Page last updated: 2024-09-23

medetomidine

Description

Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID68602
CHEMBL ID77921
CHEBI ID48552
SCHEMBL ID26432
MeSH IDM0140434

Synonyms (63)

Synonym
CHEMBL77921 ,
bdbm50036913
HY-17034
BRD-A66563878-003-01-8
medetomidine
6918-06-5
(rs)-4-(alpha,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazol
medetomidinum [latin]
1h-imidazole, 4-(1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl)-
medetomidina [spanish]
medetomidine [inn:ban]
ih-imidazole, 4(1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl)-
medetomidina
4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1h-imidazole
CHEBI:48552 ,
(+-)-4-(alpha,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazole
86347-14-0
medetomidinum
L001361
L000223
5-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1h-imidazole
domitor [veterinary] (tn)
D08165
medetomidine (inn)
FT-0666307
AKOS016010776
mr15e85mqm ,
unii-mr15e85mqm
FT-0670775
CS-0734
1h-imidazole, 4-(1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl)-, (+/-)-
medetomidine [inn]
medetomidine [green book]
(+/-)-4-(.alpha.,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazole
medetomidine [mi]
SCHEMBL26432
DTXSID6048258 ,
1h-imidazole, 4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-
4-(1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl)-1h-imidazole
AB01566810_01
(s)-medetomidine; dexmedetomidinum
HMS3651H20
mfcd24392996
4-[(r)-1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1h-imidazole
domtor
BCP06913
Q427179
SY116126
FT-0716677
DB11428
(+/-)-4-(alpha,2,3-trimethylbenzyl)imidazole
AS-35172
(rs)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-3h-imidazole
BCP12592
SB17478
AKOS037643760
mfcd00864346
SY114102
A863235
EN300-7382825
medetomidinum (latin)
dtxcid1028233
domitor (veterinary)

