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.72235
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		03.3520
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		03.8240
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.4220
Shingles
[description not available]		02.110
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		06.3551
Amentia
[description not available]		05.4680
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		05.4680
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		08.39184
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		08.39184
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		010.16273
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		010.16273
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.7530
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.9540
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		016.43603
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		011.43603
Erythroderma, Sezary
[description not available]		02.1110
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		02.6930
Sezary Syndrome
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).		02.1110
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		05.9691
Berger Disease
[description not available]		09.59106
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		09.59106
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		06.65120
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		06.65120
Disomy, Uniparental
[description not available]		02.1110
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		010.62328
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		010.62328
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		04.4141
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.511
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		05.661
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		05.6161
Varices
[description not available]		03.511
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		05.661
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		05.6161
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		03.511
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		09.4141
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.1110
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		07.16192
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.4980
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		012.01373
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		05.5160
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.1350
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.7430
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3270
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.1110
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		03.8840
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.5120
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		05.76140
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.1110
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.1110
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		02.6830
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		05.5160
Castleman Disease
Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.		02.1110
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		09.1350
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.1110
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.5120
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy without Multiple Hormone Resistance
[description not available]		03.3920
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		06.12111
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		08.48322
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		06.12111
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.7130
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		08.184
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.93110
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		013.184
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		08.93110
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		010.76209
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		010.76209
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		04.6100
Koehler Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		03.0610
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.0610
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.62576
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.4470
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.4470
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		010.77461
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		09.02294
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		111.02294
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		08.98151
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		013.98151
Leanness
[description not available]		03.9140
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.921
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.3360
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		014.729423
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.921
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.3360
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		014.729423
Metastase
[description not available]		08.62251
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		08.62251
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.1310
Colonic Diverticulosis
[description not available]		02.1310
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency
[description not available]		03.0610
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		04.1130
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		04.1130
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.		03.0610
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		06.32160
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		06.32160
E coli Infections
[description not available]		03.3160
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		03.3160
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		020.7810224
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.67201
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		011.67201
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		08.14100
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		08.14100
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		02.420
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		05.5690
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		010.5690
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.7330
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.7330
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		03.0850
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		03.87120
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		04.07150
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		03.87120
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		04.07150
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		04.9480
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		04.6732
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		04.6732
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		010.22372
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		010.22372
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		018.1717966
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		120.1717966
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		011.11454
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		113.11454
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		06.4761
Aura
[description not available]		06.99162
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		06.99162
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.9440
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.9440
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		08.95640
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		07.83191
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		09.92111
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		09.92111
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.44151
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.44151
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		09.79314
MODS
[description not available]		03.7330
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.7330
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.49100
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		05.49100
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.7530
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		08.1172
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		08.1172
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		07.87210
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		07.8791
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		07.8791
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		03.0850
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		010.4203
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		05.2941
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		05.2941
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		09.3741
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.3741
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		011.36479
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		013.183827
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		016.36479
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		013.183827
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		07.37101
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		07.37101
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		02.0710
Tooth Resorption
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)		02.0710
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		04.7570
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		04.7721
Infection
[description not available]		06.2251
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		06.2251
Cancer of Jaw
[description not available]		03.3220
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0850
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		03.0850
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		04.8240
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		04.8240
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		02.4220
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.0710
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		02.4220
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		03.420
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		03.420
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		06.25150
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		06.25150
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		06.66200
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		07.544
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		07.544
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.0710
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.0710
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		03.8440
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.8340
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		03.8440
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.01162
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		07.01162
Johne Disease
[description not available]		02.9240
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.6930
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.0810
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.59191
BOOP
[description not available]		02.0810
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.0810
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		06.59191
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		07.9283
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		06.76410
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		113.76410
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.4220
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.97150
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		09.79119
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.97150
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		09.79119
Apoplexy
[description not available]		05.4472
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		05.4472
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		02.4120
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		010.94633
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.89120
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.89120
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.9340
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		08.22104
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		08.13210
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		08.13210
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2940
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		07.8940
