ciclesonide profile

ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6918155
CHEMBL ID	2040682
CHEBI ID	31397
SCHEMBL ID	3688
MeSH ID	M0332803

Synonym
AC-1330
alvesco hfa
osonide
tbn-15
omnaris
omnaris hfa
byk-20426
by-9010
btr-15k
ciclesonide
alvesco
b-9207-015
osonase
btr-15
omnair
zetonna
DB01410
zetonna (tn)
alvesco (tn)
D01703
126544-47-6
ciclesonide (jan/usan/inn)
omnaris (tn)
rpr 251526
(r)-11beta,16alpha,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, 21-isobutyrate
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 16,17-(((r)-cyclohexylmethylene)bis(oxy))-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)-, (11beta,16alpha)-
ciclesonide [inn]
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 16,17-((cyclohexylmethylene)bis(oxy))-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)-, (11beta,16alpha(r))-
NCGC00167484-01
NCGC00167972-01
141845-82-1
rpr251526
unii-s59502j185
s59502j185 ,
2h-naphth (2',1':4,5) indeno (1,2-d) (1,3) dioxole, pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione deriv.
ciclesonide [usan:inn]
tox21_112486
dtxsid9046659 ,
dtxcid7026659
cas-141845-82-1
S4646
AKOS015994702
(11beta,16alpha)-16,17-[[(r)-cyclohexylmethylene]bis(oxy)]-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
ciclesonide [who-dd]
ciclesonide [vandf]
ciclesonide [ep monograph]
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 16,17-(((r)-cyclohexylmethylene)bis(oxy))-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)-, (11.beta.,16.alpha.)
ciclesonide [orange book]
ciclesonide [mi]
ciclesonide [jan]
ciclesonide [mart.]
ciclesonide [usan]
rpr-251526
bi54903
CHEMBL2040682
HY-B0625
SCHEMBL3688
alvesco, ciclesonide
gtpl7469
KS-1165 ,
LUKZNWIVRBCLON-GXOBDPJESA-N
[2-[(1s,2s,4r,6r,8s,9s,11s,12s,13r)-6-cyclohexyl-11-hydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-16-oxo-5,7-dioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosa-14,17-dien-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl] 2-methylpropanoate
SR-01000942227-1
sr-01000942227
CHEBI:31397
el-87-6
HMS3714N07
ciclesonide, >=98% (hplc)
ciclesonide, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
alvesco 80
alvesco 160
bdbm50247997
Q5119448
(11?,16?)-16,17-[[(r)-cyclohexylmethylene]bis(oxy)]-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
CCG-269962
C72110
EX-A4195
[2-[(1s,2s,4r,8s,9s,11s,12s,13r)-6-cyclohexyl-11-hydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-16-oxo-5,7-dioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosa-14,17-dien-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl] 2-methylpropanoate
ciclesonide 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
A899067
2-((6ar,6bs,7s,8as,8bs,10r,11ar,12as,12bs)-10-cyclohexyl-7-hydroxy-6a,8a-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,2,4,6a,6b,7,8,8a,11a,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-8bh-naphtho[2',1':4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-8b-yl)-2-oxoethyl isobutyrate
EN300-19766990
2-[(1s,2s,4r,6r,8s,9s,11s,12s,13r)-6-cyclohexyl-11-hydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-16-oxo-5,7-dioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0^{2,9}.0^{4,8}.0^{13,18}]icosa-14,17-dien-8-yl]-2-oxoethyl 2-methylpropanoate
r01ad13
ciclesonidum
ciclesonida
ciclesonide (mart.)
aservo equihaler
ciclesonide (ep monograph)
r03ba08
pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 16,17-(((r)-cyclohexylmethylene)bis(oxy))-11-hydroxy-21-(2-methyl-1-oxopropoxy)-, (11beta,16alpha)
16alpha,17-((1r)-cyclohexylmethylidenedioxy)-11beta,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-(2-methylpropionate)
C3701
ciclesonide (standard)
CS-0694790
HY-B0625R

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciclesonide is a novel, inhaled corticosteroid under development for the treatment of asthma. "	( Preclinical profile of ciclesonide, a novel corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma. Battram, CH; Belvisi, MG; Bundschuh, DS; Foster, ML; Haddad, el-B; Stoeck, M; Underwood, S; Webber, SE; Wicks, S, 2005)	2.08
"Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid used to treat asthma and is currently undergoing clinical trials for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). "	( Development of ciclesonide analogues that block SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication. Asakura, H; Demizu, Y; Inoue, T; Ito, T; Ohoka, N; Tsuji, G; Uema, M; Yanase, Y; Yonemitsu, K, 2021)	2.42
"Ciclesonide is an FDA-approved glucocorticoid (GC) used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. "	( The FDA-Approved Anti-Asthma Medicine Ciclesonide Inhibits Lung Cancer Stem Cells through Hedgehog Signaling-Mediated SOX2 Regulation. Choi, HS; Kim, JH; Kim, SL; Lee, DS, 2020)	2.27
"Ciclesonide is an FDA-approved glucocorticoid used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. "	( The Antiasthma Medication Ciclesonide Suppresses Breast Cancer Stem Cells through Inhibition of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling-Dependent YAP Pathway. Choi, HS; Kim, JH; Kim, SL; Lee, DS, 2020)	2.3
"Ciclesonide is a glucocorticoid prodrug, already registered for human use. "	( Inhaled ciclesonide is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of severe equine asthma in a large prospective European clinical trial. Albrecht, B; Engel, O; Mueller, HW; Pirie, RS; von Salis-Soglio, M, 2021)	2.5
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is a sGC prodrug approved for asthma treatment that exhibits limited systemic side effects."	( Ciclesonide activates glucocorticoid signaling in neonatal rat lung but does not trigger adverse effects in the cortex and cerebellum. Bargerstock, EM; Cole, TJ; DeFranco, DB; Franks, AL; Ghersi, A; Jaumotte, JD; Kisanga, EP; Menden, HL; Monaghan-Nichols, AP; Omar, M; Rudine, A; Sampath, V; Short, KL; Silswal, N; Wang, L, 2021)	2.79
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is a corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma with biochemical properties that improve topical potency."	( Ciclesonide Impacts Clinicopathological Features of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Atkins, D; Burger, C; Furuta, GT; Menard-Katcher, C; Miyazawa, H; Nguyen, N; Nistel, M, 2021)	2.79
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is an ICS with on-site lung activation for potent anti-inflammatory activity."	( Comparison of the efficacy of ciclesonide with that of budesonide in mild to moderate asthma patients after step-down therapy: a randomised parallel-group study. Chiu, KC; Chou, CL; Chou, PC; Chou, YL; Hsu, JY; Kuo, HP; Lin, CH; Lin, MS; Wang, CH, 2014)	1.41
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is an effective inhaled corticosteroid for treating asthmatic children. "	( Effect of once-daily generic ciclesonide on exhaled nitric oxide in atopic children with persistent asthma. Aguirre, V; Córdova, P; Cortez, E; Galindo, A; Gallardo, A; Mallol, J; Martínez, M; Riquelme, C; Sánchez, C, )	1.87
"Ciclesonide is a good option for asthma treatment that allows for adrenal recovery."	( Inhaled corticosteroid related adrenal suppression detected by poor growth and reversed with ciclesonide. Hsu, DP; Liddell, BS; Oberlin, JM, 2017)	1.4
"Ciclesonide is an intranasal corticosteroid approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. "	( Onset of action of ciclesonide once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Patel, D; Patel, P; Wingertzahn, MA, 2008)	2.12
"Ciclesonide (Alvesco) is an inhaled corticosteroid used in the preventative treatment of persistent bronchial asthma in adults, adolescents and, in some countries, children. "	( Ciclesonide: a review of its use in the management of asthma. Deeks, ED; Perry, CM, 2008)	3.23
"Ciclesonide is a new inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). "	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide once daily and fluticasone propionate twice daily in children with asthma. Barkai, L; Emeryk, A; Engelstätter, R; Hirsch, S; Pedersen, S; Vermeulen, J; Weber, H; Weber, HJ, 2009)	2.11
"Ciclesonide is an intranasal corticosteroid approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR)."	( Onset of action of ciclesonide once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Couroux, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Wingertzahn, MA, 2009)	2.12
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is a new ICS with a unique pharmacologic profile that may confer a favorable safety profile."	( The safety profile of ciclesonide in the treatment of persistent asthma. Craig, T, )	1.17
"Ciclesonide is a novel ICS, which is administered as an aerosol solution in a metered-dose inhaler, using hydrofluoroalkane-134a as a propellant."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of inhaled ciclesonide. Nave, R, 2009)	1.31
"Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid, administered as a prodrug via a metered-dose inhaler. "	( Deposition and metabolism of inhaled ciclesonide in the human lung. Boss, H; Hoffmann, H; Magnussen, H; Nave, R; Watz, H, 2010)	2.08
"Ciclesonide (Alvesco(®)) is an inhaled corticosteroid administered as a solution via a metered-dose inhaler, using hydrofluoroalkane HFA-134a as a propellant. "	( Determination of lung deposition following inhalation of ciclesonide using different bioanalytical procedures. Nave, R, 2010)	2.05
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is a novel inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) approved by US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of persistent asthma, available as a pressurized metered-dose inhaler in two strengths, 80 mcg/activation and 160 mcg/activation. "	( Ciclesonide--a novel corticosteroid for the management of asthma. Bhandari, B; Chopra, D; Wardhan, N, 2012)	3.26
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is a highly safe, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) that is converted into a pharmacologically active metabolite (des-isobutyryl-ciclesonide); this metabolite, in turn, exerts a local anti-inflammatory effect on lung tissue. "	( Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled ciclesonide (CIC-HFA) in Japanese children with bronchial asthma: a phase I study. Azuma, J; Fukao, T; Kaneko, H; Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Matsui, E; Nishima, S; Ohnishi, H; Sakai, K; Teramoto, T; Yonezawa, H, 2012)	2.09
"Ciclesonide is a novel glucocorticoid that is converted into ciclesonide--active principle (CIC-AP) in the lung. "	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciclesonide. Arya, V; Barrett, JS; Hochhaus, G; Jensen, BK; Nave, R; Rohatagi, S; Zech, K, 2003)	2.01
"Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid (delivered via a hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler) that is converted to an active metabolite, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide, in the lung, thereby minimising effects on endogenous cortisol. "	( Ciclesonide. Reynolds, NA; Scott, LJ, 2004)	3.21
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid developed for the treatment of asthma."	( Pharmacokinetics of [14C]ciclesonide after oral and intravenous administration to healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; Nave, R; van Marle, SP; Zech, K, 2004)	2.07
"Ciclesonide is a novel ICS, which promises to provide airway anti-inflammatory efficacy that is comparable with that of the available ICS in addition to reducing the risk for local and systemic adverse events."	( Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid. Humbert, M, 2004)	2.49
"Ciclesonide is a parent compound that is converted locally in airways by esterases to produce the active metabolite, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC)."	( Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid for asthma. Christie, P, 2004)	2.49
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid that is converted in the lungs to its active metabolite, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC). "	( Comparison of the oropharyngeal deposition of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate in patients with asthma. Biberger, C; Kanniess, F; Magnussen, H; Nave, R; Richter, K, 2005)	2.02
"Ciclesonide is a novel and effective inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma that is converted into the active metabolite C21-desisobutyryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC) in the lung. "	( Model-based covariate pharmacokinetic analysis and lack of cortisol suppression by the new inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide using a novel cortisol release model. Krishnaswami, S; Pfister, M; Rohatagi, S; Sahasranaman, S, )	1.78
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid delivered as inactive prodrug via a hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler with a deposition rate of 50 - 60 %. "	( [Ciclesonide -- a new inhaled corticosteroid]. Ukena, D, 2005)	2.68
"Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid with on-site lung activation that provides potent anti-inflammatory activity and has been shown to have a good safety profile, even at high doses."	( Comparable efficacy of ciclesonide once daily versus fluticasone propionate twice daily in asthma. Buhl, R; Engelstätter, R; Escher, A; Györi, Z; Magyar, P; Middle, MV; Rybacki, C; Vinkler, I, 2006)	1.37
"Ciclesonide is a new generation ICS with demonstrable safety and efficacy in the treatment of asthma."	( Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Dahl, R, 2006)	1.06
"Ciclesonide is a novel, lung-activated, inhaled corticosteroid with once-daily efficacy and potent anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Effect of ciclesonide and fluticasone on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with mild allergic asthma. Bodzenta-Lukaszyk, A; Skiepko, R; Szymanski, W; Tomasiak, MM; Zietkowski, Z, 2006)	2.18
"Ciclesonide is a new steroid characterized by clinical efficacy comparable to that of fluticasone and a lower risk of side effects."	( [Ciclesonide in the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma]. Grabowska, P; Płusa, T; Targowski, T, 2005)	1.96
"Ciclesonide is an intranasal corticosteroid in development for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. "	( Safety, tolerability, and exposure of ciclesonide nasal spray in healthy and asymptomatic subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Brookman, S; Kaida, S; Matsunaga, T; Nave, R; Wingertzahn, MA, 2006)	2.05
"Ciclesonide is a new-generation inhaled corticosteroid developed to treat the inflammation associated with persistent asthma. "	( In Vitro metabolism of ciclesonide in human lung and liver precision-cut tissue slices. Fisher, R; Nave, R; Zech, K, 2006)	2.09
"Ciclesonide is a new inhaled corticosteroids licensed for the prophylactic treatment of persistent asthma in adults. "	( Inhaled ciclesonide versus inhaled budesonide or inhaled beclomethasone or inhaled fluticasone for chronic asthma in adults: a systematic review. Dyer, MJ; Halpin, DM; Stein, K, 2006)	2.21
"Ciclesonide is a nonhalogenated, inhaled corticosteroid under investigation for the treatment of asthma."	( Two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging show ciclesonide has high lung deposition and peripheral distribution: a nonrandomized study in healthy volunteers. Bethke, TD; Boudreau, RJ; Davidson, P; Drollmann, A; Hasselquist, BE; Leach, CL; Wurst, W, 2006)	1.31
"Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid that provides safe and effective control of persistent asthma. "	( Equivalent pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of ciclesonide with and without use of the AeroChamber Plus spacer for inhalation. Baumgärtner, E; Bethke, TD; Drollmann, A; Nave, R; Steinijans, VW, 2006)	2.02
"Ciclesonide is a new lung-activated inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) that has shown efficacy in previous placebo-controlled and comparative studies in patients with persistent asthma. "	( A multinational, 12-week, randomized study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of ciclesonide and budesonide in patients with asthma. Barnes, PJ; Benezet, O; Cheung, D; Engelstätter, R; Hansel, TT; Kafé, H; Ponitz, HH, 2006)	2
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with high anti-inflammatory activity and low incidence of local and systemic adverse effects. "	( A comparative study of inhaled ciclesonide 160 microg/day and fluticasone propionate 176 microg/day in children with asthma. Engelstätter, R; Garcia Garcia, ML; Manjra, A; Pedersen, S; Theron, I, 2006)	2.06
"Ciclesonide is a lung-activated inhaled corticosteroid that provides effective control of persistent asthma. "	( Ciclesonide is more effective than budesonide in the treatment of persistent asthma. Beck, E; Biberger, C; Linnhoff, A; Malek, R; Steinijans, V; Ukena, D; von Behren, V; Weber, HH, 2007)	3.23
"Ciclesonide nasal spray is a corticosteroid being developed as a hypotonic formulation for AR."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Darken, PF; Hampel, F; Ratner, PH; Shah, T; van Bavel, JH; Wingertzahn, MA, 2006)	1.37
"Ciclesonide is an investigational corticosteroid under development for treatment of allergic rhinitis. "	( Effectiveness of ciclesonide nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Brookman, S; Darken, PF; Hampel, F; Hellbardt, S; Ratner, PH; Shah, T; van Bavel, JH; Wingertzahn, MA, 2006)	2.12
"Ciclesonide is an intranasal corticosteroid approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR)."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide, 200 microg once daily, for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Berger, W; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; LaForce, C; Meltzer, EO; Murcia, C; Wingertzahn, MA, 2007)	2.09
"Ciclesonide (CIC) is an inhaled glucocorticosteroid. "	( The role of esterases in the metabolism of ciclesonide to desisobutyryl-ciclesonide in human tissue. McCracken, N; Mutch, E; Nave, R; Williams, FM; Zech, K, 2007)	2.05
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid that possesses a unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of inhaled ciclesonide. Derendorf, H, 2007)	1.31
"Ciclesonide is an onsite-activated inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for the treatment of asthma. "	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide 160 microg once daily vs. budesonide 400 microg once daily in children with asthma. Bethke, TD; Engelstätter, R; Garcia Garcia, ML; Hellbardt, S; Latoś, T; Leichtl, S; Minic, P; Sréckovic, M; Vermeulen, JH; von Berg, A, 2007)	2.05
"Ciclesonide is a corticosteroid in development for allergic rhinitis that has been shown to be safe and effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) trials of up to 6 weeks in duration. "	( Long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal ciclesonide in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Miller, DL; Prenner, BM; Raphael, G; Shah, T, 2007)	2.04
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of airway inflammation. "	( Ciclesonide uptake and metabolism in human alveolar type II epithelial cells (A549). Katsuura, Y; Kawashimo, A; McCracken, N; Nave, R; Nonaka, T, 2007)	3.23
"Ciclesonide is a modern inhaled corticosteroid registered for asthma treatment. "	( [Role of ciclesonide in asthma therapy]. Kuna, P; Kupryś-Lipińska, I, 2008)	2.21
"Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma, and it is important to measure the onset of effect of this therapy on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), exhaled nitric oxide (NO), and levels of eosinophils in induced sputum."	( Rapid effect of inhaled ciclesonide in asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Barnes, PJ; Engelstätter, R; Erin, EM; Hansel, TT; Hellwig, M; Kon, OM; Neighbour, H; Nicholson, GC; Tan, AJ; Zacharasiewicz, AS, 2008)	2.1
"Ciclesonide is a novel steroid that has efficient distribution and release properties that mean it can be taken once daily, making it potentially useful in ongoing asthma management."	( Ciclesonide versus placebo for chronic asthma in adults and children. Gibson, PG; Lasserson, TJ; Manning, P, 2008)	2.51
"Ciclesonide is a novel steroid that is metabolised to its active component in the lung, making it a potentially useful for reducing local side effects."	( Ciclesonide versus other inhaled steroids for chronic asthma in children and adults. Gibson, PG; Lasserson, TJ; Manning, P, 2008)	2.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciclesonide has been formulated as an aerosol solution in a metered dose inhaler with hydrofluoralkane which characterizes a high deposition rate over 50%."	( [Role of ciclesonide in asthma therapy]. Kuna, P; Kupryś-Lipińska, I, 2008)	1.48

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciclesonide did not suppress biochemical markers of adrenal function in 52-week studies."	( Ciclesonide. Reynolds, NA; Scott, LJ, 2004)	2.49

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ciclesonide treatment inhibits T cell migration and cytokine production upon allergen inhalation, which is regulated independently from reducing CCL17 release, but may contribute to beneficial effects of ciclesonide on Th2-mediated airway inflammation."	( Effect of ciclesonide treatment on allergen-induced changes in T cell regulation in asthma. de Monchy, JG; Heijink, IH; Kauffman, HF; Postma, DS; Vellenga, E; Veltman-Starkenburg, CA, 2008)	1.47
"Both ciclesonide treatments were noninferior to placebo with respect to growth velocity."	( Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Banerji, D; Maspero, J; Skoner, DP, 2008)	1.06
"Treatment with ciclesonide may prevent the development of severe COVID-19."	( The peripheral lymphocyte count as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and the effect of treatment with ciclesonide. Fujii, S; Fujitani, S; Hagiwara, Y; Handa, H; Ikeda, H; Ishibashi, Y; Kunishima, H; Morikawa, D; Morisawa, K; Naitou, Y; Nakamura, Y; Nishine, H; Ooka, S; Sakurada, T; Takemura, H; Takita, M; Tsuchida, T; Yamasaki, Y; Yoshida, H, 2020)	1.11
"Treatment with ciclesonide 640 micro g/day or beclomethasone dipropionate 640 micro g/day for 1 year has a minimal impact on lenticular opacities development and/or progression."	( A randomized, controlled trial to investigate the effect of ciclesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate on eye lens opacity. Chylack, LT; Gross, GN; Pedinoff, A, 2008)	0.93