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Medetomidine is an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. "( Avsaroglu, H; Bergwerff, AA; Bull, S; Fink-Gremmels, J; Hellebrekers, LJ; Maas-Bakker, RF; Scherpenisse, P; Van Lith, HA; Van Zutphen, LF, 2008)
"Medetomidine is a potent and selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist. "( Beaudry, F; Duhamel, MC; Troncy, E, 2010)
"Medetomidine is a new antifouling agent, and its effects in non-target aquatic organisms have been investigated. "( Förlin, L; Hedberg, D; Kristiansson, E; Lennquist, A; Mårtensson Lindblad, LG, 2010)
"Medetomidine is a new antifouling substance, highly effective against barnacles. "( Blanck, H; Eriksson, KM; Ohlauson, C, 2012)
"Medetomidine is a relatively new sedative analgesic drug that is approved for use in dogs in Canada. "( Sinclair, MD, 2003)
"Medetomidine may prove to be a useful adjunct to peripheral nerve blockade with local anesthetics."( Lamont, LA; Lemke, KA, 2008)
"Medetomidine is a chiral imidazole derivate whose dextroenantiomer is pharmacologically active. "( Aitio, O; Finel, M; Kaivosaari, S; Koskinen, M; Salonen, JS; Sipilä, J; Toivonen, P, 2008)
"Dexmedetomidine is a new alpha 2 adrenergic agonist anaesthetic adjuvant. "( Henry, AF; Partridge, BL; Weinger, MB, 1995)
"Dexmedetomidine is a new potent and highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic sparing properties. "( Levänen, J; Mäkelä, ML; Scheinin, H, 1995)
"Dexmedetomidine is a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist that may provide beneficial effects as premedication for anesthesia. "( Kallio, A; Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ, 1994)
"Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a highly selective alpha 2 agonist with marked sedative and analgesic properties thought to be mediated via reduction of central noradrenergic transmission. "( McPherson, RW; Mirski, MA; Rossell, LA; Traystman, RJ, 1994)
"Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2 agonist with potential utility in clinical anesthesia for both its sedative and sympatholytic properties."( Dyck, JB; Haack, C; Maze, M; Shafer, SL; Vuorilehto, L, 1993)
"Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist which has previously been shown to reduce the ocular pressure of normotensive rabbits as well as those with pressures artificially elevated by laser irradiation. "( Jäsberg, K; MacDonald, E; Salonen, JS; Urtti, A; Vartiainen, J; Vuorilehto, L, 1993)
"Dexmedetomidine is a new potent and selective alpha 2-agonist that might prove useful as a preanesthetic agent."( Ali-Melkkilä, T; Jaakola, ML; Kanto, J; Kaukinen, S; Scheinin, H; Sjövall, S; Turunen, J, 1993)
"Medetomidine is a relatively new sedative analgesic in dogs and cats but some precautions are required when using it. "( Cullen, LK, 1996)
"Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist that decreases cerebral blood flow (CBF) when administered systemically. "( Asano, Y; Kawaguchi, T; Koehler, RC; McPherson, RW, 1997)
"Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist with centrally mediated sympatholytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. "( Fisher, DM; Richardson, CA; Scheinin, M; Talke, P, 1997)
"Levomedetomidine, which is a weak agonist in some test systems, reduced intracellular Ca2+ levels and further increased forskolin-stimulated cAMP production and therefore can be classified as an inverse agonist."( Akerman, KE; Cockcroft, V; Huifang, G; Jansson, CC; Kukkonen, JP; Näsman, J; Savola, JM; Virtanen, R; Wurster, S, 1998)
"Medetomidine is a selective, specific, and potent alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been utilized successfully as a sedative/analgesic agent in a variety of domestic and nondomestic animals. "( Capuano, SV; Lerche, NW; Valverde, CR, 1999)
"Medetomidine is a safe and reliable alternative to manual restraint in cassowaries."( Reid, KE; Westcott, DA, 2002)
"Dexmedetomidine (DMED) is a novel alpha 2 adrenergic agonist that has been shown to have potent analgesic and anesthetic sparing effects. "( Abdul-Rasool, I; Bloor, B; Hadlock, S; Hsieh, J; Kobayashi, D; Nguyen, D; Singer, F; Ward, D, 1992)
"Dexmedetomidine is an extremely potent alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist which can reduce anaesthetic requirements by up to 90%. "( Code, WE; Hertz, L; Zhao, Z, 1992)
"Dexmedetomidine (DMED) is a highly selective centrally acting alpha 2-adrenergic agonist thought to provide significant sedation without appreciable ventilatory effects. "( Belleville, JP; Bloor, BC; Maze, M; Ward, DS, 1992)
"Medetomidine (MED) is a novel, selective, alpha 2 adrenergic agonist with potent sedative, hypnotic, and analgesic properties, currently undergoing evaluation as an anesthetic adjuvant. "( Herrmann, S; Kharasch, ED; Labroo, R, 1992)
"Dexmedetomidine (DMED) is a novel clonidine-like compound known to have sedative, analgesic, and cardiovascular stabilizing qualities. "( Belleville, JP; Bloor, BC; Maze, M; Ward, DS, 1992)
"Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. "( Fisher, B; Peterson, BM; Yaksh, TL; Zornow, MH, 1991)
"Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist that decreases central sympathetic activity and reduces the anesthetic requirement for halothane. "( Albrecht, RF; Hoffman, WE; Kochs, E; Thomas, C; Werner, C, 1991)
"Medetomidine (MED) is a veterinary sedative whose mode of action is activation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors. "( MacDonald, E; Scheinin, H; Scheinin, M; Virtanen, R, 1991)
"Dexmedetomidine is a potentially useful tool for studies of the physiology and pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in human beings and may have therapeutic applications in clinical conditions in which sedative and sympatholytic effects are considered beneficial, such as premedication for anesthesia and surgery."( Kallio, A; Koulu, M; Ponkilainen, R; Ruskoaho, H; Scheinin, H; Scheinin, M; Viinamäki, O, 1989)
"Medetomidine appears to be a potent sedative and analgesic agent for clinical use."( Vähä-Vahe, T, 1989)
"Medetomidine is a sedative and analgesic drug intended for use in dogs and cats but it can also be successfully used in many other species. "( Vainio, O, 1989)