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.8510
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.8510
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6760
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		04.6760
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		03.0950
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		03.0950
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		03.8840
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.0210
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.0210
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		06.3140
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		06.3140
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		06.02103
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		05.5561
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		07.95221
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		05.5561
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		07.95221
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		03.8820
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		010.56252
Neoplasms, Skull Base
[description not available]		02.0310
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		09.54186
Mesenchymoma
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		04.5490
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		04.9681
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		04.9681
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		08.85341
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		08.85341
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		04.3241
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.9240
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.68100
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		016.5325022
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.8840
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.730
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.730
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		05.83140
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		03.5930
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		03.5930
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		012.5594
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		07.5594
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.590
AIDS Wasting Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.590
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).		01.9910
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.48230
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		09.48230
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		03.3120
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.9640
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		07.9640
Bartonella henselae Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Cat-Scratch Disease
A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.		01.9910
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		05.8381
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		05.8381
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.2260
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.2260
Cerebral Cholesterinosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous
An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder due to mutation of the gene CYP27A1 encoding a CHOLESTANETRIOL 26-MONOOXYGENASE. It is characterized by large deposits of CHOLESTEROL and CHOLESTANOL in various tissues resulting in xanthomatous swelling of tendons, early CATARACT, and progressive neurological symptoms.		01.9910
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.6930
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.9140
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		04.0831
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.9140
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		04.0831
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1150
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.1150
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.6830
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		0450
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.3820
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.3820
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.8181
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.150
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		04.6461
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		16.6461
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		03.8240
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		03.0850
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		0210
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.6261
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.		06.99220
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.56160
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.72100
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.56160
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.72100
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.3110
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.6120
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.6620
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.8740
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.6120
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.6620
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.8740
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.4620
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.4620
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.8740
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.3110
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.6390
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.9681
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		03.2860
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.7330
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		04.9681
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		03.2860
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.6390
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.4520
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.4520
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		010.08269
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		010.08269
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.3110
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		07.32114
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.6930
Post-partum Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.3110
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.6930
Ache
[description not available]		010.04197
Itching
[description not available]		010.912617
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		03.711
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		010.04197
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		010.912617
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		03.711
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		014.983730
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		013.134827
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		014.983730
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		08.45179
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		03.711
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		03.711
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		08.5580
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.9130
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		03.811
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.0930
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		05.0930
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.9340
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.73100
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.73100
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.9340
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		07.6620
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.08120
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		04.08120
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.9140
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.6920
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.9140
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.6920
Verruca
[description not available]		05.4851
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		010.4851
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		04.5150
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		04.5150
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		07.6120
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.6120
Dermatoses
[description not available]		09.51351
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		09.51351
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		04.0250
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.6490
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		04.71100
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.6490
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		04.0220
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		04.0220
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		05.07101
Fractures, Avulsion
Tearing away of the CORTICAL BONE fragment at the location of a strong ligament or tendon attachment. The bone fragment detachment site often occurs near a soft site (e.g., GROWTH PLATE) at the base where LIGAMENTS; TENDONS; or JOINT CAPSULES attach. In younger patients it is most often caused by a sudden forceful pull on a tendon in the opposite direction of the bone movement. In the elderly it is associated with osteoporotic INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES.		03.811
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		05.07101
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		07.4420
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		05.871
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		05.871
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		010.921913
Acne
[description not available]		06.6571
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		06.6571
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.7330
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.4110
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.4110
Benign Chronic Pemphigus
[description not available]		0340
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.21330
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		07.16151
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		06.21210
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.4110
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.8130
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.8130
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.4420
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.4420
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		010.8120
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		05.33170
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		05.33170
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.5240
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		03.5240
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.5240
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4270
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		03.4270
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.7620
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		07.7620
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.610
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.610
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		02.610
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		07.610
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		05.2641
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		05.2641
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		02.610
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		05.15100
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		05.15100
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.4420
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.4420
Presbycusis
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.		02.5520
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.35140
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.35140
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.6120
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.3170
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.3170
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		011.1326
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		118.1326
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		05.0260
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.4370
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.4370
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		02.2110