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Poor adherence to medications and other aspects of the treatment plan are described in patients with asthma, especially with adverse events concerning the upper respiratory and digestive tracts."	( [Safety and efficacy of inhaled ciclesonide in asthma]. Buczyłko, K, 2003)	0.6
"Freely circulating, protein unbound, active inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) can cause systemic adverse effects."	( Protein binding and its potential for eliciting minimal systemic side effects with a novel inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide. Chen, K; David, M; Guo, Z; Huang, Y; King, SP; Luo, Y; Nave, R; Rohatagi, S; Schemm, C; Shen, L, )	0.34
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable in all treatment groups and no cortisol suppression was observed."	( Once-daily ciclesonide 80 or 320 microg for 12 weeks is safe and effective in patients with persistent asthma. Adler, M; Alexander, M; Drollmann, A; Langdon, CG; Mehra, S, 2005)	0.72
" Therefore, cortisol may be a relevant surrogate marker to identify the potential for adverse effects from ICS therapy."	( Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Dahl, R, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Darken, PF; Hampel, F; Ratner, PH; Shah, T; van Bavel, JH; Wingertzahn, MA, 2006)	0.64
"In a clinical setting ciclesonide was shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of SAR in adolescent and adult patients."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Darken, PF; Hampel, F; Ratner, PH; Shah, T; van Bavel, JH; Wingertzahn, MA, 2006)	0.96
" Treatment guidelines, review articles, controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews evaluating the efficacy and the adverse events of treatment with ICS were selected."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" The most documented adverse effect is transitory decrease of growth rate."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" When administered in low doses, they seem to be safe and effective."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" The frequency of adverse events was similar between treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide, 200 microg once daily, for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Berger, W; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; LaForce, C; Meltzer, EO; Murcia, C; Wingertzahn, MA, 2007)	0.65
" There was no difference in adverse events between the groups."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007)	0.63
" Ciclesonide at doses of 400 microg/day and 800 microg/day was safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007)	1.54
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and 24-h urine cortisol."	( Randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide and budesonide in adolescents with severe asthma. Engelstätter, R; Gyurkovits, K; Rauer, H; Vermeulen, JH, 2007)	0.59
" Additional measurements included change in daily peak expiratory flow (PEF), change in asthma symptom score sum, change in use of rescue medication, paediatric and caregiver asthma QOL questionnaire [PAQLQ(S) and PACQLQ, respectively] scores, change in body height assessed by stadiometry, change in 24-h urinary cortisol adjusted for creatinine and adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide 160 microg once daily vs. budesonide 400 microg once daily in children with asthma. Bethke, TD; Engelstätter, R; Garcia Garcia, ML; Hellbardt, S; Latoś, T; Leichtl, S; Minic, P; Sréckovic, M; Vermeulen, JH; von Berg, A, 2007)	0.61
"Ciclesonide is a corticosteroid in development for allergic rhinitis that has been shown to be safe and effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) trials of up to 6 weeks in duration."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal ciclesonide in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Miller, DL; Prenner, BM; Raphael, G; Shah, T, 2007)	2.04
" Spontaneous and elicited adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal ciclesonide in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Miller, DL; Prenner, BM; Raphael, G; Shah, T, 2007)	0.6
"No clinically relevant differences were observed between the ciclesonide and placebo groups in adverse events, ear, nose, and throat examinations, or 24-hour urinary free or morning plasma cortisol levels."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal ciclesonide in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Miller, DL; Prenner, BM; Raphael, G; Shah, T, 2007)	0.84
"In this study, intranasal ciclesonide, 200 microg once daily, was safe and effective for the long-term treatment of PAR, with no evidence of tachyphylaxis."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of intranasal ciclesonide in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P; Hall, N; Kunjibettu, S; Miller, DL; Prenner, BM; Raphael, G; Shah, T, 2007)	0.9
" Adverse events and 10-hour overnight and 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels were also assessed."	( Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Banerji, D; Maspero, J; Skoner, DP, 2008)	0.6
" The overall incidence of adverse events was comparable between groups, and no significant changes in 10-hour overnight or 24-hour urinary free cortisol levels were noted between groups during the double-blind treatment period."	( Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Banerji, D; Maspero, J; Skoner, DP, 2008)	0.6
"Ciclesonide demonstrated no detectable effect on childhood growth velocity, even at the highest dosage, which may ease concerns about systemic adverse events."	( Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Banerji, D; Maspero, J; Skoner, DP, 2008)	2.05
" Prolonged exposure to high-dose ICS can cause systemic and oropharyngeal adverse events."	( Ciclesonide: a closer look at its systemic and oropharyngeal safety profile. Berger, WE, 2006)	1.78
" The incidences of adverse events were comparable across treatments."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide once daily and fluticasone propionate twice daily in children with asthma. Barkai, L; Emeryk, A; Engelstätter, R; Hirsch, S; Pedersen, S; Vermeulen, J; Weber, H; Weber, HJ, 2009)	0.66
" The treatment must have been withdrawn after a year, because of a whole range of adverse effects, even though there was a severe recurrence of symptoms during the therapy."	( Treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome with an inhaled corticosteroid after oral steroids discontinuation due to side effects. Doboszynska, A; Swietlik, E, 2008)	0.35
"Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are considered the most effective therapy currently available for persistent asthma and is the guideline-recommended first-line treatment for all patients requiring controller medication; however, the potential for oropharyngeal and systemic adverse events can be a barrier to their use."	( The safety profile of ciclesonide in the treatment of persistent asthma. Craig, T, )	0.45
" Incidence of adverse events was similar among treatment groups (range, 52."	( Efficacy and safety evaluation of ciclesonide in mild-to-moderate persistent asthma previously treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Karafilidis, J; Korenblat, PE; Meltzer, EO; Noonan, M; Weinstein, SF, )	0.41
" The incidence of adverse events was similar among treatment groups (range, 53-58%)."	( Efficacy and safety evaluation of ciclesonide in subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma not currently using inhaled corticosteroids. Bensch, G; Berger, WE; Bernstein, DI; Karafilidis, J; Kerwin, E; Pedinoff, A, )	0.41
" Patients rated the side effect questions of the 15 domain ICQ on a 7-point Likert scale (0 = not at all, 6 = a very great deal) during scheduled visits."	( Difference between patient-reported side effects of ciclesonide versus fluticasone propionate. Caeser, M; Foster, JM; Müller, T; Postma, DS; van der Molen, T, 2010)	0.61
"The majority of side effect scores remained similar with ciclesonide but worsened statistically significantly with fluticasone propionate from baseline to the end of the study in within-treatment analyses."	( Difference between patient-reported side effects of ciclesonide versus fluticasone propionate. Caeser, M; Foster, JM; Müller, T; Postma, DS; van der Molen, T, 2010)	0.86
" Safety assessments included: adverse events (AEs), urinary cortisol excretion and body height."	( Efficacy and safety of three ciclesonide doses vs placebo in children with asthma: the RAINBOW study. Bosheva, M; Dachev, S; Dunkel, J; Engelstätter, R; Kaczmarek, J; Pedersen, S; Potter, P; Springer, E, 2010)	0.65
" In both groups, the incidence of adverse effects (AEs) was low and mean cortisol levels in serum and urine were not suppressed during the EP."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in patients with severe asthma: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study with long-term (1-year) follow-up. Ayres, JG; Blagden, MD; Cheung, D; Engelstätter, R; Kafé, H; Kilfeather, S; O'Connor, BJ; Schlösser, N; Weber, HJ, 2010)	0.67
" FEV(1), PEF, NO, asthma episodes, use of rescue medication and adverse drug reactions (ADR) were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in the treatment of 24,037 asthmatic patients in routine medical care. Bethke, TD; Hering, T; Lewin, T; Sander, P; Vogelmeier, CF, 2011)	0.68
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol, 80 or 160 μg once daily, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Desai, SY; Hinkle, J; Huang, H; Jacobs, R; Mohar, D; Ratner, P, 2010)	0.63
" The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was low and comparable between the CIC-HFA and placebo groups."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol, 80 or 160 μg once daily, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Desai, SY; Hinkle, J; Huang, H; Jacobs, R; Mohar, D; Ratner, P, 2010)	0.63
" Serum cortisol (AUC(0-24h)) and adverse events (AE) were also evaluated."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol in healthy subjects and subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis. Desai, SY; Herzog, R; Huang, H; Maier, G; Nave, R; Ratner, P; Wingertzahn, MA, 2011)	0.59
" Recent studies, which evaluated topical and systemic adverse events associated with ciclesonide (CIC), fluticasone furoate (FF), mometasone furoate (MF), triamcinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, budesonide, and beclomethasone dipropionate were summarized."	( Safety update regarding intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Blaiss, MS, )	0.36
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout the study."	( A study of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis from mountain cedar pollen. Andrews, C; Bode, F; Desai, SY; Hinkle, J; Howland, W; Huang, H; Martin, B; Ratner, PH, )	0.4
" However, there is a concomitant risk of increasing local and systemic adverse events, which may impact patient adherence and physician prescribing practices."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose ciclesonide for the treatment of severe asthma. Bateman, ED, 2013)	0.67
" However, their long-term use is associated with various oropharyngeal and systemic side and adverse effects."	( Ciclesonide: A Pro-Soft Drug Approach for Mitigation of Side Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids. Derendorf, H; Mukker, JK; Singh, RSP, 2016)	1.88
"Ciclesonide can improve perennial allergic rhinitis without increasing adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of ciclesonide for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dong, Y; He, L; Li, B; Wang, F; Wu, W; Xiang, N; Xie, D; Yang, Q, )	1.87
"Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) such as dexamethasone (DEX), while used to mitigate inflammation and disease progression in premature infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), are also associated with significant adverse neurologic effects such as reductions in myelination and abnormalities in neuroanatomical development."	( Ciclesonide activates glucocorticoid signaling in neonatal rat lung but does not trigger adverse effects in the cortex and cerebellum. Bargerstock, EM; Cole, TJ; DeFranco, DB; Franks, AL; Ghersi, A; Jaumotte, JD; Kisanga, EP; Menden, HL; Monaghan-Nichols, AP; Omar, M; Rudine, A; Sampath, V; Short, KL; Silswal, N; Wang, L, 2021)	2.06

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The study objectives were to identify a structural model for population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of CIC-AP using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, assess the influence of select covariates on PK and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters, and investigate the effects of CIC-AP on endogenous cortisol."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciclesonide. Arya, V; Barrett, JS; Hochhaus, G; Jensen, BK; Nave, R; Rohatagi, S; Zech, K, 2003)	0.57
" The mean terminal half-life (t1/2) for des-CIC was also similar in patients with asthma (3."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of inhaled ciclesonide and its metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide in healthy subjects and patients with asthma are similar. Bethke, TD; Gunawardena, KA; Nave, R; Zech, K, 2006)	0.6
"After administration of a single dose of ciclesonide, the pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for des-CIC were equivalent between patients with mild-to-moderate asthma and healthy subjects, suggesting that there is comparable lung deposition and activation of ciclesonide in the 2 populations."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of inhaled ciclesonide and its metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide in healthy subjects and patients with asthma are similar. Bethke, TD; Gunawardena, KA; Nave, R; Zech, K, 2006)	0.87
"A randomised, open-label, 2-period crossover, single-center pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 30 patients with asthma (forced expiratory volume in 1 second > or = 70% predicted)."	( Equivalent pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of ciclesonide with and without use of the AeroChamber Plus spacer for inhalation. Baumgärtner, E; Bethke, TD; Drollmann, A; Nave, R; Steinijans, VW, 2006)	0.58
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the active metabolite, des-CIC, were equivalent after inhalation of ciclesonide with and without the AeroChamber Plus spacer."	( Equivalent pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of ciclesonide with and without use of the AeroChamber Plus spacer for inhalation. Baumgärtner, E; Bethke, TD; Drollmann, A; Nave, R; Steinijans, VW, 2006)	0.8
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have shaped the efficacy and safety of these agents in the treatment of asthma."	( Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma. Cerasoli, F; Derendorf, H; Drollmann, A; Nave, R; Wurst, W, 2006)	0.33
" Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid that possesses a unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of inhaled ciclesonide. Derendorf, H, 2007)	1.49
" This pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study was conducted to confirm this major metabolic pathway in vivo by using the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole, and to assess the effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and des-CIC."	( Effect of coadministered ketoconazole, a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide. Böhmer, GM; Drollmann, A; Gleiter, CH; Nave, R, 2008)	0.74
"Fourteen healthy adults participated in this open-label, nonrandomized, fixed sequence, two-period, repeated-dose pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of coadministered ketoconazole, a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide. Böhmer, GM; Drollmann, A; Gleiter, CH; Nave, R, 2008)	0.56
"For the parent compound, ciclesonide, no changes in the pharmacokinetic parameter estimates--the area under the serum concentration-time curve during the dosage interval (AUC(tau)), maximum serum concentration (C(max)) and time to reach the C(max)--were observed."	( Effect of coadministered ketoconazole, a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide. Böhmer, GM; Drollmann, A; Gleiter, CH; Nave, R, 2008)	0.86
" The availability of pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance [CL/F]; volume of distribution [Vd/F]; elimination half-life [T(½)]; and elimination rate constant [Kel]) in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs enabled the prediction of human parameter values for des-ciclesonide using the well-accepted tool of allometry after intravenous administration of ciclesonide."	( Allometric modeling of ciclesonide, a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid, and its active metabolite, desisobutyrylciclesonide, using animal-derived pharmacokinetic parameters. Ahlawat, P; Shaik, JB; Srinivas, NR, )	0.62
" The unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of ciclesonide offers a rationale that supports the favourable risk-benefit profile observed in clinical trials in patients with persistent asthma."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of inhaled ciclesonide. Nave, R, 2009)	0.83
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of desisobutyryl ciclesonide."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and desisobutyryl ciclesonide after administration via aqueous nasal spray or hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol compared with orally inhaled ciclesonide: an open-label, single-dose, three-period crossover study in healthy vol Herzog, R; Laurent, A; Nave, R; Wingertzahn, MA, 2009)	0.9
" The method was fully validated and successfully applied to determine CIC and des-CIC simultaneously in human plasma and proved to be suitable for phase I clinical pharmacokinetic study of inhaled ciclesonide in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide in human plasma by LC-APCI-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Hang, TJ; Song, M; Su, MX; Wang, YQ; Zhuang, Y, 2011)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC from time zero to last observed concentration [AUC(t)], AUC over the dosage interval τ at steady state [AUC(ss)], maximum concentration [C(max)], and terminal elimination half-life [T(1/2)]) and the temporal changes in the serum levels of des-isobutyryl-ciclesonide after repeated administration of CIC-HFA (200 μg/day) in Japanese children with bronchial asthma differed only slightly from those in Caucasian children with bronchial asthma."	( Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled ciclesonide (CIC-HFA) in Japanese children with bronchial asthma: a phase I study. Azuma, J; Fukao, T; Kaneko, H; Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Matsui, E; Nishima, S; Ohnishi, H; Sakai, K; Teramoto, T; Yonezawa, H, 2012)	0.82

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To investigate the extent of oral absorption and bioavailability of ciclesonide referenced to an intravenous infusion."	( Pharmacokinetics of [14C]ciclesonide after oral and intravenous administration to healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; Nave, R; van Marle, SP; Zech, K, 2004)	0.86
" Thus, systemic bioavailability for des-CIC is <1% and the absolute bioavailability of ciclesonide is even less than this."	( Pharmacokinetics of [14C]ciclesonide after oral and intravenous administration to healthy subjects. Bethke, TD; Nave, R; van Marle, SP; Zech, K, 2004)	0.85
" In addition, other favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics such as high protein binding, low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance contribute to the efficacy and improved systemic safety profile of ciclesonide."	( Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid. Humbert, M, 2004)	1.95
" The pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide in all animal species were characterized by a low oral bioavailability (approximately 6% or less), a high clearance, and a large volume of distribution."	( Ciclesonide disposition and metabolism: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion in the mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog. Cai, L; Chen, K; Gu, Z; Guo, Z; Howell, SR; Rohatagi, S; Stuhler, J; Wu, J, )	1.88
" The bioavailability of these products is essential in order to determine the incidence of side effects."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" Ciclesonide and its active metabolite have low systemic bioavailability and therefore have a low potential to produce systemic adverse events."	( Ciclesonide: a review of its use in the management of asthma. Deeks, ED; Perry, CM, 2008)	2.7
" In conclusion, the data suggested that allometry tool may be amenable for the prediction of the pharmacokinetic parameters of des-ciclesonide despite differences in the conversion rates and bioavailability of the active metabolite in various animal species."	( Allometric modeling of ciclesonide, a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid, and its active metabolite, desisobutyrylciclesonide, using animal-derived pharmacokinetic parameters. Ahlawat, P; Shaik, JB; Srinivas, NR, )	0.65
" Due to the negligible oral bioavailability the pharmacokinetic parameters following inhalation are a surrogate for lung deposition."	( Determination of lung deposition following inhalation of ciclesonide using different bioanalytical procedures. Nave, R, 2010)	0.61
" Ciclesonide is a corticosteroid with unique pharmacological profile including a high degree of serum protein binding, a low oral bioavailability and rapid systemic elimination."	( Ciclesonide--a novel corticosteroid for the management of asthma. Bhandari, B; Chopra, D; Wardhan, N, 2012)	2.73
" Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed no drug-drug interactions but a discrete increase in bioavailability of fluticasone propionate which was considered clinically unimportant."	( New patents of fixed combinations of nasal antihistamines and corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis. Wolthers, OD, 2013)	0.39
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" We have previously demonstrated that inhaled budesonide reduced airway responsiveness to the mast cell stimulus adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) to a threefold greater extent than to methacholine and sodium metabisulfite, suggesting that AMP responsiveness may be a more sensitive marker of airway inflammation and steroid action in order to assess a dose-response relationship."	( A dose-dependent effect of the novel inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide on airway responsiveness to adenosine-5'-monophosphate in asthmatic patients. Barnes, PJ; Engelstätter, R; Jensen, MW; Kanabar, V; O'Connor, BJ; Steinijans, VW; Taylor, DA, 1999)	0.55
" Regarding morning PEF, the improvements after evening dosing were more prominent and equivalence of morning and evening administration could not be demonstrated."	( Treatment of asthma by the inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide given either in the morning or evening. Aumann, J; Kafé, H; Martinat, Y; Postma, DS; Schlösser, N; Sevette, C, 2001)	0.56
" Therefore, a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, four-period, change-over equivalence study in 12 healthy male volunteers (age 21-28 yr, body weight 62-90 kg) was conducted to assess the influence of three dosage regimens (800 microg in the morning, 800 microg in the evening, 400 microg twice daily for 7 d, metered inhalers) on the circadian time serum cortisol rhythm."	( Circadian rhythm of serum cortisol after repeated inhalation of the new topical steroid ciclesonide. Bethke, T; Drollmann, A; Engel, G; Hüneke, D; Kaatz, HJ; Siegmund, W; Steinijans, VW; Timmer, W; Weinbrenner, A; Wurst, W; Zschiesche, M, 2002)	0.54
" The compound is formulated for once-daily dosing and demonstrated good efficacy without corticosteroid-associated systemic side effects [409257]."	( Ciclesonide ( Byk Gulden). Dent, G, 2002)	1.76
" However, a range of unwanted side effects and the often complex dosing schedules associated with these drugs frequently result in poor patient compliance."	( Soft steroids: a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory airways diseases. Belvisi, MG; Hele, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Ciclesonide is delivered in solution form via a hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with a once-daily dosing schedule, which facilitates patient compliance."	( Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid for asthma. Christie, P, 2004)	2.68
" There was no statistically significant dose-response effect."	( Short-term lower-leg growth rate and urine cortisol excretion in children treated with ciclesonide. Agertoft, L; Pedersen, S, 2005)	0.55
" PC20 more than doubled with each active treatment, but no statistically significant dose-response effect could be established."	( Effects of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate on cortisol secretion and airway responsiveness to adenosine 5'monophosphate in asthmatic patients. Derom, E; Engelstätter, R; Marissens, S; Pauwels, R; Van De Velde, V; Vincken, W, 2005)	0.66
" A 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, an endogenous "predose" cortisol concentration at dose interval and a lag time based on a fixed, hypothetical cortisol dosing time of 10:00 PM could adequately characterize the circadian rhythm of endogenous cortisol release."	( Model-based covariate pharmacokinetic analysis and lack of cortisol suppression by the new inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide using a novel cortisol release model. Krishnaswami, S; Pfister, M; Rohatagi, S; Sahasranaman, S, )	0.34
" The presence of des-CIC fatty acid conjugates at >24 h after dosing suggests that ciclesonide is appropriate for once-daily dosing."	( Formation of fatty acid conjugates of ciclesonide active metabolite in the rat lung after 4-week inhalation of ciclesonide. Fuhst, R; Meyer, W; Nave, R; Zech, K, 2005)	0.82
" In addition to concerns about ICS safety, dosing regimens that are difficult to follow may further reduce a patient's ability to comply with treatment."	( Safety of inhaled corticosteroids: room for improvement. Cazzola, M; Cerasoli, F; Rossi, GA, 2007)	0.34
"Demonstrating clinical benefit of higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma is frequently problematic owing to their relatively flat dose-response curve in this condition."	( Randomized comparison of ciclesonide 160 and 640 microg/day in severe asthma. Bateman, ED; Cheung, D; Engelstätter, R; Göhring, UM; Lapa e Silva, J; Schäfer, M, 2008)	0.65
"05); however, no dose-response effect was seen and the difference between groups was not significant (p=0."	( Randomized comparison of ciclesonide 160 and 640 microg/day in severe asthma. Bateman, ED; Cheung, D; Engelstätter, R; Göhring, UM; Lapa e Silva, J; Schäfer, M, 2008)	0.65
"For the parent compound, ciclesonide, no changes in the pharmacokinetic parameter estimates--the area under the serum concentration-time curve during the dosage interval (AUC(tau)), maximum serum concentration (C(max)) and time to reach the C(max)--were observed."	( Effect of coadministered ketoconazole, a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and its active metabolite desisobutyryl-ciclesonide. Böhmer, GM; Drollmann, A; Gleiter, CH; Nave, R, 2008)	0.86
" A significant dose-response occurred between low and higher doses of ciclesonide for exacerbations and asthma control definitions."	( Efficacy and safety of ciclesonide once daily and fluticasone propionate twice daily in children with asthma. Barkai, L; Emeryk, A; Engelstätter, R; Hirsch, S; Pedersen, S; Vermeulen, J; Weber, H; Weber, HJ, 2009)	0.9
" All of the inhaled corticosteroids demonstrate efficacy with once-daily dosing, and all are more effective when dosed twice daily."	( Comparison of inhaled corticosteroids: an update. Kelly, HW, 2009)	0.35
" The CIC showed the least serum cortisol suppression of the tested dosing regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate in patients with persistent asthma. Derendorf, H; Derom, E; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Xu, J, 2010)	0.6
" In addition, clinical dosing strategies for ICSs including as-needed use will be explored."	( Updates on the use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Kelly, HW; Stoloff, SW, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC from time zero to last observed concentration [AUC(t)], AUC over the dosage interval τ at steady state [AUC(ss)], maximum concentration [C(max)], and terminal elimination half-life [T(1/2)]) and the temporal changes in the serum levels of des-isobutyryl-ciclesonide after repeated administration of CIC-HFA (200 μg/day) in Japanese children with bronchial asthma differed only slightly from those in Caucasian children with bronchial asthma."	( Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled ciclesonide (CIC-HFA) in Japanese children with bronchial asthma: a phase I study. Azuma, J; Fukao, T; Kaneko, H; Kato, Z; Kondo, N; Matsui, E; Nishima, S; Ohnishi, H; Sakai, K; Teramoto, T; Yonezawa, H, 2012)	0.82
" The primary assessments were TPS and regimen attributes composite satisfaction score composed of two of nine satisfaction subscales: sensory impact (including medication running out of the nose, medication running down the throat, and impact on smell and taste) and regimen management (comprised of issues relating to dosing and ability to remember to take medication)."	( A patient preference and satisfaction study of ciclesonide nasal aerosol and mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Berger, WE; Meltzer, EO; Prenner, B; Turner, R, )	0.39
" The practical advantage of once-daily dosing with ciclesonide seems minor."	( Ciclesonide: long-term treatment of persistent asthma--no clear progress. , 2013)	2.08
" The present results demonstrated that ciclesonide suspension has the potential to achieve once-daily dosing for nebulization therapy and the in vitro dissolution profile has limited usefulness in predicting in vitro-in vivo correlation."	( Ciclesonide and budesonide suspensions for nebulization delivery: An in vivo inhalation biopharmaceutics investigation. Fu, TT; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Wen, H; Yang, FF; Zhao, Y, 2018)	2.19