Effects

ExcerptReference
"Medetomidine has become a popular choice for anesthetizing rats during long-lasting sessions of blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). "( Baudewig, J; Boretius, S; Sirmpilatze, N, 2019)
"Medetomidine has been authorized in ship hull paints as an antifouling biocide under the biocidal product regulation in Europe since 2016. "( Apell, JN; Bollmann, UE; Cai, Y; McNeill, K; Pflug, NC, 2021)
"Medetomidine has been reported as a reliable, repeatable and reversible immobilisation agent in small estuarine crocodilians."( Olsson, A; Phalen, D, 2012)
"Dexmedetomidine (DM) has been found to depress cardiac function in dogs, even after autonomic denervation."( Bloor, BC; Flacke, JW; Flacke, WE; McIntee, DF; Sagan, M, 1993)
"L-medetomidine, which has no sedative/hypnotic effect, did not decrease cGMP."( Shen, H; Virag, L; Vulliemoz, Y, 1996)
"Medetomidine has been shown to produce a reliable state of sedation, relaxation and recumbency suitable for small animal practice."( Vähä-Vahe, T, 1989)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"dexmedetomidine appears at a lower dose than its antinociceptive effect."( Benedek, G; Horváth, G; Kovács, M; Szikszay, M, 1994)
"Dexmedetomidine and the lower dose of atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the evoked overflow of amino acids."( Haapalinna, A; Halonen, T; Riekkinen, P; Valtonen, P, 1995)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Dexmedetomidine-treated rats had lower plasma catecholamines (20% of control) and larger decreases in CBF during ischemia compared with controls."( Albrecht, RF; Baughman, VL; Hoffman, WE, 1993)
"Medetomidine-treated animals had a decreased respiratory rate, longer duration of analgesic effect, increased incidence of bradycardia, vomiting and twitching, were less noise responsive and shivered less throughout the study."( Dyson, DH; Pettifer, GR, 1993)
"Dexmedetomidine pretreatment augmented the actions of halothane on arterial pressure, heart rate, and the EEG."( Drexler, C; Farber, NE; Ganjoo, P; Schmeling, WT; Staunton, M, 1999)
"In medetomidine-treated dogs, heart rate was significantly lower than in controls, and blood pressure did not change significantly from baseline. "( Fox, SM; Ko, JC; Lange, DN; Mandsager, RE, 2000)
"Cats treated with medetomidine or medetomidine and midazolam in combination with alfaxalone, compared with alfaxalone alone, had lower concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids during anesthesia."( Hikasa, Y; Kamohara, H; Kamohara, T, 2022)
"Treatment with medetomidine-midazolam resulted in a shorter and smoother induction, compared with acepromazine-butorphanol or midazolam-butorphanol treatment, whereas the cardiovascular changes were greater."( Mutoh, T; Nishimura, R; Sasaki, N, 2002)
"In treated dogs, medetomidine was administered (time, 0 minutes); midazolam and butorphanol were administered when effects of medetomidine were maximal (time, 20), and atipamezole was administered subsequently (time 60). "( Pypendop, B; Verstegen, J, 1999)

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
imidazolesA five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (7)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.40000.00001.44217.3470AID35925
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki1.11000.00010.949010.0000AID37293
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02500.00000.929610.0000AID37072; AID37076
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02500.00000.970810.0000AID37072; AID37076
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.02500.00000.937510.0000AID37072; AID37076
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki1.11000.00000.575110.0000AID37293
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki1.11000.00000.965010.0000AID37293
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.28100.00132.612925.7000AID36578
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.28100.00133.394625.7000AID36578
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.28100.00133.394625.7000AID36578
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (42)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of cytokine productionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic processAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of wound healingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (12)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-1B adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2C adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thioesterase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytoplasmAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (20)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID37173Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding affinity in rat brain membranes1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID37293Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor of rat brain membranes1997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 40, Issue:19
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 3. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of medetomidine analogs and their potential binding interactions with alpha 2-adrenoceptors involving a "methyl pocket".
AID37393Tested for its binding affinity against alpha-2 receptor in rat brain membrane1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID35423Tested for its binding affinity against alpha-1 receptor in rat brain membrane1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID35925Tested for its ability to antagonize epinephrine induced primary wave aggregation in human platelets at alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor sites.1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID3657850% Molar effective concentration afainst Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat aorta1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID37076Displacement of [3H]rauwolscine from Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor of rat brain membranes1997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 40, Issue:19
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 3. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of medetomidine analogs and their potential binding interactions with alpha 2-adrenoceptors involving a "methyl pocket".
AID233034Relative affinity for Alpha 2 over Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors1997Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 40, Issue:19
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 3. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of medetomidine analogs and their potential binding interactions with alpha 2-adrenoceptors involving a "methyl pocket".
AID232985Ratio between IC50 values of alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID37072Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor binding affinity was tested against membrane preparations of rat brain.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID229907Selectivity ratio of Ki of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor to alpha-2 receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID232984Ratio between EC50 values of alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID36585Percent maximal response to Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat aorta which is relative to phenylephrine1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID35987Tested for its inhibitory activity against alpha-1 adrenoceptor in guinea pig ileum1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID36183Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonistic activity in human blood platelets.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
AID36046Tested for its inhibitory activity against alpha-2 adrenoceptor in guinea pig ileum1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15
A structure-activity relationship study of benzylic modifications of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazoles on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
AID226738Alpha 2 antagonistic adrenoceptor activity in human blood platelets Potency ratio: IC50(medetomidine)/IC50(analog)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 39, Issue:15
Medetomidine analogs as alpha 2-adrenergic ligands. 2. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of conformationally restricted naphthalene derivatives of medetomidine.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,295)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199053 (4.09)18.7374
1990's474 (36.60)18.2507
2000's282 (21.78)29.6817
2010's379 (29.27)24.3611
2020's107 (8.26)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials296 (22.17%)5.53%
Reviews19 (1.42%)6.00%
Case Studies18 (1.35%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other1,002 (75.06%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (12)