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.8130
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		02.8130
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.9540
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		08.76163
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		08.76163
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.23371
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		07.23371
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		03.8340
Bleb
[description not available]		03.8421
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.5320
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.7230
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.5320
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.7230
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.4520
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		06.0661
Genetic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		03.420
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.5820
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.2110
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.2110
Fox-Fordyce Disease
Chronic pruritic disease, usually in women, characterized by small follicular papular eruptions in APOCRINE GLANDS areas. It is caused by obstruction and rupture of intraepidermal apocrine ducts.		02.2510
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.2460
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.2110
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		05.8273
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		05.8273
Molluscum Contagiosum
A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		03.2650
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		09.93482
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		09.93482
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		07.69104
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		07.69104
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.9740
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.2510
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		04.3841
Angiofibroma
A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.0421
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		04.0421
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		04.3841
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Lichen Sclerosis
[description not available]		09.3441
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.		04.3441
Grippe
[description not available]		02.2510
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.2510
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.4420
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		02.4120
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		06.2180
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.4420
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		02.4120
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		05.6890
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		05.6890
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		03.830
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.830
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		07.95110
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.95110
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		06.6181
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.6620
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.6620
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		05.0760
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		05.0760
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		03.3820
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).		02.2510
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		03.3460
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		03.3460
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		03.4170
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.7430
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.7430
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.7830
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.8130
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.5520
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.1710
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		03.1710
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.1710
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.8330
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.8330
Acantholysis
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.		02.9740
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		07.28212
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		07.28212
Xeroderma
[description not available]		06.2472
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		06.2472
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.2510
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.4120
Dry Eye
[description not available]		07.9430
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.9430
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.5320
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.5320
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		06.63121
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		06.63121
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.2510
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		03.1710
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		03.1710
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		04.1860
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		04.620
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		04.620
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		07.1123
Autism
[description not available]		06.2470
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		06.2470
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		03.2310
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		08.2310
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.9421
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.9421
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.7430
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.7430
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.9540
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		02.9540
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		03.2310
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		02.3110
Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7830
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		05.99101
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		05.99101
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.3110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		0421
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		0421
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		05.7942
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		06.5252
Benign Symmetrical Lipomatosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Hand Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.		02.3110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.9940
Infections, Picornaviridae
[description not available]		02.6620
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.441
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.441
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		08.6330
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7230
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.7230
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.1150
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.8330
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.8330
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.5920
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.1550
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		02.7530
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1550
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)		02.3110
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		07.28132
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		07.28132
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.3110
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3110
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		06.2570
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		07.02110
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		07.02110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1510
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		03.9121
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		03.9121
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		04.551
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		04.551
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.4820
Mammary Paget Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4270
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		03.821
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.1510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		03.420
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		03.420
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		07.19420
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		19.19420
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.5720
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic
A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.		02.5720
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		02.1510
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.5110
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		06.67211
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		06.67211
Carditis
[description not available]		02.7930
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.7930
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.4420
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.4670
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.7730
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.7730
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa
[description not available]		02.1710
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.		07.1710
Amyloidosis, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1510
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.1510
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		03.8321
Amyloidosis, Familial
Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.		02.1510
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion
A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.		02.1510
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.2110
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		05.4951
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		05.4951
Cervicitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Uterine Cervicitis
Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.1710
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.1510
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		02.1510
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		02.1710
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4720
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.7821
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.7821
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.5920
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		07.5920
Hives
[description not available]		02.4520
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.4520
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		08.79242
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		08.79242
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		03.7130
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		08.7130
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.5220
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4420
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.4420
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.4920
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.4920
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		06.6671
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		18.6671
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.0910
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.0950
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		03.940
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		03.940
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		16.0950
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		02.7230
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.1510
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5520
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		02.5520
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4950
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		04.4950
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.3660
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1710
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.1710
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		02.1710