Class	Description
organic molecular entity	Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
PPM1D protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1654	0.0052	9.4661	32.9993	AID1347411
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.6807	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743040; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1259	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1346984
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0355	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720691; AID720692; AID720719
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6310	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346985
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8042	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069; AID743075; AID743078; AID743079; AID743080
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0531	0.0017	23.8393	78.1014	AID743083
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	7.9433	0.1000	9.1916	31.6228	AID1346983
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.9811	0.0178	9.6374	44.6684	AID588834
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	11.7111	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065; AID743067
Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1654	0.0033	9.1582	39.8107	AID1347411
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4127	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.6315	4.4531	9.3000	AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.2000	5.6774	10.0000	AID1473741
Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.1100	7.1903	10.0000	AID1473738
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2	IC50 (µMol)	4.3300	0.0002	2.4585	9.9600	AID1804171
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	2.4100	6.3433	10.0000	AID1473739
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic process	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretion	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulation	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitination	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretion	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-beta	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replication	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
ATP binding	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA guanylyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
ISG15-specific peptidase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
5'-3' RNA helicase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
protein guanylyltransferase activity	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
protein binding	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane	Replicase polyprotein 1ab	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1763053	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 JPN/TY/WK-251 infected in African green monkey Vero E6 cells expressing TMPRSS2 assessed as reduction in viral RNA replication by measuring replication copies assessed per well at 10 uM incubated for 18 hrs by qRT-PCR	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Development of ciclesonide analogues that block SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication.
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1763050	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero E6 cells expressing TMPRSS2 assessed as reduction in cell viability upto 40 uM incubated for 18 hrs by LDH assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Development of ciclesonide analogues that block SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication.
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1473741	Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1763054	Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 JPN/TY/WK-251 infected in African Green monkey Vero E6 cells expressing TMPRSS2 assessed as reduction in viral plaques incubated for 18 hrs by plaque reduction assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Development of ciclesonide analogues that block SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication.
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1473738	Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1473740	Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1473739	Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346849	Human Glucocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)	2005	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 314, Issue:2	Preclinical profile of ciclesonide, a novel corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma.
AID1804171	DRC analysis by immunofluorescence from Article 10.1128/AAC.00819-20: \\Identification of Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-Approved Drugs.\\	2020	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 06-23, Volume: 64, Issue:7	Identification of Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-Approved Drugs.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	2 (0.79)	18.2507
2000's	139 (54.72)	29.6817
2010's	70 (27.56)	24.3611
2020's	43 (16.93)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	108 (38.03%)	5.53%
Reviews	53 (18.66%)	6.00%
Case Studies	14 (4.93%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.35%)	0.25%
Other	108 (38.03%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (77)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Alvesco for the Therapy of Persistent Asthma With or Without Allergic Component [NCT01147224]		400 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2010-03-31	Completed
Early Treatment of Vulnerable Individuals With Non-Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multi-Arm Multi-Stage Randomized Trial (MAMS) to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Several Specific Treatments in Reducing the Risk of Clinical Worsening or Death in Sub-Saharan [NCT04920838]	Phase 2/Phase 3	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-12	Recruiting
Small Particle Inhaled Steroids in Refractory Steroid-responsive Asthma [NCT01171365]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Worsening in Individuals With COVID-19 With Risk Factors (COVERAGE France) [NCT04356495]	Phase 2/Phase 3	412 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-29	Completed
A 6-Month Open-Label, Long-Term Safety Extension Study of Once Daily Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol (160 μg) in The Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) in Subjects 12 Years and Older [NCT01067105]	Phase 3	824 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
A Randomised, Phase II, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Four-period Crossover Efficacy and Safety Comparison of 4-Week Treatment Periods of Blinded Fluticasone (500 mcg Bid, MDI), Ciclesonide (400 mcg qd, MDI), Ciclesonide (800 mcg qd, MDI) or Placebo in Free [NCT00535366]	Phase 2	103 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Inhalation of Ciclesonide for Patients With COVID-19: A Randomised Open Treatment Study (HALT COVID-19) [NCT04381364]	Phase 2	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-29	Active, not recruiting
Phase 4 Cost-effectiveness Study of Beclomethasone Versus Ciclesonide as Controller Medications in Pediatric Asthma in a Hospital in Bogotá [NCT01333800]	Phase 4	94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
A 6-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Safety and Efficacy Study of the Potential Inhibitory Effects on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray in Subject [NCT01033825]	Phase 3	310 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol (160 μg Once Daily and 80 μg Once Daily) for the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01010971]	Phase 3	671 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Ciclesonide for the Treatment of Airway Hyperresponsiveness. The Mannitol-Asthma-Ciclesonide Study (MACS). A Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel Group Study. [NCT00826969]	Phase 4	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Rising Inhalative Doses of Butylated Hydroxytoluene Via Respimat Soft MistTM Inhaler B (Sub-study 1) and Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Rising Inhalative Doses of BI 54903 XX Via [NCT02221375]	Phase 1	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Study of Once Daily Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol (80 and 160 μg) in The Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) in Subjects 12 Years and Older [NCT00953147]	Phase 3	1,110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter, Dose-ranging Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol in Adult and Adolescent Patients 12 Years and Older With Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (SAR) [NCT00807053]	Phase 2	480 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200µg Once Daily) in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (SAR) in Patients 12 Years [NCT00659841]	Phase 3	302 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-12-31	Completed
Ciclesonide vs Fluticasone Propionate Nasal Sprays in Patients With Nasal Poplyposis; a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02665806]	Phase 3	32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Not yet recruiting
An Open-Label Randomized, Multicenter Study in Patients With Asthma to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Alvesco® (Ciclesonide) Compared to Asthma Usual Care in a Primary Practice Setting [NCT00404547]	Phase 4	1,121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
A Comparative Study of Inhaled Ciclesonide Versus Placebo in Children With Asthma [NCT00384189]	Phase 3	1,080 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-09-30	Completed
A Pilot Investigation of the Nasal Mucosal Absorption, Retention, and Metabolism of Ciclesonide When Administered as a Hypotonic Versus an Isotonic Formulation of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray When Each Formulation Is Administered to Currently Symptomatic Patie [NCT00793858]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Withdrawn(stopped due to Cost prohibitive and company withdrew support.)
A Randomized, Multicenter, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase III Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol (160 μg Once Daily and 80 μg Once Daily) for the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinit [NCT00790023]	Phase 3	707 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Ciclesonide for the Therapy of Asthma During the Cold Season. [NCT00608218]		2,100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2008-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Using the Environmental Exposure Unit (EEU) to Assess the Onset of Action of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200 mg, Once Daily), in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (S [NCT00659503]	Phase 3	420 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Effect of Ciclesonide on Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction [NCT00525772]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-11-30	Completed
A Multinational,Multicenter,Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Efficacy of Ciclesonide Metered-Dose Inhaler at a Daily Dose of 160 μg Administered Either in a Once-Daily in the Morning Regimen (160 μg qd AM) for [NCT00174720]	Phase 3	708 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A 3-period Double-blind, Cross-over Study on the Onset of Action of Inhaled Ciclesonide (7 Days of 400 mcg Sid Versus 800 mcg Bid Versus Placebo) on Airway Responsiveness to Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Sputum Eosinophiles and Exhaled Breath Nitric Oxid [NCT00546520]	Phase 3	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-04-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Multi-national, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide Metered-dose Inhaler (MDI) at 80 μg BID or 40 μg BID for 12 Weeks in Patients Aged 4 to <12 Years With Persistent Asthma. [NCT00392288]	Phase 3	528 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-09-30	Completed
Ciclesonide Clinical Trial for COVID-19 Treatment [NCT04435795]	Phase 2/Phase 3	215 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-15	Terminated(stopped due to could not meet target enrolment)
Effect of Ciclesonide (320 mcg/Day) vs Fluticasone Propionate (375 mcg/Day) vs. Placebo on Short-term Linear Growth Rate and HPA-axis Function in Prepubertal Children With Mild Asthma [NCT00163371]	Phase 3	28 participants	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Investigation of the Efficacy and Safety of Concomitant Administration of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray and Azelastine Nasal Spray in Patients (18 Years or Older) With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) Not Adequately Controlled on an Intranasal Corticosteroid o [NCT00806754]	Phase 4	340 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
Investigation of Potential Additive Inhibitory Effects on HPA-Axis of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray When Administered Concomitantly With Orally Inhaled Beclomethasone Dipropionate (HFA-BDP) in Patients (18-60 Years) With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) [NCT00659048]	Phase 3	106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Using the Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) to Assess the Onset of Action of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200 mg, Once Daily), in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT00659594]	Phase 3	500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200 mg Once Daily) in the Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) in Patients 12 Year [NCT00659750]	Phase 3	418 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Clinical Trial Designed to Assess the Safety of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray at Three Dose Levels, 200µg, 100µg or 25µg Once Daily for Six Weeks, in the Treatment of Perennial Allerg [NCT00658918]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-09-30	Completed
Vitamin D Add-on Therapy Enhances Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Asthma [NCT01248065]	Phase 3	408 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
PROphylaxis for paTiEnts at Risk of COVID-19 infecTion [NCT04870333]	Phase 2/Phase 3	5,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-19	Recruiting
Comparison of Inhaled Ciclesonide (640 mcg/Day) and Fluticasone Propionate (1000 mcg/Day) in Patients With Moderate and Severe Persistent Asthma [NCT00163319]	Phase 3	500 participants	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of 160 mcg Ciclesonide Administered Once Daily in the Evening With or Without Different Spacer Types in Patients With Asthma [NCT00163436]	Phase 3	450 participants	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 3 Clinical Trial Designed to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide Applied as a Nasal Spray at Three Dose Levels (200 Mcg, 100 Mcg, or 25 Mcg, Once Daily) in the Treatment of Pe [NCT00163514]	Phase 3	636 participants	Interventional	2004-05-31	Completed
A Multi-center, Open, Randomized, Three-arm, Parallel-group, Phase IV Study to Compare the Efficacy of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray and Levocetirizine, Alone and in Combination for the Patient With Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01430260]	Phase 4	349 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Ciclesonide for the Treatment of Airway Hyperresponsiveness: The Mannitol-Asthma-Ciclesonide-Study [NCT03839433]	Phase 4	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Control of Moderate or Severe Asthma With 160, 320 and 640 mcg Ciclesonide/Day. A One-year Randomised, Double-blind, Multicenter Trial. [NCT01455194]	Phase 3	520 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study Comparing the Bioquivalence of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray(Apotex Inc.) to That of Omnaris ™Nasal Spray (Sepracor, Inc.) in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT02273817]	Phase 3	580 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
Psychometric Evaluation of a Novel Questionnaire Designed to Assess Patient Satisfaction With and Preference of Intranasal Corticosteroids Administered Via HFA Aerosol or Aqueous Suspension Used for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01287364]	Phase 3	185 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
A Multi-Center, Multinational, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study of the Effects of Ciclesonide Hfa-Mdi 640 μg/Day and Beclomethasone Hfa-Mdi 640 μg/Day on Lens Opacification in Adult Subjects With Moderate to Severe Persistent Asthma [NCT00254956]	Phase 3	1,568 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
A Pilot Study on the Impact of Two Different Doses of Ciclesonide (160 mcg/Day and 320 mcg/Day) Administered in the Evening on Quality of Life in Patients With Moderate Persistent Asthma. [NCT00305461]	Phase 3	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
ADVICE: A Dose Range Finding Study of Formoterol Administered Once Daily in the Evening in Combination With Ciclesonide Using the Ultrahaler™ Versus Monotherapy of Each Drug in Asthmatic Patients [NCT00314509]	Phase 2	240 participants	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Comparison of Inhaled Ciclesonide (160 mcg b.i.d. or 320 mcg b.i.d.) and Fluticasone Propionate (250 mcg b.i.d. or 500 mcg b.i.d.) in Pretreated Patients With Mild to Moderate Asthma [NCT00163332]	Phase 3	30 participants	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
A Comparative Study of Inhaled Ciclesonide 200 mcg/Day vs Fluticasone Propionate 200 mcg/Day in Children With Asthma [NCT00163410]	Phase 3	500 participants	Interventional	2003-04-30	Completed
BALLOON: Efficacy and Safety - Study by ALTANA on Ciclesonide in Pre-school Asthma Patients [NCT00163449]	Phase 3	1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
Investigation of Potential Additive Inhibitory Effects on HPA-Axis of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray When Administered Concomitantly With Orally Inhaled Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol (FP/SAL) in Patients (18-60 Years) With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) [NCT00163488]	Phase 3	106 participants	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
A Phase 1, Open Label, Two Period, Randomized, Cross Over Scintigraphy Study Assessing Nasal Deposition of a Single Dose of a Ciclesonide Radiolabeled Solution Following Nasal Inhalation of a Novel Nasal Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) and of a Mometasone Furo [NCT01371786]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Efficacy of Ciclesonide and of a Fixed Combination With Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Versus Placebo on Long-term Asthma Control [NCT00163358]	Phase 3	630 participants	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
A Comparative Study of Inhaled Ciclesonide 160 mcg/Day vs Budesonide 400 mcg/Day in Patients With Asthma [NCT00163397]	Phase 3	120 participants	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Evaluation of Parameters of the Small Airways and Their Changes Under Treatment With Ciclesonide (320 mcg Once Daily) Versus Placebo in Patients With Asthma [NCT00163345]	Phase 3	20 participants	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
A Comparative Study of Inhaled Ciclesonide 160 mcg/Day vs Budesonide 400 mcg/Day in Patients With Asthma [NCT00163384]	Phase 3	240 participants	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Comparison of Ciclesonide (80 mcg Once Daily in the Evening) and Fluticasone Propionate (100 mcg Twice Daily) in Patients With Mild to Moderate Asthma [NCT00163423]	Phase 3	480 participants	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Comparison of Ciclesonide (80 mcg or 160 mcg Once Daily in the Evening) and Fluticasone Propionate (100 mcg Twice Daily in the Morning and Evening) in Pediatric Asthma Patients [NCT00163462]	Phase 3	750 participants	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Assess the Long Term Safety of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200 Mcg, Once Daily) in the Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) in Patients 12 Years [NCT00163501]	Phase 3	600 participants	Interventional	2003-12-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Efficacy of Ciclesonide Metered-Dose Inhaler at a Daily Dose of 160 μg Administered for Twelve Weeks Either in a Once-Daily Regimen in the Morning (160 μg qd A [NCT00174733]	Phase 3	456 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Nebulizer Trial: Evaluation of the Influence of Particle Size of Aerosolized AMP on Bronchial Responsiveness in Patients With Asthma and the Effects of Treatment With Ciclesonide Versus Fluticasone. [NCT00306163]	Phase 3	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
A Study Evaluating the Effect of Omnaris Nasal Spray 200 mcg QD & Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol 80 BID vs Beconase AQ Nasal Spray 168 mcg BID & QVAR Inhalation Aerosol 40 mcg BID vs Placebo Nasal Spray QD & Placebo Inhalation Aerosol BID on Short Term Growth [NCT01550471]	Phase 4	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Non-Inferiority Study Assessing the Effects of Ciclesonide Metered Dose Inhaler 50 Mg/Day and 200 Mg/Day (Ex-Valve) Administered Once Daily on Growth in Children With Mild Persistent Asthma [NCT00270348]	Phase 3	450 participants	Interventional	2000-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Clinical Trial Designed to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Ciclesonide (200 mcg Once Daily), Applied as a Nasal Spray for Twelve Weeks, in the Treatment of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis ( [NCT00261287]	Phase 3	102 participants	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Clinical Trial Designed to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Ciclesonide (200mcg and 100mcg, Once Daily) Applied as a Nasal Spray for Two Weeks in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT00305487]	Phase 3	660 participants	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Ciclesonide Metered-Dose Inhaler in Non-hospitalized Patients 12 Years of Age and Older With Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection [NCT04377711]	Phase 3	400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-08	Completed
A Randomized Cross-Over Design Study Evaluating a Traditional Paper Symptom Diary vs. the VOCEL Mobile Diary in Subjects 12 Years and Older With Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma Receiving Ciclesonide MDI (Alvesco) 80 ug BID [NCT00367263]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
A 6 Month Randomized, Open Label, Parallel Group, Safety Study Of Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol (Zetonna®) And Ciclesonide Nasal Spray (Omnaris®) In Subjects 12 Years And Older With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01654536]	Phase 4	737 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
A Trial of Ciclesonide to Assess The Antiviral Effect for Adults With Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 [NCT04330586]	Phase 2	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study Using the Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) to Assess the Onset of Action of Ciclesonide, Applied as a Nasal Spray (200 mcg, Once Daily), in the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhiniti [NCT00384475]	Phase 3	500 participants	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
A 2-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Safety and Efficacy Study of Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol in Subjects 6 to 11 Years With Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01458275]	Phase 3	847 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, 3-period Crossover, Pharmacokinetic Study Designed to Compare the Systemic Des-ciclesonide Exposure of OMNARIS™ (Ciclesonide) Nasal Spray, Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol, and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide [NCT00458835]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Periostin-guided Withdrawal of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With Non-eosinophilic Asthma [NCT03141424]	Phase 4	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-01	Recruiting
A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Safety and Efficacy Study of Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol in Subjects 6-11 Years With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01451541]	Phase 3	848 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
A Randomized Two Period Two-Way Crossover Study To Evaluate Patient Preference, Satisfaction And Efficacy Of A Nasal Aerosol Versus An Aqueous Nasal Spray Used For The Treatment Of Allergic Rhinitis [NCT01401465]	Phase 3	327 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Arm, Parallel-Group, Phase III (Registration) Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Ciclesonide Nasal Spray (Omnaris®) 200 mcg Once Daily in the Treatment of the Patients With Seasonal Allergic Rh [NCT02155881]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
A 6-Week Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Safety Study of the Potential Inhibitory Effects of Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Subjects 6-11 Years With Perennial Allergic Rhinitis ( [NCT01378429]	Phase 3	89 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Effect of Low Dose Continuous Treatment With Ciclesonide Over One Year on the Time to First Exacerbation in Children With Mild Asthma Versus Intermittent Treatment for Exacerbations [NCT00163293]	Phase 3	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Percentage of Asthma Symptom Free Days
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Absolute Value)
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuation
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Time to First Asthma Exacerbation
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Dropped-out Due to Asthma Exacerbation
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Signs Findings
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Physical Examination Findings
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Number of Exacerbations Per Participant
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Exacerbations (Post-hoc Analysis of Annual Rates)
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Mean Rate of Asthma Exacerbations Per Year
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Growth Velocity as Assessed by Stadiometric Height Measurement
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Total Asthma Symptom Score by Diary Entries
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Standardized (PAQLQ[S])
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ)
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Percentage of Rescue Medication Free Days
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Percentage of Nights With Nocturnal Awakenings Due to Asthma Symptoms
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Duration of Exacerbations
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Morning and Evening Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurements by Diary Entries
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Rescue Medication Use Per Day
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in PEF by Diary Entries
NCT00163293 (23) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Percent Predicted)
NCT00306163 (1) [back to overview]	PC20 AMP (Post-treatment Compared to Baseline)
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Time to First Event of Lack of Efficacy (LOE) by Week 12
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication, Morning PEF and PEF Fluctuation
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication and Morning PEF
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change in Use of Rescue Medications
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire Standard [PAQLQ(S)] Overall Score
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Morning Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable PEF by Spirometry
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuations
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change in Asthma Symptom Total Score
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) Overall
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Evening PEF From Diary
NCT00384189 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Morning PEF From Diary
NCT00392288 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Use of Albuterol/Salbutamol at Week 12.
NCT00392288 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Daily Asthma Symptom Score at Week 12.
NCT00392288 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) at Week 12.
NCT00404547 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Patient Assessment of Asthma Control
NCT00404547 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Mean of Total Score of Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ)
NCT00458835 (2) [back to overview]	Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by Cmax, pg/mL, (Highest Concentration of Drug in the Blood) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.
NCT00458835 (2) [back to overview]	Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by AUC, ng*hr/L, (Area Under the Serum Concentration) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Onset of Improvement in Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (iTNSS)
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported and AM and PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Time to Maximal Effect as Measured by Change From Baseline in the Average AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (rTNSS)
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Overall Score of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire With Standard Activities (RQLQ(S)) in Participants With a Baseline Overall Score >= 3.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Onset of Improvement in Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptoms Scores (iTOSS) in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period in Participants With a Baseline rTOSS >= 5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject Reported AM and PM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00790023 (28) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS (rTNSS) Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Month 6 (Week 26) in RQLQ(S) Overall Score in Impaired Patients With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score ≥3.0.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire With Standardized [RQLQ(S)] Overall Score in Impaired Patients With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score ≥3.0
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM & PM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period.
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iNSS Averaged the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iNSS Averaged the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment
NCT00953147 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS (iTNSS) Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Time to Maximal Effect Over the 2-week of Double-blind Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the RQLQ(S) Overall Score at the End of the 2-week Treatment Period in Impaired Subjects With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score of ≥3.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 2 Week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the RQLQ(S) Domains at the End of the 2-week Treatment Period in Impaired Subjects With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score of ≥3.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective Nasal Symptom Scores (NSS) Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0
NCT01010971 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(12-24h) From Baseline After 6 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-12h) From Baseline After 6 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Ratio (Percentage) of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator Out of Expected Advances.
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Time to Maximal Effect Over 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	The Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-24h) From Baseline to Week 6 of the Double Blind Treatment Period
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(12-24h) at Baseline
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-24h) at Baseline
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-12h) at Baseline
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Devices With Major Discrepancies
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over Each Week, and Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Devices With Major Discrepancies
NCT01033825 (44) [back to overview]	Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6-month Treatment Period.
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs.
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS at Each Month Over the 6-month Treatment Period.
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS at Each Month Over the 6-month Treatment Period.
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Devices With Major Discrepancies
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Devices With Major Discrepancies
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Responding to the Subject Satisfaction Dose Indicator Survey
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6-month Treatment Period.
NCT01067105 (14) [back to overview]	Ratio (Reported as Percentage) of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator Out of Expected Advances
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]	Exacerbations
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]	Lung Function Change From Baseline
NCT01248065 (3) [back to overview]	Treatment Failure
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Sensitivity Analyses of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales: Standard Effect Sizes (SES)
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Treatment Satisfaction Subscales (Interference, Regimen Adaptation, Role Limitations, Sensory Impact, Regimen Difficulties, Burden, Hassle, Regimen Management, and Perceived Relief)Reliability Statistics
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Responsiveness Statistical Analysis of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales for Treatment Period 2 Versus Change in rTNSS From Baseline Categories (Low Change, Medium Change, or High Change)
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Responsiveness Statistical Analysis of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales for Treatment Period 1 Versus Change in rTNSS From Baseline Categories (Low Change, Medium Change, or High Change)
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Principal Components Analysis (Treatment Process, Treatment Outcomes) Factor Loadings for Treatment Preference Scales
NCT01287364 (6) [back to overview]	Discriminant Validity of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales Statistical Analyses Based on Baseline Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) Categories (Low, Medium, High)
NCT01371786 (5) [back to overview]	Deposition of Radioactivity Within on Nasal Wipes Over 10 Minutes as a Percent of Delivered Dose
NCT01371786 (5) [back to overview]	Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasal Cavity Over 10 Minutes as a Percent of Delivered Dose
NCT01371786 (5) [back to overview]	Initial Deposition of Radioactivity on Nasal Wipes as a Percent of Delivered Dose
NCT01371786 (5) [back to overview]	Initial Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasal Cavity as a Percent of Delivered Dose
NCT01371786 (5) [back to overview]	Initial Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasopharynx as a Percent of Delivered Dose
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F)
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Apparent Clearance of the Drug (CL/F)
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Averaged Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	The Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (0-24), Calculated Using a Trapezoidal Rule, From Baseline to the End of the 6 Week Treatment Period
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Ratio (Percentage) of the Number of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator to the Number of Expected Advances Based on Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration Plus Extra Non-nasal Actuations
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency, Where Actuation Consistency is Defined as a Dose Indicator Count Within ± 20% of the Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency, Where Actuation Consistency is Defined as a Dose Indicator Count Within ± 20% of the Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Urinary Free Cortisol-Uncorrected for Urine Creatinine
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Urinary Free Cortisol-Corrected for Urine Creatinine
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Time to the Occurrence of Cmax
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Terminal Half Life (t1/2)
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation.
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation.
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	Maximum Observed Concentration
NCT01378429 (17) [back to overview]	AUC(0-24h)
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Regimen Attributes Composite Score
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Subject-reported AM and PM rTNSS Averaged Over Each 2-week Treatment Period.
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Functional Impact Composite Score
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Burden
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Hassle
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Interference
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Adaptation
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Difficulties
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Management
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Regimen Acceptance Composite Score
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Treatment Process Composite Preference Score
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Sensory Impact
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Allergic-Rhinitis Specific Symptom Interference Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: General Health Perceptions Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: General Symptom Interference Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Mental and Emotional Health Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Perceived Health (Global Analogue Scale)
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Symptoms and Side-Effects Distress Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Work Well Being Questionnaire Scale
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Overall Quality of Life Composite Score
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Perceived Relief
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Total Preference Composite Score Assessed at the End of the Study. The Total Preference Score is the Standardized Sum of 17 Individual Preference Items
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Treatment Outcome Composite Score Assessed at the End of the Study
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Work/Disability Days: Bed Days
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Work/Disability Days: Missed Work
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Work/Disability Days: Reduced Activity Days
NCT01401465 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Role Limitation
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	The Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Averaged Weekly Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment.
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Time to Maximal Effect [Time to >= 90% Maximum Difference From Placebo in LS Means (Days)]
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs, SAEs, and Discontinuations Due to AEs
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs, SAEs, and Discontinuations Due to AEs
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Averaged Weekly Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) Overall Score at the End of the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM and PM rTNSS Averaged Weekly Over the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM and PM iTNSS Averaged Weekly Over the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment
NCT01451541 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Daily PRQLQ Overall Score at the End of the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) Score at Baseline
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Asthma Exacerbations Rates
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Physical Examination Findings
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Vital Signs
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting One or More Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Asthma Exacerbation
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Laboratory Values
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Markedly High Benefits
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Time Course of ACQ
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Well-Controlled Asthma and ACQ Improvement
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Well-Controlled Asthma Measurement by ACQ Cut-Off Point
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Well-controlled Asthma and ACQ Improvement at the End of the Study
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in ACQ Score to Tlast
NCT01455194 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Weeks With Well-controlled Asthma Over the Course of the Study
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent AEs
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent AEs
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Scores (rTOSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period.
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Treatment-emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject Reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject Reported AM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptom Scores (iTOSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period.
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Time to Maximal Effect in the AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT01458275 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) Overall Score at the End of the Double-blind Treatment Period.
NCT01550471 (2) [back to overview]	The Effect of Omnaris Nasal Spray & Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol vs Beconase AQ Nasal Spray & QVAR Inhalation Aerosol on Short-term Lower Leg Growth Velocity as Measured by Knemometry in Pediatric Subjects w/ Mild Asthma & Allergic Rhinitis.
NCT01550471 (2) [back to overview]	The Effects of Omnaris Nasal Spray & Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol vs Placebo Nasal Spray & Placebo Inhalation Aerosol on Short-term Lower Leg Growth Velocity as Measured by Knemometry in Pediatric Subjects w/ Mild Asthma & Allergic Rhinitis.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Increase ≥ 7 mm Hg From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure, or a Change to > 21 mm Hg, in Either Eye
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Change From Baseline in Best Corrected Visual Acuity.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Development of or Worsening in Lens Opacities.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal Mucosal Disorders, Septum Disorders, or Nasal Septum Perforations as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs; TEAE)
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Nasal AEs.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal Mucosal Disorders, Septum Disorders, or Nasal Septum Perforations as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs; TEAE)
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Nasal AEs.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Development of or Worsening in Lens Opacities.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Change From Baseline in Best Corrected Visual Acuity.
NCT01654536 (16) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Increase ≥ 7 mm Hg From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure, or a Change to > 21 mm Hg, in Either Eye
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) Total Score
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) Individual Domain Score
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Scores (TOSS)
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (TNSS)
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Individual Morning and Evening Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Score
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Individual Morning and Evening Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score
NCT02155881 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptom Scores
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	Time to Alleviation of COVID-19-related Symptoms by Day 30
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Subsequent Emergency Department Visit or Hospital Admission for Reasons Attributable to COVID-19 by Day 30
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Alleviation of COVID-19-related Symptoms Defined as Symptom-free for a Continuous Period of More Than 24 Hours (ie, Later Than 3 AM/PM Assessments) by Day 7, by Day 14, and by Day 30
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	COVID-19-related Mortality by Day 30
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	All-cause Mortality by Day 30
NCT04377711 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Hospital Admission or Death by Day 30
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Improvement in Cough at Day 7: Proportion of Patient With a Reduction of Cough Symptoms at Day 7
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	"Overall Feeling: Proportion Who Are Reporting That They Are Very Much Improved or Much Improved at Day 7"
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	"Overall Feeling: Proportion Who Are Reporting That They Are Very Much Improved or Much Improved at Day 14"
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Mortality
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Proportion of Participants With no Symptoms of Cough, Fever or Dyspnea
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Proportion of Participants With no Symptoms of Cough, Fever or Dyspnea
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Improvement in Dyspnea: Resolution of Dyspnea at Day 7
NCT04435795 (8) [back to overview]	Proportion of Participants Hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2