ArticleYear
Safety and Efficacy of Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone for Immobilizing Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia).
Journal of wildlife diseases, 07-01, Volume: 58, Issue: 3
2022
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF A MEDETOMIDINE-AZAPERONE-ALFAXALONE COMBINATION IN CAPTIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 47, Issue: 1
2016
The toxicity of the three antifouling biocides DCOIT, TPBP and medetomidine to the marine pelagic copepod Acartia tonsa.
Ecotoxicology (London, England), Volume: 25, Issue: 5
2016
Evaluation of effectiveness, safety and reliability of intramuscular medetomidine-ketamine for captive great apes.
The Veterinary record, Aug-25, Volume: 171, Issue: 8
2012
Effective and safe anesthesia for Yorkshire and Yucatan swine with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention.
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, Volume: 49, Issue: 3
2010
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety for use of two sedation and analgesia protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation of healthy dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 69, Issue: 10
2008
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of intramuscular and intravenous doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs and their reversal with atipamezole.
The Veterinary record, Jun-30, Volume: 160, Issue: 26
2007
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 33, Issue: 4
2006
Tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination provides a safe and reversible anesthetic effect in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, Volume: 44, Issue: 1
2005
Clinical efficacy and safety of propofol or ketamine anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with medetomidine.
The Veterinary record, Jun-06, Volume: 142, Issue: 23
1998
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Long-term Use (6)

ArticleYear
Chronic desipramine treatment desensitizes the rat to anesthetic and antinociceptive effects of the alpha2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 88, Issue: 6
1998
Sympatholytic and minimum anesthetic concentration-sparing responses are preserved in rats rendered tolerant to the hypnotic and analgesic action of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 85, Issue: 3
1996
Role of serotonergic neurotransmission in the hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.
European journal of pharmacology, Jun-13, Volume: 306, Issue: 1-3
1996
Chronic administration of an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist desensitizes rats to the anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Volume: 47, Issue: 1
1994
Desensitization to the behavioral effects of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists in rats.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 82, Issue: 4
1995
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (31)

ArticleYear
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone.
American journal of veterinary research, Apr-01, Volume: 84, Issue: 4
2023
Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in beagles.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 45, Issue: 4
2022
Maximum volume of nasal administration using a mucosal atomization device without aspiration in Japanese White rabbits.
The Journal of veterinary medical science, Jun-10, Volume: 84, Issue: 6
2022
Anesthetic effects of ketamine-medetomidine-hydromorphone in dogs during high-quality, high-volume surgical sterilization program under field conditions.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 47, Issue: 6
2020
Pharmacokinetics of S-ketamine and R-ketamine and their active metabolites after racemic ketamine or S-ketamine intravenous administration in dogs sedated with medetomidine.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 47, Issue: 2
2020
Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous alfaxalone in young Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam.
The Veterinary record, 03-30, Volume: 184, Issue: 13
2019
Effects of MK-467 on the antinociceptive and sedative actions and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in dogs.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 39, Issue: 4
2016
Chloramphenicol significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of oral methadone in Greyhound dogs.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 42, Issue: 6
2015
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis comparing diverse effects of detomidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine in the horse: a population analysis.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 38, Issue: 1
2015
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 39, Issue: 1
2012
Pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of intramuscular medetomidine in domestic sheep.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 26, Issue: 4
2003
Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and its enantiomers in dogs.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 23, Issue: 1
2000
A pharmacokinetic study including some relevant clinical effect of medetomidine and atipamezole in lactating dairy cows.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 22, Issue: 6
1999
Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in ponies and elaboration of a medetomidine infusion regime which provides a constant level of sedation.
Research in veterinary science, Volume: 67, Issue: 1
1999
Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and atipamezole in dairy calves: an agonist-antagonist interaction.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 21, Issue: 6
1998
Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: a pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 89, Issue: 3
1998
Effects of medetomidine on serum osmolality; urine volume, osmolality and pH; free water clearance; and fractional clearance of sodium, chloride, potassium, and glucose in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 59, Issue: 6
1998
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic characterization of the cardiovascular, hypnotic, EEG and ventilatory responses to dexmedetomidine in the rat.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 283, Issue: 3
1997
Postoperative pharmacokinetics and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 85, Issue: 5
1997
Single dose pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in sheep.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 19, Issue: 2
1996
Atipamezole increases medetomidine clearance in the dog: an agonist-antagonist interaction.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 18, Issue: 5
1995
The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 78, Issue: 5
1993
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dexmedetomidine.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 46, Issue: 4
1994
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intraspinal dexmedetomidine in sheep.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 80, Issue: 6
1994
Dexmedetomidine decreases thiopental dose requirement and alters distribution pharmacokinetics.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 80, Issue: 6
1994
Effect of medetomidine on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 55, Issue: 1
1994
Alpha-2 adrenergic modulation of sleep: time-of-day-dependent pharmacodynamic profiles of dexmedetomidine and clonidine in the rat.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 275, Issue: 1
1995
Effects of adrenaline, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, the volume of injection, and the global pain state of the animal on the activity of epidural sufentanil.
Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, Volume: 40, Issue: 4
1989
Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume: 85
1989
Medetomidine--a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist: a review of its pharmacodynamic effects.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, Volume: 13, Issue: 5
1989
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 52, Issue: 5
1992
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (4)