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		02.1710
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.6630
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.1710
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.730
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
[description not available]		02.1710
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		03.730
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.1710
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.1710
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.1710
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		03.4420
Ascites, Chylous
[description not available]		03.0910
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0910
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse
[description not available]		03.0910
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		06.05152
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		06.05152
Fibroid
[description not available]		05.22110
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		05.22110
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		03.5120
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		03.5120
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.1431
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.5420
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.1431
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.5420
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.7621
Tuberculosis, Bovine
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.		02.9440
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		05.9831
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		05.9831
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.2110
Parakeratosis
Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.5351
Sweat Gland Diseases
Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.4820
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.2110
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.4820
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		05.36220
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		05.36220
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland
[description not available]		02.4220
Eccrine Porocarcinoma
A rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands. It most often develops as a form of degenerative progression from a benign ECCRINE POROMA.		02.2110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.5720
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Paget Disease, Extramammary
A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)		02.2110
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.5820
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.5911
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		04.3541
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		04.3541
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		03.5911
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		05.38140
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		05.38140
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		05.9852
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		05.9852
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.1660
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.7130
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.7130
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		08.1565
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		08.1565
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.1210
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		03.3620
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		03.1210
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		03.3620
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		07.8184
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		07.8184
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.4380
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.4380
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2110
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		09.83384
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		09.83384
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		04.3670
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0810
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		010.792417
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Nail Fungus
[description not available]		02.0810
Onychomycosis
A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.		02.0810
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.4620
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.4620
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		07.7141
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		012.7141
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		0310
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		0310
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		03.6230
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6230
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		04.150
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.0810
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		04.150
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.0810
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		03.150
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.0810
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		04.4830
Onycholysis
Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.		04.1731
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		06.9162
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.0810
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.0810
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.110
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.8620
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		03.0110
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		05.55100
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		03.0110
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		05.55100
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		03.8621
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		03.8621
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0810
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0810
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		03.420
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		03.420
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.520
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		14.520
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		03.4170
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		04.08150
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		09.08150
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.7421
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		04.7421
Choked Disk
[description not available]		02.4120
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4120
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.110
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.110
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		02.4120
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		02.4120
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.7230
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.7230
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		02.110
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		04.5251
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
[description not available]		04.260
Porokeratosis
A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.		04.260
Blood Clot
[description not available]		05.2441
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		010.2441
Abnormalities, Digestive System
[description not available]		03.9310
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0110
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.0110
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		03.0110
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		04.2560
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		04.2560
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.3920
Infections, Pasteurellaceae
[description not available]		02.110
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.3920
Rheumatism
[description not available]		05.2741
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		05.2741
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.9940
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.9940
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		04.4730
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		04.4730
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.8421
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		16.8421
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5120
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.110
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.5120
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.110
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.110
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		02.110
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		09.78109
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		09.78109
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.821
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.821
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.110
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.110
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6830
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.6830
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.110
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.110
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.		02.1110
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		04.3370
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		04.3370
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.7730
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7730
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3420
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.4220
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		03.1250
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Histiocytosis, Sinus
Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.		02.110
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		02.1110
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.420
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		07.1310
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.1310
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.2860
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.2860
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		03.3520
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.1110
Systemic Vasculitis
A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.		02.1110
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.1110
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		02.1110
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.2560
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		03.2560
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.1110
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.4420
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.4420
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3820
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.3820
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		02.1110
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.9221
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.8340
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.1310
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.1310
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.6930
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.6930
Dental Diseases
[description not available]		02.5220
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.4220
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.881
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		05.881
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.630
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		08.8540
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		03.8540
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.4420
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		05.1101
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.1110
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		08.72100
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		03.2760
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		03.2760
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.1310
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.1310
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3520
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.0410
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0410
Dent Disease