Percentage of Asthma Symptom Free Days

Days without Asthma Symptom documented in the participant's diary were reported. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	percentage of days (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=62, 60, 60)	Month 2 (n=61, 50, 56)	Month 4 (n=54,55, 59)	Month 6 (n=53, 50, 51)	Month 8 (n=46, 46, 46)	Month 10 (n=43, 47, 44)	Month 12 (n=42, 44, 45)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	37.32	38.47	42.57	41.75	38.86	41.00	43.20
Ciclesonide 200 µg	36.95	41.16	38.83	39.87	43.90	41.65	42.03
Placebo	35.00	33.56	35.78	40.09	40.03	39.83	44.61

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Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Absolute Value)

FEV1 is the maximal amount of air forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. Spirometry was used for assessment of FEV1. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Baseline and Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	liters (Mean)
	Change at Month 1 (n=78, 76, 81)	Change at Month 2 (n=76, 73, 77)	Change at Month 4 (n=68, 72, 75)	Change at Month 6 (n=67, 72, 72)	Change at Month 8 (n=66, 71, 68)	Change at Month 10 (n=66, 69, 67)	Change at Month 12 (n=65, 69, 65)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0.019	0.024	0.065	0.091	0.075	0.143	0.161
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.018	0.060	0.083	0.125	0.126	0.168	0.185
Placebo	0.012	0.005	0.076	0.078	0.120	0.146	0.178

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Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuation

Diurnal PEF Fluctuation is equal to [(Higher PEF - Lower PEF)/0.5*(Higher PEF + Lower PEF)] * 100%. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Baseline and Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	percent fluctuation (Mean)
	Change at Month 1 (n=78, 76, 80)	Change at Month 2 (n=76, 71, 77)	Change at Month 4 (n=68, 71, 75)	Change at Month 6 (n=67, 72, 73)	Change at Month 8 (n=66, 70, 69)	Change at Month 10 (n=64, 70, 68)	Change at Month 12 (n=68, 70, 70)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	-0.59	-0.13	-0.65	-1.01	-1.12	-1.46	-1.81
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.06	-0.16	-1.01	-0.22	-1.21	-0.70	-0.62
Placebo	0.00	0.15	-0.55	-0.47	-1.11	-1.14	-1.26

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Time to First Asthma Exacerbation

Time to first asthma exacerbation is defined as the time in days until the first asthma exacerbation, or to the end of treatment visit. In the absence of an exacerbation, an early treatment discontinuation is treated as a censored observation on the day following the last use of study drug. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	days (Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	225.1
Ciclesonide 200 µg	249.5
Placebo	227.2

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Percentage of Participants Who Dropped-out Due to Asthma Exacerbation

(NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	1.3
Ciclesonide 200 µg	1.3
Placebo	4.8

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Signs Findings

Vital signs included body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). The investigator determined if the result was clinically significant based on the following criteria: Systolic Blood Pressure >130 mmHg or <80 mmHg or a >20 mmHg difference from Baseline; Diastolic Blood Pressure > 85 mmHg; and Resting Heart Rate >140 bpm or <60 bpm or a >30 bpm difference from Baseline. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0
Placebo	0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Physical Examination Findings

A thorough physical examination was performed consisting of examinations of the following body systems: (1) eyes; (2) ears, nose, throat; (3) lungs/thorax; (4) heart/cardiovascular system; (5) abdomen; (6) skin and mucosae; (7) nervous system; (8) lymph nodes; (9) musculo-skeletal system; (10) physical examinations other than body systems described in (1) to (9). The investigator determined if any of the findings were clinically significant. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0
Placebo	0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values

Clinically significant laboratory values were hematology and chemistry tests determined by the investigator to be clinically significant based on the following criteria: Hemoglobin <9.5 g/dL; Erythrocytes <3.0 x 10^6/μL or >6.5 x 10^6/μL; White Blood Count <3000/mm^3 or >20000/mm^3; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Total Bilirubin and Glucose >2 times Upper limit of Normal Range (ULNR); Alkaline Phosphatase and Creatine Kinase >3 times ULNR; Creatinine >1.5 times ULN; Potassium >5.0 mmol/L or <3.0 mmol/L; and Sodium >150 mmol/L or 130 mmol/L. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0
Placebo	0

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Number of Exacerbations Per Participant

The mean number of asthma exacerbations per participant is reported. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	exacerbations (Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0.72
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.78
Placebo	0.95

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Exacerbations (Post-hoc Analysis of Annual Rates)

A model-based analysis of asthma exacerbation was performed to adjust to important covariables. The distribution of the data suggested a Poisson regression modeling (zero inflated) strategy. After a variable selection process considering also variable-by-treatment interactions, the variables centre, age [years] and race were identified to be important beside treatment. The parameters centre and age [years] were allocated to zero-model part and the variables treatment and race to the Poisson model part. The estimates of the per-treatment rates are based on a negative-binomial distribution. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	number of events per year (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0.9343
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.8794
Placebo	1.2621

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Mean Rate of Asthma Exacerbations Per Year

Rate of asthma exacerbations per year is equal to total number of asthma exacerbations during treatment/time on treatment (year). (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	number of exacerbations per year (Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0.88
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.85
Placebo	3.28

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Growth Velocity as Assessed by Stadiometric Height Measurement

Standing height measured in millimeters (mm) with a wall-mounted stadiometer. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	mm/year (Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	55.32
Ciclesonide 200 µg	64.60
Placebo	54.91

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Total Asthma Symptom Score by Diary Entries

Total Asthma Score = daytime asthma score + night-time asthma score, where higher score indicates worsening of disease. Night-time asthma score is assessed on a 5 point scale where 0=No symptoms, slept through the night, 1=Slept well but some complaints in the morning, 2=Woke up once because of asthma (including early wakening), 3=Woke up several times because of asthma (including early wakening) and 4=Bad night, awake most of the night because of asthma. Day-time asthma score is assessed on a 5 point scale where 0= Very well, no symptoms, 1= One episode of wheezing, cough or breathlessness, 2= More than one episode of wheezing, cough or breathlessness without interfering with normal activities, 3= Wheezing, cough or shortness of breath most of the day which interfered to some extent with normal activities and 4= Asthma very bad. Unable to carry out daily activities as usual. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=77, 75, 79)	Month 2 (n=76, 70, 77)	Month 4 (n=68, 72, 75)	Month 6 (n=67, 72, 73)	Month 8 (n=66, 69, 69)	Month 10 (n=64, 70, 68)	Month 12 (n=68, 69, 70)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	0.37	0.26	0.18	0.16	0.17	0.12	0.11
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.22	0.14	0.12	0.17	0.13	0.11	0.08
Placebo	0.32	0.28	0.24	0.18	0.23	0.24	0.15

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Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Standardized (PAQLQ[S])

"The PAQLQ(S) consists of 23 items divided into three domains: Activity limitations (items 1-3, 19, 22); Symptoms (items 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23) and Emotional function (items 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21). Participants were asked to answer each question using a seven-point scale (where 1 indicated maximum impairment and 7 indicated no impairment) and recall their experience during the previous week. Overall PAQLQ score is equal to the mean of all 23 items for a total possible score 1 (worst) to 7 (best)." (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 2, 6 and 12

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Month 2 (n=70, 73, 75)	Month 6 (n=65, 72, 72)	Month 12 (n=64, 69, 65)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	6.21	6.33	6.42
Ciclesonide 200 µg	6.27	6.26	6.34
Placebo	6.08	6.30	6.36

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Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ)

"The PACQLQ consists of 13 items divided into two domains: Activity limitations (items 2, 4, 6, 8) and Emotional function (items 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). Caregivers answered each question using a seven-point scale (whereby 1 indicated maximum impairment and 7 indicated no impairment) and recalled their experiences during the previous week. Overall PACQLQ score is equal to the mean of all 13 items for a total possible score of 1 (worst) to 7 (best)." (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 2, 6 and 12

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Month 2 (n=73, 73, 76)	Month 6 (n=67, 72, 73)	Month 12 (n=66, 69, 66)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	5.87	6.15	6.32
Ciclesonide 200 µg	6.16	6.16	6.25
Placebo	6.08	6.31	6.31

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Percentage of Rescue Medication Free Days

Days without use of rescue medication documented in the participant's diary were reported. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	percentage of days (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=55, 53, 54)	Month 2 (n=52, 41, 48)	Month 4 (n=49, 48, 52)	Month 6 (n=47, 44, 45)	Month 8 (n=39, 42, 44)	Month 10 (n=40, 40, 37)	Month 12 (n=35, 41, 40)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	47.94	48.78	49.91	49.63	47.93	46.22	53.58
Ciclesonide 200 µg	47.34	54.46	46.51	48.14	50.50	49.78	53.63
Placebo	44.37	45.31	45.91	49.42	45.22	52.70	58.03

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Percentage of Nights With Nocturnal Awakenings Due to Asthma Symptoms

Nocturnal awakenings due to asthma symptoms were recorded in the participant's diary. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	percentage of nights (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=78, 75, 80)	Month 2 (n=76, 73, 77)	Month 4 (n=68, 72, 75)	Month 6 (n=67, 72, 73)	Month 8 (n=66, 70, 69)	Month 10 (n=66, 70, 68)	Month 12 (n=74, 73, 78)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	2.40	1.96	1.33	0.87	1.62	1.93	0.41
Ciclesonide 200 µg	1.64	0.62	0.86	1.51	1.05	0.59	1.84
Placebo	1.85	1.73	1.54	1.26	1.82	1.88	0.53

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Duration of Exacerbations

Duration of exacerbation was defined as the time in days when the criteria for an exacerbation were met to the time when peak flow measurements returned to baseline. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	days (Mean)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	9.17
Ciclesonide 200 µg	9.31
Placebo	7.92

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. A SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, results in congenital anomaly/birth defect or any other important medical condition considered serious based on medical and scientific judgement. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Adverse Events	Serious Adverse Events
Ciclesonide 100 µg	61	2
Ciclesonide 200 µg	64	2
Placebo	63	2

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Morning and Evening Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurements by Diary Entries

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. Spirometry was used for assessment of PEF. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	liters/second (Mean)
	Month 1, Evening PEF (n=78, 76, 80)	Month 1, Morning PEF (n=78, 76, 81)	Month 2, Evening PEF (n=76, 71, 77)	Month 2, Morning PEF (n=76, 72, 77)	Month 4, Evening PEF (n=68, 72, 75)	Month 4, Morning PEF (n=68, 71, 76)	Month 6, Evening PEF (n=67, 72, 73)	Month 6, Morning PEF (n=67, 72, 73)	Month 8, Evening PEF (n=66, 70, 69)	Month 8, Morning PEF (n=66, 71, 69)	Month 10, Evening PEF (n=65, 70, 68)	Month 10, Morning PEF (n=66, 70, 68)	Month 12, Evening PEF (n=68, 71, 70)	Month 12, Morning PEF (n=75, 73, 78)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	235.72	232.09	241.07	236.92	249.75	242.93	251.88	246.44	253.49	247.24	254.21	247.94	255.97	245.84
Ciclesonide 200 µg	238.16	234.41	241.16	236.42	243.52	241.91	249.36	246.75	250.92	246.97	256.44	254.04	263.87	258.62
Placebo	241.89	233.81	244.67	239.07	245.91	240.16	246.44	238.81	245.72	239.73	251.69	246.23	261.88	250.55

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Rescue Medication Use Per Day

Salbutamol (100 μg/puff) was used as rescue medication according to the individual needs of the participant. Each use was documented in the participant's diary. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	puffs/day (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=57, 51, 54)	Month 2 (n=53, 40, 46)	Month 4 (n=48, 47, 51)	Month 6 (n=45, 43, 44)	Month 8 (n=38, 42, 45)	Month 10 (n=38, 41, 39)	Month 12 (n=36, 40, 40)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	1.00	0.99	0.88	0.79	1.01	0.93	0.71
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.83	0.53	1.18	1.07	1.13	0.95	1.01
Placebo	0.87	0.97	1.27	0.92	0.97	0.83	0.75

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Change From Baseline in PEF by Diary Entries

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. Spirometry was used for assessment of PEF. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT00163293)
Timeframe: Baseline and Months 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12

Intervention	liters/second (Mean)
	Change at Month 1, Evening PEF (n=78, 76, 80)	Change at Month 1, Morning PEF (n=78, 76, 81)	Change at Month 2, Evening PEF (n=76, 71, 77)	Change at Month 2, Morning PEF (n=76, 72, 77)	Change at Month 4, Evening PEF (n=68, 72, 75)	Change at Month 4, Morning PEF (n=68, 71, 76)	Change at Month 6, Evening PEF (n=67, 72, 73)	Change at Month 6, Morning PEF (n=67, 72, 73)	Change at Month 8, Evening PEF (n=66, 70, 69)	Change at Month 8, Morning PEF (n=66, 71, 69)	Change at Month 10, Evening PEF (n=65, 70, 68)	Change at Month 10, Morning PEF (n=66, 70, 68)	Change at Month 12, Evening PEF (n=68, 71, 70)	Change at Month 12, Morning PEF (n=75, 73, 78)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	8.46	11.69	13.66	17.12	20.41	21.33	22.44	24.82	25.47	27.16	25.68	27.86	28.24	26.84
Ciclesonide 200 µg	8.54	10.82	13.04	14.30	16.01	18.24	21.86	24.68	21.38	23.76	26.78	29.84	33.35	34.31
Placebo	6.06	7.54	10.83	14.29	13.62	16.28	13.14	14.44	13.30	16.03	18.04	21.25	25.38	24.37

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Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Percent Predicted)

Intervention	percent predicted FEV1 (Mean)
	Change at Month 1 (n=78, 76, 81)	Change at Month 2 (n=76, 73, 77)	Change at Month 4 (n=68, 72, 75)	Change at Month 6 (n=67, 72, 72)	Change at Month 8 (n=66, 71, 68)	Change at Month 10 (n=66, 69, 67)	Change at Month 12 (n=65, 69, 65)
Ciclesonide 100 µg	1.0	1.4	4.0	5.5	4.4	8.6	9.5
Ciclesonide 200 µg	0.6	3.4	4.6	7.2	6.5	9.1	10.1
Placebo	1.0	0.3	5.1	4.9	7.1	8.7	10.4

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PC20 AMP (Post-treatment Compared to Baseline)

Mean change of Provocative concentration of Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (PC20 AMP) leading to a 20 percent decrease in Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) between post-treatment and baseline using two different particle sizes. - Small particles = Mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of approximately 1.04-1.08 micron - Large particles = MMAD of approximately 9.9-10.6 micron (NCT00306163)
Timeframe: Baseline and 5 weeks

Intervention	Logarithm (mg/mL) (Mean)
	Baseline PC20 small-particle AMP	Baseline PC20 large-particle AMP	Post-Treatment PC20 small-particle AMP	Post-Treatment PC20 large-particle AMP
Ciclesonide	4.9	3.7	6.6	4.5
Fluticasone	5.2	3.0	6.0	4.3

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Time to First Event of Lack of Efficacy (LOE) by Week 12

Kaplan Meier Estimates of the probability of not experiencing LOE by Week 12 was measured. LOE was reached if any of the following criteria occurred during the treatment period: • asthma exacerbation (a worsening of asthma symptoms requiring a change in medication; • nocturnal awakenings due to asthma on any 4 or more nights during any 7-consecutive-day period; • use of more than 8 puffs/day of salbutamol on any 4 or more days during any 7-consecutive-day period; • decrease in morning PEF to <80% of randomization value on any 4 consecutive days during the treatment period. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention	Percent (Number)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	72.8
Ciclesonide 80 µg	74.5
Ciclesonide 160 µg	73.2
Placebo	66.9

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Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication, Morning PEF and PEF Fluctuation

Control of asthma was evaluated on a daily basis (24 hours) using the following variables: asthma symptoms, use of rescue medication, morning (am) PEF and PEF fluctuation. The median percentage of days with asthma control is presented. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: 28 days prior to last visit (Up to 12 Weeks)

Intervention	percentage of days (Median)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	7.14
Ciclesonide 80 µg	10.53
Ciclesonide 160 µg	6.67
Placebo	0.0

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Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication and Morning PEF

Control of asthma was evaluated on a daily basis (24 hours) using the following variables: asthma symptoms, use of rescue medication, and morning (am) PEF. The median percentage of days with asthma control is presented. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: 28 days prior to last visit (Up to 12 Weeks)

Intervention	percentage of days (Median)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	8.33
Ciclesonide 80 µg	13.64
Ciclesonide 160 µg	13.04
Placebo	0.0

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Change in Use of Rescue Medications

The daily use of rescue medication (salbutamol) was recorded in the electronic diary in the morning and the evening. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	puffs/day (Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	-0.872
Ciclesonide 80 µg	-0.999
Ciclesonide 160 µg	-0.886
Placebo	-0.527

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Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire Standard [PAQLQ(S)] Overall Score

PAQLQS is a disease specific instrument to assess the impact of asthma on the patient's quality of life. The PAQLQS consists of 23 items in 3 domains evaluating activity limitations, symptoms and emotional function. Patients answered each question using a 7-point scale from 1= maximum impairment to 7=no impairment) about their experience during the previous week. Total possible score ranging from 23 (worst) to 161(best). Higher change from Baseline scores are the best. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	0.78
Ciclesonide 80 µg	0.71
Ciclesonide 160 µg	0.72
Placebo	0.43

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Change From Baseline in Morning Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. A portable electronic PEF meter was used for the home PEF readings. The patients recorded PEF daily, in the morning immediately after getting up. Readings were done preferably at least 4 hours after use of rescue medication and before inhalation of the study medication. At each measurement, three readings were obtained in the standing position. All three values were recorded in the diary; the highest value was used for evaluation. The higher change from Baseline values are the best. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. Last observation carried forward. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	liters/minute (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	15.23
Ciclesonide 80 µg	14.79
Ciclesonide 160 µg	17.37
Placebo	5.40

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Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable PEF by Spirometry

Spirometry was performed according to local standards. PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. Analysis was ANCOVA with factors value at Baseline, treatment, age, sex, center pool, ICS pretreatment, spacer use and asthma severity. Higher change numbers indicate better lung function. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	liters/minute (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	20.68
Ciclesonide 80 µg	21.71
Ciclesonide 160 µg	22.25
Placebo	15.13

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Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)

Spirometry was performed according to local standards. FEV1 is the maximal amount of air forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. Higher change numbers indicate better lung function. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	liters (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	0.123
Ciclesonide 80 µg	0.122
Ciclesonide 160 µg	0.139
Placebo	0.039

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Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuations

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. A portable electronic PEF meter was used for the home PEF readings. The patients recorded PEF daily, in the morning immediately after getting up. Readings were done preferably at least 4 hours after use of rescue medication and before inhalation of the study medication. At each measurement, three readings were obtained in the standing position. All three values were recorded in the diary; the highest value was used for evaluation. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	-0.841
Ciclesonide 80 µg	-1.209
Ciclesonide 160 µg	-1.192
Placebo	0.214

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Change in Asthma Symptom Total Score

Measurements of both nighttime and daytime asthma symptoms were assessed on a daily basis by the patient in the electronic diary, according to the following scales: Nighttime Asthma Score using a 5 point scale: 0=no asthma symptoms, slept through the night to 4=bad night, awake most of the night because of asthma. Daytime Asthma Score using a 5 point scale: 0=very well, no asthma symptoms to 4=asthma very bad, unable to carry out daily activities as usual. Total possible overall daily score range from 0(best) to 4 (worst). A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

,,,

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Asthma Total Symptom Score (n=304,312,310,146)	Asthma Daytime Symptom Score (n=304,312,310,146)	Asthma Nighttime Symptom Score
Ciclesonide 160 µg	-0.879	-0.517	-0.350
Ciclesonide 40 µg	-0.916	-0.529	-0.392
Ciclesonide 80 µg	-0.983	-0.553	-0.435
Placebo	-0.572	-0.354	-0.233

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Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) Overall

PACQLQ assesses the impact of the child's asthma on the quality of life of the caregiver. The PACQLQ consists of 13 items in 2 domains evaluating activity limitations and emotional function. Caregivers answered each question using a 7-point scale from 1= maximum impairment to 7=no impairment about their experience during the previous week. Total possible score ranging from 13 (worst) to 91(best). Higher change from Baseline scores are the best. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	0.82
Ciclesonide 80 µg	0.88
Ciclesonide 160 µg	0.84
Placebo	0.71

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Change From Baseline in Evening PEF From Diary

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. A portable electronic PEF meter was used for the home PEF readings. The patients recorded PEF daily, in the morning immediately after getting up. Readings were done preferably at least 4 hours after use of rescue medication and before inhalation of the study medication. At each measurement, three readings were obtained in the standing position. All three values were recorded in the diary; the highest value was used for evaluation. The higher change from Baseline values are the best. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	liters/minute (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide 40 µg	10.16
Ciclesonide 80 µg	9.37
Ciclesonide 160 µg	12.71
Placebo	4.02

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Change From Baseline in Morning PEF From Diary

PEF is the maximum speed of expiration. A portable electronic PEF meter was used for the home PEF readings. The patients recorded PEF daily, in the morning immediately after getting up. Readings were done preferably at least 4 hours after use of rescue medication and before inhalation of the study medication. At each measurement, three readings were obtained in the standing position. All three values were recorded in the diary; the highest value was used for evaluation. The higher change from Baseline values are the best. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline value and age as covariates was used for analysis. (NCT00384189)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 1 thru 12

,,,

Intervention	liters/minute (Least Squares Mean)
	Change at Week 1 (n=303,311,310,146)	Change at Week 2 (n=303,311,310,146)	Change at Week 3 (n=304,312,310,146)	Change at Week 4 (n=304,312,310,146)	Change at Week 5	Change at Week 6	Change at Week 7	Change at Week 8	Change at Week 9	Change at Week 10	Change at Week 11	Change at Week 12
Ciclesonide 160 µg	11.54	12.26	13.15	15.60	15.39	14.71	14.14	13.63	13.23	14.59	16.24	17.59
Ciclesonide 40 µg	11.61	9.82	11.36	13.63	14.86	13.91	14.57	14.57	15.26	16.35	16.12	15.93
Ciclesonide 80 µg	9.20	11.95	11.11	13.27	13.33	13.26	15.05	15.92	16.02	16.79	15.97	15.43
Placebo	4.54	4.20	6.74	6.31	9.67	7.64	6.21	7.05	7.88	7.66	6.80	6.41

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Change From Baseline in Use of Albuterol/Salbutamol at Week 12.

Change in albuterol/salbutamol use from baseline to week 12 (NCT00392288)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Puffs per day (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)	-0.59
Ciclesonide MDI 40 µg BID	-0.87
Ciclesonide MDI 80 µg BID	-0.93

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Change From Baseline in Total Daily Asthma Symptom Score at Week 12.

Change in total daily asthma symptom score from baseline to week 12. 5-Point, ordinal scale specifying patient's experience of symptoms during day and night from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (symptoms that prevent the patient from engaging in daily activities or sleep) (NCT00392288)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)	-0.96
Ciclesonide MDI 40 µg BID	-1.13
Ciclesonide MDI 80 µg BID	-0.99

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Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) at Week 12.