ArticleYear
The bioavailability of medetomidine in eight sheep following oesophageal administration.
Research in veterinary science, Volume: 103
2015
Affinity states of biocides determine bioavailability and release rates in marine paints.
Biofouling, Volume: 31, Issue: 2
2015
The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 78, Issue: 5
1993
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dexmedetomidine.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 46, Issue: 4
1994
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (101)

ArticleYear
A MIXTURE OF NALBUPHINE, AZAPERONE, AND MEDETOMIDINE FOR IMMOBILIZING RINGTAILS (BASSARISCUS ASTUTUS).
Journal of wildlife diseases, 10-01, Volume: 59, Issue: 4
2023
EVALUATION OF A COMBINATION OF TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE WITH NASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE CHACOAN PECCARIES (CATAGONUS WAGNERI) IN THE CHACO REGION OF PARAGUAY.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 04-01, Volume: 59, Issue: 2
2023
Immobilization, cardiopulmonary and blood gas effects of ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine versus butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine in free-ranging serval (Leptailurus serval).
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 48, Issue: 5
2021
Comparison of anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine or ketamine-medetomidine in captive Amur leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptailurus).
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 48, Issue: 3
2021
The hairy lizard: heterothermia affects anaesthetic requirements in the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx).
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 44, Issue: 4
2017
KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE AND KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE-MIDAZOLAM ANESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS)-COMPARISON OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 48, Issue: 2
2017
Evaluation of BAM (butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine) in captive African lion (Panthera leo) immobilization.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 44, Issue: 4
2017
Immobilization of Asiatic Black Bears ( Ursus thibetanus ) with Medetomidine-Zolazepam-Tiletamine in South Korea.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 53, Issue: 3
2017
CAPTURE OF FREE-RANGING MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS) WITH A COMBINATION OF MEDETOMIDINE, AZAPERONE, AND ALFAXALONE.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 53, Issue: 2
2017
THE EFFICACY OF NALBUPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE IN IMMOBILIZING AMERICAN BISON (BISON BISON).
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 53, Issue: 2
2017
Comparison of medetomidine, thiopental and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia in chick embryos for in ovo Magnetic Resonance Imaging free of motion artifacts.
Scientific reports, Oct-23, Volume: 5
2015
Influence of Different Protocols of Urethral Catheterization after Pharmacological Induction (Ur.Ca.P.I.) on Semen Quality in the Domestic Cat.
Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene, Volume: 50, Issue: 6
2015
Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in rats-strain difference and antagonism by atipamezole.
Experimental animals, Volume: 65, Issue: 1
2016
Anesthetic effects of a three-drugs mixture--comparison of administrative routes and antagonistic effects of atipamezole in mice.
Experimental animals, Volume: 64, Issue: 1
2015
Novel combinations of nalbuphine and medetomidine for wildlife immobilization.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 50, Issue: 4
2014
Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 50, Issue: 3
2014
The use of a Corophium volutator chronic sediment study to support the risk assessment of medetomidine for marine environments.
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, Volume: 33, Issue: 4
2014
Detection of functional connectivity in the resting mouse brain.
NeuroImage, Feb-01, Volume: 86
2014
Neural correlate of resting-state functional connectivity under α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, medetomidine.
NeuroImage, Jan-01, Volume: 84
2014
Comparison of three different sedative-anaesthetic protocols (ketamine, ketamine-medetomidine and alphaxalone) in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
BMC veterinary research, Jun-11, Volume: 9
2013
Field anesthesia of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) using tiletamine-zolazepam, medetomidine, and butorphanol.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 42, Issue: 1
2011
Medetomidine immobilisation and atipamezole reversal in large estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using metabolically scaled dosages.
Australian veterinary journal, Volume: 90, Issue: 6
2012
Pharmacological modulation of functional connectivity: α2-adrenergic receptor agonist alters synchrony but not neural activation.
NeuroImage, Volume: 60, Issue: 1
2012
Evaluation of medetomidine-alfaxalone and medetomidine-ketamine in semi-free ranging Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 42, Issue: 4
2011
Intranasal naltrexone and atipamezole for reversal of white-tailed deer immobilized with carfentanil and medetomidine.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, Volume: 51, Issue: 5
2010
Use of thiafentanil-medetomidine for the induction of anesthesia in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) within a wild animal park.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 41, Issue: 2
2010
Comparison of three anaesthetic protocols in Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus).
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 37, Issue: 3
2010
Metabolic stability and determination of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes' contribution to the metabolism of medetomidine in dog liver microsomes.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC, Volume: 24, Issue: 8
2010
Evaluation of medetomidine-midazolam-atropine (MeMiA) anesthesia maintained with propofol infusion in New Zealand White rabbits.
Polish journal of veterinary sciences, Volume: 12, Issue: 2