X-linked recessive NEPHROLITHIASIS characterized by HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; and PROTEINURIA. It is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-5 (Dent Disease I). Another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene.		03.0410
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.0410
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.1310
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.4320
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.1310
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		04.980
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		04.980
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.1310
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		03.1350
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4320
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		02.1510
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.1310
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.1310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.4620
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.1310
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		05.4931
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		05.4931
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		06.57102
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.1310
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.1310
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.1310
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1510
Genu Valga
[description not available]		02.1510
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		02.1510
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		02.6830
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.1510
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		04.3270
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.1310
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.1310
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.1310
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.1510
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1510
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.1510
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.9340
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.9340
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.1510
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.1510
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		03.0610
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		03.0610
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		03.0610
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.9610
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		02.0510
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.0510
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		05.2470
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		09.55194
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		09.55194
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		04.2320
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		04.2320
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0410
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.9140
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		02.0410
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		02.0410
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		08.15242
Nanism
[description not available]		02.9140
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.9140
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		06.3680
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.0510
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		02.7430
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		02.7430
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		03.2660
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		03.2660
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.4620
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.3820
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		03.3820
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4520
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		02.9610
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		02.9610
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)		02.4620
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		04.1230
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		04.1230
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		07.4580
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.1150
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.1150
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.0510
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		03.3320
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		03.3320
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0510
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.0510
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		03.4411
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.4411
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.4411
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		03.4311
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.8281
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.4320
Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis with Tylosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.4320
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		09.93422
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		04.8350
Deficiency, Hexosediphosphatase
[description not available]		02.4120
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0510
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0510
Epidermal Cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.		02.0510
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.0510
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		04.1131
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		04.1131
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		03.5930
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.0510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.39110
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.39110
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.9710
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.9710
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.4220
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.4320
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.4320
Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma
[description not available]		03.2960
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.3140
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		04.13160
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		02.0610
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Benign Mastocytoma
[description not available]		03.4411
Peritonitis, Tuberculous
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.		02.0510
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.6830
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.6830
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		02.9440
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.0610
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		05.0652
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		02.0610
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.730
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.730
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.9810
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.9810
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.0610
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0610
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		04.6361
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		02.420
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.8321
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.8321
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.4420
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		02.0610
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.0610
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.0610
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		05.8991
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0610
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0610
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0710
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.3620
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.4420
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		03.6430
Marasmus
[description not available]		02.0610
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		02.0610
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		05.0352
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.0710
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		02.0710
Osteoma
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.0610
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.6532
Granuloma Annulare
Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.		07.0710
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.0710
Pleurisy, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.940
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9910
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.9910
Bowen Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4520
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.0710
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.0710
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		04.130
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0710
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0710
Ape Diseases
Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.		02.0710
Infarct
[description not available]		02.0710
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		010.771
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		05.771
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms
Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.		02.0710
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		04.130
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		03.2760
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		03.2760
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.18233
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.4120
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.0710
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0710
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		07.0710
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.4620
Acanthoma
A neoplasm composed of squamous or epidermal cells.		02.0810
Chlamydiaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.		02.0810
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.0810
Fat Necrosis
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.		02.6930
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.0810
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		06.79342
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.0110
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.		04.2940
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		03.3911
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		03.3911
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		05.08170
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		05.08170
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.8121
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.3220
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.3220
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.8940
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.4120
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		03.5930
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		02.0110
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		03.0850
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		03.2460
Giant Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		0210
Cramp
[description not available]		02.0110
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.4220
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		02.0110
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.4220
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.0110
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland
[description not available]		02.4220
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.9310
Facial Hemiatrophy
A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.		02.0110
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		04.0831
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.4980
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		04.7121
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4120
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		04.38210
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		04.38210
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.7981
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.0210