Change in FEV1 (Percent of predicted) from baseline to week 12. FEV1 was measured only in children between 6 to <12 years only. Least Squares Mean were adjusted for Baseline FEV1, age [yrs], pooled center, previous corticosteroid therapy and holding chamber. (NCT00392288)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Percent of predicted FEV1 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)	5.2
Ciclesonide MDI 40 µg BID	5.3
Ciclesonide MDI 80 µg BID	7.7

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Change in Patient Assessment of Asthma Control

"Patient assessment of asthma control was assessed at baseline and at week 12 using the question How would you rate the control of your asthma symptoms?. The change in this assessment was categorized in Improvement and Non-Improvement." (NCT00404547)
Timeframe: At baseline and at week 12

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Improvement	Non-Improvement	Not reported
Alvesco	422	284	6
Usual Asthma Care and Dosage	132	209	4

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Change in Mean of Total Score of Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ)

The score of the change from baseline ranges from -6 (=best possible outcome) to 6 (=worst possible outcome). (NCT00404547)
Timeframe: At the middle and end of the 12 week treatment period

Intervention	points on a scale (Mean)
Alvesco	-0.76
Usual Asthma Care and Dosage	-0.37

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Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by Cmax, pg/mL, (Highest Concentration of Drug in the Blood) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.

The primary pharmacokinetics comparisons between treatments will be that of 300 mcg OMNARIS™ [ciclesonide] nasal spray and 300 mcg ciclesonide nasal HFA aerosol vs. 320 mcg orally inhaled ciclesonide as a reference. At prespecified timepoints, blood samples were obtained from subjects. The Cmax may be available only for a limited number of subjects. Thus the focus of statistical PK analysis will be on descriptive statistics. In particular, mean and median for Cmax will be calculated using data from subjects with Cmax above LLOQ (Lower Limit of Quantitation) and from all subjects with Cmax below LLOQ imputed by 0. (NCT00458835)
Timeframe: 5min, 15min, 30min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 14h, 18h, 22h, 24h following drug administration.

Intervention	pg/mL (Median)
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	20.05
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	59.0
Ciclesonide HFA MDI	602.0

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Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by AUC, ng*hr/L, (Area Under the Serum Concentration) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.

The primary pharmacokinetics comparisons between treatments will be that of 300 mcg OMNARIS™ [ciclesonide] nasal spray and 300 mcg ciclesonide nasal HFA aerosol vs. 320 mcg orally inhaled ciclesonide as a reference. At prespecified timepoints, blood samples were obtained from subjects. It was anticipated that only a limited number of des-ciclesonide concentrations would exceed the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 pg/mL for ciclesonide aqueous nasal spray. AUC for the aqueous nasal spray could not be determined due to the fact that there were too few analysis samples that produced values above the LLOQ. (NCT00458835)
Timeframe: 5min, 15min, 30min, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 14h, 18h, 22h, 24h following drug administration.

Intervention	ng*hr/L (Median)
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	NA
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	403.7
Ciclesonide HFA MDI	2762

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Onset of Improvement in Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (iTNSS)

"Onset of nasal improvement was defined as the first assessment at which iTNSS for active treatment demonstrated an improvement over placebo from baseline.~TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 12 reflecting more severe symptoms). Instaneous measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 36 hours

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Day 1, 4 Hours Postdose (n=237, 233, 233)	Day 1, 6 Hours Postdose (n=235, 234, 231)	Day 1, 8 Hours Postdose (n=236, 233, 233)	Day 1, 10 Hours Postdose (n=237,232,231)	Day 1, 12 Hours Postdose (n=236, 233, 233)	Day 2, Predose (n=237,234,233)	Day 2, 6 Hours Postdose (n=237,233,231)	Day 2, 12 Hours Postdose (n=235,233,232)
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.79	-1.36	-1.35	-1.19	-1.15	-0.81	-1.59	-1.59
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.77	-1.19	-1.31	-1.34	-1.14	-0.57	-1.56	-1.35
Placebo	-0.84	-1.19	-1.14	-0.90	-0.87	-0.45	-1.16	-0.77

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.35	-0.34	-0.42
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.34	-0.35	-0.39
Placebo	-0.14	-0.16	-0.16

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Baseline was the average of the AM and PM responses obtained during the run-in period up to 6 days prior to randomization. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.46	-0.37	-0.44	-0.35
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.41	-0.32	-0.38	-0.35
Placebo	-0.13	-0.10	-0.17	-0.11

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.36	-0.38	-0.42
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.34	-0.36	-0.36
Placebo	-0.13	-0.13	-0.10

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Baseline was the average of the AM and PM responses obtained during the run-in period up to 6 days prior to randomization. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.43	-0.35	-0.44	-0.33
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.37	-0.30	-0.35	-0.33
Placebo	-0.14	-0.11	-0.14	-0.09

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported and AM and PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.34	-0.32	-0.38
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.35	-0.33	-0.38
Placebo	-0.14	-0.14	-0.16

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.33	-0.31	-0.35
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.36	-0.32	-0.36
Placebo	-0.14	-0.12	-0.16

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.43	-0.35	-0.43	-0.36
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.39	-0.32	-0.38	-0.35
Placebo	-0.12	-0.13	-0.17	-0.12

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.32	-0.32	-0.35
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.33	-0.33	-0.31
Placebo	-0.17	-0.10	-0.13

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Baseline was the average of the AM and PM responses obtained during the run-in period up to 6 days prior to randomization. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.33	-0.29	-0.42	-0.33
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.33	-0.30	-0.38	-0.31
Placebo	-0.10	-0.09	-0.16	-0.11

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Itching Eyes	Redness of Eyes	Tearing Eyes
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.34	-0.35	-0.38
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.34	-0.34	-0.33
Placebo	-0.15	-0.12	-0.12

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Baseline was the average of the AM and PM responses obtained during the run-in period up to 6 days prior to randomization. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.38	-0.33	-0.43	-0.33
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.35	-0.30	-0.37	-0.32
Placebo	-0.12	-0.10	-0.15	-0.33

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Time to Maximal Effect as Measured by Change From Baseline in the Average AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (rTNSS)

The time to maximal effect is defined as the number of days until the first treatment day on which the estimated difference between Ciclesonide HFA and placebo is at least 90% of the largest estimated difference. This is based on the analyses of change from baseline in the average of AM and PM reflective TNSS scores for each day. (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	days (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	13
160 mcg Ciclesonide	8

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Change From Baseline in Overall Score of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire With Standard Activities (RQLQ(S)) in Participants With a Baseline Overall Score >= 3.0

The RQLQ(S) in impaired subjects (baseline RQLQ[S] score ≥3.0) at baseline and end of week 2. It consists of 28 questions, each question measured on a scale of 0-6 where a higher score indicates poor quality of life. Domains: Activities (questions 1-3), Sleep (questions 4-6), Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms (questions 7-13), Practical Problems (questions 14-16), Nasal Symptoms (questions 17-20), Eye Symptoms (questions 21-24), and Emotional (questions 25-28). The overall RQLQ(S) score was calculated as the average of the mean domain scores. (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.05
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.07
Placebo	-0.42

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as week two treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.09
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.11
Placebo	-0.47

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.46
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.60
Placebo	-0.51

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as week two treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.06
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.16
Placebo	-0.36

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.36
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.55
Placebo	-0.49

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.44	-0.36	-0.43	-0.36
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.40	-0.32	-0.38	-0.35
Placebo	-0.12	-0.11	-0.16	-0.11

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.45
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.56
Placebo	-0.53

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Onset of Improvement in Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptoms Scores (iTOSS) in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"Onset of improvement iTOSS was defined as the first assessment at which iTOSSS for active treatment demonstrated an improvement over placebo from baseline. TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 48 hours

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Day 1, 4 Hours Postdose (n=149, 150, 132)	Day 1, 6 Hours Postdose (n=149, 150, 132)	Day 1, 8 Hours Postdose (n=148, 150, 132)	Day 1, 10 Hours Postdose (n=149, 150, 132)	Day 1, 12 Hours Postdose (n=149, 148, 132)	Day 2, Predose (n=149, 149, 132)	Day 2, 6 Hours Postdose (n=149, 150, 131)	Day 2, 12 Hours Postdose (n=149, 149, 132)
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.57	-0.83	-0.97	-0.79	-0.83	-0.37	-1.15	-1.26
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.69	-0.93	-0.97	-1.02	-0.80	-0.29	-1.11	-1.09
Placebo	-0.53	-0.75	-0.72	-0.69	-0.49	-0.09	-0.71	-0.47

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as week two treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.96
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.99
Placebo	-0.42

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.32
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.37
Placebo	-0.46

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period in Participants With a Baseline rTOSS >= 5.0

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.06
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.05
Placebo	-0.44

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.45
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.59
Placebo	-0.51

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iTNSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.34
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.47
Placebo	-0.47

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject Reported AM and PM iTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as week two treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00790023)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.00
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.07
Placebo	-0.40

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
80 mcg Ciclesonide	-1.03
160 mcg Ciclesonide	-0.98
Placebo	-0.41

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS (rTNSS) Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.97
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.82
Placebo Once Daily	-1.28

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.78
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.67
Placebo Once Daily	-1.23

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.94
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.78
Placebo Once Daily	-1.25

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.76
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.55
Placebo Once Daily	-1.15

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-2.01
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.88
Placebo Once Daily	-1.32

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 (Week 26) in RQLQ(S) Overall Score in Impaired Patients With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score ≥3.0.

RQLQ(S) scores in impaired subjects with baseline RQLQ[S] score ≥3.0. RQLQ(S)consists of 28 questions, each question measured on a scale of 0-6 where a higher score indicates poor quality of life. Domains: Activities (questions 1-3), Sleep (questions 4-6), Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms (questions 7-13), Practical Problems (questions 14-16), Nasal Symptoms (questions 17-20), Eye Symptoms (questions 21-24), and Emotional (questions 25-28). The overall RQLQ(S) score was calculated as the average of the mean domain scores. (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 26

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.67
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.62
Placebo Once Daily	-1.40

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire With Standardized [RQLQ(S)] Overall Score in Impaired Patients With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score ≥3.0

RQLQ(S) scores in subjects with baseline RQLQ[S] score ≥3.0. RQLQ(S) consists of 28 questions, each question measured on a scale of 0-6 where a higher score indicates poor quality of life. Domains: Activities (questions 1-3), Sleep (questions 4-6), Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms (questions 7-13), Practical Problems (questions 14-16), Nasal Symptoms (questions 17-20), Eye Symptoms (questions 21-24), and Emotional (questions 25-28). The overall RQLQ(S) score was calculated as the average of the mean domain scores. (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.55
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.27
Placebo Once Daily	-0.96

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM & PM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period.

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.49	-0.45	-0.49	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.52	-0.50	-0.53	-0.42
Placebo Once Daily	-0.33	-0.31	-0.39	-0.26

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM iNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.41	-0.41	-0.46	-0.32
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.44	-0.47	-0.50	-0.36
Placebo Once Daily	-0.32	-0.30	-0.35	-0.22

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM iNSS Averaged the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.44	-0.43	-0.47	-0.33
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.45	-0.47	-0.51	-0.36
Placebo Once Daily	-0.34	-0.30	-0.37	-0.22

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.47	-0.44	-0.48	-0.38
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.51	-0.49	-0.52	-0.42
Placebo Once Daily	-0.31	-0.31	-0.38	-0.25

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iNSS Averaged the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.39	-0.40	-0.45	-0.31
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.44	-0.47	-0.49	-0.37
Placebo Once Daily	-0.31	-0.29	-0.33	-0.22

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-0.52	-0.47	-0.51	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-0.53	-0.51	-0.54	-0.43
Placebo Once Daily	-0.35	-0.31	-0.39	-0.26

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS (iTNSS) Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT00953147)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA 80 Mcg Once Daily	-1.77
Ciclesonide HFA 160 Mcg Once Daily	-1.60
Placebo Once Daily	-1.18

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.36	-0.40	-0.45	-0.35
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.40	-0.45	-0.39	-0.37
Placebo	-0.14	-0.18	-0.21	-0.18

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Time to Maximal Effect Over the 2-week of Double-blind Treatment Period.

Intervention	Days (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	7
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	8

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Change From Baseline in the RQLQ(S) Overall Score at the End of the 2-week Treatment Period in Impaired Subjects With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score of ≥3.0

RQLQ(S) in impaired subjects with baseline RQLQ[S] score ≥3.0. RQLQ(S) consists of 28 questions, each question measured on a scale of 0-6 where a higher score indicates poor quality of life. Domains: Activities (questions 1-3), Sleep (questions 4-6), Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms (questions 7-13), Practical Problems (questions 14-16), Nasal Symptoms (questions 17-20), Eye Symptoms (questions 21-24), and Emotional (questions 25-28). The overall RQLQ(S) score was calculated as the average of the mean domain scores. (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.41
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.44
Placebo	-0.79

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.21
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.39
Placebo	-0.88

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 2 Week Treatment Period.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.70
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.67
Placebo	-0.66

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.14
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.20
Placebo	-0.74

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.46
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.56
Placebo	-0.64

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.24
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.41
Placebo	-0.88

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.12
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.24
Placebo	-0.72

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.56
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.60
Placebo	-0.71

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.77
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.84
Placebo	-0.77

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.21
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.40
Placebo	-0.88

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the Two-week Treatment Period.

Intervention	Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.74
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.75
Placebo	-0.72

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Change From Baseline in the RQLQ(S) Domains at the End of the 2-week Treatment Period in Impaired Subjects With Baseline RQLQ(S) Score of ≥3.0

RQLQ(S) in subjects with baseline RQLQ[S] score ≥3.0. RQLQ(S) consists of 28 questions, each question measured on a scale of 0-6 where a higher score indicates poor quality of life. Domains: Activities (questions 1-3), Sleep (questions 4-6), Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms (questions 7-13), Practical Problems (questions 14-16), Nasal Symptoms (questions 17-20), Eye Symptoms (questions 21-24), and Emotional (questions 25-28). The overall RQLQ(S) score was calculated as the average of the mean domain scores. (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Overall Score	Domain 1: Activities	Domain 2: Sleep	Domain 3: Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms	Domain 4: Practical Problems	Domain 5: Nasal Symptoms	Domain 6: Eye Symptoms	Domain 7: Emotional
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.41	-1.39	-1.49	-1.33	-1.62	-1.52	-1.25	-1.36
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.44	-1.34	-1.60	-1.21	-1.64	-1.61	-1.25	-1.36
Placebo	-0.79	-0.70	-0.83	-0.67	-0.91	-0.83	-0.81	-0.82

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. rTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	participants (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.42	-0.39	-0.40
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.43	-0.42	-0.54
Placebo	-0.28	-0.28	-0.32

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.43	-0.43	-0.45	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.43	-0.45	-0.39	-0.40
Placebo	-0.14	-0.16	-0.16	-0.20

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. iTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.38	-0.39	-0.38
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.37	-0.37	-0.45
Placebo	-0.25	-0.27	-0.22

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.35	-0.36	-0.39	-0.36
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.40	-0.42	-0.37	-0.36
Placebo	-0.14	-0.16	-0.16	-0.18

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. rTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	participants (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.41	-0.41	-0.42
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.45	-0.42	-0.53
Placebo	-0.31	-0.25	-0.33

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective Nasal Symptom Scores (NSS) Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	sneezing	runny nose	nasal itching	nasal congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.47	-0.44	-0.47	-0.40
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.51	-0.51	-0.43	-0.38
Placebo	-0.18	-0.21	-0.20	-0.18

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TOSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0.

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-1.13
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-1.21
Placebo	-0.72

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. iTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.37	-0.38	-0.37
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.39	-0.38	-0.47
Placebo	-0.24	-0.21	-0.27

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.36
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.36
Placebo	-0.18

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS ≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. rTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.42	-0.39	-0.41
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.44	-0.42	-0.53
Placebo	-0.29	-0.27	-0.32

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period.

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.45	-0.44	-0.44	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.47	-0.41	-0.41	-0.39
Placebo	-0.16	-0.18	-0.18	-0.19

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous OSS in Subjects With Baseline TOSS≥5.0

"OSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous OSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. iTOSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01010971)
Timeframe: Week 0-2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	itching eyes	redness of eyes	tearing eyes
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.37	-0.39	-0.37
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.38	-0.38	-0.46
Placebo	-0.24	-0.24	-0.24

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 2-week Treatment Period

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 μg	-0.35	-0.38	-0.42	-0.36
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 80 μg	-0.40	-0.43	-0.38	-0.36
Placebo	-0.14	-0.17	-0.19	-0.18

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Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(12-24h) From Baseline After 6 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-3.9
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-2.0
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-5.9
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-6.1
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	2.2

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Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-12h) From Baseline After 6 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.3
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	0.5
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-5.8
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-2.9

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.77
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.88
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.31
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.14
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-1.19

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.39
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.67
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.10
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.09
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.88

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.80
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.75
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.35
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.18
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.91

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.52
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.62
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.26
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.23
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.60

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.45
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.67
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.19
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.15
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.75

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported PM Reflective TNSS

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	7.82
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	8.39
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.83
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	8.13
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	8.16

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported PM Instantaneous TNSS

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	6.84
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	7.60
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.13
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	7.38
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	7.44

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	7.55
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	8.03
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.81
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	7.91
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	7.84

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	6.91
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	7.63
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.37
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	7.24
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	7.19

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	7.68
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	8.20
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.82
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	8.01
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	8.01

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous TNSS

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	6.87
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	7.62
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	7.26
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	7.30
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	7.33

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Ratio (Percentage) of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator Out of Expected Advances.

Ratio of correct advance is defined as the (number of doses actuated/number of dose reported). (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-2, 2-4

Intervention	percentage of correct advances (Mean)
	Weeks 1-2 (n=49,58,75)	Weeks 2-4 (n=46,52,71)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	106.2	105.9
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	106.3	105.6
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	105.3	105.8

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.27	-0.37	-0.34	-0.21
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.23	-0.37	-0.32	-0.20
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.48	-0.48	-0.46	-0.44
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.45	-0.49	-0.38	-0.44
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.13	-0.09	-0.05	-0.04

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.22	-0.30	-0.25	-0.12
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.24	-0.33	-0.35	-0.15
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.37	-0.45	-0.44	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.33	-0.41	-0.32	-0.34
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.07	-0.08	0.02	0.02

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.25	-0.29	-0.25	-0.13
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.28	-0.36	-0.33	-0.20
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.41	-0.50	-0.40	-0.42
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.41	-0.50	-0.40	-0.49
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.09	-0.17	-0.05	-0.05

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.17	-0.23	-0.14	-0.06
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.24	-0.36	-0.40	-0.20
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.37	-0.47	-0.40	-0.37
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.32	-0.43	-0.38	-0.41
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.06	-0.12	-0.03	-0.05

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment Period

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.26	-0.33	-0.30	-0.17
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.25	-0.37	-0.32	-0.20
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.45	-0.50	-0.43	-0.43
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.43	-0.50	-0.39	-0.47
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.11	-0.13	-0.05	-0.04

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Nasal Sneezing	Runny Nose	Nasal Itching	Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-0.20	-0.27	-0.20	-0.09
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-0.23	-0.35	-0.37	-0.17
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-0.37	-0.47	-0.42	-0.39
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-0.32	-0.42	-0.35	-0.37
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.06	-0.10	-0.01	-0.01

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Reflective NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.74	2.16	2.00	2.25
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.59	2.30	1.93	2.31
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.87	2.20	2.02	2.30
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.82	2.03	1.75	2.23
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.69	2.11	1.80	2.23

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual PM Instantaneous NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.47	2.01	1.84	2.12
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.30	2.13	1.79	2.16
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.51	2.03	1.88	2.19
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.42	1.80	1.60	2.02
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.40	1.98	1.64	2.11

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Reflective NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.57	2.06	1.92	2.29
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.42	2.27	1.85	2.36
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.65	2.16	1.89	2.32
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.56	1.99	1.71	2.30
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.54	2.15	1.83	2.29

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM Instantaneous NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.30	1.93	1.76	2.20
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.15	2.08	1.76	2.25
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.43	2.08	1.85	2.27
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.24	1.83	1.61	2.24
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.34	2.01	1.76	2.27

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Reflective NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Reflective NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.66	2.11	1.96	2.27
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.51	2.29	1.89	2.33
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.76	2.18	1.95	2.31
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.69	2.01	1.73	2.26
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.62	2.13	1.82	2.26

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Baseline Daily Subject-reported Individual AM and PM Instantaneous NSS

"NSS is the assessment of the individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent (no sign/symptom evident);~= mild~= moderate~= severe Instantaneous NSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated by subtracting baseline value from the 6-week DB average. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,,

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline Nasal Sneezing	Baseline Runny Nose	Baseline Nasal Itching	Baseline Nasal Congestion
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	1.38	1.98	1.80	2.16
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1.22	2.10	1.78	2.20
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	1.47	2.05	1.87	2.23
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	1.33	1.81	1.61	2.13
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.37	2.00	1.70	2.19

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Time to Maximal Effect Over 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment.

The time to maximal effect is defined as the number of days until the first treatment day on which the estimated difference between each active treatment group and corresponding placebo is at least 90% of the largest estimated difference. This is based on the analyses of change from baseline in the average of AM and PM reflective TNSS scores for each day. The evaluation is made separately for each dose level of Ciclesonide HFA compared to placebo. Difference is calculated as placebo - ciclesonide. Analysis of HFA data and AQ data were conducted separately. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	Number of days (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	15
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	29
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	7

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The Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-24h) From Baseline to Week 6 of the Double Blind Treatment Period

Change is calculated as week 6 minus baseline. AUC(0-24h) will be computed using the linear trapezoidal rule based on the actual time of serum cortisol drawing. AUC(0-24) is then approximated by the sum of the areas of trapezoids. The trapezoid for each time interval is based on the actual times of non-missing cortisol values, and is defined by the actual time interval as the base, the line connecting the two cortisol values, and the two vertical sides at the two time points. Raw data is presented for baseline values (i.e. mean/SD), while inferential statistics are presented for week 6 values (i.e. LS mean/SE). (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: week 6

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-4.6
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-2.6
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-5.0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-11.4
Placebo Aqueous Nasal Spray	-1.0

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Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(12-24h) at Baseline

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	83.4
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	76.2
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	81.1
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	80.9
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	81.8

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Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-24h) at Baseline

AUC(0-24h) will be computed using the linear trapezoidal rule based on the actual time of serum cortisol drawing. AUC(0-24) is then approximated by the sum of the areas of trapezoids. The trapezoid for each time interval is based on the actual times of non-missing cortisol values, and is defined by the actual time interval as the base, the line connecting the two cortisol values, and the two vertical sides at the two time points. Raw data is presented for baseline values (i.e. mean/SD), while inferential statistics are presented for week 6 values (i.e. LS mean/SE). (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	183.2
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	171.7
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	173.1
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	172.8
Placebo Aqueous Nasal Spray	179.0

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Serum Cortisol Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC)(0-12h) at Baseline

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	mcg•h/dL (Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	99.8
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	95.1
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	92.0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	91.9
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	97.2

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Percentage of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	0
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	2.1
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	0

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	0
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	0
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	0

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs

Local Nasal adverse events are defined as adverse events occurring in the middle ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract down to the larynx, anatomic regions. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	41.2
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	18.3
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	14.0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	33.3
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	19.0
Placebo HFA Plus 6 mg Dexamethasone	27.8
Placebo AQ Plus 6 mg Dexamethasone	5.6

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	45.1
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	28.3
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	30.7
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	39.6
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	38.2

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Percentage of Devices With Major Discrepancies

A major discrepancy is defined as a discrepancy of >20 actuations between the dose indicator and subject self report of study medication administration. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	percentage of devices (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	3.8
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	1.4

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over Each Week, and Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	-1.78
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	-1.82
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	-0.33
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	-1.16
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	-1.06

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Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency

Actuation consistency is defined as a dose indicator count within ±20% of the subject self report of study medication administration. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-4

Intervention	percentage of devices (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	91.3
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	92.3
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	95.8

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Number of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	0
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	0

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	0
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	0
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	0
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	0

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	21
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	11
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	8
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	16
AQ Nasal Spray Placebo	11
Placebo HFA Plus 6 mg Dexamethasone	5
Placebo AQ Plus 6 mg Dexamethasone	1

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)

(NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	23
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	17
HFA Nasal Aerosol Placebo	23
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	19
Placebo Aqueous Nasal Spray	29

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Number of Devices With Major Discrepancies

A major discrepancy is defined as a discrepancy of >20 actuations between the dose indicator and subject self report of study medication administration. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	Devices (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	0
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	2
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	1

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Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency

Actuation consistency is defined as a dose indicator count within ±20% of the subject self report of study medication administration. (NCT01033825)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-4

Intervention	Devices (Number)
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 320 Mcg	42
Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol 160 Mcg	48
Ciclesonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 200 Mcg	68

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6-month Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the 6-month treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 1-26

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide	-0.50

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Adverse Events (AEs)

(NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-26

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	51.5

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Local Nasal AEs

Local Nasal adverse events are defined as adverse events occurring in the middle ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract down to the larynx, anatomic regions. (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-26

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	29.4

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

(NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-26

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	1.8

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Percentage of Subjects Who Discontinue Due to AEs.

(NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 1-26

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	1.7

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS at Each Month Over the 6-month Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the month treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Baseline and Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=823)	Month 2 (n=806)	Month 3 (n=768)	Month 4 (n=743)	Month 5 (n=716)	Month 6 (n=697)
Ciclesonide	-0.26	-0.55	-0.66	-0.70	-0.67	-0.57

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Reflective TNSS at Each Month Over the 6-month Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the month treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Baseline and Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Month 1 (n=823)	Month 2 (n=806)	Month 3 (n=768)	Month 4 (n=743)	Month 5 (n=716)	Month 6 (n=697)
Ciclesonide	-0.18	-0.48	-0.64	-0.69	-0.64	-0.54

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Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency

Actuation consistency is defined as a dose indicator count within ±20% of the subject self report of study medication administration (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6 and 6-12

Intervention	devices (Number)
	Week 0-6	Week 6-12
Ciclesonide	556	531

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Number of Devices With Major Discrepancies

A major discrepancy is defined as a discrepancy of >20 actuations between the dose indicator and subject self report of study medication administration (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6 and 6-12

Intervention	devices (Number)
	Week 0-6	Week 6-12
Ciclesonide	144	117

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Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency

Actuation consistency is defined as a dose indicator count within ±20% of the subject self report of study medication administration (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6 and 6-12

Intervention	percentage of devices (Number)
	Week 0-6	Week 6-12
Ciclesonide	71.5	72.5

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Percentage of Devices With Major Discrepancies

A major discrepancy is defined as a discrepancy of >20 actuations between the dose indicator and subject self report of study medication administration (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-6 and 6-12

Intervention	percentage of devices (Number)
	Week 0-6	Week 6-12
Ciclesonide	18.5	16.0

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Number of Subjects Responding to the Subject Satisfaction Dose Indicator Survey

Participants responding to a survey that consisted of 7 questions assessing subject satisfaction with the dose indicator. (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 6 and 12

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Week 6	Week 12
Ciclesonide	794	744

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Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM Instantaneous TNSS Averaged Over the 6-month Treatment Period.

"TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six month treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 1-26

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide	-0.54

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Ratio (Reported as Percentage) of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator Out of Expected Advances

Ratio of correct advance is defined as the (number of doses actuated/number of doses reported) * 100% and therefore reported as a percentage. (NCT01067105)
Timeframe: Weeks 0-12

Intervention	percentage of correct advances (Mean)
	Week 0-6 (n=778)	Week 6-12 (n=732)
Ciclesonide	112.29	112.23

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Exacerbations

Outcome defined as number of exacerbations per person-year. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Overall exacerbation rate during 28-week trial

Intervention	Exacerbations/person-year (Number)
Ciclesonide + Placebo	0.40
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D	0.26

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Lung Function Change From Baseline

FEV1 (liters) and methacholine PC20 will be evaluated. Changes are measured as 28 weeks minus baseline. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Change is measured as value at 28 weeks minus baseline value.

Intervention	Liters (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide + Placebo	-0.04
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D	-0.07

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Treatment Failure

Treatment failure is a well-defined asthma outcome reflecting overall asthma control that has been used previously in multiple clinical trials. Treatment failure as defined in the current proposal and prior trials is consistent with the American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society(ERS) definition of a moderate exacerbation - a deterioration in symptoms and/or lung function with increased rescue bronchodilator use that lasts 2 days or more. The percentages of participants experiencing a treatment failure are Kaplan-Meier estimates of failure rate. (NCT01248065)
Timeframe: Twenty-eight week intervention period from randomization until end of trial.

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide + Placebo	29
Ciclesonide + Vitamin D	28

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Sensitivity Analyses of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales: Standard Effect Sizes (SES)

"Within-and between-responder group standardized effect sizes (SES) were calculated. The generally accepted guidelines for clinically important standard effect sizes are small(0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8).~Between group SES indicates the magnitude of treatment differences. In this case, the groups were responders according to the baseline rTNSS scores. All of the treatment satisfaction subscales and satisfaction scales were scored from 0 (low satisfaction) to 100 (high satisfaction)." (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Pre-treatment) through Day 29

Intervention	standard effect sizes (Number)
	Interference	Regimen Adaptation	Role Limitation	Regimen Difficulty	Sensory Impact	Hassle	Burden	Regimen Management	Perceived Relief
High Minus Low Response Group	0.474	0.553	0.198	0.157	0.326	0.597	0.064	0.076	0.591
High Response Group	0.893	0.534	0.920	0.098	0.843	0.926	0.761	0.728	0.439
Low Response Group	0.551	0.057	0.722	-0.057	0.720	0.466	0.898	0.656	-0.114

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Treatment Satisfaction Subscales (Interference, Regimen Adaptation, Role Limitations, Sensory Impact, Regimen Difficulties, Burden, Hassle, Regimen Management, and Perceived Relief)Reliability Statistics

Reliability for the nine treatment satisfaction subscales was established through internal consistency statistical analyses [Cronbach's alpha (raw and standardized) coefficients were calculated]. The correlation coefficients for these analyses ranged from 0.0 to 1.0, with higher coefficients indicating greater reliability. A coefficient of ≥ 0.7 was the standard for evidence of reliability. (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Pre-treatment) through Day 7 Treatment Period 2

Intervention	ratio of variance (Number)
	Interference	Regimen Adaptation	Role Limitations	Sensory Impact	Regimen Difficulties	Hassle	Burden	Regimen Management	Perceived Relief
Average Cronbach's Alpha (Raw) Coefficients	0.971	0.932	0.939	0.889	0.722	0.918	0.937	0.750	0.864
Average Cronbach's Alpha (Standardized) Coefficients	0.972	0.932	0.944	0.895	0.731	0.928	0.938	0.804	0.871

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Responsiveness Statistical Analysis of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales for Treatment Period 2 Versus Change in rTNSS From Baseline Categories (Low Change, Medium Change, or High Change)

"Analysis was conducted with one-sample t-tests on the treatment satisfaction subscale change scores for Treatment Period 2 against the test criterion of no change (ie, change score = 0)TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe. TNSS values range from 0-12 (0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. All of the treatment satisfaction subscales and satisfaction scales were scored from 0 (low satisfaction) to 100 (high satisfaction)." (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (pre-treatment) through Day 7 Treatment Period 2

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Interference	Regimen Adaptation	Role Limitation	Regimen Difficulty	Sensory Impact	Hassle	Burden	Regimen Management	Perceived Relief	Overall Satisfaction
High Change	6.612	4.242	4.688	.309	3.200	10.273	4.602	1.524	8.424	4.875
Low Change	.8838	-8.462	1.075	-7.620	-3.407	-0.648	1.852	0.2521	-6.512	-2.510
Medium Change	7.914	-3.761	6.079	-3.751	-0.500	8.036	8.147	1.265	-2.381	2.337

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Responsiveness Statistical Analysis of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales for Treatment Period 1 Versus Change in rTNSS From Baseline Categories (Low Change, Medium Change, or High Change)

"Analysis was conducted with one-sample t-tests on the treatment satisfaction subscale change scores for Treatment Period 1 against the test criterion of no change (ie, change score = 0)TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptom on a scale of 0-3: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe. TNSS values range from 0-12 (0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. All of the treatment satisfaction subscales and satisfaction scales were scored from 0 (low satisfaction) to 100 (high satisfaction)." (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (pre-treatment) through Day 7 Treatment Period 1

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Interference	Regimen Adaptation	Role Limitation	Regimen Difficulty	Sensory Impact	Hassle	Burden	Regimen Management	Perceived Relief	Overall Satisfaction
High Change	20.380	13.333	12.440	2.083	19.475	26.475	16.701	9.027	12.705	14.735
Low Change	10.492	1.121	9.764	-1.083	12.667	11.250	15.469	8.042	-2.917	7.201
Medium Change	15.836	12.121	10.512	3.760	13.226	17.742	16.331	9.348	8.280	11.906

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Principal Components Analysis (Treatment Process, Treatment Outcomes) Factor Loadings for Treatment Preference Scales

"Principal components analysis was conducted with varimax rotation that revealed two factors. These two factors are the principal components of the preference scale: Treatment Process and Treatment Outcomes. Loadings represent the degree each of the variables correlates with each of the factors. The loadings range from -1 to 1. An inspection of the factor loadings, reveals the extent to which each of the variables contributes to the meaning of each of the factors. High loading number provide meaning and interpretation of factors." (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Pre-treatment) through Day 29

Intervention	factor loadings (Number)
	for convenience	for ease of use	for use in public	for taste	fewer problems with medicaton running out nose	for number of sprays per dose	for flexibility in daily activities	for smell	fewer problems w/ medication dripping down throat	for longer relief	for symptom relief	for faster relief	if both were the same price	for better feeling about your appearance	for fewer problems with irritation to your nose	for how is makes your nose feel
Treatment Outcomes	0.433	0.450	0.270	0.142	0.324	0.331	0.560	0.360	0.234	0.876	0.875	0.802	0.773	0.678	0.587	0.571
Treatment Process	0.766	0.764	0.762	0.756	0.722	0.713	0.712	0.706	0.666	0.230	0.243	0.283	0.433	0.539	0.509	0.501

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Discriminant Validity of Treatment Satisfaction Subscales Statistical Analyses Based on Baseline Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) Categories (Low, Medium, High)

Discriminant validity tests whether the subscales differentiate among groups of respondents that differ on a pre-specified criterion, baseline rTNSS. Patients were assigned to baseline rTNSS categories of Low Symptoms(3.00 - 7.17; n = 62), Medium Symptoms (7.25 - 9.25; n = 61), or High Symptoms (9.33 - 12.00; n = 62). Reflective TNSS group served as the independent variable and the nine treatment satisfaction subscales were evaluated as dependent variables by analysis of variance models. Contrasts were tested between the Low and Medium Symptoms and the High and Low Symptom categories. Reflective TNSS group served as the independent variable and the nine treatment satisfaction subscales were evaluated as dependent variables by analysis of variance models. All of the treatment satisfaction subscales and satisfaction scales were scored from 0 (low satisfaction) to 100 (high satisfaction). (NCT01287364)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Pre-treatment) through Day 7 Treatment Period 1

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Interference	Regimen Adaptation	Role Limitation	Regimen Difficulty	Sensory Impact	Hassle	Burden	Regimen Management	Perceived Relief	Overall Satisfaction
High Symptoms	59.018	53.455	73.269	71.676	53.742	40.726	60.534	72.192	50.054	59.407
Low Symptoms	78.726	60.764	87.141	85.940	67.934	63.361	77.818	80.949	56.066	73.189
Medium Symptoms	70.931	59.491	83.528	78.890	61.452	49.839	76.109	81.771	55.457	68.607

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Deposition of Radioactivity Within on Nasal Wipes Over 10 Minutes as a Percent of Delivered Dose

The scintigraphic measure of radioactivity deposited on nasal wipes, expressed as a percent of the delivered dose (i.e., the total amount of radioactivity delivered), over 10 minutes (at approximately 2 minute intervals post-dose) following nasal inhalation of a ciclesonide radiolabeled solution via a novel nasal MDI and a mometasone radiolabeled suspension via an aqueous nasal spray. (NCT01371786)
Timeframe: Average of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes post dose

Intervention	percentage of radiolabeled (Mean)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.98
Mometasone	13.15

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Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasal Cavity Over 10 Minutes as a Percent of Delivered Dose

The scintigraphic measure of radioactivity deposited within the nasal cavity, expressed as a percent of the delivered dose (i.e., the total amount of radioactivity delivered), over 10 minutes (at approximately 2 minute intervals post-dose) following nasal inhalation of a ciclesonide radiolabeled solution via a novel nasal MDI and a mometasone radiolabeled suspension via an aqueous nasal spray. (NCT01371786)
Timeframe: Average of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes post dose

Intervention	percentage of of radiolabled (Mean)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	89.61
Mometasone	69.15

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Initial Deposition of Radioactivity on Nasal Wipes as a Percent of Delivered Dose

The scintigraphic measure of radioactivity initially deposited (approximately 2 minutes post-dose) on nasal wipes, expressed as a percent of the delivered dose (i.e., the total amount of radioactivity delivered), following nasal inhalation of a ciclesonide radiolabeled solution via a novel nasal MDI and a mometasone radiolabeled suspension via an aqueous nasal spray. (NCT01371786)
Timeframe: Day 1 at 2 minutes post-dose

Intervention	percentage of radiolabeled (Mean)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.49
Mometasone	12.15

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Initial Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasal Cavity as a Percent of Delivered Dose

The scintigraphic measure of radioactivity initially deposited (approximately 2 minutes post-dose) within the nasal cavity, expressed as a percent of the delivered dose (i.e., the total amount of radioactivity delivered), following nasal inhalation of a ciclesonide radiolabeled solution via a novel nasal MDI and a mometasone radiolabeled suspension via an aqueous nasal spray. (NCT01371786)
Timeframe: Day 1 at 2 minutes post dose

Intervention	percentage of radiolabeled (Mean)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	99.48
Mometasone	86.28

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Initial Deposition of Radioactivity Within the Nasopharynx as a Percent of Delivered Dose

The scintigraphic measure of radioactivity initially deposited (approximately 2 minutes post-dose) within the nasopharynx, expressed as a percent of the delivered dose (i.e., the total amount of radioactivity delivered), following nasal inhalation of a ciclesonide radiolabeled solution via a novel nasal MDI and a mometasone radiolabeled suspension via an aqueous nasal spray. (NCT01371786)
Timeframe: Day 1 at 2 minutes post-dose

Intervention	percentage of radiolabeled (Mean)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.03
Mometasone	1.58

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Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F)

Vz/F Liters (L) is the apparent volume of distribution (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	L (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	34831.4	6151.3

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Apparent Clearance of the Drug (CL/F)

CL/F liter per hour (L/hour) is the apparent clearance of the drug (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	L/hour (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	1222.4	317.8

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Change From Baseline in Averaged Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective TNSS Averaged Over the 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	-0.7
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	-1.5

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The Change in Serum Cortisol Area Under the Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (0-24), Calculated Using a Trapezoidal Rule, From Baseline to the End of the 6 Week Treatment Period

Area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 hours [AUC(0-24h)]. Timepoints at which data were collected: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 at week 0 and 6. (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 0 and 6

Intervention	mcg•hour/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	5.9
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	-1.7

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Ratio (Percentage) of the Number of Correct Advances of the Dose Indicator to the Number of Expected Advances Based on Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration Plus Extra Non-nasal Actuations

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of number of correct advances (Mean)
Placebo	101.75
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	100.73

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Percentage of Devices With Actuation Consistency, Where Actuation Consistency is Defined as a Dose Indicator Count Within ± 20% of the Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of devices (Number)
Placebo	91.1
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	89.4

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Number of Devices With Actuation Consistency, Where Actuation Consistency is Defined as a Dose Indicator Count Within ± 20% of the Subject Self-report of Study Medication Administration

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	Devices (Number)
Placebo	112
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	126

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Change From Baseline in Urinary Free Cortisol-Uncorrected for Urine Creatinine

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	mcg/g (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	0.5
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	1.2

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Change From Baseline in Urinary Free Cortisol-Corrected for Urine Creatinine

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	mcg/g (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	1.4
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	3.3

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Time to the Occurrence of Cmax

tmax (hour) (PK Population) (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	Hour (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	1.146	2.200

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Terminal Half Life (t1/2)

Terminal half-life (t1/2) (hour) (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Weeks 6

Intervention	Hour (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	8.194	11.727

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation.

Local Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (ITT Population) (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Overall	Epistaxis	Mucosal erosion	Nasal discomfort	Postnasal drip	Rhinitis	Rhinorrhea	Traumatic hemorrhage	Upper respiratory tract infection	Viral upper respiratory tract infection
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	10.6	2.1	0	2.1	2.1	0	2.1	0	2.1	0
Placebo	14.3	4.8	2.4	2.4	0	2.4	0	2.4	0	4.8

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Any AE	Potentially related AE	Nasal (local) AEs	Discontinued study drug due to an AE	Severe AE	Serious AE	Death
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	42.6	8.5	10.6	0	0	0	0
Placebo	45.2	14.3	14.3	0	2.4	0	0

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation.

Local Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (ITT Population) (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Overall	Epistaxis	Mucosal erosion	Nasal discomfort	Postnasal drip	Rhinitis	Rhinorrhea	Traumatic hemorrhage	Upper respiratory tract infection	Viral upper respiratory tract infection
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	5	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0
Placebo	6	2	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	2

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Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs

(NCT01378429)
Timeframe: weeks 0-6

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Any AE	Potentially related AE	Nasal (local) AEs	Discontinued study drug due to an AE	Severe AE	Serious AE	Death
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	20	4	5	0	0	0	0
Placebo	19	6	6	0	1	0	0

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Maximum Observed Concentration

Cmax (ng/mL) (PK Population) (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.012	0.029

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AUC(0-24h)

Area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 hours. Collected at 0, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 2 hours (h), 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, and 24h after dosing. (NCT01378429)
Timeframe: Week 6

Intervention	ng*hr/mL (Mean)
	Ciclesonide serum concentration	Des-ciclesonide serum concentration
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.072	0.261

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Change From Baseline in Regimen Attributes Composite Score

The Regimen Attributes Composite Score is a composite of the Sensory Impact and Regimen Management Scales of the Allergic Rhinitis Treatment Satisfaction and Preference Scales. The Regimen Management Scale assess patient satisfaction with issues relating to dosing, ability to remember to use the spray, the ease/difficulty of the spray, and convenience of the treatment. The Sensory Impact Scale assess patient satisfaction with issues relating to sensory attributes, including medication running out of the nose, medication running down the throat, impact on smell/taste, etc. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	13.90
Mometasone	4.88

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Change From Baseline in Subject-reported AM and PM rTNSS Averaged Over Each 2-week Treatment Period.

The reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) is the sum of 4 Nasal Symptoms: Runny Nose, Sneezing, Itchy Nose, and Nasal Congestion. These symptoms were assessed each morning and evening, and their totals averaged to obtain a daily average rTNSS. These daily averages were averaged over the 6 days prior to treatment to obtain the baseline value, and over the 14 days of each two-week period to obtain the on-treatment averages. The baseline values were then subtracted from the on-treatment averages to obtain the change from baseline scores. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild ,2 = moderate ,3 = severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Averages over each two week treatment period

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	-2.4
Mometasone	-2.3

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Functional Impact Composite Score

A combination of the Interference Scale, the Role Limitation Scale, and the Burden Scale. The composite score and the subscales all range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). This is an unweighted average of the combined scales. (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	scores on scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	12.36
Mometasone	9.70

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Burden

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of the level of degree of burden that treatment for allergic rhinitis imposes on a number of areas, including adherence to the treatment regimen, exercise, performing daily activities, social activities, and enjoying life. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	10.45
Mometasone	8.23

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Hassle

This subscale focuses specifically on the patient's assessment of the amount of bother and hassle of the treatment regimen, including coordinating activities, dosing, carrying supplies, rubbing nose or eyes, blowing nose repeatedly, or facial puffiness. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	24.7
Mometasone	17.4

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Interference

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of the degree to which allergy symptoms or side effects of the nasal spray interfered with daily routine, meals, recreation, family life, sleep schedules, energy levels, making plans, traveling, having fun and overall quality of life. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	17.31
Mometasone	14.36

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Adaptation

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of the convenience of the treatment, whether the treatment was one the subject would recommend to other persons with the same condition, and the level of satisfaction with the current treatment. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	6.65
Mometasone	2.19

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Difficulties

This subscale evaluates the patient's degree of pain, discomfort and side effects perceived to be associated with treatment, and the extent to which pain and discomfort were bothersome. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	-7.58
Mometasone	-0.13

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Regimen Management

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of issues relating to dosing (number of times and the time required to dose), ability to remember to use the spray, the ease/difficulty of the spray and several questions further pertaining to the convenience of the treatment. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	6.41
Mometasone	5.38

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Change From Baseline in the Regimen Acceptance Composite Score

A combination of the Perceived Relief Scale and the Regimen Adaptation Scale. The composite score and all subscales range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). This is an unweighted average of the combined scales. (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	7.34
Mometasone	2.99

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Treatment Process Composite Preference Score

"The Treatment Process Composite Preference Score is a standardized sum of 9 individual preference items (Ease of use, Convenience, Flexibility Daily Activity, Taste, Use in public, Smell. Less Run out of nose, Less Run down of throat, Number Sprays Dose). For each of these 9 individual items, patients were forced to choose their preference between ciclesonide nasal aerosol 74 mcg and mometasone AQ 200 mcg. Larger values greater than 50 indicated greater preference for ciclesonide, while smaller values less than 50 indicated greater preference for mometasone." (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: End of Study - Day 43

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide	74.087

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Sensory Impact

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of the sensory attributes including medication running out of the nose, medication running down the throat, and impact on smell and taste. Issues regarding skipping the medication because of the way the nose feels and wanting to try other medications to find a better one are also included. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	21.37
Mometasone	4.41

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Allergic-Rhinitis Specific Symptom Interference Scale

"The mean of 7 questions concerning interference with life activities due to the symptoms of allergic-rhinitis (nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy throat or sneezing) interfered with your ability to perform life activities. The life activities included: 1) work, 2) social events, 3) recreational activities, 4) exercise and physical activities, 5) work effectiveness, 6) enjoying life and 7) feeling your best. Scores range from 1 (lower satisfaction) to 6 (higher satisfaction)" (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	0.76
Mometasone	0.71

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: General Health Perceptions Scale

The mean of 11 questions on sleep disturbance, vitality and general health status. Scores range from 100 (lower satisfaction) to 500 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	25.00
Mometasone	20.94

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: General Symptom Interference Scale

"The mean of 7 questions concerning life interference due to nonallergic rhinitis specific symptoms (other symptoms or health problems such as fatigue, pain and depression with the same life activities: 1) work, 2) social events, 3) recreational activities, 4) exercise and physical activities, 5) work effectiveness, 6) enjoying life and 7) feeling your best. Scores range from 1 (lower satisfaction) to 10 (higher satisfaction)" (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	0.44
Mometasone	0.38

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Mental and Emotional Health Scale

The mean of 24 questions encompassing anxiety, depression, and loss of behavioral and emotional control (Psychological Distress), life satisfaction, positive well being and emotional ties (Psychological Well Being).Scores range from 100 (lower satisfaction) to 500 (higher satisfaction) (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	6.32
Mometasone	6.42

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Perceived Health (Global Analogue Scale)

The mean of 5 questions: Feeling past month 1) overall or in general, 2) physically, 3) emotionally, 4) personal life and 5) about job or work. Scores range from 100 (lower satisfaction) to 500 (higher satisfaction) (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	0.82
Mometasone	0.73

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Symptoms and Side-Effects Distress Scale

The mean of 48 questions including allergic-rhinitis and allergic-rhinitis treatment specific and general symptoms measured for prevalence, frequency and distress severity. Scores range from 100 (lower satisfaction) to 600 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	34.05
Mometasone	26.69

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The Change From Baseline in Health-Related Quality of Life: Work Well Being Questionnaire Scale

The mean of 1 question on how many days worked and 12 questions on level of satisfaction with work, ability to do work, problems completing work (physical and emotional); 1 questions on rating of leisure activities. Scores range from 1 (lower satisfaction) to 10 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	0.12
Mometasone	0.010

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The Change From Baseline in Overall Quality of Life Composite Score