2009
Evaluation of the effects of naloxone on recovery time and quality after ketamine-medetomidine-butorphanol anesthesia in servals (Leptailurus serval).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 40, Issue: 2
2009
Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for immobilization of captive white-tailed deer.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 45, Issue: 2
2009
A protocol for use of medetomidine anesthesia in rats for extended studies using task-induced BOLD contrast and resting-state functional connectivity.
NeuroImage, Jul-15, Volume: 46, Issue: 4
2009
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety for use of two sedation and analgesia protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation of healthy dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 69, Issue: 10
2008
Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 44, Issue: 3
2008
The efficacy of orally dosed ketamine and ketamine/medetomidine compared with intramuscular ketamine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and the effects of dosing route on haematological stress markers.
Journal of medical primatology, Volume: 37, Issue: 3
2008
Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy cats.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, Volume: 72, Issue: 3
2008
Partial antagonization of midazolam-medetomidine-ketamine in cats--atipamezole versus combined atipamezole and flumazenil.
Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, Volume: 54, Issue: 9
2007
A comparative clinical study of three different dosages of intramuscular midazolam-medetomidine-ketamine immobilization in cats.
Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, Volume: 54, Issue: 8
2007
Field anaesthesia of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea).
The Veterinary record, Jul-07, Volume: 161, Issue: 1
2007
Anesthesia of male axis deer (Axis axis): evaluation of thiafentanil, medetomidine, and ketamine versus medetomidine and ketamine.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 37, Issue: 4
2006
Anaesthesia of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) with a combination of thiafentanil (A3080), medetomidine and ketamine.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Volume: 76, Issue: 1
2005
Tribromoethanol-medetomidine combination provides a safe and reversible anesthetic effect in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, Volume: 44, Issue: 1
2005
Reversal of medetomidine-ketamine combination anesthesia in rabbits by atipamezole.
Experimental animals, Volume: 53, Issue: 5
2004
Influence of yohimbine and atipamezole on haemodynamics and ECG after lumbosacral subarachnoid administration of medetomidine in goats.
Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, Volume: 50, Issue: 8
2003
Pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of intramuscular medetomidine in domestic sheep.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 26, Issue: 4
2003
Evaluation of propofol and medetomidine-ketamine for short-term immobilization of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus de soti).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 34, Issue: 2
2003
Comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine and medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam in patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 34, Issue: 1
2003
Chemical restraint of fishers (Martes pennanti) with ketamine and medetomidine-ketamine.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 33, Issue: 1
2002
Evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia with atipamezole reversal in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 33, Issue: 1
2002
Anesthesia of boma-captured Lichtenstein's hartebeest (Sigmoceros lichtensteinii) with a combination of thiafentanil, medetomidine, and ketamine.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 38, Issue: 2
2002
Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in beagle dogs.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, Volume: 66, Issue: 1
2002
[Medetomidine-butorphanol combination anesthesia in the dog].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, Volume: 143, Issue: 12
2001
Effect of medetomidine on electroencephalography and use of a quantitative electroencephalograph for evaluating sedation levels in dogs.
Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, Volume: 48, Issue: 9
2001
Reversible immobilization of eurasian otters with a combination of ketamine and medetomidine.
Journal of wildlife diseases, Volume: 37, Issue: 3
2001
Medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).
Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, Volume: 40, Issue: 3
2001
Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 62, Issue: 1
2001
Use of medetomidine and ketamine for immobilization of free-ranging giraffes.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jan-15, Volume: 218, Issue: 2
2001
Field anesthesia of wild arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs in the Swedish lapland using medetomidine-ketamine-atipamezole.
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 31, Issue: 2
2000
Cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory, sedative, and analgesic effects of intravenous administration of medetomidine in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Laboratory animal science, Volume: 49, Issue: 5
1999
Inhibition of water permeability in the rat collecting duct: effect of imidazoline and alpha-2 compounds.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), Volume: 221, Issue: 2
1999
Pharmacological evidence for different alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sites mediating analgesia and sedation in the rat.
British journal of anaesthesia, Volume: 81, Issue: 2
1998
Clinical efficacy and safety of propofol or ketamine anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with medetomidine.
The Veterinary record, Jun-06, Volume: 142, Issue: 23
1998
Effects of medetomidine on serum osmolality; urine volume, osmolality and pH; free water clearance; and fractional clearance of sodium, chloride, potassium, and glucose in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 59, Issue: 6
1998