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.0210
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		05.451
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		05.451
Collodion Baby Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Ichthyosis, Sex-Linked
[description not available]		04.0831
Ichthyosis, Lamellar
A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.		02.0210
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.4120
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.6930
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.6930
Microphthalmia
[description not available]		02.3720
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.0210
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.6830
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.6830
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		03.411
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.6730
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		14.6730
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		02.6730
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		02.0210
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.4220
Ataxia of Gait
[description not available]		02.0210
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.0210
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		02.0210
Nevi, Intradermal
[description not available]		02.0210
Ornithosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		02.0210
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.0210
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		02.0210
Leukemia, Smoldering
[description not available]		03.630
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.		03.630
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		04.1660
Ichthyosis Simplex
[description not available]		03.7921
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		03.4111
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		02.0210
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.0210
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
[description not available]		02.6930
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0310
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.0310
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		06.4563
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		04.0631
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		04.0631
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.150
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.150
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		03.821
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.9410
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.		02.9410
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.9410
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		04.69110
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		04.69110
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		02.0310
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.0310
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.0310
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.0310
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0310
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.0850
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		08.79127
Chloasma
[description not available]		03.4211
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		03.4211
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		04.5330
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		04.5330
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.820
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		03.4211
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.0310
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.0310
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		09.71110
Hyperthyroxinemia
Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.		02.0310
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		04.71110
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.9610
Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal
A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456)		02.0410
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		03.4311
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		03.4311
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		04.8221
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		04.8221
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.6930
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.6930
Bone Diseases, Endocrine
Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.		02.0410
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		01.9610
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		03.9750
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		01.9610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.7721
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.7721
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		02.3720
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		02.3720
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.2260
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.3620
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.3720
Chondroma
A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3820
Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.3620
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.3720
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.3720
Anal Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.		02.3720
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		03.2920
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		01.9610
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		01.9610
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.3720
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		02.3820
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9610
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		02.3820
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		01.9610
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		01.9610
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9610
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9610
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9610
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.320
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		03.320
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9610
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9610
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		01.9610
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.6730
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.6730
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		03.150
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9610
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		05.22121
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		01.9610
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		01.9610
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		01.9610
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		01.9610
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9610
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		01.9610
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.3620
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		03.2820
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		03.2820
Forearm Injuries
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.		01.9610
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		02.3820
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		01.9610
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		06.9610
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9610
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		01.9610
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		02.3620
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.2920
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.3720
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.3720
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8440
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		03.3711
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		04.480
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		04.480
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.6830
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.6830
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		04.9931
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		04.9931
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		01.9810
Cot Death
[description not available]		01.9810
Congenital Icthyosis Mental Retardation Spasticity Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3711
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome
An autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disorder characterized by severe ichthyosis MENTAL RETARDATION; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; and congenital ICHTHYOSIS. It is caused by mutation of gene encoding microsomal fatty ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE leading to defect in fatty alcohol metabolism.		03.3711
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		03.3711
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		03.3711
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		01.9810
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.69100
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.69100
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.7721
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		03.7721
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		01.9810
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		01.9810
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.6830
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.6830
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		08.7821
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		03.7821
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		02.3820
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3820
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3820
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.3920
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		04.2841
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.6730
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.6730
Erythremia
[description not available]		03.3120
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		03.3120
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		01.9810
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.3920
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.3920
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		02.3920
Basal Cell Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		01.9810
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.0750
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic
[description not available]		02.910
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.3920
Synovioma
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		01.9810
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.3920
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		01.9810
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		01.9810
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		01.9810
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.6630
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.940
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		01.9910
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		01.9910
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.3920
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		01.9910
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.8940
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.3220
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.910
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.3220
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.910
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		01.9910
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		01.9910
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		01.9910
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		01.9910
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.9140
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.9140
Leukoma
[description not available]		03.0950
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		03.0950
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.6730
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9910
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9910
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.320
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.320
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		01.9910
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		01.9910
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		01.9910
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.3820