Mean of all items in the Mental and Emotional Health and General Health Perceptions scales. Scores range from 100 (lower satisfaction) to 500 (higher satisfaction) (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	6.64
Mometasone	6.31

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The Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Perceived Relief

The patient's perceived level of relief along with the degree of satisfaction associated with that amount of relief was evaluated within this scale. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	8.05
Mometasone	3.77

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs

(NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Over both two-week treatment periods combined

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	90
Mometasone	67

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Over both two-week treatment periods combined

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	6
Mometasone	4

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs

(NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Over both two-week treatment periods combined

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	28.9
Mometasone	21.5

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Over both two-week treatment periods combined

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide	1.9
Mometasone	1.3

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Total Preference Composite Score Assessed at the End of the Study. The Total Preference Score is the Standardized Sum of 17 Individual Preference Items

"For the 17 individual items, patients were forced to choose their preference between ciclesonide and mometasone (item choices: 1 = prefer ciclesonide; 0 = prefer mometasone). The items for the Total Preference Score assessed 16 treatment attributes and one overall treatment preference: Ease of use, Convenience, Flexibility in daily activities, Taste, Use in public, Smell, Less run out of nose, Longer relief, Less run down of throat, Symptom relief, If both were the same price, Better appearance, Less nasal irritation, Faster relief, Number of sprays per dose, Makes nose feel, and Overall - the one preferred. The score is based on the proportion of items (x 100) preferred for ciclesonide and a score of 50 indicates no preference and scores over 50 indicate preference for ciclesonide. This analysis presents the comparison of ciclesonide versus mometasone and provides the score in relation to the preference for ciclesonide." (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: End of Study - Day 43

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide Versus Mometasone	68.3

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Treatment Outcome Composite Score Assessed at the End of the Study

Reflects preference on items concerned with perceived drug effectiveness (longer relief; symptom relief; prefer if both were the same price; for feeling better about your appearance; for few problems with irritation to nose; faster relief; how it makes your nose feel). The score is based on the proportion of items (x 100) preferred for ciclesonide and a score of 50 indicates an equal number of items preferred in the two groups. Larger values than 50 indicated greater than 50 percent of the subjects indicated preference for ciclesonide, while smaller values than 50 indicated greater than 50 percent preference for mometasone. Data is presented as the mean treatment outcome composite score. This analysis presents the comparison of ciclesonide versus mometasone in relation to preference for ciclesonide. (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: End of Study - Day 43

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Ciclesonide	61.598

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Work/Disability Days: Bed Days

Assessed at the end of each two-week treatment period (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Period 1 (days 0-14), Period 2 (days 29-43)

Intervention	Incidence Rate (#events/person-days) (Number)
	Period 1	Period 2
Ciclesonide	0.018	0.009
Mometasone	0.013	0.018

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Work/Disability Days: Missed Work

Assessed at the end of each two-week treatment period (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Period 1 (days 0-14), Period 2 (days 29-43)

Intervention	Incidence Rate (#events/person-days) (Number)
	Period 1	Period 2
Ciclesonide	0.002	0.004
Mometasone	0.005	0.004

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Work/Disability Days: Reduced Activity Days

Assessed at the end of each two-week treatment period (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Period 1 (days 0-14), Period 2 (days 29-43)

Intervention	Incidence Rate (#events/person-days) (Number)
	Period 1	Period 2
Ciclesonide	0.039	0.017
Mometasone	0.067	0.039

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Change From Baseline in the Treatment Satisfaction Rating Scale: Role Limitation

This subscale evaluates the patient's assessment of the degree of interference with social interactions with family, friends, travel, having fun, problems in performing work or social roles and how flexible the treatment was with scheduling life activities. Scores range from 0 (lower satisfaction) to 100 (higher satisfaction). (NCT01401465)
Timeframe: Baseline for this measurement was Day 1 for Treatment Period 1 and Day 29 for Treatment Period 2. The assessment for Treatment Period 1 was on Day 14 and for Treatment Period 2 on Day 42

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Ciclesonide	9.35
Mometasone	6.62

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The Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Averaged Weekly Over the First 6 Weeks of the Double-blind Treatment.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.51
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-2.10
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.98

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Time to Maximal Effect [Time to >= 90% Maximum Difference From Placebo in LS Means (Days)]

The time to maximal effect is defined as the number of days until the first treatment day on which the estimated difference between active ciclesonide nasal aerosol and placebo is at least 90% of the largest estimated difference.This is based on the analyses of change from baseline in the average of AM and PM reflective TNSS scores for each day. The time to achieve at least 90% of these estimated differences was calculated. (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -6

Intervention	Number of Days (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	39
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	10

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Number of Subjects Experiencing AEs, SAEs, and Discontinuations Due to AEs

(NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Any TEAE	Any TEAE during first 6 weeks of double-blind	Potentially related AE	Local AE	Discontinued study drug due to an AE	Severe AE	Serious AE
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	142	99	39	45	3	14	1
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	143	102	46	46	6	17	2
Placebo	154	114	46	49	4	12	1

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	participants (Number)
	ACUTE SINUSITIS	APPLICATION SITE PAIN	EPISTAXIS	FACE INJURY	INCREASED UPPER AIRWAY SECRETION	MUCOSAL DISCOLOURATION	MUCOSAL EXCORIATION	MUCOSAL HAEMORRHAGE	NASAL CONGESTION	NASAL DISCOMFORT	NASAL DRYNESS	NASAL MUCOSAL DISCOLOURATION	NASAL MUCOSAL DISORDER	NASAL OEDEMA	NASAL SEPTUM DISORDER	NASAL SEPTUM ULCERATION	NASAL TURBINATE ABNORMALITY	NASAL ULCER	POSTNASAL DRIP	RHINALGIA	RHINITIS PERENNIAL	RHINORRHOEA	SCAB	SCRATCH	SINUS HEADACHE	SINUSITIS	SNEEZING
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	2	3	20	1	0	0	1	0	3	4	0	1	0	3	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	6	1
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	1	1	26	4	0	0	0	1	1	8	1	0	2	3	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	4	0
Placebo	1	3	26	2	1	1	0	0	0	6	0	0	4	4	0	1	1	0	0	0	4	2	1	1	0	5	7

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing AEs, SAEs, and Discontinuations Due to AEs

(NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	Any TEAE	Any TEAE during first 6 weeks of double-blind	Potentially related AE	Local AE	Discontinued study drug due to an AE	Severe AE	Serious AE
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	50.4	35.1	13.8	16.0	3	5.0	0.4
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	50.9	36.3	16.4	16.4	6	6.0	0.7
Placebo	54.4	40.3	16.3	17.3	4	4.2	0.4

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Averaged Weekly Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.29
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-1.77
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.72

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Change From Baseline in the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) Overall Score at the End of the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

PRQLQ was developed to measure the functional problems (physical, emotional, and social) that are most troublesome to children with rhinoconjunctivitis. The PRQLQ has 23 questions in 5 domains (nose symptoms, eye symptoms, practical problems, activity limitation, and other symptoms). Children recalled how they were during the previous week and responded to each question on a 7-point scale (0 = not bothered to 6 = extremely bothered or 0 = none of the time to 6 = all of the time) for a total possible score of 138. The overall PRQLQ score is the mean of all 23 responses. (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.39
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-0.51
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-0.30

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	percentage of subjects (Number)
	ACUTE SINUSITIS	APPLICATION SITE PAIN	EPISTAXIS	FACE INJURY	INCREASED UPPER AIRWAY SECRETION	MUCOSAL DISCOLOURATION	MUCOSAL EXCORIATION	MUCOSAL HAEMORRHAGE	NASAL CONGESTION	NASAL DISCOMFORT	NASAL DRYNESS	NASAL MUCOSAL DISCOLOURATION	NASAL MUCOSAL DISORDER	NASAL OEDEMA	NASAL SEPTUM DISORDER	NASAL SEPTUM ULCERATION	NASAL TURBINATE ABNORMALITY	NASAL ULCER	POSTNASAL DRIP	RHINALGIA	RHINITIS PERENNIAL	RHINORRHOEA	SCAB	SCRATCH	SINUS HEADACHE	SINUSITIS	SNEEZING
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	0.7	1.1	7.1	0.4	0	0	0.4	0	1.1	1.4	0	0.4	0	1.1	0.4	0	0.4	0	0.4	0	0	0.4	0	0	0.4	2.1	0.4
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	0.4	0.4	9.3	1.4	0	0	0	0.4	0.4	2.8	0.4	0	0.7	1.1	0.4	0.4	0.7	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.7	0	0.4	1.4	0
Placebo	0.4	1.1	9.2	0.7	0.4	0.4	0	0	0	2.1	0	0	1.4	1.4	0	0.4	0.4	0	0	0	1.4	0.7	0.4	0.4	0	1.8	2.5

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Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM and PM rTNSS Averaged Weekly Over the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the twelve week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.92
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-2.60
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-2.47

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Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM and PM iTNSS Averaged Weekly Over the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the twelve week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -12

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.69
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-2.22
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-2.15

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Change From Baseline in Daily Average Subject-reported AM iTNSS Averaged Over the First 6 Weeks of Double-blind Treatment

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the six week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01451541)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 -6

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.26
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-1.75
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.74

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Change From Baseline in Daily PRQLQ Overall Score at the End of the 12-week Double-blind Treatment Period

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.54
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-0.68
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-0.47

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Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) Score at Baseline

The ACQ was developed to measure the adequacy of asthma control in clinical research and in clinical practice. It includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 question about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled). Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >= 1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	2.24
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	2.15
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	2.19

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Number of Participants Reporting Asthma Exacerbations Rates

Participants with at least 1 asthma exacerbation in the double-blind treatment period have been reported. As predefined in the protocol, the results for participants with missing data for any category were not included. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (treatment period)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	5
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	10
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	10

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Number of Participants Reporting Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Physical Examination Findings

Physical examination consists of examinations of the following body systems: (1) eyes; (2) ears, nose, throat; (3) cardiovascular system; (4) respiratory system; (5) gastrointestinal system; (6) dermatologic system; (7) extremities; (8) musculoskeletal system; (9) nervous system; (10) lymph nodes; and (11) physical examinations other than body systems described in (1) to (10). Baseline of double-blind treatment period was defined as the average of the measurements of the last 2 weeks at site prior to first intake of double-blind study medication. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline period (Week -3 up to -1), treatment period (Baseline up to Week 56)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	0

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Number of Participants Reporting Clinically Significant Change From Baseline in Vital Signs

Vital signs included body temperature, blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate. Normal range for vital signs included: Systolic BP >170 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or <85 mm Hg, Diastolic BP >105 mm Hg, resting pulse rate: >120 bpm or <50 bpm, difference in systolic BP at Visit x (increase or decrease) compared with pretreatment >40 mm Hg and difference in pulse rate at Visit x (increase or decrease) compared with pretreatment >30 bpm. Baseline of double-blind treatment period was defined as the average of the measurements of the last 2 weeks at site prior to first intake of double-blind study medication. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline period (Week -3 up to -1), treatment period (Baseline up to Week 56)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	0

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Number of Participants Reporting One or More Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. TEAE is defined as an adverse event with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. AEs included both serious AEs and non-serious AEs. Baseline of double-blind treatment period was defined as the average of the measurements of the last 2 weeks at site prior to first intake of double-blind study medication. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline period (Week -3 up to -1), treatment period (Baseline up to Week 56)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Baseline Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	109
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	85
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	86
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	89

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Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Asthma Exacerbation

Asthma exacerbations were defined as a worsening of asthma requiring either treatment with oral (or other systemic) glucocorticosteroids for at least 3 days or hospitalisation or a visit to the emergency room because of asthma. Baseline was defined as the average of the ACQ measurements of the last 2 weeks at site prior to first intake of double-blind study medication (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (treatment period)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	5
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	11
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	10

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Number of Participants With Markedly Abnormal Laboratory Values

The number of participants with any markedly abnormal standard safety laboratory values collected throughout study. Baseline of double-blind treatment period was defined as the average of the measurements of the last 2 weeks at site prior to first intake of double-blind study medication. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline period (Week -3 up to -1), treatment period (Baseline up to Week 56)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	0

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Number of Participants With Markedly High Benefits

The analyses was intended to identify participant's subsets that would benefit from dose escalation. This analysis tested the potential factors, including age, sex, pretrial inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose category, history of exacerbations, baseline ACQ score, baseline BMI category and smoking status. ACQ includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled).Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >=1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. As predefined in the protocol, participants with missing data for any category were not included. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Week 1 up to Week 52

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	0
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	0

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Time Course of ACQ

The time course of the incidence of a 0.5 points improvement of ACQ score was evaluated. Mean ACQ values over time by treatment group for on-treatment site measurements was assessed. The time course of asthma control (ACQ) was done on a weekly base using home-based and site-based ACQ measurements. The ACQ was developed to measure the adequacy of asthma control in clinical research and in clinical practice. It includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 question about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled). Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >= 1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (Treatment period)

Intervention	Weeks (Median)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	1.100
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	1.000
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	1.000

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Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Well-Controlled Asthma and ACQ Improvement

Well-controlled asthma at the end of the study was defined as a participant with an ACQ score of 0.75 or lower. ACQ improvement was defined as a decrease in ACQ score of at least 0.5. The ACQ was developed to measure the adequacy of asthma control in clinical research and in clinical practice. It includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 question about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled). Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >= 1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (treatment period)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Well-controlled Asthma	ACQ Improvement
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	73	112
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	84	107
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	81	115

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Number of Participants Reporting Time to First Well-Controlled Asthma Measurement by ACQ Cut-Off Point

Well-controlled asthma was defined as an ACQ score of equal to or lower than the ACQ cut-off point.The ACQ was developed to measure the adequacy of asthma control in clinical research and in clinical practice. It includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 question about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled). Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >= 1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (treatment period)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	ACQ cut-off at 0.5	ACQ cut-off at 1.0	ACQ cut-off at 1.25	ACQ cut-off at 1.5
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	56	91	99	103
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	69	95	101	105
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	63	93	101	107

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Number of Participants With Well-controlled Asthma and ACQ Improvement at the End of the Study

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Well-controlled Asthma	ACQ Improvement
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	38	87
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	45	81
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	51	85

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Change From Baseline in ACQ Score to Tlast

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	-0.833
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	-0.799
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	-0.955

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Number of Weeks With Well-controlled Asthma Over the Course of the Study

The number of weeks with well-controlled asthma is defined as the number of weeks that the participant had an ACQ score of 0.75 or lower over the course of the study. The ACQ was developed to measure the adequacy of asthma control in clinical research and in clinical practice. It includes 5 questions about symptoms, 1 question about beta 2 -agonist use and 1 about lung function (FEV1% predicted). Participants recall their experiences during the previous 7 days and respond to each question using a 7-point scale. The items are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of 7 items and ranges between 0 (well controlled) and 6 (extremely poorly controlled). Mean scores of =<0.75 indicate well-controlled asthma, scores between 0.76 and < 1.5 indicate partly controlled asthma, and a score >= 1.5 indicates uncontrolled asthma. (NCT01455194)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (treatment period)

Intervention	weeks (Number)
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 160 mcg	1211
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 320 mcg	1514
Treatment Period: Ciclesonide 640 mcg	1447

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent AEs

Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Occurring in ≥ 2% of Subjects in Any Treatment Group (ITT Population) (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 3

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	PYREXIA	HEADACHE	COUGH	EPISTAXIS
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	1.8	5.0	1.4	4.3
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	2.5	3.5	1.4	2.1
Placebo	1.4	3.2	2.1	3.5

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent AEs

Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Occurring in ≥ 2% of Subjects in Any Treatment Group (ITT Population) (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	PYREXIA	HEADACHE	COUGH	EPISTAXIS
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	5	14	4	12
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	7	10	4	6
Placebo	4	9	6	10

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Acute sinusits	Application site burn	Application site pain	Epistaxis	Mucosal erosion	Mucosal excoriation	Mucosal haemorrhage	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal dryness	Nasal mucosal disorder	Nasal septum ulceration	Rhinalgia	Rhinitis seasonal	Scab	Scratch	Sinus headache	Sinus lesion	Sneezing
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	1	0	4	12	1	0	1	0	5	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	1	0	3	6	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Placebo	0	1	3	10	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Scores (rTOSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period.

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement." (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.84
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-0.69
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-0.79

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Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment-emergent Nasal AEs, Including Epistaxis, Nasal Ulceration, and Nasal Perforation

(NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 3

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Acute sinusits	Application site burn	Application site pain	Epistaxis	Mucosal erosion	Mucosal excoriation	Mucosal haemorrhage	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal dryness	Nasal mucosal disorder	Nasal septum ulceration	Rhinalgia	Rhinitis seasonal	Scab	Scratch	Sinus headache	Sinus lesion	Sneezing
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	0.4	0	1.4	4.3	0.4	0	0.4	0	1.8	0	0.4	0	0	0.4	0.4	0	0	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	0.4	0	1.1	2.1	0	0	0	0	0	0.4	0	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.4
Placebo	0	0.4	1.1	3.5	0	0.4	0	0.4	0	0	0.4	0	0.4	0.4	0	0.4	0.4	0.4	0

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Treatment-emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation

(NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Application site pain	Hypersensitivity	Pharyngitis streptococcal	Allergic respiratory symptom	Asthma	Rhinitis seasonal
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	0	1	1	0	2	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	1	0	0	0	0	0
Placebo	0	0	0	1	1	1

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.32
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-1.48
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.35

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject Reported AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe. Therefore, rTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Reflective TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 12-hour time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.63
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-1.73
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.61

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject Reported AM Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores (iTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period

TNSS is the sum of individual symptoms of runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal congestions assessed in the AM. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where: 0 = absent 1 = mild 2 = moderate 3 = severe in the AM. Therefore, iTNSS values range from 0-12 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TNSS measures these symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement. (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.27
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-1.48
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-1.34

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Subject-reported AM and PM Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptom Scores (iTOSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period.

"TOSS is the sum of individual ocular symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness. Subjects assess each individual symptoms on a scale of 0-3 where:~0 = absent~= mild~= moderate~= severe Therefore, TOSS ranges from 0-9 (with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms). Instantaneous TOSS symptom scores assess symptoms over the previous 10 minute time interval. Difference was calculated as the two week treatment average - baseline. Greater reductions in the change from baseline score indicate greater improvement" (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.71
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-0.57
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-0.66

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Time to Maximal Effect in the AM and PM Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSS) Over the 2-week Double-blind Treatment Period

The time to maximal effect, defined as the number of days until the first treatment day on which the estimated difference between ciclesonide nasal aerosol and placebo was at least 90% of the largest estimated difference, was based on the analyses of change from baseline in the average of AM and PM rTNSS scores for each day. The time to achieve at least 90% of these estimated differences is presented. (NCT01458275)
Timeframe: Weeks 0 - 2

Intervention	Days (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	2
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	13

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Change From Baseline in the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) Overall Score at the End of the Double-blind Treatment Period.

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.41
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 37mcg	-0.43
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol 74 mcg	-0.51

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The Effect of Omnaris Nasal Spray & Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol vs Beconase AQ Nasal Spray & QVAR Inhalation Aerosol on Short-term Lower Leg Growth Velocity as Measured by Knemometry in Pediatric Subjects w/ Mild Asthma & Allergic Rhinitis.

To evaulate the effect of Omnaris Nasal Spray 200 mcg QD and Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol 80 BID versus Beconase AQ Nasal Spray 168 mcg BID and QVAR Inhalation Aerosol 40 mcg BID on- short-term lower leg growth as measured by knemometry in children with mild asthma and allergic rhinitis. (NCT01550471)
Timeframe: 1 yr

Intervention	mm/wk (Mean)
Alvesco and Omnaris	0.23
Beconase and QVAR	0.33

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The Effects of Omnaris Nasal Spray & Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol vs Placebo Nasal Spray & Placebo Inhalation Aerosol on Short-term Lower Leg Growth Velocity as Measured by Knemometry in Pediatric Subjects w/ Mild Asthma & Allergic Rhinitis.

To evaluate growth suppressive effect of Omnaris Nasal Spray 200 mcg QD and Alvesco Inhalation Aerosol 80 BID as compared to Placebo Nasal Spray QD and Placebo Inhalation Aerosol BID on short-term lower leg growth velocity as measured by knemometry in children with mild asthma and allergic rhinitis. (NCT01550471)
Timeframe: 1 yr

Intervention	mm/wk (Mean)
Omnaris & Alvesco	0.23
Placebo & Placebo	0.51

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Number of Subjects With Increase ≥ 7 mm Hg From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure, or a Change to > 21 mm Hg, in Either Eye

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	9
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	6

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Percentage of Subjects With Change From Baseline in Best Corrected Visual Acuity.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.3
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	0.5

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Percentage of Subjects With Development of or Worsening in Lens Opacities.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	13.9
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	14.3

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Nasal Mucosal Disorders, Septum Disorders, or Nasal Septum Perforations as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs; TEAE)

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Any Nasal Mucosal Disorder, Septum Disorder, or Na	Nasal Mucosal Disorder	Nasal Septum Disorder	Nasal Septum Ulceration	Nasal Septum Perforation
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	3	2	0	1	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	4	0	0	4	0

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Overall	Cardiac Disorders	Angina pectoris	Coronary artery disease	Ear and Labyrinth Disorders	Ear pain	Tinnitus	Eye Disorders	Vision blurred	Infections and Infestations	Bronchitis	Pelvic inflammatory disease	Upper respiratory tract infection	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Mucosal excoriation	Investigations	Blood pressure increased	Intraocular pressure increased	Nervous System Disorders	Dizziness	Headache	Lacunar infarction	Nerve compression	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Asthma	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Pulmonary embolism	Sneezing	Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders	Urticaria	Vascular Disorders	Haematoma
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	13	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	3	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	3	0	2	1	1	7	2	1	0	2	1	1	0	0	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	12	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	0	0	5	1	3	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Overall	General Disorders and Administration Site Conditio	Application site pain	Infections and Infestations	Bronchitis	Gastroenteritis viral	Influenza	Nasopharyngitis	Sinusitis	Upper respiratory tract infection	Viral upper respiratory tract infection	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Muscle strain	Nervous System Disorders	Headache	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Asthma	Cough	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal septum ulceration	Sneezing
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	121	7	5	55	5	6	7	12	10	12	5	11	0	9	4	49	4	4	22	4	6	1	6
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	114	3	0	46	3	0	3	11	7	8	5	13	4	14	9	37	1	2	26	2	4	4	0

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Nasal AEs.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Overall	General Disorders and Administration Site Conditio	Application site pain	Infections and Infestations	Acute sinusitis	Sinusitis	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Mucosal excoriation	Scratch	Nervous System Disorders	Sinus headache	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal dryness	Nasal mucosal discolouration	Nasal mucosal disorder	Nasal septum ulceration	Paranasal sinus hypersecretion	Respiratory tract congestion	Rhinalgia	Rhinorrhoea	Sinus congestion	Sneezing	Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders	Scab
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	53	5	5	11	1	10	2	0	0	2	0	0	41	22	4	6	1	0	2	1	2	1	2	2	3	6	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	44	0	0	8	1	7	2	1	1	0	1	1	34	26	2	4	1	1	0	4	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	1

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Nasal Mucosal Disorders, Septum Disorders, or Nasal Septum Perforations as Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs; TEAE)

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Any Nasal Mucosal Disorder, Septum Disorder, or Na	Nasal Mucosal Disorder	Nasal Septum Disorder	Nasal Septum Ulceration	Nasal Septum Perforation
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	0.8	0.5	0	0.3	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	1.1	0	0	1.1	0

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs Causing Study Medication Discontinuation.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Overall	Cardiac Disorders	Angina pectoris	Coronary artery disease	Ear and Labyrinth Disorders	Ear pain	Tinnitus	Eye Disorders	Vision blurred	Infections and Infestations	Bronchitis	Pelvic inflammatory disease	Upper respiratory tract infection	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Mucosal excoriation	Investigations	Blood pressure increased	Intraocular pressure increased	Nervous System Disorders	Dizziness	Headache	Lacunar infarction	Nerve compression	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Asthma	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Pulmonary embolism	Sneezing	Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders	Urticaria	Vascular Disorders	Haematoma
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	3.5	0	0	0	0.3	0.3	0	0.3	0.3	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.3	0	0	0	0.3	0	0.3	0.8	0	0.5	0.3	0.3	1.9	0.5	0.3	0	0.5	0.3	0.3	0	0	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	3.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0	0.3	0	0	0.3	0	0	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0	0.5	0.3	0.3	0	0	1.4	0.3	0.8	0.3	0.3	0	0	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Nasal AEs.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Overall	General Disorders and Administration Site Conditio	Application site pain	Infections and Infestations	Acute sinusitis	Sinusitis	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Mucosal excoriation	Scratch	Nervous System Disorders	Sinus headache	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal dryness	Nasal mucosal discolouration	Nasal mucosal disorder	Nasal septum ulceration	Paranasal sinus hypersecretion	Respiratory tract congestion	Rhinalgia	Rhinorrhoea	Sinus congestion	Sneezing	Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders	Scab
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	14.4	1.4	1.4	3.0	0.3	2.7	0.5	0	0	0.5	0	0	11.2	6.0	1.1	1.6	0.3	0	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.8	1.6	0	0
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	11.9	0	0	2.2	0.3	1.9	0.5	0.3	0.3	0	0.3	0.3	9.2	7.0	0.5	1.1	0.3	0.3	0	1.1	0.3	0	0	0	0.3	0	0.3	0.3

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Overall	Cardiac Disorders	Angina pectoris	Coronary artery disease	Hepatobiliary Disorders	Bile duct stenosis	Infections and Infestations	Appendicitis	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Limb injury	Investigations	Blood pressure increased	Nervous System Disorders	Lacunar infarction	Migraine	Reproductive System and Breast Disorders	Postmenopausal haemorrhage	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Pulmonary embolism
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	1.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.3	0	0.3	0	0	0.5	0.3	0.3	0	0	0.3	0.3
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	1.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0	0.3	0.3	0	0	0	0.3	0.4	0	0

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Number of Subjects With Development of or Worsening in Lens Opacities.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	51
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	53

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The Percentage of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent AEs.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Overall	General Disorders and Administration Site Conditio	Application site pain	Infections and Infestations	Bronchitis	Gastroenteritis viral	Influenza	Nasopharyngitis	Sinusitis	Upper respiratory tract infection	Viral upper respiratory tract infection	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Muscle strain	Nervous System Disorders	Headache	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Asthma	Cough	Epistaxis	Nasal congestion	Nasal discomfort	Nasal septum ulceration	Sneezing
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	33.0	1.9	1.4	15.0	1.4	1.6	1.9	3.3	2.7	3.3	1.4	3.0	0	2.5	1.1	13.4	1.1	1.1	6.0	1.1	1.6	0.3	1.6
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	30.8	0.8	0	12.4	0.8	0	0.8	3.0	1.9	2.2	1.4	3.5	1.1	3.8	2.4	10.0	0.3	0.5	7.0	0.5	1.1	1.1	0

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The Number of Subjects Experiencing Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs).