The pharmacodynamics of thiopental, medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in beagle dogs.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 21, Issue: 2
1998
Cardiovascular effects of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist medetomidine in clinically normal cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 59, Issue: 4
1998
Effects of medetomidine on serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations in clinically normal dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 58, Issue: 12
1997
Medetomidine protection against diazinon-induced toxicosis in mice.
Toxicology letters, Sep-19, Volume: 93, Issue: 1
1997
Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and stress-induced analgesia in rats: influence of stressors and methods of analysis.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Volume: 58, Issue: 1
1997
Medetomidine as a premedicant for ketamine, propofol or fentanyl anaesthesia in dogs.
The Veterinary record, May-24, Volume: 140, Issue: 21
1997
Spinal administration of adrenergic agents produces analgesia in amphibians.
European journal of pharmacology, Dec-05, Volume: 316, Issue: 2-3
1996
Sympatholytic and minimum anesthetic concentration-sparing responses are preserved in rats rendered tolerant to the hypnotic and analgesic action of dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 85, Issue: 3
1996
Role of serotonergic neurotransmission in the hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.
European journal of pharmacology, Jun-13, Volume: 306, Issue: 1-3
1996
Comparative responses to propofol anaesthesia alone and with alpha 2-adrenergic medications in a canine model.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, Volume: 37, Issue: 2
1996
Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol and medetomidine-midazolam-buprenorphine combinations and reversibility by atipamezole in dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 57, Issue: 5
1996
Anesthesia induced in pigs by use of a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine and its reversal by administration of atipamezole.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 57, Issue: 4
1996
Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l-methadone in dogs.
The Veterinary record, Feb-10, Volume: 138, Issue: 6
1996
The rostroventromedial medulla is not involved in alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in the rat.
Neuropharmacology, Volume: 32, Issue: 12
1993
Alpha 2-adrenoceptors and vigilance in cats: antagonism of medetomidine sedation by atipamezole.
European journal of pharmacology, Jul-20, Volume: 238, Issue: 2-3
1993
Chronic spinal infusion of dexmedetomidine, ST-91 and clonidine: spinal alpha 2 adrenoceptor subtypes and intrinsic activity.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 264, Issue: 1
1993
Hemodynamic and anesthetic effects of etomidate infusion in medetomidine-premedicated dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 55, Issue: 6
1994
Anesthetic and hemodynamic interactions of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in dogs.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 80, Issue: 4
1994
Mydriatic and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine in conscious rats.
European journal of pharmacology, Feb-21, Volume: 253, Issue: 1-2
1994
Alterations in the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine after xylazine or medetomidine administration in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 54, Issue: 12
1993
Alterations in the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine after xylazine or medetomidine administration in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 54, Issue: 12
1993
Studies to determine the optimal dose of medetomidine for the dog.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume: 85
1989
Pharmacokinetics of medetomidine.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume: 85
1989
Suturation of wounds of extremities in dogs using medetomidine as sedative and analgesic drug.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume: 85
1989
Clinical investigations of medetomidine in dogs.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum, Volume: 85
1989
An evaluation of medetomidine/ketamine and other drug combinations for anaesthesia in cats.
The Veterinary record, Jan-12, Volume: 128, Issue: 2
1991
Antinociceptive interaction between opioids and medetomidine: systemic additivity and spinal synergy.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 73, Issue: 6
1990
Ocular hypotensive effects of medetomidine and its analogs.
Journal of ocular pharmacology,Winter, Volume: 7, Issue: 4
1991
A preliminary investigation into the immobilising potential of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture, metomidate, a metomidate and azaperone combination and medetomidine in ostriches (Struthio camelus).
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Volume: 62, Issue: 3
1991
Relative efficacy of spinal alpha-2 agonists, dexmedetomidine, clonidine and ST-91, determined in vivo by using N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, an irreversible antagonist.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 258, Issue: 2
1991
Sedative effects of medetomidine in pigs.
The Journal of veterinary medical science, Volume: 54, Issue: 4
1992
Effects of medetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, and atipamezole, an alpha-2 antagonist, on spatial memory performance in adult and aged rats.
Behavioral and neural biology, Volume: 58, Issue: 2
1992
Dexmedetomidine infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.
Anesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 75, Issue: 6
1992
Synergistic interaction between alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and benzodiazepines in rats.
Anesthesiology, Volume: 76, Issue: 6
1992
The effects of dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 agonist, on learning and memory, assessed using passive avoidance and water maze tasks in rats.
Neuropharmacology, Volume: 31, Issue: 2
1992
Suppression by spinal alpha-2 agonists of motor and autonomic responses evoked by low- and high-intensity thermal stimuli.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 260, Issue: 2
1992
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Interactions (26)