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		01.9910
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9910
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		01.9910
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9910
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.420
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.420
Schistosoma haematobia Infection
[description not available]		03.7721
Schistosomiasis haematobia
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.		03.7721
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9910
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9910
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.9110
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		01.9910
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		01.9910
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		01.9910
Genital Warts
[description not available]		01.9910
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		01.9910
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous
A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.		01.9910
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		01.9910
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9910
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.9110
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.9110
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.9110
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		03.3811
Nelson Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.		03.3811
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		02.4220
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.420
MEA 2a
[description not available]		01.9910
MEA 2b
[description not available]		01.9910
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		01.9910
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.6730
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		03.3811
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		03.3811
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9910
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		01.9910
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		03.3811
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		03.3811
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		01.9910
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		01.9910
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dwarfism, Thanatophoric
[description not available]		0210
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9910
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9910
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		0210
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		0210
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		03.2360
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		0210
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		0210
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.9110
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.9110
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		03.3811
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		03.3811
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		03.3811
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		03.3811
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		0210
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		0210
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.6930
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		0210
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		0210
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		0210
Sycosis
[description not available]		04.311
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		04.311
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.		0210
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.4120
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.4120
Palsy
[description not available]		0210
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		0210
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		0210
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.3920
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.3920
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		0210
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		0210
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		0210
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.9210
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.9210
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		0210
Meniscitis
[description not available]		02.3920
Melanoma, Amelanotic
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		0210
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		0210
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		0210
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		0210
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.6730
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.6730
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		03.3911
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		03.3911
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		0210
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		0210
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		0210
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		0210
Aneuploid
[description not available]		0210
ATLL
[description not available]		02.8940
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.8940
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		0210
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		0210
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Charcot's Joint
[description not available]		0210
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		0210
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		0210
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		0210
High T4 Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3911
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes
Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.		03.3911
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		0210
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		02.4120
Keratosis, Oral
[description not available]		03.3911
Leukoplakia, Oral
A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		03.3911
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		0210
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		0210
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		0210
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		02.0110
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0110
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
[description not available]		02.0110
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		0210
Tuberculosis, Endocrine
Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.0110
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0110
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		07.0110
Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoma, Islet Cell
A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.		02.0110
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		01.9810
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoma, Acidophil
A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		01.9810
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
HTLV-I Infections
Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.		01.9810
Chondroblastoma
A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)		02.3720
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		01.9810
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		01.9810
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		03.3611
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		01.9810
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		01.9810
Thalassemias
[description not available]		03.0750
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		03.0750
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		13.9810
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic
[description not available]		02.6730
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.		02.6730
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		02.3820
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		01.9710
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		01.9710
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.3820
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.3820
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9710
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated
[description not available]		01.9710
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)		01.9710
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		01.9710
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		03.5830
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.3720
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.3720
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		02.3720
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.3720
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.3720
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.3820
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		01.9710
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		01.9710
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		02.3720
Preleukemia
Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.		04.220
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.8910
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.8910
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		01.9710
Pneumonia, Lipid
Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.		02.3720
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		01.9710
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9710
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		01.9710
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9710
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		01.9710
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9710
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9710
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		01.9710
BLV Infections
[description not available]		02.6630
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		06.9710
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9710
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.3720
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		01.9610
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		03.2920
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		03.2920
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3720
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3720
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8810
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.		02.8810
Hypervitaminosis A
A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.		01.9710
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		01.9710
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.3720
Cretinism
[description not available]		03.3511
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		03.3511
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		03.3511
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		01.9710
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		01.9710
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		01.9710
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		01.9610
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		01.9610
Farmer's Lung
A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.		01.9610
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9610
Frigidity
[description not available]		01.9610
Impotence
[description not available]		01.9610
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		01.9610
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		01.9610
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		01.9610
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		01.9610
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9610
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		01.9610
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		01.9610
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		02.3110
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		09.7999
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic
A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.		02.2110
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1310
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		03.0410
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		03.0410
Greater Tuberosity Fractures
[description not available]		02.0510
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada)
[description not available]		02.0610
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)		02.0610
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.9610
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.9610