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Overall	Cardiac Disorders	Angina pectoris	Coronary artery disease	Hepatobiliary Disorders	Bile duct stenosis	Infections and Infestations	Appendicitis	Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications	Facial bones fracture	Limb injury	Investigations	Blood pressure increased	Nervous System Disorders	Lacunar infarction	Migraine	Reproductive System and Breast Disorders	Postmenopausal haemorrhage	Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders	Pulmonary embolism
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	1	0	0	1	1
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0

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Number of Subjects With Change From Baseline in Best Corrected Visual Acuity.

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	1
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	2

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Percentage of Subjects With Increase ≥ 7 mm Hg From Baseline in Intraocular Pressure, or a Change to > 21 mm Hg, in Either Eye

(NCT01654536)
Timeframe: 0-6 months

Intervention	percentage of partcipants (Number)
Ciclesonide Nasal Aerosol	2.5
Ciclesonide Nasal Spray	1.6

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) Total Score

The RQLQ is a 28-item, disease-specific quality of life questionnaire that measures the functional (physical, emotional, and social) problems troublesome to adults with allergies. The RQLQ has 28 questions in 7 domains (activities, sleep, non-nose/eye symptoms, practical problems, nasal symptoms, eye symptoms and emotional). All 28 questions were evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a 7-point severity scale ranging from 0 to 6, where 0 = least severe to 6 = extremely severe. Overall total score was calculated by taking the mean of the response of all individual 28 questions. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	3.31	-1.40
Placebo	3.24	-1.09

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) Individual Domain Score

The RQLQ is a 28-item, disease-specific quality of life questionnaire that measures the functional (physical, emotional, and social) problems troublesome to adults with allergies. The RQLQ has 28 questions in 7 domains (activities, sleep, non-nose/eye symptoms, practical problems, nasal symptoms, eye symptoms and emotional). All 28 questions were evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a 7-point severity scale ranging from 0 to 6, where 0 = least severe to 6 = extremely severe. Overall domain scores were calculated by taking the mean of the response of the relevant questions. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Activities: Baseline	Activities: Change Over 2 Weeks	Sleep: Baseline	Sleep: Change Over 2 Weeks	Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms: Baseline	Non-Nose/Eye Symptoms: Change Over 2 Weeks	Practical Problems: Baseline	Practical Problems: Change Over 2 Weeks	Nasal Symptoms: Baseline	Nasal Symptoms: Change Over 2 Weeks	Eye Symptoms: Baseline	Eye Symptoms: Change Over 2 Weeks	Emotional: Baseline	Emotional: Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	4.07	-1.55	3.22	-1.38	2.74	-1.07	4.01	-1.76	4.05	-1.78	3.01	-1.28	2.82	-1.39
Placebo	4.05	-1.24	3.15	-1.02	2.85	-0.90	3.50	-1.18	3.90	-1.44	2.91	-1.03	2.89	-1.06

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Scores (TOSS)

The reflective TOSS is defined as the sum of the participant-rated reflective symptom scores for 3 ocular symptoms of itching/burning eyes, tearing/watering eyes, and redness of eyes over the past 12 hours. Each symptom was evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary, once in the morning (AM score) and after 12 hours in the evening (PM score) over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a severity scale ranging from 0 to 3, where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe (symptom hard to tolerate, interferes with daily activities/sleeping). Reflective TOSS score ranges from 0-9 with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 representing severe symptoms. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	4.78	-1.68
Placebo	4.75	-1.68

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (TNSS)

The reflective TNSS is defined as the sum of the participant-rated reflective symptom scores for the 4 nasal symptoms of runny nose, itchy nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion over the past 12 hours. Each symptom was evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary, once in the morning (AM score) and after 12 hours in the evening (PM score) over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a severity scale ranging from 0 to 3, where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe (symptom hard to tolerate, interferes with daily activities/sleeping). TNSS score ranges from 0-12 with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	7.81	-2.85
Placebo	7.71	-2.68

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Scores

The instantaneous TNSS is defined as the sum of the participant-rated instantaneous symptom scores for the 4 nasal symptoms of runny nose, itchy nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion at the time of evaluation. Each symptom was evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary, once in the morning (AM score) and after 12 hours in the evening (PM score) over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a severity scale ranging from 0 to 3, where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe (symptom hard to tolerate, interferes with daily activities/sleeping). TNSS score ranges from 0-12 with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	7.81	-2.76
Placebo	7.64	-2.62

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Individual Morning and Evening Reflective Total Ocular Symptom Score

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Itching/Burning Eyes: Baseline	Itching/Burning Eyes: Change Over 2 Weeks	Redness: Baseline	Redness: Change Over 2 Weeks	Tearing/Watering Eyes: Baseline	Tearing/Watering Eyes: Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	1.85	-0.63	1.57	-0.59	1.37	-0.45
Placebo	1.79	-0.73	1.67	-0.52	1.29	-0.43

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Individual Morning and Evening Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Nasal Congestion: Baseline	Nasal Congestion: Change Over 2 Weeks	Runny nose: Baseline	Runny nose: Change Over 2 Weeks	Itchy Nose: Baseline	Itchy Nose: Change Over 2 Weeks	Sneezing: Baseline	Sneezing: Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	2.19	-0.70	2.04	-0.79	1.77	-0.64	1.80	-0.71
Placebo	2.22	-0.62	2.01	-0.77	1.76	-0.64	1.73	-0.64

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Change From Baseline Over 2 Weeks in Participant-Reported Morning and Evening Instantaneous Total Ocular Symptom Scores

The instantaneous TOSS is defined as the sum of the participant-rated instantaneous symptom scores for 3 ocular symptoms of itching/burning eyes, tearing/watering eyes, and redness of eyes at the time of evaluation. Each symptom was evaluated by the participant in an assessment diary, once in the morning (AM score) and after 12 hours in the evening (PM score) over 2 weeks of treatment period and was rated on a severity scale ranging from 0 to 3, where: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe (symptom hard to tolerate, interferes with daily activities/sleeping). Instantaneous TOSS score ranges from 0-9 with 0 representing an absence of symptoms and 9 representing severe symptoms. The baseline value was defined as the average score over the Day -6 to Day 0. Change from Baseline was thus calculated as the 2-week average score recorded from Day 1 up to Day 14 minus the Baseline score. (NCT02155881)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1 up to Week 2 (entire treatment period)

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Change Over 2 Weeks
Ciclesonide 200 mcg	4.74	-1.56
Placebo	4.69	-1.61

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Time to Alleviation of COVID-19-related Symptoms by Day 30

Time to alleviation of COVID-19-related symptoms of cough, dyspnea, chills, feeling feverish, repeated shaking with chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and new loss of taste or smell, defined as symptom-free for a continuous period of more than 24 hours (ie, later than 3 AM/PM assessments) by day 30 (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: Day 30

Intervention	days (Median)
Ciclesonide Arm	19.0
Placebo Arm	19.0

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Percentage of Patients With Subsequent Emergency Department Visit or Hospital Admission for Reasons Attributable to COVID-19 by Day 30

Assess whether treatment with ciclesonide MDI plus standard supportive care reduces the incidence of subsequent emergency department visits or hospital admissions for reasons attributable to COVID-19 compared with placebo plus standard supportive care in non-hospitalized patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: Day 30

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Ciclesonide Arm	1.0
Placebo Arm	5.4

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Percentage of Patients With Alleviation of COVID-19-related Symptoms Defined as Symptom-free for a Continuous Period of More Than 24 Hours (ie, Later Than 3 AM/PM Assessments) by Day 7, by Day 14, and by Day 30

Assess whether treatment with ciclesonide MDI plus standard supportive care increases the percentage of patients with alleviation of COVID 19-related symptoms of cough, dyspnea, chills, feeling feverish, repeated shaking with chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and new loss of taste or smell compared with placebo plus standard supportive care in non-hospitalized patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection. (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: By day 30

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Arm	139
Placebo Arm	129

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COVID-19-related Mortality by Day 30

Assess whether treatment with ciclesonide MDI plus standard supportive care reduces COVID-19-related mortality compared with placebo plus standard supportive care in non-hospitalized patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection. (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: Day 30

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Arm	0
Placebo Arm	0

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All-cause Mortality by Day 30

Assess whether treatment with ciclesonide MDI plus standard supportive care reduces all-cause mortality compared with placebo plus standard supportive care in non-hospitalized patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection. (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: Day 30

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Arm	0
Placebo Arm	0

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Percentage of Patients With Hospital Admission or Death by Day 30

Assess whether treatment with ciclesonide MDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) plus standard supportive care reduces the incidence of hospital admissions or death compared with placebo plus standard supportive care in non-hospitalized patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection. (NCT04377711)
Timeframe: Day 30

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
Ciclesonide Arm	1.5
Placebo Arm	3.4

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Improvement in Cough at Day 7: Proportion of Patient With a Reduction of Cough Symptoms at Day 7

Improvement of wet or dry cough. Analysis limited to patients who reported cough at baseline. Defined as a 2 point decrease, or a decrease to 0 on a visual analogue scale that ranged from 0 for no symptoms to 10 for severe symptoms (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: day 7

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	57
Placebo	54

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"Overall Feeling: Proportion Who Are Reporting That They Are Very Much Improved or Much Improved at Day 7"

"Proportion who are reporting that they are very much improved or much improved" (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: Day 7

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	77
Placebo	74

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"Overall Feeling: Proportion Who Are Reporting That They Are Very Much Improved or Much Improved at Day 14"

"Proportion who are reporting that they are very much improved or much improved" (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: Day 14

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	95
Placebo	91

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Mortality

All cause mortality (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: day 29

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	0
Placebo	0

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Proportion of Participants With no Symptoms of Cough, Fever or Dyspnea

Proportion of participants with no symptoms of cough, fever or dyspnea at day 7 (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: day 7

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	42
Placebo	34

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Proportion of Participants With no Symptoms of Cough, Fever or Dyspnea

Proportion of participants with no symptoms of cough, fever or dyspnea at Day 14 (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: Day 14

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	95
Placebo	91

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Improvement in Dyspnea: Resolution of Dyspnea at Day 7

"Dyspnea was defined as reporting shortness of breath or chest congestion or chest tightness. In those who reported dyspnea at baseline, resolution will be defined as having no symptoms in these three areas." (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: day 7

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	38
Placebo	27

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Proportion of Participants Hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2

Hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 related illness (NCT04435795)
Timeframe: day 14

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ciclesonide Inhaled and Nasal	6
Placebo	3

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.17	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
carbamates [no description available]	2.31	1	0	amino-acid anion
melatonin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.08	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	8.03	13	7	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.08	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.08	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	3.6	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.08	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.08	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.08	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.08	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.08	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	4.4	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.08	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.08	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.25	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	benzamides
bronopol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitro compound
bumetanide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
busulfan [no description available]	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	3.17	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.08	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.46	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.08	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cifenline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.08	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.08	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.19	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.08	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.08	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
ebastine [no description available]	4.83	3	0	organic molecular entity
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.08	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.03	1	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.	2.08	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	3.43	1	1	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2.08	1	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.08	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.08	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.08	1	0	acetamides
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	3.17	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	9.06	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.08	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.08	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.08	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iproniazid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.08	1	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.08	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.08	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperazines
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.08	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	8.85	2	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomustine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.08	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.08	1	0	anthracenes
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	3.17	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.17	1	0	phenothiazines
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.08	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.08	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.08	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
nadolol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetralins
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.78	2	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	3.17	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.08	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.08	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.08	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	3.17	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.08	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.08	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	3.17	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.08	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.08	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.08	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.08	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ranitidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aralkylamine
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.08	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
imatinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanitran [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.08	1	0
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.08	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temozolomide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.08	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.08	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.17	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.08	1	0	aziridines
tiapride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	3.46	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.08	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.08	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.08	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.08	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.08	1	0
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.08	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urapidil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperazines
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	2.08	1	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vigabatrin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
corticosterone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	9.16	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.08	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.08	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.65	3	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.08	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.31	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.08	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.08	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.08	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.08	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.25	4	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	5.9	5	5	quaternary ammonium salt
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.08	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	4.13	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	3.17	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
mannitol [no description available]	5.81	2	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.31	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.17	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.64	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.08	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.08	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
thiazoles [no description available]	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.48	5	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.08	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.08	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.56	1	1
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.31	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.08	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	3.56	1	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	8.84	2	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
ethambutol hydrochloride ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antitubercular agent
antimycin a [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.08	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	3.17	1	0
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.08	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cladribine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
etidronate disodium etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.03	1	0	manganese group element atom
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
mafenide acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.08	1	0	anthraquinone
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
thiamphenicol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.08	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	2.08	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.85	2	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.08	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.08	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.08	1	0	tryptamines
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	3.17	1	0	diarylmethane
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.08	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.08	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.08	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.08	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.08	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.08	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.08	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.55	2	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
acarbose [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
lorcainide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.08	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
staurosporine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
atracurium besylate atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.	2.08	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.08	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma	2.08	1	0	benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	2.08	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.08	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
stepronin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.08	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.08	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	6.69	7	3	naphthoic acid
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.08	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.08	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aromasil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.08	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; organofluorine compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic calcium salt
lamivudine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.08	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.08	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	2.08	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.08	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.08	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.43	1	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.08	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; racemate	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.03	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
apaflurane [no description available]	8.47	7	4
miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.08	1	0
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.08	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.08	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.08	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
betamipron [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
uroxatral [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
aceclofenac [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
thiocolchicoside [no description available]	2.08	1	0	glycoside
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.17	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phosphate salt
bexarotene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	4.41	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.08	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.08	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
lopinavir [no description available]	3.46	2	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
osajin osajin: from Maclura pomifera	3.17	1	0	isoflavanones
moxifloxacin hydrochloride moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antibacterial drug
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
sr141716 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.08	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline
tadalafil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
plavix [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; organoammonium sulfate salt	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
clofarabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.08	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
iguratimod iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent	7.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
methotrexate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sulbactam [no description available]	2.08	1	0	penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.08	1	0	biphenyls
abiraterone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	3.19	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
lexapro Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.	2.08	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.08	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.08	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	2.08	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bazedoxifene [no description available]	3.17	1	0	phenylindole
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	2.08	1	0	morpholines
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.08	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.31	1	0	organic sulfate salt
telbivudine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.17	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.08	1	0
bilastine [no description available]	3.19	1	0	benzimidazoles
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.08	1	0	indanes
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
berbamine [no description available]	3.17	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
wortmannin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.31	1	0
bortezomib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.55	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
bradykinin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.17	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.08	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.08	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	3.46	2	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.08	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
perindopril erbumine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	addition compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	5.53	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
linezolid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
pemirolast potassium salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	3.54	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester	adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.08	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.08	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.87	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
roflumilast [no description available]	8.56	1	1	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
decitabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	anthracycline; trifluoroacetamide
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.08	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
posaconazole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	4.48	5	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.08	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.55	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
lanatoside c lanatoside C: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,12beta)-isomer	3.17	1	0
leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.08	1	0	acetate salt	antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.08	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.08	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.08	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.08	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
zuclomiphene Zuclomiphene: The cis or (Z)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.17	1	0	stilbenoid
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	isoquinolines
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	3.17	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.08	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.08	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
hmr 3647 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	3.17	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	2.08	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
droloxifene [no description available]	3.17	1	0	stilbenoid
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.08	1	0	steroid	estrogen
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.08	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azilect [no description available]	2.08	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.17	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.38	2	0
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.08	1	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	2.08	1	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.31	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.08	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.08	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.52	4	4	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	11.2	31	9	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	2.08	1	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	8.85	2	1	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.08	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	quinolines
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.08	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
imipenem [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.08	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.08	1	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
rosuvastatin calcium S 4522: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine; organic calcium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	3.46	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
natamycin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.08	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.08	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	3.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.08	1	0
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	2.08	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	13.53	44	21	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.08	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer	2.05	1	0	phenanthrenes
cefixime [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.08	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.08	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.08	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.91	4	0
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	2.08	1	0	peptide
famotidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	brompheniramine maleate	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
rifaximin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
everolimus [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.08	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.08	1	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.08	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	furonaphthodioxole
desisobutyrylciclesonide desisobutyrylciclesonide: an active metabolite of ciclesonide	10.54	21	8
temsirolimus [no description available]	2.08	1	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antihypertensive agent
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide
sgd 301-76 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt	antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.08	1	0
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.05	1	0
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
hki 272 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.08	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.31	1	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.08	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.11	1	0
rabeprazole sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	4.37	2	2
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	2.08	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
ly-146032 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
warfarin sodium warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.	2.08	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	11.7	22	5	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	3.17	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
pravastatin sodium pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
sl 80.0750 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.08	1	0	organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.	2.08	1	0	potassium salt	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
piperacillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.31	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.19	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.03	1	0
abemaciclib [no description available]	3.17	1	0
gilteritinib gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.	3.17	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; piperidines; primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
lusutrombopag lusutrombopag: a thrombopoietin receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	cinnamic acids
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.08	1	0
piroxicam [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.08	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	2.08	1	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.08	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.4	2	2
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.6	1	0
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	3.17	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	3.17	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
s 8932 [no description available]	3.6	2	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.08	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.55	2	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.08	1	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valtrex [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.08	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
citrovorum factor [no description available]	2.08	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.08	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.08	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
tegaserod maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	serotonergic agonist
rifabutin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
amg531 [no description available]	3.17	1	0
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.02	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	5.99	5	2
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	2.02	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	5.99	5	2
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.02	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.48	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.48	2	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	5.59	8	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	9.87	23	3
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	5.69	9	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	5.59	8	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	6.69	8	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	20.12	171	91
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	1	22.12	171	91
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	1	8.69	8	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	7.6	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	2.69	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.25	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	0	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	2.25	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	2.25	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.25	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.25	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.25	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.25	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.25	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.25	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	2.25	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	3.17	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.17	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	3.17	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	7.49	2	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	2.49	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	5.9	4	2
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	2.31	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	0	2.31	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	2.31	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.49	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.31	1	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	0	3.76	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	3.47	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	0	9.9	16	7
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	0	8.31	11	5
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	1	14.3	32	14
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	1	10.31	11	5
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	3.01	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	11.35	16	16
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	11.35	16	16
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	4.93	4	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	4.93	4	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	2.11	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	7.32	6	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	1	9.32	6	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	1	6.14	3	1
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.41	1	1
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	0	4.41	1	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	0	3.53	1	1
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	8.53	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	3.04	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	7.11	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.11	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	4.14	3	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	4.14	3	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	2.94	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	0	3.83	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	9.19	6	4
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	9.19	6	4
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	0	2.04	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.04	1	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	0	2.04	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	5.9	5	5
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	3.83	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	3.83	2	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	4.37	1	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	0	2.07	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.02	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	3.41	1	1
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	2.94	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	2.94	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.94	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	4.38	2	2
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	4.38	2	2
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	2.03	1	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	4.33	1	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	0	4.33	1	1
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	3.41	1	1
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	0	2.95	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	0	3.42	1	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	3.42	1	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.43	1	1
Itching [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	3.38	1	1
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	8.38	1	1
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	1	5.38	1	1

ciclesonide

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (96)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (17)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (194)

Molecular Functions (71)

Ceullar Components (38)

Bioassays (27)

Research

Studies (254)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.19

Study Types

Clinical Trials (77)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage of Asthma Symptom Free Days

Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Absolute Value)

Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuation

Time to First Asthma Exacerbation

Percentage of Participants Who Dropped-out Due to Asthma Exacerbation

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Signs Findings

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Physical Examination Findings

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values

Number of Exacerbations Per Participant

Exacerbations (Post-hoc Analysis of Annual Rates)

Mean Rate of Asthma Exacerbations Per Year

Growth Velocity as Assessed by Stadiometric Height Measurement

Total Asthma Symptom Score by Diary Entries

Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Standardized (PAQLQ[S])

Quality of Life Assessments as Per Paediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ)

Percentage of Rescue Medication Free Days

Percentage of Nights With Nocturnal Awakenings Due to Asthma Symptoms

Duration of Exacerbations

Number of Participants With Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

Morning and Evening Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurements by Diary Entries

Rescue Medication Use Per Day

Change From Baseline in PEF by Diary Entries

Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) (Percent Predicted)

PC20 AMP (Post-treatment Compared to Baseline)

Time to First Event of Lack of Efficacy (LOE) by Week 12

Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication, Morning PEF and PEF Fluctuation

Percentage of Days With Asthma Control Based on Symptoms, Use of Rescue Medication and Morning PEF

Change in Use of Rescue Medications

Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire Standard [PAQLQ(S)] Overall Score

Change From Baseline in Morning Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable PEF by Spirometry

Change From Baseline in Lung Function Variable Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)

Change From Baseline in Diurnal PEF Fluctuations

Change in Asthma Symptom Total Score

Change From Baseline in Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) Overall

Change From Baseline in Evening PEF From Diary

Change From Baseline in Morning PEF From Diary

Change From Baseline in Use of Albuterol/Salbutamol at Week 12.

Change From Baseline in Total Daily Asthma Symptom Score at Week 12.

Change From Baseline in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) at Week 12.

Change in Patient Assessment of Asthma Control

Change in Mean of Total Score of Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ)

Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by Cmax, pg/mL, (Highest Concentration of Drug in the Blood) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.

Comparison of Systemic Exposure Measured by AUC, ng*hr/L, (Area Under the Serum Concentration) of Des-ciclesonide With Ciclesonide Nasal Spray, and Ciclesonide HFA Nasal Aerosol and Orally Inhaled Ciclesonide.

Onset of Improvement in Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (iTNSS)

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM rNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline iTOSS ≥5.0

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported PM iNSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported and AM and PM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0

Change From Baseline in Daily Subject-reported AM rOSS Averaged Over the Two Week Treatment Period in Subjects With Baseline rTOSS ≥5.0