ArticleYear
Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (
Journal of avian medicine and surgery, Volume: 36, Issue: 3
2022
A randomized clinical trial on effects of alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and midazolam in preventing stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic responses of isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing surgery.
American journal of veterinary research, Sep-19, Volume: 83, Issue: 11
2022
Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Two Medetomidine Doses Combined with Tiletamine-Zolazepam for the Immobilization of Red Deer Hinds (Cervus elaphus).
Journal of wildlife diseases, 01-01, Volume: 58, Issue: 1
2022
Effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane alone and in combination with butorphanol or medetomidine on the bispectral index in chickens.
BMC veterinary research, May-28, Volume: 17, Issue: 1
2021
Use of midazolam in combination with medetomidine for premedication in healthy dogs.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 46, Issue: 1
2019
Clinical effects of constant rate infusions of medetomidine-propofol combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, Nov-05, Volume: 60, Issue: 1
2018
Randomised clinical trial comparing clinically relevant sedation outcome measures in dogs after intramuscular administration of medetomidine in combination with midazolam or butorphanol for routine diagnostic imaging procedures.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), Volume: 239
2018
Clinical evaluation of constant rate infusion of alfaxalone-medetomidine combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, Sep-04, Volume: 60, Issue: 1
2018
Cardiovascular effects of premedication with medetomidine alone and in combination with MK-467 or glycopyrrolate in dogs subsequently anesthetized with isoflurane.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 78, Issue: 11
2017
Chemical stability of morphine and methadone, and of methadone in combination with acepromazine, medetomidine or xylazine, during prolonged storage in syringes.
Australian veterinary journal, Volume: 95, Issue: 8
2017
The pharmacological effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and butorphanol in dogs.
The Journal of veterinary medical science, Jul-01, Volume: 78, Issue: 6
2016
The sedative effects of intramuscular low-dose medetomidine in combination with butorphanol or methadone in dogs.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Volume: 42, Issue: 6
2015
Methadone in combination with medetomidine as premedication prior to ovariohysterectomy and castration in the cat.
Journal of feline medicine and surgery, Volume: 17, Issue: 10
2015
Anaesthetic effects in the ferret of alfaxalone alone and in combination with medetomidine or tramadol: a pilot study.
Laboratory animals, Volume: 48, Issue: 4
2014
Cardiorespiratory, anaesthetic and recovery effects of morphine combined with medetomidine and alfaxalone in rabbits.
The Veterinary record, Jan-25, Volume: 174, Issue: 4
2014
A comparison of medetomidine and its active enantiomer dexmedetomidine when administered with ketamine in mice.
BMC veterinary research, Mar-13, Volume: 9
2013
Comparison of the anesthetic effects of oral transmucosal versus injectable medetomidine in combination with tiletamine-zolazepam for immobilization of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Volume: 41, Issue: 1
2010
Comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with tiletamine/zolazepam in pigs.
The Veterinary record, Aug-14, Volume: 167, Issue: 7
2010
The effect of daily repeated sedation using ketamine or ketamine combined with medetomidine on physiology and anesthetic characteristics in rhesus macaques.
Journal of medical primatology, Volume: 39, Issue: 1
2010
Effects of sedative and hypnotic drug combinations on transcranial magnetic motor evoked potential, bispectral index and ARX-derived auditory evoked potential index in dogs.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), Volume: 181, Issue: 2
2009
Clinicophysiological effects of spinally administered ketamine and its combination with xylazine and medetomidine in healthy goats.
Veterinary research communications, Volume: 31, Issue: 7
2007
Anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of total intravenous anesthesia using a midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine drug combination in horses.
The Journal of veterinary medical science, Volume: 69, Issue: 1
2007
Infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Oct-15, Volume: 221, Issue: 8
2002
Minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane in combination with an infusion of medetomidine for the anaesthesia of ponies.
The Veterinary record, Mar-03, Volume: 148, Issue: 9
2001
Cardiovascular changes associated with anaesthesia induced by medetomidine combined with ketamine in cats.
The Journal of small animal practice, Volume: 37, Issue: 4
1996
The effects of ethanol in combination with the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine and the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole on brain monoamine metabolites and motor performance of mice.
European journal of pharmacology, Jan-13, Volume: 292, Issue: 2
1995
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]